Infosec Strategy & Policy

INFO 6230 Lecture 6

Jamaludin Ibrahim
Senior Academic Fellow, KICT, IIUM.

INFO 6230 IIUM Semester 2 2009/10

Vision: Interplanetary Internet

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What do you think?

Probably our greatest threat and vulnerability are from space
Threat: someone peeking and invading from space 24X7
Assets CIA under threat

Vulnerability: we are weak in space technology

Weak defense measures to preserve CIA

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Civil Space Systems

Implications for International Security

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Introduction
Geospatial information has physical security
implications
Critical infra networks Development patterns Natural resources locations Security infra including physical (natural, man-made, hybrid)

A peek to national security blueprint

Point of weakest-link Probable single-point of failure

Geospatial Information is normally collected via cameras from the sky or space
Orbiting satellites Flying airplanes, balloons

Requires space technologies

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Introduction
Space technology is technology that is related to
entering space, maintaining and using systems during spaceflight and returning people and things from space. Most of space technology has dual-use
Civil and military

Development and use of space technology for civil and military occurred in parallel Technologies such as weather satellites, satellite navigation systems, satellite television and some long distance communications systems critically rely on space infrastructure and these technologies touch the vast majority of lives in every single day. Outer Space is the new frontier and the ultimate high ground for both civil, commercial and military operations etc Presents both opportunity and threat (man-made and non-manmade) to security.
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Satellite/Google Eye-view

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Outer Space is the new frontier..

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Threat from Outer Space:Space Weather

Space Weather refers to conditions on the Sun and in the solar wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere that can influence the performance and reliability of space-borne and ground-based technological systems and can endanger human life or health. Adverse conditions in the space environment can cause disruption of satellite operations, communications, navigation, and electric power distribution grids, leading to a variety of socio-economic losses.

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Solar Flares

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Militarisation of Outer Space

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Man-made Threats from Outer Space

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Space Technology Milestones

More detailed timeline
http://www.braeunig.us/space/index.htm

1957 Russias Sputnik I went into orbit 1961 Kennedy man on the moon vision before 1970 1967 - Outer Space Treaty (OST) 1969 - Apollo 11 performs the first lunar landing by astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin on July 20

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Space Exploration Milestone: First Times

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GPS Technology

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GPS Usage

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Satellite Operations

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Future Military Operations "Space is the ultimate high ground,"

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RF Spectrum Management
Communications in space via allocated RF spectrum
Free bands Licensed bands Military/Defence bands

Spectrum is a national resource/asset Controlled by respective government autority Coordinating International body ITU under UN

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Definitions
International Security
Security regarded not as a goal but a means to achieving other goals such as personal freedom, human survival, societal welfare, international order and human dignity 2 basic forms of security
+ve form
seeks to eradicate traditional causes of conflict by addressing removal of sources of insecurity and instability

-ve form
Based upon maximizing security of a state thru reliance on arms and traditional means of coercive power or manipulation of existing sources of conflict.
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Definitions
A state is considered internationally when it can:

secured

Defend its territory against aggression Participate effectively in intl forums that regulate or influence activities within the state Control exploitations of its physical resources and obtain investments, loans, imports, products, and sell exports that it requires in intl trade Gain access to, use, protect, and develop technological resources needed to function and interact effectively in the world community Pursue social, educational,or developmental aspects of the resident cultures without external interference, providing citizens with housing, food, education, and jobs, while protecting their human rights and personal freedom Conserve and maintain the quality of the environment in a manner acceptable to the people and to the government

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Definitions

There are 6 Dimensions of International Security

Military Political, Economic, Scientific & technical, Socio-cultural, Environmental

In this class we will look at space technology implications to the first 2 of the 6 Dimensions
Remote sensing, communication satellite, navigation satellite
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Uses of Outer Space

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Military Implications

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Military Implications
Remote Sensing
sensed state exposed/naked Commercial data/info collected could be used for military Sensed state sensitive data and info captured w/o consent and knowledge Can provide info about security of sensed state

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Military Implications
Communication satellite systems
Communications between ground station and satellite could monitored/intercepted unless use encryption Broadcast unwanted programs pornography, propaganda, misinformation, cultural imperialism

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Military Implications
Navigation satellite
Significant military use for deployment and logistics of forces, targeting weapons, location of assets Civil usage: civil maritime fleets, commercial aviation, fleet mgmt, search and rescue

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Military Implications
Use of civil space systems such as satellite has profound implications for a states physical security
The protective roof has been removed!

There is relationship between a states military security and use by it or other states of certain civil space systems

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Political Implications
Politics are integrated processes of national and international government. Implications
Space tech blurs states borders e.g open sky policy, globalization Dependence on space technology lead to greater interdependence of states Need to cooperate for mutual advantage Strengthen political relationships brings-about stabilization and strengthening of international security Has +ve and ve implications for political security Political security and relation are reinforced OR undermined by nature of cooperation or confrontation by uses of civil space systems

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Civil space technologies and their implications

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Civil space technologies

We look key technologies and their implications to international security
Launch systems and technologies Satellite apps systems Scientific systems Crewed flight systems

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Launch systems and technologies

Launch vehicles to transport satellite to outer space
Rockets and ballistic missiles Earth-to-orbit launchers Lunar and deep space launchers Reusable launchers Transatmospheric vehicles Air launch and sea launch vehicles Launch support facilities
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Implications of launchers for international security

Launcher can be used for civil, scientific, peaceful purposes Also potential military apps Launch capability may be considered stabilizing, supporting international security, or a source of concern and destabilization
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Satellite Systems and Technologies

Communication satellite services Communication satellite systems Broadcasting satellite services Implications?

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Satellite Communications Apps

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Satellite Navigation & Timing Apps

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Earth observation systems

Earth resources sensing satellites Implications?

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Some Major Space States

Country Earlywarning satellites Communication s satellites D China Europe France India Israel Japan Russia USA INFO 6230 IIUM Semester 2 2009/10 40 C Navigation satellites D C Meteorological satellites D C Observation satellites D C Indigenou s launch vehicle Space weapons

Various types of space weapons

Weapons Deployment mode (3)
Type Groun dspace
X(1) O(2) O

Spacespace

Spaceair

Spaceground

Airspace

Status

Nuclear
Endoatmospheric Exoatmospheric X-ray laser Existing Existing O(3) O(3) X(3,4) O Theoretical

Non-nuclear
Projectiles (e.g. KEW, US F15 MHV, Russian ground-based missiles) (b) Neutral particle beams Lasers Radiofrequency weapons Investigated; Russian direct ascent reportedly deployed Investigated Investigated Investigated

O O(5) O

O O O O

O X(3) O

O X O

O O O

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Crowding in Outer Space

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Close encounters in space

Satellite name
US Fltsatcom-1

Date of collision/close encounter

3 May 1980

Damage
Predicted distance from DSP-F4 9.4km and reduced to 3.5km a few day later Eight close encounters with US SBS-1 satellite, five between 2.6km and 6km; and five encounters with four other satellites Stabilisation boom damaged by debris from Ariane booster Passed very close (3.1km) to an old rocket motor from 1984 Shuttle US satellite MSTI-2 passed close (~500m) Close encounter with a rocket body

Safety measure
Fltsatcom-1 performed evasive manouvre Collision avoidance manoeuvres performed

US Fltsatcom-1

During 2nd half of 1981

Cerise, a French military microsatellite CRISTA-SPAS-a communications satellite Russian Mir station

July 1996 12 August 1997

Regained attitude control by reprogramming the payload Failed to reach the GSO

15 September 1997

Mir not manoeuvred

Russian Mir station Several Shuttle missions: STS-44, -48, -53, -72, -82 International Space Station (ISS) ISS

28 July 1999

Mir not manoeuvred In each at least five manoeuvres were carried out

26 October 1999 28 March 2002 Passed within 14km of a Delta 2 rocket

Altitude raised to avoid close encounter with a satellite rocket ISS manoeuvred to avoid collision

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Implications to Physical Sec?

Space Technologies are mission critical infra to information delivery Borderless info access due to wireless
Need encryption tech to secure info especially military apps Satellite/wireless/radio jamming devices Anti-jamming technology Anti-satellite weapon system etc Daunting DoS or other cyber-attacks to space technologies
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US Global Info Grid

Info Infra a key part of maintaining dominant world superpower status
Info is (world super) power!

Practically all war/military components depend on borderless space based info infra

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Outlook
Space technology is a double-edged sword
Probably more open than the virtual Internet environment If Internet is an equalizing technology, space technology maybe the reverse Weaponization of space threatening international security Peace and Power struggle using space technology Countries/states have no choice but to embrace space technologies for them to be secured internationally secured Significant investment required

Man-kind, countries and states need to realize they are living on one big (big to us but really very tiny within the universe) space ship called Earth travelling in a very huge (still expanding) outer space
Need to look at the big picture to minimize petty and (fatal) squabling Should there a Non-profileration Treaty (NPT) for space technology? Like the Nuclear NPT?

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The Universe 5 million years agostill expanding

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Questions
Space Weather refers to conditions on the Sun and in the solar wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere. Space weather is considered a threat space technology and global information security. What problems can space weather cause to space technology (civil and military) and protective security? Space technology is a double-edged sword. How does it affect international security? Non-Profileration Treaty (NPT) of Space Technology is a way to prevent undesirable and offensive use of space technologies. The concept is similar to the Nuclear NPT signed many nations and managed by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Should there be NPT for Space Technology to maintain and sustain International Security?

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Assignment 3 due 2 wks

What impact does the trend in space technology has on physical security of a country like Malaysia? How could space technology compromise the CIA triad?

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Nothing can substitute experience

Have a nice holiday..

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