2010 International Conference on Recent Trends in Information, Telecommunication and Computing

NON LINEAR CONTROL OF STATCOM

M.Arun Bhaskar, 2Dr.S.S.Dash, 3C.Subramani, 4M.Jagdeesh Kumar, 5 Deepika Harish, 6R.Shalini Senior Lecturer Professor Senior Lecturer Asst. Professor UG Student UG Student 1, 3,4,5,6 - Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Velammal Engineering College, Velammal Nagar, Ambattur-Redhills Road, Chennai-66, Tamilnadu, India 2 Professor & Head, Department of EEE, SRM University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India E-Mail: 1m.arunbhaskar@gmail.com, 2munu_dash_2k@yahoo.com, 3csmsrm@gmail.com, 4mpjagadeesh@yahoo.com, 5 deepikaharishd@gmail.com, 6shalinikram@gmail.com
Abstract: This paper presents an investigation on a voltage regulator for parallel operated isolated synchronous generators supplying 3-phase 4-wire loads driven by constant speed prime mover like diesel engine, bio-mass, gasoline, hydro turbine unit etc. The proposed voltage regulator is realized using a STATCOM (static compensator) for providing the reactive power compensation, and load balancing. Three single-phase thyristors based VSC along-with three singlephase transformers and self supporting DC bus is used as a voltage controller for supplying 3-phase 4-wire loads. The neutral point of the load is achieved using neutral point of the excitation capacitors and primary windings terminal of the transformers. The proposed isolated electrical generating system is modeled and simulated on MATLAB using Simulink and PSB (Power System Blockset) toolboxes. The performance of proposed voltage controller for isolated synchronous generators is demonstrated while feeding loads. Keywords: STATCOM, Synchronous generator, VSC, load balancing,
1

VAR Compensator (ASVC) Compensator (STATCOM)

or

Static

Synchronous

Figure 1. Line diagram of STATCOM The Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is a shunt connected reactive compensation equipment which is capable of generating and/or absorbing reactive power whose output can be varied so as to maintain control of specific parameters of the electric power system. The STATCOM provides operating characteristics similar to a rotating synchronous compensator without the mechanical inertia, due to the STATCOM employ solid state power switching devices it provides rapid controllability of the three phase voltages, both in magnitude and phase angle. The STATCOM basically consists of a step-down transformer with a leakage reactance, a three-phase GTO or IGBT voltage source inverter (VSI), and a DC capacitor. III. NON LINEAR CONTROL TECHNIQUE The nonlinear techniques used to control STATCOM operation involves hysteresis current control technique and parks transformation. A. HYSTERSIS CURRENT CONTROLLER: The hysteresis control scheme provides excellent dynamic performance because it acts quickly. Also, an inherent peak current limiting capability is provided. This technique does not need any intimation on system parameters. But, the conventional current controller with fixed hysteresis band has two main disadvantages: The switching frequency is very high and varies during the fundamental period, resulting in irregular operation of the converter; the current ripple is relatively large and theoretically can reach double the value of the hysteresis band. As a result, the input current contains harmonics that cause additional reactive power demanded from ac supply.
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I. INTRODUCTION This paper is based on FACTS controllers, how the FACTS controllers can be used to control power flow in ac transmission line. The rapid depletion and increased cost of conventional fuels have given a thrust in the research on developing synchronous generators as an alternative power sources. Synchronous machines are principally used as alternating current (AC) generators. Synchronous generators usually operate together (or in parallel), forming a large power system supplying electrical energy to the loads or consumers. Here we deal about nonlinear techniques used to control STATCOM operation. It involves hysteresis current control technique and parks transformation. The hysteresis control scheme provides excellent dynamic performance because it acts quickly and an inherent peak current limiting capability is also provided. Park transformation is commonly used, in three-phase electric machine models, to eliminate timevarying inductances by referring the stator and rotor quantities to a fixed or rotating reference frame. II. BASIC DIAGRAM OF STATCOM Recently the Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) based Static VAR compensators have been used for reactive power control. These compensators are known as Advanced Static

978-0-7695-3975-1/10 $25.00 2010 IEEE DOI 10.1109/ITC.2010.79

B. Working of hysteresis controller The total reference currents (i*a, i*b and i*c) are compared with the sensed source currents (ia, ib and ic) which is some of source currents of both isolated synchronous generators. The error signal thus obtained is used to generate the ON/OFF switching patterns of the gate drive signals to the Thyristors by PWM hysteresis controller. The current errors are computed as:
* I aerr = I a I a * I berr = I b I b * I cerr = I c I c

This transformation is commonly used in three-phase electric machine models, where it is known as a Park transformation. It allows you to eliminate time-varying inductances by referring the stator and rotor quantities to a fixed or rotating reference frame. In the case of a synchronous machine, the stator quantities are referred to the rotor. Id and Iq represent the two DC currents flowing in the two equivalent rotor windings (d winding directly on the same axis as the field winding, and q winding on the quadratic axis), producing the same flux as the stator Ia, Ib, and Ic currents. E. dq0 to abc transformation: The dq0_to_abc Transformation block performs the reverse of the so-called Park transformation, which is commonly used in three-phase electric machine models. It transforms three quantities (direct axis, quadratic axis, and zerosequence components) expressed in a two-axis reference frame back to phase quantities. The following transformation is used:

Thus obtained error signal is sent to the hysteresis current regulator in order to generate pulse signal and the inverse signal of pulse is obtained by using Boolean data type conversion. C. PARKS TRANSFORMATION Park transformation is commonly used, in three-phase electric machine models, to eliminate time-varying inductances by referring the stator and rotor quantities to a fixed or rotating reference frame. In the case of a synchronous machine, the stator quantities are referred to the rotor D. abc to dq0 transformation: The abc_to_dq0 Transformation block computes the direct axis, quadratic axis, and zero sequence quantities in a twoaxis rotating reference frame for a three-phase sinusoidal signal. The following transformation is used:
2 2 2 Vd = (Va sin(t )+Vb sin(t )+Vc sin( t+ )) 3 3 3

Va =Vd sin( t)+Vq cos( t)+V0 Vb =Vd sin( tVc =Vd sin( t+
Where

2 2 )+Vq cos( t)+V0 3 3 2 2 )+Vq cos( t+ )+V0 3 3

=rotation speed (rad/s) of the rotating frame

The transformation is the same for the case of a three-phase current; you simply replace the Va, Vb, Vc, Vd, Vq, and V0 variables with the Ia, Ib, Ic, Id, Iq, and I0 variables. The dq0_to_abc Transformation block is used in the model of the Synchronous Machine block where the stator quantities are referred to the rotor. The Park transformation then eliminates time-varying inductances by referring the stator and rotor quantities to a fixed or rotating reference frame. The Id and Iq currents represent the two DC currents flowing in the two equivalent rotor windings (d winding on the same axis as the field winding, and q winding in quadratic) producing the same flux as the stator Ia, Ib, and Ic currents.

2 2 2 Vq = (Va cos( t)+Vb cos( t)+Vc cos( t+ )) 3 3 3

1 V0 = (Va +Vb +Vc ) 3

Where

Va =Vd sin( t)+Vq cos( t)+V0 Vb =Vd sin( t2 2 )+Vq cos( t)+V0 3 3 2 2 Vc =Vd sin( t+ )+Vq cos( t+ )+V0 3 3

=rotation speed (rad/s) of the rotating frame. The transformation is the same for the case of a three-phase current; you simply replace the Va, Vb, Vc, Vd, Vq, and V0 variables with the Ia, Ib, Ic, Id, Iq, and I0 variables.

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IV. SIMULATION RESULTS The block diagram of the system is given below.

C.WORKING:

Figure 2. Block diagram It consists of Synchronous generator system driving loads with shunt compensation using STATCOM. dq and inverse dq transformation block produces referenced source currents which are compared with sensed source currents in comparator. The comparator gives error signal obtained to the pulse generator block which generates gate pulses using hysteresis control technique. This gate signals trigger thyristors in STATCOM in order to generate compensating current. This compensating current induces into line with help of shunt connected three single phase transformers. The resultant current flows through lines to drive loads. A. Implementation of nonlinear control of STATCOM using MATLAB STATCOM has a voltage source converter which is connected in parallel to transmission lines through shunt connected transformer and dc source on dc terminal side to provide dc current to voltage source converter. Implementation of nonlinear control of STATCOM using MATLAB consists of following subsystems. B Generation sub system: Generation circuit employs mainly consists of two generating units. Each unit consists of a synchronous machines attached to prime mover circuit. The two generating units connected as shown in fig 2. Prime mover is connected in order to supply positive mechanical power to make synchronous machine acts as generator. Star connected capacitors are connected to lines as in above fig. The common point of star connected capacitors is connected to develop a neutral line so as to make system as three phase four wire system. Prime mover system consists of hydraulic turbine and governor and excitation circuit. Hydraulic turbine and governor block implements a nonlinear hydraulic turbine model, a PID governor system, and a servomotor.

Fig 3. Generating subsystem In generating unit one, Hydraulic Turbine and governor generate mechanical power Pm where as field voltage Vf is generated by excitation blocks. This Pm, Vf acts as inputs to the synchronous machine. By receiving inputs from prime mover system synchronous machine generates power feeding lines a, b, c. The same process takes place in generating unit two also. Thus two generating units operate in parallel generate power that fed loads through transmission lines. Source current generated from parallel operated generators which acts as input:

Figure 4. Current Waveform of parallel operated generators This acts as ac current source which mainly drives loads. E. Transformation Subsystem This block involves abc-dq and dq-abc transformations using parks transformation formulae. This sub system is as shown in fig 5. In general all systems are nonlinear. It is not possible to change nonlinear parameters. We can change

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system parameters linear mode .So we are converting non linear to linear (i.e. three phase to two phase). Here three phase is converted to two phase in order to modify parameters and by using filters unwanted ripples are eliminated.

G. STATCOM Subsystem: STATCOM is main device using in this project. STACOM sub system is as shown in fig 8. It takes, supply from dc source, and gate pulses generated by hysteresis control block. If line current is less then the compensating current generated by STATCOM is used by the loads. Feedback is connected to the PI controller in order to regulate the error between the capacitor voltage and its reference.

Figure 5. Transformation subsystem F. GATE PULSE GENERATION SUB SYSTEM Thus obtained error signal is sent to the hysteresis current regulator in order to generate pulse signal and the inverse signal of pulse is obtained by using Boolean data type conversion. Thus generated pulses are applied to gate terminal of STATCOM. This sub system is as shown below. Figure 8. STATCOM subsystem STATCOM Current:

Figure 9. STATCOM Current waveform This is the compensating current generated by STATCOM in order to drive loads if line current is not sufficient. H. MAIN CIRCUIT LAYOUT The main circuit diagram is formed by connecting all the above discussed sub systems such as generation subsystem, STATCOM sub system, Hysteresis current block, load connected in proper manner as shown below fig 10.

Figure 6. Gate Pulse Generating system GATE PULSES:

Figure 7. Gate Pulses Wave Form

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Thus the compensating current generated by STATCOM is used to drive loads if the line current is not sufficient enough. If line current is more than the current required to drive loads then this current drags by STATCOM in order to charge capacitor. OUTPUT LOAD CURRENT:

Figure 11. Output load current with compensation Figure 10. Main Simulink diagram Here STATCOM serves the purpose of reactive power compensation and load balancing. I. WORKING: The generation sub system consisting of two parallel operated synchronous generators acts as an alternating current source. The current generated by this generating subsystem is used to drive loads. Line current is directly going to transformation subsystem where three phase power is converted into two phase power with the help of Park transformation to eliminate time-varying inductances by referring the stator and rotor quantities to a fixed or rotating reference frame and then again it is converted to three phase power. The currents obtained from this block are called as reference source currents. Thus error signals obtained after comparing these reference source currents with compared with sensed source currents is fed to hysteresis current control block. The gate pulses required to trigger thyristors in STATCOM are generated from hysteresis current control block and its inverse pulse signal by Boolean data type conversion. This gate signals trigger thyristors in voltage source converter correspondingly. The dc source is connected on dc terminal side of STATCOM and ac terminals to lines with the help of single phase transformers. When thyristors are fired in proper sequence STATCOM generates compensating current which induces into transmission lines through shunt connected single phase transformers. Feedback is connected to the PI controller in order to regulate the error between the capacitor voltage and its reference. This is the current taken by loads after connecting STATCOM to lines with help of single phase transformers. V. CONCLUSION The proposed voltage controller of parallel operated synchronous generators for feeding 3-phase 4-wire loads driven by constant speed prime mover like hydraulic turbine governor model has resulted in quite satisfactory operation under varying loads. The proposed controller also helps in load balancing. If line current is less than expected, the compensating current generated by STATCOM is taken by loads. VI. REFERENCES 1. Bhim Sing, S.S.Murthy and Sushma Gupta Analysis and Design of STATCOM based regulator for self excited induction Generator IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 19, NO. 4, DECEMBER 2004 O.Ojo, O.Omozusi and Adison A.jimoh The operation of an inverter assisted single phase induction generator IEEE.Trans. on Industrial Electronics, Vol.47, no.3. pp 632-640, June2000. . T.Fukami, Y.Yuichi, S.Kawahara and T.Miyamoto performance analysis of a self regulated self excited single phase induction generator. IEEE.Trans. on. Energy Conversion, Vol EC.14, no.3, pp622-627, Sept1999. Chandan Chakraborty, S.N.Bhadra.Muneaki Ishida and A.K Chattopadhyay. performance of parallel operated self excited induction generators with the variation of machine parameters. in proc. Of IEEE Conference on

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