Sensors and Actuators A 138 (2007) 213220

Experimental investigation of a uidic actuator generating hybrid-synthetic jets

ek, J. Kord V. Tesa r , Z. Tr avn c k, Z. Randa
Institute of Thermomechanics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic Received 20 September 2006; received in revised form 11 January 2007; accepted 24 April 2007 Available online 27 April 2007

Abstract Hybrid-synthetic jets are similar to the usual zero-time-mean-ow synthetic jets, differing from them by superposition of a steady outow from the nozzle. This makes the hybrid-synthetic jets suitable for applications like impingement cooling, where the usual synthetic jets fail because of the re-ingestion of the heated uid. The discussed actuator generating these jets operates without any moving parts. In contrast to the better known ek, Fedorchenko, and others, it is based on the idea of a uidic alternator. Experiments with rectier type actuators developed recently e.g. by Tr avn c an alternatior-type actuator model, operating with air, concentrated on the oscillation frequency and its dependence on parameters like feedback loop length. In spite of similarity to the analogous actuator described in Tesa r et al. in 2006 the present results are very different. 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Hybrid-synthetic jets; Synthetic jets; Fluidics; Fluidic feedback; Oscillation frequency; Fluidic oscillator

1. Introduction Hybrid-synthetic jets are an interesting case of pulsatile jet ows. Recently they became of importance from both theoretical point of view [1] and because of the number of applications they made possible. They share with the usual, zero-mass-ow-rate synthetic jets [2] the character of a ow synthesized from a train of vortices (as long as criteria, such as those of Holman et al. [3] are met) but differ in the superimposed steady outow from the nozzle. This makes them suitable for impingement cooling or similar convective transfer tasks [4], where absence of working uid replacement in the usual synthetic jets precludes using their otherwise excellent heat and/or mass transfer capability for an extended period of time. The list of applications of the hybrid-synthetic jets includes a control of ows past lifting surfaces [5], thermal processing of food by hot air jets (some results presented in [6]), and maneuvering of small autonomous underwater vehicles [7]. Also, impinging hybrid-synthetic jets recently found an interesting use in the anti-terrorist war. In the version with an annular nozzle they are employed in screening persons by contact-less collecting of samples of illicit substances

from their clothing [8]. In contrast to the steady air jets used for this purpose so far, they rufe the textiles to release the sampled substances by prevent diluting the sample by the added air from the nozzle. 2. Fluidic actuators of the alternator type There are two, principally antipodal approaches to designing an actuator for generation of the hybrid-synthetic jets. The ek, Fedorchenko and othbetter known way, followed by Tr avn c ers, e.g. [1,7,9,14,17], uses the uidic rectication[11,16]a conversion of an alternating uid ow into the one-directional ow. A generator of alternating ow with a reciprocating piston or diaphragm is used together with what may be described as an imperfect rectierthe imperfection (not meant in any derogatory sense) producing the alternating component of the nozzle ow. A useful quantitative measure of the rectication perfection, according to [1], is the volumetric efciency , the ratio of the output uid volume to the total displaced volume during the operation cycle. With perfect rectication, all the displaced uid leaves the nozzle to form a non-returning jet, leading to = 1. On the other hand, the usual synthetic jets generators without any rectier element have rectication efciency = 0. The hybrid-jet actuator designs assume places on the scale between these two extreme values.

Corresponding author. Tel.: +420 2 660 52270. E-mail address: tesar@it.cas.cz (V. Tesa r).

0924-4247/$ see front matter 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.sna.2007.04.064

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Fig. 2. The mutually phase-shifted ows in the two nozzles, with idealized rectangular waveshapes. Suction from atmosphere in one nozzle is added to the outow from the other nozzle. Also shown is the expression for the volumetric efciency for this character of the ows.

Fig. 1. The basic principle of uidic alternators. The core is a bridge circuit of the same topology as in a full-wave rectier. Flow paths in the rst half of the operating cycle are shown in 1 above, while 2 below shows them in the second half-cycle. In contrast to the automatic operation of a rectier, the alternator bridge has to be controlled by an input control signal X.

The present author has been developing another actuator design for the same purpose. It was recently described, e.g. in [5,6,10]. Seemingly this design does not share anything with the earlier rectication principle. Indeed, the underlying idea is the very opposite to that of the uidic rectier. It is the idea of a uidic alternatora device performing the complementary task: converting a supplied steady ow into an alternating ow. There are no moving parts at all, the alternating ow is produced by a self-excited uidic oscillator. The perfect alternator operation, as schematically represented in Fig. 1, is again actually undesirable for the present task. The produced ow would consist of completely symmetric positive and negative half-cycles and the generated jet would be the standard synthetic jet. What is needed is an imperfect alternator. The absence of moving components brings a number of operational as well as manufacturing advantages. Perhaps surprisingly, the underlying topology of the alternator type actuators [12,13,15,16] as represented in Fig. 1 is also equivalent to the Gr atz bridge [16] of the full-wave uidic rectiers. The main difference is in the devices in the alternator bridge controlled by an input signal, in contrast to the automatic operation of the passive devices of the rectier bridge, which is dictated by the motion of the reciprocating piston. The choice of the uidic devices that form the alternator is limited by the requirement of their controllability. Of the available possibilities, the vortex ampliers with controllable turning down of the ow are usually too slow. They do not meeting the usual frequency requirements of the synthetic jets. This leaves as the most suitable choice the jet-type devices, usually the diverter-type uidic ampliers. They may be easily provided with a feedback

loop turning them into the self-excited oscillators. The oscillation frequency is adjustable by the feedback loop tube length. The ampliers are mostly bistable, employing the Coanda effect of the alternative attachment of the jet to one of two oppositely located walls. With the jets switched between the two outlets, these actuators are quite naturally of the two-phase or double-acting kindcounterparts to the double-acting rectier actuators described in [7,9,17]. Fig. 2 presents the two ideal time dependences of the velocities in the two exit nozzles of the alternator-type actuator. The operation at a low frequency relative to the fast switching process in the amplier is assumed, so that the waveshapes are practically rectangular. The negative velocity wn in one exit nozzle the minus sign indicating suction from the atmosphere is equal to the surplus velocity in the other nozzle by which the exit ow is faster than twice the time mean exit velocity wn . For the rectangular dependences, also shown in Fig. 2 is the formula for evaluation of the volumetric efciency . The perfect, leak-less alternator operation means = 1 while = 0 represents the case of the usual synthetic jet. The name of the quantity , taken over from earlier usage in a different context, may be not well tting. It is, however, a useful characterization parameter for the discussed actuators, placing a particular design on the scale from = 0 to 1. The basic congurations of the actuator designs of this type described so far in literature all of them operating with air is presented in the following Fig. 3. The illustration aims at suggesting the essential topological afnity with the Gr atz bridge conguration in Fig. 1. The correspondence is not easily discernible, because the two arms of the bridge and three of its vertices those corresponding to the vertices T, U, V in Fig. 1 here do not actually exist as material components. There are also no conduits transfering the generated alternating ows. All this is left to uid ows in the atmosphere. Because of the commonality of the two downstream arms, and the absence of any ow controlling devices there, the arm connecting T with U cannot transfer to the second nozzle the low pressure available in the inlet of the driving pump. Fortunately, in the jet-type diverter ampliers there is an effect which can secure the desirable return ow in the second nozzle. It is the jet-pumping effect of the jet leaving the main nozzle of the amplier (cf. Fig. 7). It is actually this jet-pumping effect, acting in the control nozzles of the

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independent of the supplied ow rate. The experimental data in [10] suggested that the signal travels in the feedback loop essentially as an acoustic wave. Its propagation velocity was obviously equal to the speed of sound in a tube with heat transfer into the isothermal boundary layer. Surprisingly, despite similarity of the present actuator geometry which may indeed supercially seem to be almost identical the signal transfer mechanism was now found different. The propagation velocity in this device is essentially equal to the main nozzle exit velocity, much smaller than described in [10] and a mere fraction of the speed of sound. This experimental nding is of paramount value for designers of actuators intended to generate the interesting, important, and advantageous new type of synthetic jets.
Fig. 3. The alternator actuator with the unvented diverter amplier. The two bridge arms leading to terminal T are actually absent as in fact is most of the bridge, the dominant part in the schematic representation in Fig. 1 because the role of the vertices T, U, V is taken over by the atmosphere.

3.1. The laboratory model Like the device in [10], the actuator generated two hybridsynthetic jets mutually phase shifted by 180 (suction into one nozzle simultaneous with outow through the other one) according to Fig. 2. While the earlier models were designed to meet the requirements of an application in control of ow past an airplane lifting surfaces [5], the present model was built to drive a pair of annular nozzles generating annular impinging jets in surface heating application [6]. As in Fig. 3 and in the earlier models, the essential part of the actuator is an unvented planar bistable diverter uidic amplier, converted into a self-excited oscillator by providing it with a feedback loop. The geometry of the amplier is specied in Fig. 4 showing the main outer dimensions and Fig. 5 indicating the dimensions of the most important core part. All the dimensions are given in multiples of the width b of the main nozzlethe nozzle connected to the supply terminal S. The model, with its main nozzle width b = 2 mm, was larger than the intended nal operational microuidic version. The amplier consists of a stack of three plates with identical cavities, made by laser cutting. A photograph of one of the plates is seen in the bottom part of Fig. 6. The following Fig. 7 shows a detail view of the core part, providing an impression of the surface quality and shape perfection obtainable with the used laser cutting manufacturing method. The height of the assem-

amplier (with higher intensity on the ON side towards which this jet is attached by the Coanda effect), which also drives the feedback signal in the feedback loop. 3. Experimental investigation The device described in the present paper is a recently built scaled-up model of an actuator of the alternator type. The essential parameter of these devices is the oscillation frequency and investigation of this parameter was the main subject of this study. The frequency f [Hz] is determined by the feedback mechanism and is dependent mainly on two parameters: on the length of the feedback loop and on the ow rate supplied to the supply terminal S. The latter dependence is there due to the general tendency of no-moving-part aerodynamic oscillations to maintain a constant value of the Strouhal number, Sh: Sh = fb w (1)

where the standard characteristic length dimension in uidic jettype devices is the main nozzle width b [m] and the characteristic velocity w [m/s] is the bulk (spatial average) velocity in the main nozzle exit. With the latter proportional to the supplied air ow rate, this tendency results in the frequency rise as the ow rate is increased. The known feedback loop length and measured oscillation frequency (and hence the time spent by the switching signal to travel the loop length) make possible evaluation of the effective signal transfer velocity in the loop. This was already described in [10] in investigations of an actuator quite similar to the present one. The experimental data for the earlier model revealed two operating regimes. There was the expected constant or nearly constant Sh regime at low Reynolds numbers Re < 3000, which is a value which may perhaps suggest laminar character of the ow. The propagation velocity in the loop was there from 5 to 10 times higher than the velocity in the main nozzle. At higher Re values the propagation velocity was also high but constant,

Fig. 4. Geometry of the amplier cavity, laser cut in three plates stacked on top of each other and closed on top and bottom by cover plates. Dimensions in multiples of the main nozzle width b = 2 mm.

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Fig. 5. Geometry of the critical, core part of the amplier immediately downstream from the main nozzle, the exit width of which is b = 2 mm.

bled stack of three plates was equal to 7.5b (aspect ratio, = 7.5). The exits of the amplier were connected to the annular nozzles seen in the top part of Fig. 6. Performance of diverter type oscillators is inuenced by blockage of the amplier exits by the connected load. In the present case, however, this load was rather smallthe annular exit area of each nozzle was 2.446times the area of the amplier main nozzle. The nozzles were intended to generate an annular impinging hybrid-synthetic jet. Such annular jets and the effects they cause on the impingement wall are known to be very sensitive to even small deviations in the exit slot width. To ensure equal width of the annular slot of the nozzle, the nozzle design incorporated a number of features maintaining the concentricity of nozzle components, at the cost of the air owpath inside the nozzles being rather complex. This in some operating regimes resulted in increased turbulence in the issuing jets. An important part of the oscillator is the mutual connection of the two control nozzles, terminals X1 and X2 in Fig. 4, forming the feedback loop. This converts the amplier into the self-excited oscillator. The connection was made by a circular

Fig. 7. Photograph of model components. The laser-cut cavity of the amplier in one of the identical three stacked plates is shown in the bottom part of the picture. The top part shows the bottom cover plate and the two annular exit nozzles generating the annular hybrid-synthetic jet.

Fig. 6. Photograph of the most important part of the device: the core part of the amplier (cf. Fig. 5).

cross-section tube of internal diameter equal to 4b. The tube length was varied during the experimental investigations from the minimum 250b up to 2000b. This length together with the air ow rate determine the oscillation frequency, which could be adjusted in the range from 2 to 45 Hz. The lower value was simply due to the limited available length of the tubing; experience with similar oscillators [10] indicates that frequency lower at least by a decimal order of magnitude is attainable with very long tubes. Less successful were attempts at decreasing the frequency by reducing the air ow rate. The bistability of the used amplier, necessary for a well-dened switching leading to the rectangular wave-shape of the produced ow pulses, depends on the Coanda attachment effect. This is really effective only in turbulent ows. No wonder the regular oscillation cease to exist at and below transitional Reynolds numbers. In the present case, the lowest Reynolds number value at which it was possible to keep regular oscillation was Re = 1 171. Below that, some switching pulses were missing and the signal to noise ratio decreased below the values at which the device can be useful. On the other hand, also increasing the frequency by using a very short feedback tube lengths and high ow rates has led to problems. The regular rectangular wave shapes detected at the annular nozzle exits by hot wire anemometer then give way to irregularities having turbulent character.

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3.2. Frequency measurements The device was operated with air. The processed signal was obtained from a hot wire probe placed downstream from the exit of one of the annular nozzles. The signal was used without linearization and the other usual signal processing steps. Across most of the operating range, the oscillation frequency could be measured simply by a counter. This became unreliable at small ow rates, where the turbulent uctuations became commensurable with the low-intensity signal. It also ceased to be reliable at the other end of the range, with short feedback loops. There the switching time becomes comparable with the oscillation period, which distorted the otherwise nearly rectangular wave-shapes. In both cases the data exhibited what was (but in some instances merely seemed to be) an excessive scatter. Because of the essential importance of the frequency as the parameter of the actuator, the experiments especially at low Reynolds numbers were repeated by the rst authors collaborators, using a more sophisticated processing of the data. The same unprocessed signal of the hot wire probe was sampled periodically for a long time and stored in a digital form and then processed by a discrete Fourier transformation. The resultant spectrum was then smoothed by applying a moving averagingusing ensembles of 100 data points symmetrically located on both sides of a particular investigated frequency. An example of application of this procedure is presented in Fig. 8. It was obtained with cold (annular exit temperature 23.5 C) air ow with mean velocity of the ow in the amplier main nozzle 57.5 m/s. Of course, in the 2.446-times larger annular exit area the velocities were lower, despite the increase by the air sucked in through the other nozzle. The hot-wire sensor data were sampled at a sampling frequency fs = 1 kHz, which means that the resultant spectrum contains useful data only up to the Nyquist frequency fs /2 = 500 Hz. Acquiring all 131 072 samples at this sampling frequency took more than 2 min. The rst impression from Fig. 8 may be of a rather

Fig. 9. A typical example of the dependence of Strouhal number, Sh on the main nozzle Reynolds number, Re for a particular loop length. Heating the supplied air leads to changes in the oscillation frequency, but the results are practically indistinguishable in the dimensionless ReSh plotting.

strong noise, but it should be noted that the co-ordinates are logarithmic so that the data at the rst peak, where the resultant oscillation frequency was evaluated, are more than two decimal orders of magnitude above the noise. Presence of the lower higher-frequency peaks demonstrates the non-harmonic, practically rectangular waveshapes. Because of the planned use of the generated impinging jets in heat transfer applications, a considerable concern was caused by the noticeable change of the oscillation frequency when the supplied air into the oscillator was heated by an upstream heater. Fortunately, plotting the results obtained at different exit temperatures in dimensionless co-ordinates, evaluated by considering the changed air properties, has shown that the frequency change is merely a consequence of the change in air specic volume and viscosity. In the example of measurements at four different exit temperatures for a particular feedback loop length in Fig. 9, the Strouhal number, Sh according to Eq. (1) is plotted as a function of Reynolds number, Re: Re = wb (2)

evaluated from the usual conditions in the main nozzle of the amplier, the nozzle width b [m] as the characteristic length, the main nozzle exit velocity w [m/s], and (kinematic) viscosity [m2 /s]. The differences between the resultant dependences are insignicant, smaller than a characteristic measure of the data scatter. 3.3. Propagation velocity The results in the example Fig. 9 show that the Strouhal number, Sh according to Eq. (1) fails to be an invariant of the investigated phenomenon. The reasons for it are twofold. First, in Fig. 9 there is an apparent systematic growth of Sh with increasing Re. This dependence is weak and was not found for all the feedback loop lengths. More importantly, the Sh values evaluated from the nozzle width as the characteristic length were not the same with different feedback loop tube lengths l. Indeed, in the similar experiments described in [10] the dependence of

Fig. 8. A typical example of frequency spectrum obtained by processing the signal from the hot wire sensor placed in front of one of the two annular exit nozzles (Fig. 6). If the signal were linearized, the plotted voltage would correspond to absolute velocity magnitude (the hot wire probe does not discriminate the ow direction). The run shown here involved 131 072 data samples. The value of interest extracted from the smoothed spectrum is the frequency f = 24.727 Hz in the dominant (>1 V) peak.

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Fig. 10. Plotted as a function of the main nozzle Reynolds number, Re is here the modied Strouhal number, equivalent to relative effective velocity of signal propagation wpropag . The values near to 1.0 show that the switching signal propagates in the feedback loop at a velocity roughly equal to the exit velocity w in the main nozzle.

the measured oscillation frequency f on the length l was found to be practically an inverse proportionality f 1/l. As a step towards nding an invariant, it was decided in [10] to introduce a modied Strouhal number by multiplying Sh evaluated from Eq. (1) by the relative length l/b. It is essentially this quantity which is used in Fig. 10 for plotting all the data from the present experiments. The modication in Fig. 10 actually involves multiplication by a constant 2.0. This has no effect on the character of the dependence, but brings an interesting interpretation. As long as the jet switching in the amplier is a fast process, the oscillation period t = 1/f is practically almost equal to two propagation times of the switching signal in the feedback loop. Thus the quantity actually plotted on the vertical co-ordinate may be interpreted as an estimate of the relative value of the propagation velocity wpropag .

Fig. 12. The growth of the slope of the tted straight lines in Fig. 11 with the increasing loop length l.

Plotted in Fig. 10 are results of two independent separate experimental investigations. In contrast to the earlier results in [10], the propagation velocities are here much lower, practically equal to the bulk velocity w of the air ow in the main nozzle of the amplier. This was found already in earlier measurements using the counter, but was considered suspiciousthe more so that it exhibited what seemed to be a large scatter. There was no observable tendency: measurements al lower relative feedback loop lengths l/b suggested an increase of wpropag /w with increasing l/b, but the data for the large lengths l/b = 2000 did not agree with this trend. In an attempt to eliminated the doubts, the measurements were repeated using the above described spectrum analysis. This cleared all doubts about the measured values of the fre-

Fig. 11. Modied Strouhal number dependence on Re obtained with the more precise frequency evaluations revealed systematic dependences in what initially seemed to be just a scatter. At low Reynolds numbers and with short loop lengths, the data may be tted with straight lines, the slopes of which increase with l from initially negative values through zero to positive.

Fig. 13. Dependence of the Strouhal number, Sh on the loop length l at three small constant Reynolds numbers revealed another distinguishable systematic dependence when the improved frequency spectrum measurements reduced the scatter.

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quency. The general character of the dependences, with values of wpropag /w near to 1.0, remained. The data also refused to settle to a single value eliminating the scatter. The more exact newer data actually show that what seemed to be a scatter is demonstration of a systematic dependence. This is presented for the new data in Figs. 11 and 12 for short loop lengths. The decrease of the effective value of the ratio wpropag /w with decreasing loop lengths l/b is not surprising in itself. It might be, in principle, explained by the growing inuence of the jet switching time in the amplier. Unfortunately, the other way of viewing the results, the dependences at a constant Reynolds number as plotted in Fig. 13, do not support this simple explanation. 4. Conclusions The paper presents recent experimental results obtained with the new model of the jet-type actuator for generation of the hybrid-synthetic jets. The measurements were of improved accuracy, based on evaluating the complete frequency spectrum. Surprisingly, despite of the similarity with the earlier model [10], the present results are different. The propagation velocity in the feedback loop, evaluated from known loop length and measured oscillation frequency, is found in the new model to be practically equal to the bulk velocity w of the air ow in the main (supply) nozzle of the amplier. Since the latter is in principle the cause of the pressure difference across the feedback tube which drives the feedback ow, the comparable magnitudes seem to be reasonable. However, it is strange that this was not found with the earlier model in [10]. Present experimental ndings are doubtless of importance the designers of actuators generating this interesting and important new type of synthetic jets, but they leave much to be explained by additional future investigations. Acknowledgments Authors are grateful for the nancial support they received from the Research and Development Project 1M06031 of MSMT CR, as well as the GACR research grant no. 101/07/1499. References
ek, T. V [1] Z. Tr avn c t, V. Tesa r, Hybrid synthetic jets as the nonzero-massux synthetic jets, Phys. Fluids 18 (2006). [2] B.L. Smith, A. Glezer, The formation and evolution of synthetic jets, Phys. Fluids 10 (1998). [3] R. Holman, Y. Utturkar, R. Mittal, B.L. Smith, L. Cattafesta, Formation criterion for synthetic jets, AIAA J. 43 (10) (2005) 2110. ek, Pulsating and synthetic impinging jets, J. Visual[4] V. Tesa r, Z. Tr avn c ization, ISSN 1343-8875, 8 (3) (2005) 201. [5] V. Tesa r, Fluidics applied to ow control by synthetic jets, in: Proceedings of the Conference Topical Problems of Fluid Mechanics 2006, p. 171, ISBN 80-85918-98-6, Institute of Thermomechanics AS CR, February 2006. [6] V. Tesa r, Conditions on the Wall under a Pair of Phase-Shifted, Impinging Hybrid-Synthetic Annular Jets, Paper ISFV12-86.1, Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Flow Visualization, G ottingen, September 2006.

[7] Ch.-Ch. Chen et al., Visualization of New Synthetic Jet Actuator for Underwater Vehicles, Paper IFVS12-86.4, Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Flow Visualization, G ottingen, September 2006. ek, Apparatus for Collection of Samples from the Sur[8] V. Tesa r, Z. Tr avn c face of Examined Objectsin Czech, Patent Application No. PV 2006-214, Czech Republic, led March 30, 2006. ek, A.I. Fedorchenko, A.-B. Wang, Enhancement of synthetic jets [9] Z. Tr avn c by means of an integrated valve-less pump. Part I. Design of the actuator, Sensors Actuators A: Phys. 120 (2005) 232. [10] V. Tesa r, C.-H. Hung, W.B. Zimmerman, No-moving-part hybrid-synthetic jet actuator, Sensors Actuators A: Phys. 125 (2006) 15. [11] S. Lee, K.J. Kim, Designs of IPMC actuator-driven valve-less micropump and its ow rate estimation at low Reynolds numbers, Smart Mater. Struct. 15 (2006) 1103. [12] Tesa r V., Fluidic pump driven by alternating air ow, Proceedings of PNEU-HIDRO81, IVth Colloquium on Pneumatics and Hydraulics, Gy or, Hungary, September 1981. [13] S. Saito et al. Development of a uidic pump driven by a bistable element, in: Proceedings of FLUCOME 88, Shefeld, 1988. ek, V. Tesa [14] Z. Tr avn c r, J. Kord k, Double-acting hybrid synthetic jets with trigonally and Hexagonally arranged niozzles, in: Proceedings of Flucome 2007, Tallahassee, Florida, 2007. [15] V. Tesa r, Fluidic Jet-Type Rectier: Experimental Study of Generated Output Pressure, Fluidics Quarterly, vol. 14, Ann Arbor, USA, December 1982. [16] V. Tesa r, Rectier circuits for microuidics, in: Proceedings of Developments in Machinery Design and Control, Bysgoszcz-Bierzglowo, Poland, September, 2006. ek, V. Tesa [17] Z. Tr avn c r, A.-B. Wang, Enhancement of synthetic jets by means of an integrated valve-less pump. Part II. Numerical and experimental studies, Sensors Actuators A (Phys.) 125 (2005) 50.

Biographies
Prof. Ing. V aclav Tesa r, CSc received his degree in mechanical engineering in 1963 from Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical Univer sity (CVUT), Prague, Czech Republic. From 1963 to 1999 he was employed at the Department of Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics at CVUT as an Assistant, later Docent, and nally Full Professor. He received CSc degree (an equivalent of PhD) from CVUT Prague in 1972. From 1994 to 1998 he was the Head of the Department of Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering CVUT Prague. In 1985, he was Visiting Professor at Keio University, Yokohama, Japan. In 1992 he stayed as Visiting Professor at Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, USA. Between 1999 and 2005 was Professor at the Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Process Fluidics Group, the University of Shefeld, UK. Since 2006 is employed at the Institute of Thermomechanics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic in Prague. His research interests cover shear ows, in particular jets and wall jets and the application of these ows in the no-moving-part uidics. He is named as the inventor on 196 Czech Patents, mainly on various uidic devices. Recently became involved in the new eld of microuidics. He is an author of 4 textbooks and more than 300 papers in various journals and conference proceedings. ek, CSc received his degree in Mechanical EngineerIng. Zden ek Tr avn c ing from the Czech Technical University (CVUT) in Prague in 1985. From 1985 to 1995 he was employed at the former National Research Institute for Machine Design (SVUSS) in Prague-B echovice. He received his PhD degree from CVUT in Prague in 1994. In 1996, he joined the Institute of Thermomechanics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. Since 2004, he is the Head of the Heat/Mass Transfer Laboratory. The most signicant stays abroad: Institute of Engineering Thermophysics of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (ITTF, Department of Prof. J.P. Dyban), Kiev, Ukraine (1990); Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C. (19981999 and 20022003); Heat Transfer Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA (2000/2001). His research interests cover experimental uid mechanics and heat/mass transfer, passive/active thermal ow control (pri-

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V. Tesa r et al. / Sensors and Actuators A 138 (2007) 213220 his recent Diploma Thesis) is experimental investigation of unsteady ows and computer processing of complex experimental data sets. Zden ek Randa received his degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Czech Technical University (CVUT) in Prague in 1993. From 1993 to 2005 he was an assistant lecturer at the Department of Fluid Dynamics and Power Engineering of Czech Technical University in Prague. In 2005, he joined the Institute of Thermomechanics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. His research interests cover experimental uid mechanics (impinging jet ows), hot wire anemometry, ow visualization, Particle Image Velocimetry.

marily of jets and wakes), convective heat/mass transfer enhancement, and impinging jets. He is the author or co-author of 25 journal papers, 62 papers in various conference proceedings, 38 research reports, and one Patent Certicate of Taiwan, R.O.C. Jozef Kord k is just about to nish his studies and receive his degree in Mechan ical Engineering from the Czech Technical University (CVUT) in Prague. From 2006 has been employed on part-time basis at the Institute of Thermomechanics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. He is already a co-author of four contributions to scientic conference proceedings. His interest (and subject of