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Gauge Fields in the 5D Gravity-Scalar
Standing Wave Braneworld
Merab Gogberashvili
1,2
and Pavle Midodashvili
3
1
Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, 6 Tamarashvili St., Tbilisi 0177, Georgia
2
Javakhishvili State University, 3 Chavchavadze Ave., Tbilisi 0179, Georgia
3
Ilia State University, 3/5 Cholokashvili Ave., Tbilisi 0162, Georgia
Abstract
We investigate localization problem for gauge elds within the 5D standing wave
braneworld with real scalar eld and show that there exist normalizable vector eld zero
modes on the brane.
PACS numbers: 04.50.-h, 11.25.-w, 11.27.+d
Most of the braneworld scenarios considered in literature are realized using time-independent
eld congurations. However, also some models with time-dependent metrics and matter elds
were proposed [1]. Localization problem is the key issue in realization of the braneworld sce-
nario. For reasons of economy and stability one would like to have a universal gravitational
trapping mechanism for all elds. In brane models the implementation of a pure gravitational
trapping mechanism for vector elds remains most problematic [2].
Recently we have considered the new class of the non-stationary braneworlds [3], which pro-
vides the natural localization mechanism by the collective oscillations of the bulk gravitational
and scalar elds [4]. In this letter we investigate the vector eld localization problem within
the 5D standing wave braneworld with a real scalar eld introduced in [5].
The metric of the standing wave braneworld [5] has the form:
ds
2
=
e
S
(1 k|r|)
2/3
_
dt
2
dr
2
_
(1 k|r|)
2/3
_
e
u
dx
2
+ e
u
dy
2
+ e
2u
dz
2
_
, (1)

gogber@gmail.com

pmidodashvili@yahoo.com
1
where k is a positive constant. The metric functions u and S (the solutions to the 5D Einstein
equations) are:
u(t, |r|) = Asin(t)J
0
_

k
|r|
_
,
S(|r|) =
3
2
(1 k|r|)
2
2k
2
A
2
_
J
2
0
_

k
|r|
_
+ J
2
1
_

k
|r|
_
(2)

k
(1 k|r|)
J
0
_

k
|r|
_
J
1
_

k
|r|
_

1
(1 k|r|)
2
J
2
1
_

k
_
_
,
where A and are the amplitude and frequency of standing waves, and J
0
and J
1
are Bessel
functions of the rst kind.
We have also the solution to the 5D Klein-Gordon equation in the background metric (1),
(t, |r|) =
_
3M
3
2
Acos(t)J
0
_

k
|r|
_
(3)
(M denotes the 5D fundamental scale), describing the bulk standing waves of the real scalar
eld.
The metric (1) has the horizon at |r| = 1/k, where some components of the Ricci tensor get
innite values, while all gravitational invariants are nite. This resembles the situation with
the Schwarzschild Black Hole, however, the determinant of (1),

g = (1 k|r|)
1/3
e
S
, (4)
becomes zero at the horizon. As a result nothing can cross this horizon and matter elds are
conned within the distance 1/k in the extra space. If the curvature scale, k, is relatively
small, the horizon size is large and the width of the brane is determined by the metric function
S(|r|) [5]. So trapping of matter elds in this case is caused by the pressure of the bulk
oscillations and not by the existence of the horizon in the extra space.
The solutions (2) and (3) describe the scalar and gravitational standing waves in the extra
dimension, r, which are bounded by the brane at r = 0 and the horizon at |r| = 1/k. The
metric function, u(t, |r|), and the scalar eld, (t, |r|), are oscillating /2 out of phase in time,
i.e. the energy of the oscillations passes back and forth between the gravitational and scalar
eld standing waves. On the other hand, these functions have a similar dependence on the
spatial coordinate r. Their r-dependent factors vanish at the points where the Bessel function
J
0
(/k |r|) is zero, and form the nodes of the bulk standing waves. One of the nodes is
located at the origin, r = 0, where (due to the presence of absolute value of r in (1)) the Ricci
tensor has -like singularity that is smoothed by the brane. The bulk oscillations of physical
quantities should vanish also at the horizon, |r| = 1/k, that actually determines the size of the
extra space for the brane observer.
Now let us show existence of the pure gravitational localization of vector eld zero modes
on the brane by the background metric (1). We investigate only the U(1) vector elds, the
generalization to the non-Abelian case is straightforward. The standard action of the 5D
massless vector eld A
M
is:
S =
1
4
_
d
5
x

g g
BD
g
MN
F
BM
F
DN
, (5)
2
where the 5D vector eld tensor is dened as:
F
BM
=
B
A
M

M
A
B
. (6)
From the action (5) we get the 5D Maxwell equations,
1

g

B
_

gg
BD
g
MN
F
DN
_
= 0 . (7)
In the vicinity of standing wave nodes the oscillations of the metric functions in (1) are
small and when |r| 0 a solution to (7) can be factorized in the form:
A
t
_
x
C
_
= (1 k|r|)
2/3
e
S(r)
(|r|)a
t
(x

) ,
A
i
_
x
C
_
= (1 k|r|)
2/3
e
u(t,r)
(|r|)a
i
(x

) , (i = x, y)
A
z
_
x
C
_
= (1 k|r|)
2/3
e
2u(t,r)
(|r|)a
z
(x

) , (8)
A
r
_
x
C
_
= 0 ,
where a

(x

) are the components of the vector potential on the brane (Greek letters are used
for 4D indices and i runs over x and y). The last equation in (8) in fact is our 5D gauge
condition.
Using the factorization (8) the components of the 5D tensor (6) can be explicitly written
as:
F
i
t
_
x
A
_
= f
i
t
+ a
i

t
u +
_

e
Su
(1 k|r|)
4/3

i
a
t
,
F
z
t
_
x
A
_
= f
z
t
2a
z

t
u +
_

e
Su
(1 k|r|)
4/3

z
a
t
,
F
y
x
_
x
A
_
= f
y
x
, F
z
i
_
x
A
_
= f
z
i
+
_
1 e
3u

z
a
i
, (9)
F
t
r
_
x
A
_
=
_

+
_
S

+
2
3

k sgn(r)
1 k|r|
__
a
t
,
F
i
r
_
x
A
_
=
_

+
_
u

2
3

k sgn(r)
1 k|r|
__
a
i
,
F
z
r
_
x
A
_
=
_

_
2u

+
2
3

k sgn(r)
1 k|r|
__
a
z
(where i = x, y), and components of 4D eld on the brane are:
f

(x

) =

. (10)
Using (9) we nd the components of the 5D Maxwell equations (7):
(1 k|r|)
1

r
_
(1 k|r|)
_

+
_
S

+
2
3

k sgn(r)
1 k|r|
___
a
t
(11)

2
t
(1 k|r|)
4/3
e
Su
_

i
+ e
3u

2
z
_
a
t
+
+
t
_

t
a
t

i
a
i
+
z
a
z
_
u
_

i
a
i
2
z
a
z

= 0 ,
3
(1 k|r|)
1

r
_
(1 k|r|)
_

+
_
u

2
3

k sgn(r)
1 k|r|
___
a
i
(12)

2
t
(1 k|r|)
4/3
e
Su
_

i
+ e
3u

2
z
_
a
i
+
+(1 k|r|)
4/3
e
Su

i
_

t
a
t

i
a
i
+
z
a
z
_

_
( u + u
t
) a
i
+ (1 k|r|)
4/3
e
Su
u
i
a
t

= 0 ,
(1 k|r|)
1

r
_
(1 k|r|)
_

+
_
2u

2
3

k sgn(r)
1 k|r|
___
a
z
(13)

2
t
(1 k|r|)
4/3
e
Su
_

i
+ e
3u

2
z
_
a
z
+
+(1 k|r|)
4/3
e
S+2u

z
_

t
a
t

i
a
i
+
z
a
z
_
+
+2
_
( u + u
t
) a
z
+ (1 k|r|)
4/3
e
S+2u
u
z
a
t

= 0 ,
_

+
_
S

+
2
3

k sgn(r)
1 k|r|
__

t
a
t

+
_
u

2
3

k sgn(r)
1 k|r|
__

i
a
i
(14)

+
_
2u

2
3

k sgn(r)
1 k|r|
__

z
a
z
= 0 ,
where overdots and primes denote derivatives with the respect to t and |r|, respectively.
To have a localized eld on a brane, coupling constants appearing after integration of the
eld Lagrangian over the extra coordinate must be non-vanishing and nite. So we require
that the extra dimension factors
0
(|r|) and
0
(|r|) of the vector eld zero mode wavefunction
have a sharp peak on the brane in the extra space, i.e. on the brane we impose the following
boundary conditions on them:

|r|0
S

|
|r|0
,

|r|0
k ,

|r|0
u

|
|r|0
,

|r|0
k . (15)
Then the fth component of Maxwell equations (14) takes the standard 4D Lorentz gauge
condition form,

= 0 . (16)
To show localization of the gauge elds, i.e. the existence of the functions
0
(|r|) and

0
(|r|) which have maximum on the brane, |r| 0, and vanish at the horizon, |r| 1/k, we
investigate the Maxwell equations (11), (12), (13) and (14) in these two limiting regions.
Bulk standing waves have node on the brane, so, close to the brane, |r| 0, we can use
the separation of the variables in the form (8). We seek for the zero mode solution and assume
that on the brane it corresponds to the 4D vector plane wave:
a

(x

e
i(Et+pxx+pyy+pzz)
, (17)
where E, p
x
, p
y
and p
z
are components of the energy-momentum of vector eld on the brane.
Then the components of the Maxwell equations (11), (12), (13) and (14) for the vector eld
zero mode wavefunction (17) reduce to the simple equations for the extra dimension factors:

0
+ B|r|
0
=

0
+ B|r|
0
= 0 , (18)
4
where the constant B is:
B =
3
2k
E
2

2
A
2
J
2
1
_

k
_
. (19)
The equations (18) have the following exact solutions:

0
(|r|) =
0
(|r|) = C
1
Ai
_

B |r|
_
+ C
2
Bi
_

B |r|
_
, (20)
where C
1
and C
2
are integration constants and Ai and Bi denote Airy functions. To fulll the
boundary conditions (15) we set C
1
= 0, and the series expansions of extra dimension factors
near the brane will be:

0
(|r|)|
|r|0
=
0
(|r|)|
|r|0
=
C
2
3
1/6
(2/3)
_
1
3
5/6

2
(2/3)
2
3

B |r|
1
6
B|r|
3
_
+ O
_
r
4
_
. (21)
It is easy to see that the boundary conditions (15) can be fullled only for the vector eld zero
modes with the energy:
E kA
2
, (22)
where the amplitude of standing waves A 1.
In the second limiting region, |r| 1/k, oscillations are small and we can again use the
separation of variables (8). The systrm of equations (11), (12), (13) and (14) in this region has
the solution:

0
(|r|) = c
1
(1 k|r|)
2/3
,

0
(|r|) = c
2
, (23)
a

(x

) = const ,
where c
1
and c
2
are some constants.
For the sharply decreasing extra dimension factors
0
(|r|) and
0
(|r|) with the asymptotes
(21) and (23) the 5D vector eld action (5) is integrable over the extra coordinate r. This
means that the vector eld zero mode wavefunction is localized on the brane. Indeed for our
factorization (9) the 5D vector eld Lagrangian close to the brane, r 0, reduces to:
L =
1
4

gF
N
M
F
M
N
|
|r|0

1
4
_

2
0
(0)f

+
2
0
(0)a

. (24)
This expression contains the mass terms
2
0
a

, i.e. photons are massless only on the brane


and acquire large masses in the bulk. The behavior of this type is similar to the Meissner
eect in superconductors and can be considered as another manifestation of our gravitational
trapping mechanism.
To conclude, in this paper we have explicitly shown the existence of normalizable zero modes
of gauge bosons on the brane within the 5D standing wave braneworld with real scalar eld.
Acknowledgments: MG was partially supported by the grant of Shota Rustaveli National
Science Foundation #DI/8/6 100/12. The research of PM was supported by Ilia State Uni-
versity.
5
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