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INTRODUCTION
In the previous chapters during the discussion of conduction problems
convection was applied as
a boundar condition onl! The basic mechanism of convection was not
discussed so far! In this
chapter it is attempted to e"plain the basic mechanism of convection! In
industrial processes
involving heat transfer# convection plas a ver important role! $hen heat is to
be transferred
from one fluid to another through a barrier convection is involved on both sides
of the barrier! In
most cases the main resistance to heat flow is b convection!
The process of heat transfer between a surface and a fluid flowing in
contact with it is called convection!
%enerall the convection is classified in two wa &'! Natural convection ('!
)orced convection
Natural convection*+ If the flow is caused b the buoant forces generated b
heating or cooling of the fluid the process is called as natural or free convection.
Forced Convection:- If the flow is caused b an e"ternal device li,e a pump or
blower# it is termed as forced convection!
In the previous chapters the heat flu" b convection was determined using
e-uation!
( )
x s
q hA t t
...................&!
)or the analsis of convection we can applied the law of conservation of mass#
)irst law of thermodnamics and Newton/s laws of motion are applied to the
sstem!
0eat transfer coefficient depends upon the number of fluid properties li,e
densit
( )
viscosit
( )
specific heat
( ) 1
and thermal conductivit of the
surface
( )
!ii'! The flow velocit and the shape of the surface !This leads to the
situation that analticall derived e-uations are applicable onl to a limited
e"tent! 2ractical correlations obtained through e"periments are discussed in the
ne"t chapters! 2ropert table for various fluids available in handboo,s is
necessar for obtaining numerical value for convective heat transfer coefficient!
3EC04NI53 O) CONVECTION
In conduction there is onl energ flow in the direction of heat
flu" but the mass in the direction of heat flow remains same!
6ut in case of convection both mass and energ transfer ta,es
place and the heat transfer coefficient and heat flu" ver with
point to point in the direction of motion! 4s the mass transfer
ta,es place so the rate of heat energ transfer as compared to
the conduction is also higher!
The velocit variation and the temperature variation at a point
in the flow of a fluid over a surface are shown in )ig!&!
)ig!&! Velocit and temperature variation of a point in a fluid
flowing over a surface# laminar flow# plate hotter!
$hen the fluid is flowing over the surface the heat receive b
conduction! This is transferred b diffusion and mass
movement to the fluid in free stream!
Considering the conduction between the surface laer the heat
flu" is given b the e-uation!
t
q k
y
|
0 y
3
..........!! (
$here 7 is the thermal conductivit of the fluid! Comparing the
e-uation & and ( we get the convection heat transfer
coefficient
h
is given b
( )
0 y
s
t
k
y
t t
h
.........!8
4s the values of thermal conductivit of the fluid and the
temperatures of the surface and the fluid
s
t and t
as shown in
the fig!!(! $hen fluid particles touch the surface of the plate
the velocit of these particles is reduced to 9ero due to viscous
forces! These particles in turn retard the velocit in the ne"t
laer# but as these two are fluid laers# the velocit is not
reduced to 9ero in the ne"t laer! This retardation process
continues along the laers until at some distance the scale of
retardation becomes negligible and the velocit of the fluid is
ver nearl the same as free stream velocit
u
at this level!
The value of
y
where velocit
0.99 u u
is called the
hdrodnamic boundar laer thic,ness and is denoted b
smbol
+
)or stead flow# no storage is possible#
( ) ( )
0
u v
x y
+
)or incompressible flow or constant densit conditions H @ constant
( ) ( )
0
u v
x y
+
This e-uation is ,nown as continuit e-uation
3omentum e-uation* Newtons second law of motion is applied to the control
volume! The statement resulting from the application is " directional forces @
rate of change of " directional momentum! In boundar laer analsis we are
interested in the " directional faces! The resulting e-uation is ,nown as
momentum e-uation :for " direction' The flow -uantities and forces are shown in
)ig
"+directional momentum flow through the control volume!
4gain an element of unit depth is considered! The pressure and bod forces are
neglected as these do not contribute significantl for the boundar laer flow
discussed!
Considering unit depth# the " directional momentum flow through various faces
is listed below! :Constant densit conditions'
face 46* u :H u d!&'
face CD*
. . .1
u u
u u dy
x x
_ _
+ +
, ,
face 4D* u :H v d"!&'
face 6C*
. . .1
v v
v v dx
y y
_ _
+ +
, ,
Neglecting higher order terms# the net momentum flow is given b
u u u v
u dxdy u dxdy v dxdy u dxdy
x x y y
+ + +
6 rearrange them we get
u u u v
u dxdy v dxdy u dxdy
x y x y
_
+ + +
,
4s
( ) ( )
0
u v
x y
+
as per the continuit e-uation# the net momentum flow is
e-ual to
u u
u dxdy v dxdy
x y
+
The net surface shear forces in the " direction is e-ual to
u
dydx
y y
_
,
Rearranging#
2
2
u u u
u v v
x y y
+
$here K is the ,inematic viscosit e-ual to L>H! This is also called momentum
diffusivit! These two e-uations can be written in the dimensionless form b
defining the following terms!
, , ,
x y u v
x y u v
L L u u
Then the dimensionless forms are
( ) ( )
0
u
v
x y
+
2
2
1
Re
L
u u v
u v
x y y
+
This also indicates that Renolds number ReD plas an important role in boundar
laer flow! E-uation :M!N' for coefficient of friction# Cf similarl can be e"pressed
as
0
2
Re
fx
L
y
u
C
y
,
The continuit e-uation and momentum e-uation have to be solved
simultaneousl to obtain the velocit profile in the boundar laer! This leads to
the determination of boundar laer thic,ness and coefficient of friction# through
velocit gradient!
These e-uations are solved b first defining a stream function O :"# ' that
automaticall satisfies the continuit e-uation
u and v
y x
Introducing a new variable
u
y
vx
$e can let
( ) vxu f
1
]
where f:P' denotes a dimensionless stream function
( ) ( )
.
d f
u u
y y d
( ) ( )
( )
1
.
2
d f
vu
v f
x x d
1
]
E"pressing the partial differentials in terms of P and substituting in the e-uation
a nonlinear ordinar differential e-uation is obtained
( )
( ) ( )
2 3
2 3
. 2 0
d f d f
f
d d
1 1
] ]
+
The boundar conditions to be applied are
f:P' @ A and
( ) ( )
0
d f
d
when
( ) ( )
1,
d f
d
The e-uation was numericall solved b 6lasius in &BAQ! The results show that
when
u
u
is plotted against
( )
Re
x
u
x
a single curve results for the velocit profile!
Two significant conclusions are arrived at from the 6lasius solution!
The ratio
u
u
_ _
+ +
, ,
face DA*
. . . .1 c v T dx
)ace 6C*
2
2
1
Re
T T T
u v
x y Pr y
+
. .1
v T
c v dy T dy dx
y y
_ _
+ +
, ,
The net energ flow with the mass is given b :neglecting higher order terms
T u T v
cu dxdy cT dxdy cv dxdy cT dxdy
x x y y
+ + +
( )
T T u v
cu dxdy cv dxdy cT dxdy
x y x y
+ + +
The third term is 9ero as the -uantit within the brac,et is 9ero!
The energ conducted into the volume along the " direction is negligible!
5umming the heat conducted through face 4D and 6C# the net heat flow b
conduction is
2
2
. .1
T
k dx dy
y
+
The non dimensional form of the e-uation is obtained b defining
S
S
T T
T
T T
2
2
1
Re
T T T
u v
x y Pr y
+
This e-uation indicates that 2randtl number influences the heat transfer situation
in
addition to Renolds number! The similarit between the momentum and energ
e-uations is
obvious!
If R @ v# then we can sa that the velocit profile calculated will directl appl
for the
temperature profile R @ v means 2r @ &!
6ut this is not the case as 2randtl number have higher values for li-uids! The
solutions for temperature profiles in laminar flow obtained b 2ohlhausen is
shown plotted in )ig
Dimensionless temperature distributions in a fluid flowing over a heated plate for
various 2randtl numbers!
&i-ensionless te-perature distribution for la-inar flow over a heated
plate at unifor- te-perature
&")EN."ON'! 'N'!#.".
$hen more than three parameters influence a problem it becomes ver difficult
to analse the effect of each on the problem! It is found desirable to group these
parameters into dimensionless parameters so that the number of variables can
be reduced to three! In this attempt to formulate dimensionless groups the S=
theorem proposed b 6uc,ingham is useful! The theorem states that if there are
m phsical -uantities involved in a problem re-uiring n primar dimensions to
e"press them# then the number of independent dimensionless groups that can
be formed is e-ual to :m=n'! In case there are seven -uantities and four
dimensions# it is possible to group these a sS& @ f:S(# S8' where S&# S( and S8
are dimensionless groups! The dimensional analsis aids in the identification of
the groups! This approach provides a method to represent or correlate
e"perimental results! This method does not lead to e"act functional relationship
and it also does not ensure that all the variables are correctl chosen! )luid
mechanics and 0eat transfer studies involve a large number of dimensionless
parameters li,e Renolds number# Nusselt number etc which have been first
identified using this method! 4lmost all empirical correlations are based on these
parameters so identified.
CONECT"E HE'T T('N.FE( Practical Correlations - Flow Over
.urfaces
"NT(O&%CT"ON
In the previous chapter the basics of convection was discussed and the methods
of analsis were enumerated# correlations were obtained for laminar flow over
flat plate at uniform temperature# starting from basic principles and using the
concept of boundar laer! The application of these correlations are limited!
0owever these e-uations provide a method of correlation of e"perimental results
and e"tension of these e-uations to practical situations of more comple" nature!
Though the basic dimensionless numbers used remain the same# the constants
and power indices are found to var with ranges of these parameters and
geometries! In this chapter it is proposed to list the various tpes of boundaries#
ranges of parameters and the e"perimental correlations found suitable to deal
with these situations# as far as flow over surfaces li,e flat plates# clinders#
spheres and tube ban0s are concerned.
F!O* OE( F!'T P!'TE.
In this chapter additional practical correlations are introduced! Though several
tpes of boundar conditions ma e"ist# these can be appro"imated to three
basic tpes! These are :i' constant wall temperature# :as ma be obtained in
evaporation# condensation etc!# phase change at a specified pressure' :ii'
constant heat flu"# as ma be obtained b electrical strip tpe of heating and :iii'
flow with neither of these -uantities remaining constant# as when two fluids ma
be flowing on either side of the plate! Distinct correlations are available for
constant wall temperature and constant heat flu"! 6ut for the third case it ma
be necessar to appro"imate to one of the above two cases!
!&!&! !a-inar flow* The condition is that the Renolds number should be less
than T U &AT or as ma be stated otherwise! )or the condition that the plate
temperature is constant the following e-uations are valid with fluid propert
values ta,en at the film temperature
0drodnamic boundar laer thic,ness