CHE 591 PROCESS ENGINEERING 1

DRYING OF PROCESS MATERIAL

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COURSE OUTCOME (CO1)

Students should be able to :

Apply mass transfer and separation process principles in solving unit operations such as adsorption,
chromatography, , evaporation, ion exchange, crystallization and membrane separation processes

drying

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DRYING OF PROCESSES MATERIALS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6.
7.

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9.

Introduction and methods of drying Vapor pressure of water and humidity Equilibrium moisture content of materials Rate of drying curves Calculation methods for constant-rate & falling-rate drying periods Combined convection, radiation & conduction heat transfer in constant rate period Drying in falling-rate period by diffusion and capillary flow Equation for various types of dryers Freeze-drying of biological materials
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INTRODUCTION TO DRYING

Purpose ;
1. 2.

removal of water from process materials and other substances Removal of other organic liquids e.g benzene from solids

Different from evaporator

Remove small amount of water either thermally or mechanically (presses, centrifuging and etc.) as vapor by air.

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INTRODUCTION TO DRYING

In dehydration of biological materials (foods) used preservation technique With the absence of water (reduce to below 10wt%)
1. 2.

Microorganisms cause food spoilage and decay cant grow Enzymes cause chemical changes in food cant function

Stored in extended period of time

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METHODS OF DRYING
Classification of drying methods Batch Continuous

Classification according to physical conditions

Heat is added by direct contact with Heated air at Patm. Vapor formed remove by air

Vacuum drying Evaporation at low pressure Heat is added indirectly by contact with metal wall/radiation
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Freeze drying Water is sublimed from frozen material

EQUIPMENTS FOR DRYING

1. 2.

3.
4. 5.

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Tray dryer Vacuum-shelf indirect dryers Continuous tunnel dryers Rotary dryers Drum dryers Spray dryers Drying of crops and grains

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VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER

Important to define properties of mixtures of water vapor and air Should have the knowledge on: Concentration of water vapor in air under various T &P 2. Thermal properties of these mixtures The changes occurring when these mixtures are in contact with water/ wet solids in drying

1.

3.

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VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER

Humidification

The transfer of water from liquid phase into gaseous mixture of air and water vapor

Dehumidification

Reverse transfer. Water vapor is transferred from vapor state to liquid state

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VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER

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HUMIDITY

Definition :the humidity, H of an air-water vapor mixture : kg of water vapor contained in 1 kg of dry air
H depends on partial pressure, pA of water vapor in the air and total pressure P

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SATURATION HUMIDITY

For saturated air (air in which the water vapor is in equilibrium with liquid water at given P and T) Partial pressure = vapor pressure,pAS

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PERCENTAGE & PERCENTAGE RELATIVE HUMIDITY

Defined as 100 times the actual humidity of the air divided by the humidity Hs if the air were saturated at the same T and P

The amount of saturation of air-water vapor mixture at partial pressures

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Brainstorming Is HR = HP ?

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Solve problem 9.3-1 & 9.3-2

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DEW POINT

Dew point??? Given a case A mixture of water vapor at 26.7oC and saturation vapor pressure, pAS = 3.5 kPa Dew point @3.5kPa = 26.7 oC

A mixture of air-water vapor @ 3.5kPa and 37.8oC would NOT saturated Reason: air would be saturated at cooling T = 26.7oC, further cooling some water vapor would CONDENSE since the partial pressure must be less than saturation vapor pressure
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HUMID HEAT, CS

Definition: the amount of heat in J required to raise the temperature of 1 kg air plus the water vapor present by 1K or 1oC. The heat capacities of air and water vapor is assumed CONSTANT.
1.005 kJ/kg dry air.K 1.88 kJ/kg water vapor.K
Hence, CS

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HUMID VOLUME,

Definition: total volume in m3 of 1 kg of dry air plus the vapor it contains at 1 atm abs pressure and the given gas temperature.

For SATURATED air-water vapor mixture, H=HS and volume

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is saturated

TOTAL ENTHALPY, Hy

Definition : the total enthalpy of 1 kg of air plus its water vapor is Hy j/kg dry air.

If referred at base temperature, To = 0oC

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HUMIDITY CHART

Is a convenient chart of the properties of air-water vapor at 1 atm abs pressure H plotted vs actual temperature of the air-water vapor mixture

The curve marked 100% running upward to the right gives the saturation humidity, Hs as a function of temperature
Any point below saturation line represent unsaturated air-water vapor mixtures
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HUMIDITY CHART

The curved lines below 100% saturation line running upward to the right represent unsaturated mixtures of definite percentage humidity, Hp Going downward vertically from saturation line at a given T, the line between 100% saturation and zero humidity H is divided evenly into 10 increments of 10% each

All Hp and Hs line can be calculated from the data for vapor pressure of water.
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Solve problem 9.3-3

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ADIABATIC SATURATION TEMPERATURE, Ts

Is the T of the water being recirculated reaches a steady state T. In humidity chart, this line plotted through point HS and Ts on the 100% saturation curve and other point of H and T. If a given gas mixture at T1 and H1 is contacted long time in adiabatic saturator it will leave Hs1 and Ts1 its determined by following adiabatic saturation line through point T1 and H1 until intersects the 100% saturation line.
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Solve problem 9.3-5

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WET BULB TEMPERATURE

Is the steady-state nonequilibrium T reached when small amount of water is contacted under adiabatic conditions by a continuous stream of gas. The adiabatic saturation lines can be used as wet bulb lines for water vapor not for other vapor e.g benzene. The wet bulb determination used to measure the humidity of an air-water vapor mixture.

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Solve problem 9.3-8

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EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE CONTENT (EMC) OF MATERIALS

Wet solid containing moisture is brought into contact with a stream of air at constant H and T. Excess of air is used and the condition remain constant Solid was exposed at sufficiently long time to reach equilibrium. The solid attain a definite moisture content Equilibrium moisture content
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Data of EMC for inorganic and biological materials

1.
1.

Typical data for various materials

For material contains MORE moisture than its equilibrium value in contact with a gas at given humidity & T, it will DRY until it reach equilibrium value For material contains LESS moisture than its equilibrium value it will ADSORB water until it reach equilibrium value.

2.

2.

Typical food materials

at low relative humidity the EMC is greatest for food materials high in protein, starch and high molecular weight polymer BUT lower for food materials high in soluble solids

3.

Effect of temperature
The EMC of solid decrease with an increase of temperature

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Refferences
1.

2.

http://www.marspedia.org/images/d/d8/Phase_dia gram_water.png Geankoplis. Transport processes and separation process principles (includes unit operations)

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