Title Authors

Abstract

Introduction Mangroves are ecosystems that consist of tiny group of trees and bushes that are capable to live in the tough interface

angroves are remarkable ecosystems highly productive forests built by a small group of trees and shrubs that have adapted to survive in the harsh interface between land and sea. They are host to a rich and complex array of associated species, and in turn provide considerable services to human communities, both locally and globally.

Mangroves are found in 123 countries and territories globally, and cover a total of 152,000 square kilometres (equivalent to half the land area of the Philippines or one quarter of Madagascar). This makes mangroves a relatively rare forest type globally. They are largely restricted to the tropics and a few warm temperate regions, reaching their greatest abundance and diversity along wetter coastlines and in deltaic and estuarine areas. The largest single expanses of mangrove forests include the Sundarbans, the Niger Delta, and the complex deltaic coastlines of northern Brazil and southern Papua. Together, these four areas incorporate around 16.5 per cent of the worlds mangroves.
Introducing mangrove and secondary rainforests Description of the two sites with an outline of their history Mention of other studies Aim of study

Materials and Methods

Two different types of forest with the similar range of latitude were chosen for this study preventing the biological data produced a confounding latitudinal. One of the forest that meant to study the

Seven mangroves in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil (Fig. 1) were selected for this study. They are within the same range of latitude, in order to avoid confounding latitudinal effects on the biological data. Three of these mangroves were Itapanhau (23_4900700S 46_0900700W), Itaguare (23_4603000S 45_5800800W), and Guaratuba (23_4501300S 45_5304200W). They are situated in the southern sector of the Sao Paulo coast, in the municipality of Bertioga, where the coastal plain is 78 km wide (Martin and Suguio 1976). The other four mangroves were Comprido (23_2902200S 45_0905500W), Indaia (23_2405700S 45_0301000W), Itamambuca (23_2402500S 45_0004700W), and Ubatumirim (23_2001800S 44_5300200W), in Ubatuba municipality in the northern sector of the Sao Paulo coast, where the coastal plain is narrow. The software GE Path was used to estimate the area of each mangrove, in order to confirm the size differences between the southern and northern sectors
This study involves two different types of forest at different location, which was at Taman Alam, Kuala Selangor for mangrove forest while the study for primary lowland dipterocarp had been conducted at Gombak. In both studies, the sampling strategies that had been chosen were half haphazard stratified sampling. For each forest three different sites that vary in distance from the sea and river had been chosen with 22 replications for mangrove forest and 44 replications for lowland dipterocarp forest.

Results Discussion References