Pressure Reducing & Relief Valve Theory PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE THEORY

Reducing valves are a con rolling !ec"anis! consis ing o# a varia$le ori#ice %"ic" is o&era ed $' &ressure on a dia&"rag! o&&osing a s&ring load( even %"en "is is done indirec l'( as in &ilo o&era ed '&e o# valve) Fig 1 s"o%s an ori#ice %"ere( &rovided "a "ere is an a!&le su&&l' o# !ediu! on "e H)P) side and an in#ini e volu!e on "e L)P) side "ere %ould $e a &ressure reduc ion) T"e #lo% "roug" "e ori#ice s"o%n %ould de&end on "e "ig" &ressure and lo% &ressure and also "e area o# ori#ice( densi ' e c( o# "e #luid)

Fig. 1 Fig 2 s"o%s "e sa!e ori#ice( $u i# a valve is !oved in "e direc ion o# "e arro%( "e area o# "e ori#ice $eco!es &rogressivel' s!aller( *area o# "e ori#ice no% e+uals "e circu!#erence o# "e sea ing o&ening dis ance o# "e valve lid), and "e #lo% %ould $e reduced) T"ere#ore as in Fig 3( i# "e valve lid is connec ed o a dia&"rag! u&on %"ic" "e lo% &ressure is allo%ed o ac i %ill $e seen "a "e valve %ill graduall' close due o "e #orce o# "e "ig" &ressure on "e valve lid and "e #orce o# "e lo% &ressure on "e dia&"rag!)

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig 4 I# %e no% o&&ose "e lo% &ressure ac ing u&on "e dia&"rag! %i " a s&ring %e can con rol "e o&ening o# "e valve lid and "is %ill in urn con rol "e lo% &ressure) T"is o&era ion is carried ou in "e '&e -A. / -A0. reducing valve)

Fig. 4 Fig 5 s"o%s a si!ilar arrange!en %"ic" is incor&ora ed in "e '&e -C. series) In "is case "e "ig" &ressure ac s "roug" a no11le and is direc ed agains "e valve lid( %"ic" is a ac"ed o "e dia&"rag! $' !eans o# a saddle)

2ro! diagra!s Fig 4 & 5( i %ill $e seen "a i# "e lo% &ressure ends o $uild u& due o a decrease in #lo%( "e s&ring %ill $e co!&ressed and "e valve lid %ill !ove near o i s sea o res ore "e lo% &ressure) Conversel' i# "e L)P) ends o decrease due o e3 ra #luid $eing re+uired "e s&ring %ill rela3 and "e valve lid %ill !ove #ur "er #ro! i s sea ing due o "e &us" o# "e s&ring( and !ore #luid %ill &ass o res ore "e L)P)

Fig. 5 Fig 6 s"o%s an al erna ive !e "od o# regula ion %"ere "ig" &ressure is $alanced $e %een "e valve lid and &is on) T"ese %o areas are o all in en s and &ur&oses e+ual and in "is case "e lo% &ressure is con rolled $' i s ac ion on o& o# "e valve lid agains "e s&ring ac ing "roug" "e &is on and "is is "e '&e o# o&era ion %"en a !ore or less reasona$le con rol is re+uired as in "e '&e -R. and -45. reducing valve)

Fig. 6 Fig 7 s"o%s a !ore accura e '&e o# con rol( as in addi ion o "e Fig 6 arrange!en "ere is an e3 ra large dia&"rag! and &is on and "e lo% &ressure ac s on "is large dia&"rag! and &is on agains "e s&ring( "is &rovides a !ore sensi ive o&era ion and also !uc" ig" er s"u o## on dead end condi ion) *No e "a "e L)P) ac s on "e valve lid and under "e s!all &is on and is $alanced ou ,) T"is arrange!en is used in '&e-46. reducing valve)

Fig. 7 Fig 8 "is diagra! s"o%s a si!ilar con#igura ion o Fig 7 %"ere "e inle &ressure is $alanced $u in s ead o# using %o dia&"rag!s( li& seals are used o seal "e &is on) T"e H)P) is $alanced $e %een o& o# "e valve lid and s!all &is on) T"e reduced &ressure ac ing on "e $o o! o# "e valve lid is $alanced on o& o# "e s!all &is on) T"e L)P) is "en con rolled $' "e large &is on o&&osed $' "e s&ring) T"e use o# li& seals and long sensi ive s&ring ena$le "is '&e o# valve o &ass !ore li+uid "an a '&e -46. reducing valve #or "e sa!e #lo%ing &ressure( %"en dead end &ressure is "e sa!e #or $o " '&es) T"is arrange!en is used on "e '&e -D. reducing valve)

Fig. Fig 9 T"e diagra!!a ic arrange!en s"o%n Fig 9 is o# "e '&e -07. reducing valve %"ic" consis s( in e##ec o# %o valve connec ed $' &or s) T"is arrange!en ena$les "e !ain valve o o&en o an' &osi ion %i "in i s given li# %i " li le increase or decrease in reduced &ressure( $ecause( ins ead o# $eing direc l' o&era ed $' a dia&"rag! and s&ring( a &is on is e!&lo'ed %"ic" is !oved $' &ressure #ro! "e &ilo valve) T"e &ilo valve %or8s in suc" a !anner "a as "e lo% &ressure ends o decrease i is signalled "roug" "e L)P) &or o "e dia&"rag! and as "is load %ill $e less "an "e s&ring load "e &ilo valve %ill o&en #ur "er and &ass !ore s ea! o "e &is on c"a!$er and o&en "e !ain valve( conversel' %"en "e reduced &ressure ends o increase "e load on "e dia&"rag! overco!es "e s&ring load and "e &ilo valve closes and res ric s "e #lo% o# s ea! o "e &is on c"a!$er( and "e !ain valve %ill end o close under "e in#luence o# H)P) T"eses ac ions !ain ain se reduced &ressure %i "in var' close li!i s)

Fig. ! Fig 10. Vacuu! Reducing valve) S"o%s "e arrange!en o# valve lid( dia&"rag! and s&ring %"en L)P) re+uired is $elo% a !os&"eric &ressure) T"e ac ion o# "e valve is si!ilar o 2ig 9 $u in "is case "e s&ring ends o close "e valve agains a !os&"eric &ressure %"ic" is r'ing o o&en i ) T"is is "o% "e valve is regula ed:di##erence $e %een a !os&"eric &ressure and se &ressure !ul i&lied $' con rolling area)

Fig. 1" Fig 11. T"is arrange!en is si!ilar o #ig ;( $u ins ead o# "aving a s&ring o regula e reduced &ressure( co!&ressed air is used) T"is allo%s "e valve lid o o&en and close *%i "in li!i s o# de#lec ion o# a dia&"rag!, and !ain ain "e reduced &ressure %i "in ver' close li!i s) T"e air can $e su&&lied $' !eans o# airline and regula ing *reducing, valve( or #ro! a receiver incor&ora ed in cons ruc ion o# "e valve) *To& "a arrange!en ,)

Fig. 11

GENERAL
T"e reducing valves !anu#ac ured cover a ver' %ide range o# condi ions #or sa ura ed and su&er"ea ed s ea!( co!&ressed air( gases and li+uids e c( and $e#ore des&a c" "e valves are su$<ec ed o a "'draulic es &ressure and a %or8ing es ( valves can $e su&&lied o Llo'ds( A)0)S)( Nors8e Veri as surve' e c %"en re+uired) T"e valves are se o a&&ro3i!a e %or8ing &ressures and i is &ossi$le o "a a slig" ad<us !en %ill "ave o $e !ade on si e( es&eciall' on s ea! condi ions %"ere "e &lan and &i&elines "ave o $e %ar!ed u&) I is i!&or an "a "e condi ions on %"ic" "e valves are o o&era e are given %"en an en+uir' is received( suc" as e!&era ure o# su&er"ea ed s ea!( "e varia ion in "e inle &ressure i# an'( and "e !a3=!in ca&aci ies in l$s &er "our( cu)# ) o# air &er !inu e %"en on co!&ressed air and #lo% in gallons &er !inu e %"en used on %a er or o "er li+uids) Ano "er i!&or an &oin is %"e "er "e valve is re+uired #or dead end condi ion( as i "as $een #ound "a &ar icularl' on %a er &ressure a so# disc valve gives "e $es s"u o## %"en do%n s rea! s o& valves are closed) Valves are !anu#ac ured %i " #langed or scre%ed ends o sui cus o!er re+uire!en s) Relie# valve s"ould $e #i ed a# er "e reducing valve and de&ending u&on "e condi ions o# service "e' s"ould $e ad<us ed o an agreed !argin a$ove "e reduced &ressure) Relie# valves can $e #i ed direc o "e reducing valves( e3ce& #or "e '&e -A. / -0. as "e nor!al &osi ion #or connec ing "e relie# valve o a reducing valve is on "e L)P) side o# "e reducing valve( "is &osi ion on a '&e -A. / -0. %ould ac uall' $e on "e H)P) side) 4"en #i ing valves in o ne% &i&elines i s"ould $e ascer ained "a "ese "ave $een "oroug"l' cleaned( $ecause i# "ere is an' scale( dir e c( in "e &i&es "is %ill carried along o "e #irs res ric ion in "e &i&eline( i)e) "e reducing valve) T"is could cause "e valve "e s ic8 and $uild u& on dead end) I is good &rac ice o #i a s rainer in "e inle line( and s"ould $e ins&ec ed a regular in ervals and cleaned o "er%ise i %ill res ric "e #lo% o# s ea!( air or li+uid e c) S o& valve s"ould $e #i ed in "e inle and ou le &i&es o isola e "e reducing valve #or &eriodic over"aul)

>AINTENANCE O2 REDUCING VALVES

S"ould "e reducing valve no %or8 sa is#ac or' a# er a &eriod o# i!e?: (1) Ascer ain "a "e &ressure and ca&aci ies are e3ac l' as order o %"ic" "e valve %as su&&lied) (2) I# "e valve $uilds u& e3cessivel' on dead end condi ions c"ec8 "a "ere is no dir or !ar8s on "e sea ing #ace) (3) T"e cover o# all reducing valves !a' $e re!oved o e3&ose "e valve lid=sea ( and "e lid s"ould !ove u& and do%n slig" l' o see i# "e valve is #ree) A valve %"ic" is s ic8ing !a' cause over co!&ression o# "e s&ring( $uild u& on dead end condi ion or on a&&recia$le varia ion in reduced &ressure) On valves #i ed %i " a saddle i is i!&or an "e saddle is #i ed s+uare in "e $od' and "a i does no #oul agains "e sides o# "e no11le or $od' as "is %ill cause "e valve o %or8 incorrec l')

(4) I# %a er lea8s #ro! "e s!all "ole in "e s&ring "ousing=do!e "is indica es "a seal*s,= dia&"rag!*s, are %orn or da!aged and s"ould $e rene%ed) To c"ec8 "e seal*s,=dia&"rag! on valve on air or gas service( $rus" a soa& solu ion over "e "ole "is %ill indica e i# "e seal*s,=dia&"rag! is lea8ing i# $u$$le a&&ears) (5) @C"a erA usuall' indica es "a "e valve is oo large #or "e ca&aci ') T"is a&&lies es&eciall' o valve on li+uid service) (6) 0uild u& on dead end condi ion i# a# er c"ec8ing #or dir ( !ar8ing on "e sea #ace and "e &osi ion o# "e saddle( "is could !ean "e "a "e valve is o s!all #or "e ca&aci ' re+uired and "e s&ring is $eing over co!&ressed o o$ ain #lo%ing &ressure and ca&aci ')

SAFETY RELEIF VALVE THEORY

Val ! "!#i$i%i&$ T'&e 59BB is a "ig" li# rig" angle sa#e ' relie# = relie# valve) I is designed o au o!a icall' disc"arge a #luid or gas a a desired se &ressure (A) An au o!a ic &ressure relieving device ac ua ed $' "e s a ic &ressure u&s rea! o# "e valve) C"arac eri1ed $' a ra&id o&ening or &o& ac ion) Nor!all' used on Gas or va&our service) SAFETY RELIEF VALVE. (') An au o!a ic &ressure relieving device ac ua ed $' "e s a ic &ressure u&s rea! o# "e valve) And li# s in &ro&or ion o "e increase in &ressure a$ove "e se &ressure Nor!all' used on li+uid service) RELIEF VALVE T"e "ree !ain &ar s in a '&e 59BB are?: (1) No11le: %"ic" allo%s "e #luid or gas o $e &i&ed a%a' correc l') (2) Disc: %"ic" o&ens and closes "e no11les disc"arge) (3) S&ring: %"ic" a&&lies a #orce on "e disc %"ic" o&&oses "e #orce o# "e #luid $elo% "e disc)

O(!)a%i&$
4"en "e #orce e3er ed $' "e &ressure o# "e !ediu! undernea " "e disc e3ceeds "e #orce e3er ed $' "e s&ring( "e disc $egins o li# o## "e no11le sea ) T"e #orce e3er ed $' "e disc"arging !ediu! on "e sur#ace o# "e c"a!$er $e %een "e disc "older and "e $lo% do%n ring &roduces a +uic8 o&ening o# "e valve) T"is is due o "e #orce and energ' crea ed $' "e disc"arging !ediu! is !uc" grea er "an "e #orce e3er ed $' "e s&ring) S!! Fig 12)

Fig. 12 T"is s"ould $e %i " in 6BC o# "e se &ressure #or Gas and 79C #or li+uid) T"e valve %ill s a' o&en un il "e &ressure dro&s and "e #orce e3er ed $' "e s&ring is grea er "an "e #orce genera ed $' "e !ediu! ac ing on "e disc "older) T"is s"ould $e %i " in :DC o# "e se &ressure #or Gas and 79C #or li+uid) T"e dis ance $e %een "e $lo%do%n ring and "e disc "older %ill "ave an e##ec on "e over &ressure and "e $lo%do%n &ressure) (A) T"e closer "e $lo% do%n "e ring "e s!aller "e over &ressure( "e "ig"er "e $lo% do%n &ressure) (') T"e #ur "er a%a' "e $lo%do%n ring "e "ig"er "e over &ressure( "e lo%er "e $lo%do%n &ressure) (*) 2or li+uids "e $lo%do%n ring is al%a's se o "e lo%es &osi ion)

Si+!
T"e valves range in si1e #ro! a 6A 3 7A %i " a D. ori#ice o EA 3 6BA %i " a -T. Ori#ice) 4i " #langes ranging #ro! 69B o 79BB ANSI or F o ;B DIN %i " #la #ace( raised #ace or RTG ring #ace)

,a$-#a.%-)!
T"e valve can $e !anu#ac ured in various !a erials suc" as Car$on S eel( S ainless S eel( Allo' S eel( >onel and 0ron1e) T"e valves can $e #i ed %i " $ello%s( %"ic" &er#or! %o #unc ions (1) I seals o## "e valve guide and s&ring #ro! "e #luid $eing disc"arged) T"is is i!&or an i# "e !ediu! $eing disc"arged is corrosive) (2) I avoids varia ion in "e se &ressure in "e &resence o# a cons an or varia$le $ac8 &ressure) 0ecause "e $ello%s "ave an e##ec ive area e+ual o "e area o# "e no11le sea ing #ace) T"e valves can $e #i ed %i " a !anual li# ing lever) T"e li# ing lever co!es in %o '&es) (1) An o&en lever) 2or non "a1ardous #luids) (2) A closed &ac8ed lever) 2or "a1ardous #luids or $ac8 &ressures) T"e valve can $e #i ed %i " a !icro s%i c") T"is is o no i#' "e o&era or "e valve is disc"arging)

S!) i.!
T"e valves can $e used #or a %ide range o# s's e!s #ro! air and s ea! o "e Pe roc"e!ical indus ries)

/)!00-)! "!#i$i%i&$0
(1) S!% /)!00-)! Prede er!ined &ressure a %"ic" "e valve disc s ar s o li# o## i s sea ) Indica ed $' an audi$le disc"arge) (2) R!0!a%i$g /)!00-)! Pressure a %"ic" "e valve closes a# er #ull disc"arge) (3) O !)()!00-)! T"e increase in &ressure over "e se &ressure o %"ic" "e valve s"ould $e #ull' o&en and disc"arging o "e re+uired ca&aci ') T"e over&ressure is e3&ressed $' &ercen age o# "e se &ressures) Nor!all' 6BC o# "e se &ressure #or Gas and 79C #or Li+uid) (4) 1&)2i$g /)!00-)! Pressure a %"ic" "e s's e! is %or8ing( "is %ould $e $elo% "e $lo%do%n &ressure o# "e sa#e ' relie# valve) (5) "!0ig$ /)!00-)! >a3i!u! &ressure allo%ed #or a s's e!) T"e sa#e ' = relie# valve %ould no $e se a$ove "is &ressure) (6) 'l&34&3$ /)!00-)! T"e di##erence $e %een "e se &ressure and "e resea &ressure) E3&ressed $' a &ercen age o# "e se &ressure) Nor!all' DC o# "e se &ressure #or Gas and 79C #or li+uid) (7) 'a.2 /)!00-)! Pressure ac ing on "e ou le side o# "e valve) T"is can $e caused $' "e !ediu! %"en "e valve is disc"arging) *0UILD UP 0ACH PRESSURE, or a $ac8 &ressure resul ing #or! design o# "e disc"arge s's e!) T"is can $e cons an or varia$le $ac8 &ressure) (S-(!)i5(&0!4 'a.2 /)!00-)!). 0road' 2lo% Con rol Li!i ed Englis" S ree ( Hings on u&on Hull( Eas Yor8s"ire( HU5 7DU Tel? ;; *B, 6;E7 F6IFB6 2a3? ;; *B, 6;E7 F6IDB6

0ac8 o To&