Chem 102

Basic general chemistry (Part II) Prof. Dr. Mamdouh Ahmed Abdel Rahim
Total Contact Hours = 22
1 Prof. Dr. Mamdouh A. Abdelrahim Lecture 1

Contents
1. Units and Dimensional Analysis (1 lecture) (Total 2 hours) 2. Properties of Gases (2 lecture) (Total 4 hours) 3. Liquids and Intermolecular Forces (1 lecture) (Total 2 hours) 4. The Solid State (1 lecture) (Total 2 hours)
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Contents
5. Thermochemistry (1 lecture) (Total 2 hours) 6. Properties of Solution (2 lecture) (Total 4 hours) 7. Chemical Equilibrium (1.5 lecture) (Total 3 hours) 8. Equilibrium in the aqueous Phase (1.5 lecture) (Total 3 hours)
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Lecture 01 Contents
1. Unites and Dimensional Analysis 2. Precision and Accuracy 3. Uncertainty in measurements and significant figures 4. Rules for significant figures in mathematical operations 5. Dimensional Analysis 6. Temperature
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Unites and Dimensional Analysis

Measurements

seconds minutes hours days weeks years

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Time
Prof. Dr. Mamdouh A. Abdelrahim Lecture 1

Unites and Dimensional Analysis

Measurements

grams K. grams bounds tons

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Weight Time
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Unites and Dimensional Analysis

Measurements

millimeters centimeters meters inches

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Length Weight
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Unites and Dimensional Analysis

Measurements

Celsius Kelvin Fahrenheit

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Temperature Length

The S ystem I nternational Units

There are two types: - fundamental (or base) units. - derived units.

Prof. Dr. Mamdouh A. Abdelrahim

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There are 7 base units in the SI system. Character Symbol

Basic SI unit Unit symbol m kg s A K mol cd

l, h, r, . . . Meter Length m Kilogram Mass t Second Time I Ampere Electric current T Kelvin Temperature n Mole Amount of substance Jv Candela Luminous intensity

Powers of ten are used for convenience with smaller or larger units in the SI system.
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Some derived SI units:

Frequency, Hertz , Hz = 1 time s-1

Force , F Newton , N = mass acceleration = velocity time = distance time time kg m s-2

Energy, E Joule , J = force distance N m = kg m2 s-2 Pressure , P Pascal , Pa = force area

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N m-2 = kg m-1 s-2

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Selected prefixes used in the metric system:

Factor Prefix Symbol Example 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15
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deci centi milli micro nano pico femto

d cm m n p f

1 decimeter (dm) = 0.1 m 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.01 m 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.001 m 1 micrometer (m) = 1 10-6 m 1 nanometer (nm) = 1 10-9 m 1 picometer (pm) = 1 10-12 m 1 femtometer (fm) = 1 10-15 m
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Prof. Dr. Mamdouh A. Abdelrahim

Selected prefixes used in the metric system:

Factor Prefix Symbol Example 10 102 103 106 109 1012 1015
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deka hecto kilo mega giga tera peta

da h k M G T P

1 dekameter (dam) = 10 m 1 hectometer (hm) = 100 m 1 kilometer (km) = 1000 m 1 megameter (Mm)= 1 106 m 1 gegameter (Gm) = 1 109 m 1 terameter (Tm) = 1 1012 m 1 petameter (Pm) = 1 1015 m
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Prof. Dr. Mamdouh A. Abdelrahim

3 1 cm3 3 = 1000 cm3 3 1 dm3 3 cm3 3 = 103 3 = 10-3 -3 dm3 3 1 cm3

1 dm
3 1 dm3
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Precision and Accuracy

Precision and accuracy refer to two types of errors present in measurements. - All scientific measures are subject to error. - These errors are reflected in the number of figures reported for the measurement. - These errors are also reflected in the observation that two successive measures of the same quantity are different.
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Precision and Accuracy

Not accurate Not precise

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Not accurate but precise

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Prof. Dr. Mamdouh A. Abdelrahim

Precision and Accuracy

Measurements that are close to the correct value are accurate. Measurements that are close to each other are precise. Accurate and precise
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Systematic and random errors

A systematic error: An error present in every one of a series of repeated measurements.

2.53

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Systematic and random errors

A random error: An error that varies at random over a series of observations like: - Drafts of air from an open window near a balance
2.06 2.19 2.03

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Systematic and random errors

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Uncertainty in measurements and significant figures

All measurements have associated with them a certain number of significant figures or digits. The number of digits in a measurement reflect the accuracy of the measurement and the precision of the measuring device. Any digit that is actually measured or estimated will be considered significant. 10 10.1 cm 10.05 cm 10.0 0 cm
1
21

10

11

12

Doubtful digit
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Prof. Dr. Mamdouh A. Abdelrahim

Uncertainty in measurements and significant figures

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Prof. Dr. Mamdouh A. Abdelrahim

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Rules for counting significant figures 1. Non-zero integers: Digits from 1-9 are always count as significant figures. Example:
The number No. of Sig. Figs. 18 m 453 kg 2 3

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Prof. Dr. Mamdouh A. Abdelrahim

Lecture 1

Rules for counting significant figures 2. Zero: Three classes are considered: i- Leading Zeros: Zeros that precede all the non-zero digits are not count as significant figures. Example:
The number No. of Sig. Figs. 0.007 0.025
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1 2
Prof. Dr. Mamdouh A. Abdelrahim Lecture 1

Rules for counting significant figures 2. Zero: Three classes are considered: ii- Captive Zeros: Zeros that between non-zero digits are always count as significant figures. Example:
The number No. of Sig. Figs. 1.007 5075 L 20.075 kg
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4 4 5
Prof. Dr. Mamdouh A. Abdelrahim Lecture 1

Rules for counting significant figures iii- Trailing Zeros: Zeros that at the right end of the number are significant only if the number contains a decimal point. Example:
The number No. of Sig. Figs. 100 1.00 102 5.0 920.0
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1 3 2 4
Prof. Dr. Mamdouh A. Abdelrahim Lecture 1

Exercise:
The number 52 5. 0 3 5. 2 0 0. 2 0 0 0 0.00 2 0 52000 5 2 0 0 0. 0
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No. of Sig. Figs. 2 3 3 4 2 2 6

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Rules for counting significant figures 3. Exact numbers: These are numbers determined by counting. Example:
8 eggs 3 apples

Exact numbers can be considered to have an infinite number of significant figures.

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Rules for significant figures in mathematical operations. 1. For multiplication or division: The results are reported to the fewest significant figures. Example: 4.56 1.4 = 6.384 2 3 3 corrected corrected 6.4 2 7.22
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22.37 3.10 = 7.2161

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Prof. Dr. Mamdouh A. Abdelrahim

Rules for significant figures in mathematical operations. 2. For addition or subtraction: The results are reported to the fewest decimal places. Example: 12.11 + 18.0 + 1.013 = 31.123 2 1 3 corrected 14.83 - 3.7 = 11.13
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corrected

31.1

11.1
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Exercise: For each of the following quantities, determine the number of significant figures in each quantity. a) 0.0030 L c) 53,069 mL e) 57,600 s Solution: a) 2 sf d) 4 sf
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b) 0.1044 g d) 0.00004715 m f) 0.0000007160 cm3

b) 4 sf e) 3 sf
Prof. Dr. Mamdouh A. Abdelrahim

c) 5 sf f) 4 sf
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Dimensional Analysis
Dimensional analysis is a method used to convert a given result from one system of units to another. Conversion factors are used to manipulate units. Example: Consider a pin measuring 2.85 cm in length. What is its length in inches?
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1 in.

Inches

Centimeters
2.54 cm

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Prof. Dr. Mamdouh A. Abdelrahim

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Solution: 2.54 cm = 1 in 1 in = 2.54 cm = 1 2.54 cm 2.54 cm

This is called unit factor or conversion factors. 2.85 cm 1 in 2.54 cm = 1.21 in units required units given
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Conversion factor =
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Prof. Dr. Mamdouh A. Abdelrahim

Example: A student's age is 16.25 years. Determine his/her age in days. (Use 365.25 days/year). Solution: 1 year = 365.25 days 365.25 days = 1 year = 1 1 year 1 year

16.25 year 365.25 days = 5935 days 1 year

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Example: A student had run 5280 ft. How long is the run in kilometer? Solution: 1 ft = 12 in 1 m = 100 cm 1 in = 2.54 cm 1 km = 1000 m

5280 ft 12 in 2.54 cm 1 m 1 km 1 ft 100 cm 1000 m 1 in = 1.609 km

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Temperature
There are three temperature scales: 1. Kelvin (K) : The Absolute temperature scale begins at absolute zero and only has positive values. 2. Celsius: The scale used by science, called centigrade, most commonly used scale around the world; water freezes at 0C, and boils at 100C. 3. Fahrenheit (F): Commonly used scale in the U.S.; water freezes at 32F and boils at 212F.
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Fahrenheit
Boiling point of water

Celsius 100C 100C

Kelvin

212F 180F

373 K 100 K

Freezing point of water

32F

0 C

273 K

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Prof. Dr. Mamdouh A. Abdelrahim

Lecture 1

Converting between Kelvin and Celsius: Temperature (Kelvin) = Temperature (Celsius) + 273 TK = TC + 273 Converting between Celsius and Fahrenheit: 180 on the Fahrenheit scale is equivalent to 100 on the Celsius scale, the unit factor is: 180F = 100C
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1 = 100C 180F

or 5C 9 F
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Prof. Dr. Mamdouh A. Abdelrahim

Since 32F = 0C The Celsius temperature is obtained by first subtracting 32 from the Fahrenheit temperature. Then the unit factor is applied. (TF - 32F) 5C 9 F = TC

(TC 9F ) + 32F = TF 5 C
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Problems: 1) 5.16 + 5.9 2) 10 5280 3) 6.10 + 4.0445 0.32000 4) A scientist his experiments were carried out at 298 K. What temperature is this in C and F?

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Prof. Dr. Mamdouh A. Abdelrahim

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Thank you

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Prof. Dr. Mamdouh A. Abdelrahim

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E-mail drmamdouhstudents @gmail.com

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