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COMPARISON OF CABLES
Vigya
Electrical Engineering, Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur-208002, UP, India
Abstract - Insulation is a very integral part in manufacturing of cables. It is very important to decide the type of insulation for each different conditions where cable is to be installed. Different parameters are to be used for the selection of the type of cables which are given in this paper. This paper gives the comparison between the four types of electrical cables in their physical properties as well as the tests conducted on them which is very useful to decide between the cables.
I.
INTRODUCTION
A power cable is an assembly of two or more electrical conductors, usually held together with an overall sheath. The assembly is used for transmission of electrical power. Power cables may be installed as permanent wiring within buildings, buried in the ground, run overhead, or exposed. Cables consist of three major components: conductors, insulation, protective jacket. The makeup of individual cables varies according to application. Power cables use stranded copper or aluminium conductors , although small power cables may use solid conductors. Copper has a higher conductivity than aluminium. It is more ductile and has relatively high tensile strength. However, copper is more expensive and heavier than aluminium. Copper is three times as dense as aluminium, and so aluminium conductor size is much larger and thus its use does not permit the economical use for a cable. The construction and material are determined by three main factors ,viz, working voltage, determining the thickness of the insulation; currentcarrying capacity, determining the cross-sectional size of the conductor(s); environmental conditions such as temperature, water, chemical or sunlight exposure, and mechanical impact. II. T YPES OF C ABLES
The useful properties of XLPE are temperature resistance, pressure resistance (stress rupture resistance), environmental stress crack resistance (esc), resistance to u.v light, chemical resistance, oxidation resistance, room temperature and low temperature properties. The Indian Standard for the cable is IS:7098(Part-I)-1998 and the insulation is set by standard IS:8130. XLPE Cables can be summed up by following points: 1) XLPE cables work for the working voltage of 240 V to 500 KV . 2) Conductor Material can be either Copper or Aluminium. 3) XLPE cables can be either Single Core cables or Multi core cables depending upon the number of cores. 4) They can be Unarmoured or Strip Armoured or Wire Armoured or Tape Armoured type depending upon the presence or absence of Armour . 5) HT / LT Aerial Bunched Cables 6) The Jacketing Material can be of PVC / Flame Retardant / Flame Retardant Low Smoke / Zero Halogen (LSOH). 7) General Applications: Fire Survival, Under Water Cables, Underground burial, installation on trays and ducts B. Polyvinyl chloride They are commonly abbreviated as PVC, insulated cables are widely used in various fields. PVC's relatively low cost, biological and chemical resistance and workability have resulted in it being used for a wide variety of applications. For electric cables the PVC is mixed up with plasticizers. Low voltage copper conductor PVC cables are extensively used for domestic home appliances wiring, house wiring and internal wiring for lighting circuits in factories, power supply for office automation, in control, instrumentation, submarine, mining, ship wiring applications etc. due to its high tensile strength, superior conductivity, better flexibility and ease of jointing. PVC CABLES 1) Power Cables upto 1.1 KV 2) Control Cables upto 61 Cores 3) Railways Signalling & Auto Cables 4) Screened instrumentation Cables 5) House wiring and Flexible cables 6) Flat Cables for submercible pumps 7) Airport lighting and mining cables. 8) FRLS / FR / HR / Fire Survival Cable
A. Cross-linked polyethylene They are commonly abbreviated as PEX or XLPE, and is a form of polyethylene with cross links. The creation of direct links or bonds between the carbon backbones of individual polyethylene chains forms the cross linked polyethylene structure. The result of this linkage is to restrict movement of the polyethylene chains relative to each other, so that when heat or other forms of energy are applied the basic network structure cannot deform and the excellent properties that polyethylene has at room temperature are retained at higher temperatures. The cross linking of the molecules also has the effect of enhancing room temperature properties.
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A. Conductors Either aluminium or copper conductors are used. Conductors up to 800mm will be circular, compacted & stranded. 1000mm conductor will be circular stranded type on which a layer of semi-conducting tape will be applied. B. Conductor Screen This will be an extruded layer of semi-conducting cross-linkable compound applied under simultaneous triple extrusion process over the conductor along with the insulation and the insulation screen. The triple extrusion is a single high precision operation that eliminates the possibility of any contamination between the layers which could create irregularities in the electrical field. By careful material selection and special attention to process parameters, the insulation screen layers must have the required degree of stripping force as stipulated by the applicable national or international standard.
A. Comparison in Characteristics of Cables 1) PVC is thin insulation mainly used in LT side cables and XLPE is thick insulation used in HT cables. 2) Comparing XLPE with PVC insulated cables, XLPE has higher current carrying capacity as it can withstand higher temperature compared to PVC cable. Moreover, they have high overload capacity, has lower di -electric and constant power factor.
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2) Tensile Strength Test and Elongation at break of insulation and sheath. By testing for the Tensile strength and Elongation at break, it is observed that the XLPE cables have a tensile strength of 12.5 N/mm2 and elongation is of 200 to 300%. PVC cables have tensile strength ranging from 20 to 30 N/mm2 for the sheath and 15 to 20 N/mm2 for the core and elongation is of 300 to 400% and Rubber and Elastomer cables have tensile strength depending upon the material as shown below:: Natural Rubber 5 to 7 N/mm2 Ethlyene Propylene 4.2 N/mm2 Polychloroprene, Chlorosulphonate and Nitrile Butadiene 8 to 11 N/mm2
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The parameters of the cables are selected for determination of the cable type and size. The parameters are as follows:
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As per the requirement, the cables need to be chosen for suitable application and optimum parameters are kept for its type and size.
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