ACACIO | CERDENA | DE LEON | GABRIEL | LAQUI | MARUNDAN | RODELAS REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

HISTORY Tetrasodium pyrophosphate(IUPAC name: Tetrasodium diphosphate and CAS No. 7722-88-5) first find its use way back WWII when shortages on basic food needs occurred. It was first used as baking powder foaming agent. During the 1920s demand for baking powder rocketed thus demand for tetrasodium pyrophosphate, which is an important ingredient in baking powder skyrocketed. Today tetrasodium pyrophosphate has found many other uses, aside from being a foaming agent in baking powders, it is now used as buffering agent, an emulsifier, a dispersing agent, and a thickening agent, and is often used as a food additive. How it is used for such purposes would be further explained in the section below. Tetrasodium pyrophosphate is also known by many other names aside from its IUPAC name, such as Pyrophosphate, Sodium pyrophosphate, Tetrasodium pyrophosphate

(anhydrous), TSPP. Properties of Tetrasodium pyrophosphate Molecular formula Molar mass Appearance Odor Density Melting point Na4O7P2 265.90 g mol1 Colorless crystals odorless 2.534 g/cm3 988 C (anhydrous) 79.5 C (decahydrate) Solubility in water 2.61 g/100 mL (0 C) 6.7 g/100 mL (25 C) 42.2 g/100 mL (100 C) Solubility Refractive index (nD) insoluble in ammonia, alcohol 1.425

Tetrasodium pyrophosphate has the following molecular structure as shown above.

PROCESS MANUFACTURING PROCESS:

There are different methods of manufacturing for Tetrasodium pyrophosphate, some of which recorded in literature are shown below:

Reaction of furnace-grade phosphoric acid with sodium carbonate to form disodium phosphate which is in turn heated to 450 degrees centigrade, forming tetrasodium pyrophosphate Produced by molecular dehydration of dibasic sodium phosphate @ 500 deg c: bell, inorg syn 3, 98 (1950).

Produced by molecular dehydration of dibasic sodium phosphate @ 500 deg c: bell, inorg syn 3, 98 (1950).

By fusing sodium phosphate, dibasic

Tetrasodium pyrophosphate (sodium polyphosphate, Na4P2O7) is manufactured

by

reacting phosphoric acid and soda ash to yield a disodium phosphate solution, which may be dried to give anhydrous disodium phosphate (Na2HPO4) or crystallized to give disodium phosphate dehydrate (Na2HPO4.2H2O) or disodium phosphate heptahydrate (Na2HPO4.7H2O).These compounds are calcined at a high temperature in an oil-fired or gasfired rotary kiln to yield tetrasodium pyrophosphate.

Manufacture of sodium polyphosphate Another method for manufacturing tetrasodium pyrophosphate

which has the patent publication number US 4873068 A was invented by Paul Hensler. The process is manufacturing tetrasodium pyrophosphate from sodium tripolyphosphate and a sodium salt capable of forming sodium carbonate on calcination. A compound capable of forming sodium carbonate is added to adjust the mol ratio to about 2, the mixture is milled and heated to from 300oC.

CONSUMPTION PATTERNS Almost 65-69% of Tetrasodium pyrophosphate is used in industrial and institutional detergent builders and water treatment applications; 13-15% is used in clay processing; 3-5% in food and allied products (other than dairy products); 1% in dairy & allied products; and the last 13% in miscellaneous applications including home laundry detergents, textiles, elastomers, in paper processing(1973).

FORMS 1. Crystal Form (decahydrate) - occurs as colorless to white crystals or as a white crystalline powder. 2. Anhydrous Form- occurs as powder or lumps. USES Tetrasodium pyrophosphate can be used as water softening agent, an emulsifier and a dispersing agent. Some also use it as a sequestering, peptizing and deflocculating agent. In the food industry, it is used as an additive for processed meat of tuna and poultry and as a substitute for baking powders acid component. It can be used as a livestock feed and as paper coatings. Also, for the production of concentrated milk products, such as evaporated milk and milk powder. It is an ingredient of cleansers in drilling fluids and a hydrogen peroxide solution stabilizer. Tetrasodium pyrophosphate can also be used in clay processing, textile processing, and paper pulping, rubber and paint manufacture and ore flotation. SAFETY AND HAZARDS I. For a short term exposure (Acute): 1. Skin Contact- Tetrasodium pyrophosphate is not irritating to the skin. A more concentrated solution may be slightly irritating. 2. Eye Contact- The mist from the solution may cause eye irritation and pain. 3. Ingestion- It is low in oral toxicity but a high amount may cause nausea, vomiting, cramps and abdominal pain. 4. Inhalation- Dust from the solution may cause irritation to the nose and throat.

II.

For a long term exposure (Chronic): 1. Inhalation- A long term exposure to dust and mist of the solution may cause increase in mucous flow in the nose and respiratory airways. 2. Carcinogenicity- Does not contributes as a source of any carcinogenic disease. 3. Teratogenicity- Does not contributes as a source of any teratogenic disease. 4. Reproductive Toxicity- Does not contributes as a source of any reproductive disease. 5. Mutagenicity- Was not mutagenic in three mammalian species tests.

6. Potential for accumulation- It is not expected to accumulate. Phosphates are normally found in the body and are readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, metabolized and excreted, mainly in urine.

III.

First aid measures 1. Inhalation- Move the victim to a place with fresh air. If symptoms persist, consult a doctor. 2. Skin Contact- As quickly as possible, wash with lukewarm, gently flowing water for 5 minutes or until chemical is removed. Completely decontaminate clothing before re-use. If symptoms persist, consult a doctor. 3. Eye Contact- As quickly as possible, wash with lukewarm, gently flowing water for 5 minutes or until chemical is removed, while holding the eyelids open. If symptoms persist, consult a doctor. 4. Ingestion- If irritation or discomfort occur, seek medical advice.

IV.

Fire fighting measures 1. Flash point- Not combustible and will not burn. 2. Lower Flammable Limit- not applicable 3. Upper Flammable Limit- not applicable 4. Autoignition Temperature- not applicable 5. Explosion Data- Stable compound and not sensitive.

V.

Handling and Storage

1. Handling- Avoid generating dusts and prevent the release of dust into the
workplace air. Use in a well ventilated area, separate from the storage area. The use of compressed air to clean equipment, clothing, etc., is not recommended. Dry sweeping is not recommended. Pre-wet the material or use a vacuum equipped with high efficiency filter(s). Do not use with incompatible materials such as strong acids and strong bases. Practice good housekeeping.

2. Storage- Store in suitable, labeled containers, preferably the supplier container.

Protect from damage. It is good practice to keep storage containers closed when not in use and when empty.

VI.

Accidental Release Measure 1. Precautions- Restrict access to area until completion of clean-up. Ensure cleanup is conducted by trained personnel only. Wear adequate personal protective equipment. Notify government occupational health and safety and environmental authorities. 2. Clean up- Do not touch spilled material. Prevent material from entering sewers or waterways. Contain spills of phosphate solutions with earth, sand , or absorbent material which does not react with spilled material. 3. Small spills- Soak up spill with absorbent material which does not react with spilled chemical. Put material in suitable, covered, labeled containers. Flush area with water. 4. Large spills- Shovel or sweep up dry material; avoid generating dust. Place in clean, dry, labeled containers and cover. Flush area with water.

VII.

Stability and reactivity 1. Stability- Normally stable. 2. Hazardous polymerization- Will not occur 3. Conditions to avoid- Moisture 4. Incompatibility- Strong caustics because it reacts violently, causing spattering and release of heat.

Raw Materials 1. PHOSPHORIC ACID PHOSPHORIC ACID IS A CLEAR COLORLESS LIQUID OR TRANSPARENT CRYSTALLINE
SOLID USED FOR REACTION WITH INORGANIC AND ORGANIC PRODUCTS , FOR WATER TREATMENT , INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL USES . I T IS USED IN MAKING FERTILIZERS AND DETERGENTS AND IN FOOD PROCESSING . I T IS AVAILABLE IN PURE SOLID FORM AND LIQUID FORM. MELTS AT

T HE PURE SOLID

42.35C AND HAS A DENSITY OF 1.885 G / CM3. LIQUID IS USUALLY AN 85% AQUEOUS

SOLUTION . I T IS CORROSIVE TO METALS AND TISSUE .

PHOSPHORIC ACID PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR
FORMULA

H3PO4

MOLAR MASS APPEARANCE

97.995 G/MOL W HITE SOLID OR COLORLESS VISCOUS

LIQUID

(>42C)

DENSITY

1.885 G/ML (SOLID) 1.685 G/ML (LIQUID) 2.030 G/ML (CRYSTAL AT 25C)

MELTING POINT

42.35C (ANHYDROUS) 29.32C (HEMIHYDRATES )

BOILING POINT SOLUBILITY

WATER

158C (DECOMPOSITION ) 5.48 G/ML

IN

ACIDITY (PKA) VISCOSITY

2.148, 7.198, 12.319 2.4-9.4 CP (85% AQ SOLUTION) 147CP (100%)

2. Sodium Carbonate Sodium carbonate is a sodium salt of carbonic acid that most commonly occurs as a crystalline heptahydrate, which readily effloresces to form a white powder, the monohydrate. Sodium carbonate is domestically well known for its everyday use as a water

softener. It can be extracted from the ashes of many plants. It is synthetically produced in large quantities from salt (sodium chloride) and limestone by a method known as the Solvay process.

SODIUM CARBONATE PROPERTIES MOLECULAR

FORMULA

NA2CO3

MOLAR MASS APPEARANCE DENSITY MELTING POINT BOILING POINT SOLUBILITY

WATER

105.9885 G/MOL W HITE SOLID, HYGROSCOPIC 2.54 G/ML (ANHYDROUS) 851C (ANHYDROUS) 1633C (ANHYDROUS) 71 G/L (0C) 215 G/L (20C) 455 G/L (100C)

IN

BASICITY (PKB) REFRACTIVE INDEX

3.67 1.485 (ANHYDROUS)

3. Sodium Tripolyphosphate Sodium tripolyphophate appears in the form of crystals, granules or powder. It is the sodium salt of the polyphosphate penta-anion, which is the conjugate base of triphosphoric

acid. It is produced on a large scale as a component of many domestic and industrial products, especially detergents. It is also used in the paint and ceramics industry. Environmental problems associated with eutrophication are attributed to its widespread use. STPP however has presented no risk to health.

SODIUM T RIPOLYPHOSPHATE P ROPERTIES MOLECULAR

FORMULA

NA5P3O10

MOLAR MASS APPEARANCE DENSITY MELTING POINT SOLUBILITY

WATER

367.864 G/MOL W HITE POWDER 2.52 G/ML 622C 14.5 G / 100 ML (25C)

IN