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F. S. de Assis (1), F. M. Margem (1), R. L. Loiola (1), S. N. Monteiro (2) State University of the Northern Rio de Janeiro, U NF Advan!ed Materials La"oratory, LAMA# Av. Al"erto Lamego, 2$$$, 2%$1&'($2, )am*os dos +oyta!a,es-RJ, .ra,il. 'mail/ fol01e2sda3hotmail.!om 1 4 U NF, 2 4 5M
ABSTRACT Polymer matrix composites have been applied in components such as helmets and shielding for which toughness is a major requirement. A natural fiber presents interfacial characteristics with polymeric matrices that favor a high impact energy absorption by the composite structure. he objective of this wor! was then to assess the "#od impact resistance of polymeric composites reinforced with different amounts$ up to %&' in volume$ of a promising high strength natural fiber$ the banana fiber. he results showed a remar!able increase in the notch toughness with the amount of incorporated banana fibers. his can be attributed to a preferential debonding of the fiber(matrix interface$ which contributes to an elevated absorbed energy. )eywords* banana fiber$ composite$ polyester matrix$ "#od testing$ notch toughness INTRODUCTION Nat0ral fi"ers 6ith high !ell0lose !ontent, 1no6n as ligno!ell0losi! fi"ers, "e!ome firmly esta"lished as a *otential s0"stit0te for syntheti! fi"ers, *arti!0larly glass fi"er
71'8)
es*e!ially in air!raft and !ars, is motivated "y several advantages. Among these stand the lo6 !ost and light 6eight as 6ell as good to0ghness and less a"rasion e;0i*ment 0sed in *ro!essing !om*osite 5n fa!t, 0nli1e the glass fi"ers
7<) 7&,8,()
another *oint in favor of nat0ral fi"ers, 6hi!h are rene6a"le, re!y!la"le, "iodegrada"le and ne0tral 6ith regard to )=2 emissions 7%'>). 9he in!or*oration of "anana fi"ers in *olymeri! matri!es of !om*osite 6as investigated71$'12) and fo0nd to "e asso!iated 6ith signifi!ant *ro*erties. 9hese *ro*erties are dire!tly related to the mi!rostr0!t0re of the fi"er as 6ell as the *hysi!al and !hemi!al !hara!teristi!s *resent in any ligno!ell0losi! fi"er 71&'18). 9he o"?e!tive of this st0dy 6as a *reliminary assessment, thro0gh tests of 5,od im*a!t energy, together 6ith the mi!rostr0!t0ral !hara!teristi!s asso!iated 6ith the fra!t0re of *olyester matri: !om*osites in!or*orated 6ith !ontin0o0s and aligned "anana fi"ers. 9hese !ontin0o0s "anana fi"ers had at least 18 times the !riti!al length ne!essary to ens0re greater effi!ien!y in the reinfor!ement of a !om*osite EXPEREMINTAL PROCEDURE Fi"ers e:tra!ted from the stem of the "anana *lant of the s!ientifi! family +usa balbisiana), ill0strated in Fig. 1, 6ere s0**lied as a "0ndle "y a gro0* of artisans "ased in the North Fl0minense State University 7U NF).
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Fig0re 1. @se0dostem of "anana 7a) 6ith a mean diameter of 18 !m A &$ 7")B dried in the s0n for a"o0t a 6ee1 7!)B and gro0* of fi"ers after the shredding 7d). 5nitially, 1$$ fi"ers 6ere randomly ta1en o0t from the "0ndle for a statisti!al eval0ation of the diameter as sho6n in the histograms in Fig. 2. From this histogram an average diameter of $.2$ mm 6as o"tained.
Fre;0en!e 7C)
Eiameter 7mm)
Fig0re 2/ Statisti!al distri"0tion of the "anana fi"ers. After se*aration, !leaning and drying at room tem*erat0re, the "anana fi"ers 6ere mi:ed in amo0nts of $, 1$, 2$ and &$C "y vol0me 6ith 0nsat0rated *olyester resin to *re*are the !om*osites. @lates of the !om*osites 6ith 1$ mm thi!1ness 6ere fa"ri!ated in a re!tang0lar steel mold 6ith dimensions of 182 : 128 mm. 9he fi"ers 6ere maintained aligned along the dimension of 128 mm, !orres*onding to the final length of the test s*e!imens. 9he fa"ri!ation *ro!ed0re 6as the follo6ing. 9he still li;0id *olyester resin, together 6ith $.8C !atalyst "ased on methyl ethyl 1etone, 6as *o0red into the "anana fi"ers inside the mold. 9he !om*osite th0s formed 6as allo6ed to !0re for 2D ho0rs at room tem*erat0re. 9he *late of ea!h different !om*osite 6as then !0t a!!ording to the dire!tion of fi"er alignment in "ars meas0ring 1$ : 128 : 12.< mm. 9hese "ars 6ere 0sed for *re*aration of sam*les for 5,od im*a!t test, a!!ording to AS9M E28(. 9he sam*les 6ere im*a!t tested in a @AN9 ) *end0l0m 6ith 5,od !onfig0ration. 9he im*a!t energy 6as o"tained 0sing an 11 J *o6er hammer for !om*osites 6ith $, 1$, 2$ and &$C of fi"ers. For ea!h !ondition, relative to a !ertain vol0me fra!tion of fi"ers, 1$ s*e!imens 6ere 0sed and the res0lts 6ere statisti!ally inter*reted. 9he fra!t0re s0rfa!e of s*e!imens after im*a!t test 6as analy,ed "y s!anning ele!tron mi!ros!o*y, S M, in a SSA'88$ model Shimad,0 e;0i*ment, o*erating 6ith se!ondary ele!trons at an a!!elerating voltage of 18 1#.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 9a"le 1 sho6s the res0lts of 5,od im*a!t energy val0es 6ith their res*e!tive standard deviations for *0re *olyester and for !om*osites 6ith different vol0me fra!tions of "anana fi"ers. 9a"le 1/ nergy 5m*a!t 5,od for *olyester matri: reinfor!ed 6ith "anana fi"ers. .anana Fi"ers 7volC) $ 1$ 2$ &$ nergy 7J-m) 21.% 2.8 118.> 2(.% 1(%.& 11.< 2(8.% D1.2
.ased on the res0lts of 9a"le 1, the !hange in 5,od im*a!t energy 6ith the fra!tion of "anana fi"er is sho6n in Fig. &.
Fig0re &/ 5,od im*a!t energy as a f0n!tion of the amo0nt of .anana fi"ers . 5n this fig0re it sho0ld "e noted that the in!or*oration of "anana fi"er in the *olyester matri: signifi!antly in!reases the 5,od not!h to0ghness of the !om*osite. 9he val0es sho6n in Fig. & are !onsistent 6ith res0lts re*orted in the literat0re for syntheti! fi"ers
71<)
71%'1>)
!om*ares val0es of 5,od im*a!t energy of *olymer !om*osites 6ith different ligno!ell0losi! fi"ers. 9a"le 2/ 5,od not!h to0ghness of *olymer !om*osites reinfor!ed 6ith nat0ral fi"ers. Composite .anana- @olyester Sisal- @olyester Ramie- @olyester )oir- @olyester )0ra0a- @olyester )oir- @oly*ro*ylene J0te- @oly*ro*ylene )0ra0a- @oly*ro*ylene Fla:- @oly*ro*ylene Amount o Fi!e" #$% &$ 7aligned) &$7aligned) &$ 7aligned) &$ 7aligned) &$ 7aligned) &$ 7short and random) &$ 7short and random) &$ 7short and random) &$ 7short and random) I&o' Imp()t Re e"en)e Tou*+ness #,-m% 2(( this 6or1 2>8( 72D) 8&% 72&) 121 72&) 1>$ 72() D( 72$) &> 72$) 8D 72$) &% 72$)
Fig0re D sho6s that, ma!ros!o*i!ally, the in!or*oration of "anana fi"er !a0ses a stri1ingly different "ehavior as !om*ared to the *0re *olyester 7$C fi"er). For fi"ers fra!tions of 1$, 2$ and &$ C, Fig. D, the s*e!imens 6ere not even !om*letely "ro1en 0*on im*a!t. 9his is d0e to the relatively high tensile strength !hara!teristi! of the "anana fi"er, 6hi!h avoids a total !olla*se. For these larger fi"er fra!tions, the im*a!ted s*e!imen is "ent eno0gh to allo6 the hammer to !ontin0e its tra?e!tory, 6hile the to* *art of the folded s*e!imen remained atta!hed to the other *art 6itho0t se*arating. 9he non'o!!0rren!e of r0*t0re 0*on im*a!t indi!ates a high to0ghness of the !om*osite. Fad the r0*t0re o!!0rred, the a"sor"ed energy 6o0ld "e even higher.
30%
20%
10%
0%
Fig0re D/ 9y*i!al ma!rostr0!t0ral as*e!ts of 5,od s*e!imens of *olyester !om*osites reinfor!ed 6ith different vol0me fra!tions of "anana fi"er.
9he S M analysis of the mi!rostr0!t0re of the fra!t0red region res0lting from 5,od im*a!t, Fig. 8, *ermitted a "etter 0nderstanding of the me!hanisms res*onsi"le for the to0ghness of "anana fi"er reinfor!ed !om*osites as !om*ared to the *0re resin. Regarding the *0re resin, Fig. 8, the fra!t0re a**earan!e is ty*i!al of *olyester r0*t0re. 5n this fig0re, the dar1er side"and at the right !orres*onds to the groove made "y the !0tter. 9he left *art, smoother and !learer, !orres*onds to fra!t0re "y transverse im*a!t. 9he general S M as*e!t of the s0rfa!e r0*t0red "y 5,od im*a!t of a s*e!imen 6ith &$C "y vol0me of reinfor!ing "anana fi"ers sho6s fi"ers sti!1ing o0t of the *olyester matri:. Some fi"ers 6ere *0lled o0t from the matri: "y !ra!1 *ro*agation thro0gh the s0rfa!e d0e to the relatively lo6 interfa!ial tension. A longit0dinal !ra!1 *ro*agation res0lts in t6o as*e!ts favora"le to in!rease the energy a"sor"ed d0ring im*a!t. First, the longit0dinally se*arated area is larger than the se!tion thro0gh the matri:. 9his is asso!iated 6ith a higher energy and, !onse;0ently, higher im*a!t resistan!e71>'2&). Se!ond, "anana fi"ers, "eing 1e*t inta!t, hinder the se*aration of the s*e!imen in t6o *arts, Fig. D, also !ontri"0ting to in!rease the im*a!t resistan!e.
Fig0re 8. 5m*a!t fra!t0red s0rfa!e of 7a) the s*e!imen of *0re *olyester resin and 7") of the !om*osite 6ith &$C in vol0me of "anana fi"ers. CONCLUSIONS )om*osites made of !ontin0o0s and aligned "anana fi"ers 0sed as reinfor!ement of *olyester matri: sho6ed an almost linear in!rease in not!h to0ghness, meas0red "y 5,od im*a!t tests, as !om*ared to the *0re *olyester.
9he in!or*oration of &$C of "anana fi"er in the *olyester matri: signifi!antly im*roves the
to0ghness of the !om*osite, 2(( J-m, as !om*ared to *0re *olyester resin, 6ith 22 J-m.
Along 6ith the retention of some 6hole "anana fi"ers 0*on im*a!t, lo6 interfa!ial resistan!e res0lts in greater energy a"sor"ed d0e to the *ro*agation of !ra!1s in the fi"er - matri: interfa!e, allo6ing the formation of a higher longit0dinal fra!t0re area in relation to a transverse fra!t0re, 6hi!h sho0ld o!!0r in the matri: for "rea1ing the fi"ers. A).no/0e'*ements 9he a0thors than1 the .ra,ilian agen!ies/ )N@;, )A@ S and FA@ RJ. REFERENCES 1. .L EGH5, A.H.B +ASSAN, J. Composites "ein o")e' /it+ )e00u0ose1!(se' i!"es2 P"o*2 Po03m2 S)i, v. 2D, 1>>>, *. 221'2<D. 2. NA.5 SAF E, E.B J=+ J.@. N(tu"(0 i!e" po03me" )omposites4 ( "e5ie/6 A'5(n)es in Po03me" Te)+no0 ., v.1%, 1>>>, *. 221'2<D. &. M=FAN9I, A.H.B M5SRA, M.B F5NR5)FS N, +. Bio i!"es6 !io'e*"('(!0e po03me"s (n' !io)omposites4 An o5e"5ie/2 M()"omo0e)u0(" M(te"2 (n' En*2, v. 2<(, 2$$$, *.1'2D. D. )R=)H R, J. N(tu"(0 m(te"i(0s inno5(ti5e n(tu"(0 )omposites2 M(te"i(0s te)+no0o*3, v.2'& n. &, 2$$%, *. 1<D'1<%. 8. M=N9 5R= S.N.B L=@ S, F.@.E.B F RR 5RA, A.S.B NAS)5M N9=, E.).=. N(tu"(0 i!e" po03me" m(t"i7 )omposites4 )+e(pe"6 tou*+e" (n' en5i"onment(003 "ien'032 ,OM, v.(1, n. 1, 2$$>, *. 1<'22. (. +=R , A. An In)on5enient T"ut+2 T+e P0(net("3 Eme"*en)3 o 80o!(0 W("min* (n' W+(t We C(n Do A!out It2 mma0s, @ennsylvania, USA/ Rodale @ress, 2$$(. <. @ 5JS, 9. N(tu"(0 Fi!e"s B(se' Composites2 M(te"2 Te)+no0 . v.18, 2$$$, *. 2%1'2%8. %. JAM.UA @.B 5# NS. 5.B # R@= S9, 5. N(tu"(0 i!e"s4 )(n t+e3 "ep0()e *0(ss (n' i!e" "ein o")e' p0(sti)9: Composites S)ien)e (n' Te)+no0o*3 , v. (&, 2$$&, *. 128>'12(D. >. M=FAN9I, A.H.B M5SRA, M.B ERGAL, L.9. Sust(in(!0e !io)omposites "om "ene/(!0e "esou")es4 Oppo"tunities (n' )+(00en*es in t+e *"een m(te"i(0s /o"0'2 ,2 Po03m2 En5i"on. v. 1$, 2$$2, *. 1>'2(. 1$. @AUL, S.A.B .=UE NN , A.B 5.=S, L.B )ANEAU, I.B J=S @F, H.B 9F=MAS, S. E e)t o i!e" 0o('in* (n' )+emi)(0 t"e(tments on t+e"mo p+3si)(0 p"ope"ties o !(n(n( i!e" po03p"op30ene )ommin*0e' )omposite m(te"i(0s2 Composites4 P("t A, v.&>, 2$$%, *. 18%2'18%%.
11. GA5NUE5N, .S.B SA@UAN, S.M.B A.EAN, H.B M=FAMAE, M.9.M. T+e"m(0 'e*"('(tion o !(n(n( pseu'o1stem i00e' unp0(sti)i&e' po035in30 )+0o"i'e #UP;C% )omposites2 M(te"2 Desi*n, v. &$, 2$$>, *. 88<'8%2. 12. 5.RAF5M, M.M.B EUFR SN , A.B L'GAJAJI, J.H.B A+.L #=R, F.AB B(n(n( i!e"s (n' mi)"o i!"i0s (s 0i*no)e00u0osi) "ein o")ement in po03me" )omposites2 C("!o+3'"(te Po03m. #. %1, 2$1$, *. %11'%1>. 1&. SA9IANARAIANA, H.+.B SUHUMARAN, H.B HULHARN5, A.+.B @5LLA5, S.+.H.B 1D 4 R=FA9+5, @.H. F(!"i)(tion (n' p"ope"ties o n(tu"(0 i!"e1"ein o")e' po03este" )omposites2 Composites2 #. 1<, 1>>>, *. &2>'2<D. 1D. )ALL5S9 R Jr., J.E. M(te"i(0s S)ien)e (n' En*inee"in* < An Int"o'u)tion , 8a diKLo, Nova Ior1 / John Jiley M Sons, 2$$$. 18. S.I. FU, .. LAUH , . MNE R, A. FU and ).I. IU , =F"()tu"e "esist(n)e o s+o"t1*0(ss1 i!e"1"ein o")e' (n' s+o"t1)("!on1 i!e"1"ein o")e' po031 p"op30ene un'e" )+("p3 imp()t 0o(' (n' 'epen'en)e on p"o)essin*: , ,. +ater. Process. echnol., v.%>'>$, 1>>>, *.8$1'8$<. 1(. S.N. M=N9 5R=, R.).M.@. AOU5N=, F.@.E. L=@ S, .A. )AR# LF= and J.R.M. EPALM 5EA, Ten()i'('e (o ent(0+e po" imp()to )+("p3 'e )omp>sitos 'e po0i?ste" "e o"@('os )om i!"(s 'e pi(@(5(2 -ev. +ater.$ v.11, 2$$(, *.2$D'21$. 1<. 5NQ)5=, J. @., L=@ S, F. @. E., M=N9 5R=, S. N., )har*y to0ghness "ehavior of !ontin0o0s sisal fi"er reinfor!ed *olyester matri: !om*osites, 5n/ Mine"(06 Met(0s A M(te"i(0s C+("()te"i&(tion s3mposium < TMS )on e"en)e6 Se(tt0e6 EUA6 M(")+6 p2 B1C6 DEBE2 1%. L R=, A.L.B 9AN, 5.F.B )ARAS)F5, J.). )0ra0a fi"er 4 A tro*i!al nat0ral fi"er from Ama,on 4 @otential and a**li!ations in !om*osites. 5n/ INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AD;ANCED COMPOSITES6 Hu"*+('(6 E*ito6 M(io6 BFFC6 p2 GGH1GIJ2 1>. M=N9 5R=, S.N.B MAR+ M, F.M.B SAN9=S JR., L.F.L.B nsaios de im*a!to 5,od em !om*Ssitos *olimTri!os reforKados !om fi"ras de rami. 5n/ BCK Con*"esso B"(si0ei"o 'e En*en+("i( e Cien)i( 'os M(te"i(is6 CBECIMAT DEEC6 Po"to 'e 8(0in+(s6 PE6 No5em!e"6 DEEC6 p2 B1BD2 2$. M=N9 5R=, S.N.B F RR 5RA, A.S.B L=@ S, F.@.E. 5,od im*a!t energy of *olyester matri: !om*osites reinfor!ed 6ith aligned !0ra0a fi"ers. 5n/ Mine"(06 Met(0s A M(te"i(0s C+("()te"i&(tion S3mposium < TMS Con e"en)e6 S(n F"(n)is)o6 EUA6 M(")+ DEEF2 p2 B1C2 21. M=N9 5R=, S.N.B )=S9A, L.L.B L=@ S, F.@.E.B 9 RR=N S, L.A.F. )hara!teri,ation of the im*a!t resistan!e of !oir fi"er reinfor!ed *olyester !om*osites, 5n/ Mine"(06 Met(0s A M(te"i(0s C+("()te"i&(tion S3mposium < TMS Con e"en)e6 Ne/ O"0e(ns6 LA6 USA6 M(")+6 DEEC6 p2 B1I2 22. M=N9 5R=, S.N.B @ R 5RA, A.).B 5NQ)5=, J. @.B 5,od im*a!t energy of *olyester matri: !om*osites reinfor!ed 6ith aligned sisal fi"ers. 5n/ Asso)i(@Lo B"(si0ei"( 'e Met(0u"*i( e M(te"i(is < ABM6 SLo P(u0o6 SP6 ,u0+o6 DEBB6 p2 B1 BD2
2&. IU , ).I.B L==5, F.)B OU H, M.I. Assessment o Fi!"e1M(t"i7 A'+esion (n' Inte" ()i(0 P"ope"ties Usin* t+e Pu00out Test2 "nt. ,. Adhesion and Adhesives, v. 18, 1>>8, *. <&'%$.