2 & 16 Mark Questions and Answers

Subject Name : ENVIR NMEN!A" S#IEN#EAN$ EN%INEERIN% Subject code Semester *re+ared b' : %E&2 : II I! :Mr,*,SIVASAM-

Academic 'ear :2(11)2(12

DEPARTMENT OF INFIRMATION TECHNOLOGY SUBJECT CODE: GE32 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & ENGG TWO MARK QUESTIONS-ANSWERS GE32- ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2 MARKS 1 D!"#$! !$%#&'$(!$) Environment is derived from the French word Environner which means to encircle or surround. All the biological and non-biological things surrounding an organism are thus included in environment. Thus environment is sum total of water, air and land, inter-relationships among themselves and also with the human beings, other living organisms and property. 2 W&#)! *'+$ ),! -'(.'$!$)/ '" !$%#&'$(!$) The components of environment can be broadly divided into two . Abiotic components - composed of all the non living components li!e temperature, water, minerals and gases etc ". #iotic $omponents - composed of all the living components-plants, animals and microorganisms. The Abiotic components include% .&ithosphere ". 'ydrosphere (. Atmosphere The #iotic components include % , )roducers ". $onsumers (. *ecomposers 3 W&#)! $')!/ '$ )&'.'/.,!&! This is the lowest layer of atmosphere. +t e,tends up to -- "!m at mid latitudes, .-/ !m around poles and up to 0 !m at e1uator. +t contains water vapors, clouds and important gases li!e o,ygen and nitrogen. The temperature in this region decreases at the rate of .-2 degree centigrade per !m. 0 W&#)! $')!/ '$ S)&1)'/.,!&! This layer e,tends up to .- !m above the earths surface. This is a stable layer and it consists of dry air. The main chemical species of this region is o3one. +t protects human beings from ultra violet radiation, which are emitted from the sun. 2 W&#)! $')!/ '$ T,!&('/.,!&! This layer e,ists up to .--!m above the earths surface. The heating of the thermosphere is due to the absorption of solar energy by atomic o,ygen. 4ith in this layer is the relatively dense band of the charged particles called ionosphere. 4orldwide communication is done using this layer.

3 W,4 1&! .51$)/ -155!* 1/ .&'*6-!&/7 The green plants have chlorophyll with the help of which they trap solar energy and change it into chemical energy of carbohydrates using simple inorganic compounds namely water and carbondio,ide.As the green plants manufacture their own food they are !nown as Autotrpohs. 89 W&#)! ),! -51//#"#-1)#'$ '" :#'5';#-15 !$%#&'$(!$) . Floral5)lant Environment ". Faunal 5Animal Environment (. 6icrobial environment < W,1) #/ ),! /)&6-)6&15 "!1)6&!/ '" !-'/4/)!(7 $omposition and organi3ation of biological communities and abiotic components constitute the structure of an ecosystem i7#iotic structure%- The plants, animals and microorganisms present in the ecosystems form the biotic component. ii7Abiotic structure%- The physical and chemical components of an ecosystem constitute its abiotic structure. +t includes climatic factors, soil factors, geographical factors, energy, nutrients and to,ic substances. = W,1) #/ (!1$) :4 :#')#- /)&6-)6&!7 The plants, animals and microorganisms present in the ecosystems form the biotic component. +t is classified in to, a7 )roducers, b7 $onsumers and c7 *ecomposers 1> W,1) #/ (!1$) :4 1:#')#- /)&6-)6&!7 The physical and chemical components of an ecosystem constitute its abiotic structure. +t includes climatic factors, soil factors, geographical factors, energy, nutrients and to,ic substances. They are classified in to a7)hysical factors and b7$hemical factors. 11 W,1) 1&! -155!* P&'*6-!&/7 )roducers are mainly the green plants, which can synthesi3e their food themselves by ma!ing use of $8" present in the air and water in the presence of sunlight by involving chlorophyll, through the process of photosynthesis. They are also !nown as photo autotrophs. 12 W,1) 1&! -155!* -'$/6(!&/7 All organisms which get their organic food by feeding upon other organisms are called consumers. The consumers are of the following types, a7'erbivores b7$arnivores c78mnivores d7*etritivores 13 W,1) 1&! -155!* D!-'(.'/!&/7 They derive their nutrition by brea!ing down the comple, organic molecules to simpler organic compounds and ultimately in to inorganic nutrients. 9arious bacteria and fungi are decomposers.

10 D!"#$! !-'5';4 Ecology is defined as the study of relationship between organisms and their environment. 12 D!"#$! E-'/4/)!( An ecosystem is defined as a natural functional ecological unit comprising of living organisms and their non- living environment that interact to form a stable selfsupporting system. 13 D!"#$! !$!&;4 "5'+ #$ 1$ !-'/4/)!( The flow of energy from one trophic level to ne,t trophic level with in an ecosystem is called energy flow in an eco system. 18 E?.51#$ "''* -,1#$ +n food chain each organism eats the smaller organism and is eaten by the larger ones. All these organisms which are interlin!ed with each other through food together constitute a food chain. 13 W,1) #/ (!1$) :4 G&1@#$; "''* -,1#$7 +t starts with green plants :primary producers7 and culminates in carnivores. Eg% ;rass-grasshopper-Frog-<na!e-'aw!. 18 W,1) #/ (!1$) :4 D!)&#)6/ "''* -,1#$7 +t starts with dead organic matter which the detritivores and decomposers consume. )artially decomposed organic matter and even the decomposers are consumed by detritivores and their predators. Eg%- &eaf litter-algae-crabs-small carnivores fish-large carnivorous fish :6angrove ecosystem7 *ead organic matter-fungi-bacteria. 1< E?.51#$ "''* +!: 9arious food chains are often interlin!ed at different trophic levels to form a comple, interaction between different species from the point of view of food. This networ! is called the food web. 1= D!"#$! $6)&#!$) -4-5!A B#'-;!'-,!(#-15 -4-5!A (1)!&#15 -4-5!. The cyclic e,change of nutrient material between the living organisms and their non-living environment is called nutrient cycle. As indicated by the name, the nutrients circulate through life :bio7 and through earth :geo7 repeatedly :cycle7 2> N1(! /'(! '" $1)6&15 #(.1-)/ '$ !$%#&'$(!$) <ome of the natural impacts are . Earth1ua!e ". Tsunamis (. Flood =. 9olcanic eruption

21 N1(! /'(! '" ),! 1$),&'.';!$#- #(.1-)/ '$ !$%#&'$(!$) . &ondon <mog ". 6editerranean a dead sea (. >uclear e,plosions =. 6inamata disease .. #hopal disaster /. $hernobyl disaster 2. ;ulf war ha3ards 22 S)1)! ),! ),!'&4 '" -51//#-15 !-'$'(#-/ Adam smith and Thomas 6althus in 2--s developed the theory of classical economics, according to this view ? as the population grows, the increasing scarcity of the finite resources the 1uality of life, increases competition and ultimately causes population to fall@. 23 D!"#$! /6/)1#$1:5! *!%!5'.(!$) sustainable development can be summari3ed as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. 20 E?.51#$ ),! -'$-!.) '" /6/)1#$1:5! *!%!5'.(!$) The concept of sustainable development has the following underlying promises. . A symbiotic relationship between the consumer human race and the producer natural system. ". $ompatibility between ecology and economics. 22 W&#)! /,'&) $')!/ '$ .,')'/4$),!/#/ The process by which chlorophyll bearing plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon dio,ide and water into sugars is called photosynthesis. The generali3ed e1uation for photosynthesis is, 23 D!"#$! ('5! 6ole is defined as the amount of substance present in a material. The term mole can be applied to any particle. +n general it is the ratio between mass and molecular weight of a particle. 28 D!"#$! .H +t is the logarithmic scale used to specify whether a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral. 2< D!"#$! ('515#)4 6olality is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved in ---gm of the solvent.+t is another common measurement of concentration 6olality A >umber of moles of solute

2= D!"#$! M'51&#)4 4eight of solvent 6olarity is defined as the number of moles of the solute present in ---ml of the solution. 6olarity A >umber of moles of solute 9olume of solution 3> D!"#$! H1&*$!// '" W1)!& 'ardness of water is defined as the property of 4ater which consumes more soap to produce foam or lather. +t is due to the presence of certain salts of calcium, magnesium and other heavy metals dissolved in it. 31 D#""!&!$)#1)! :!)+!!$ T!(.'&1&4 ,1&*$!// 1$* P!&(1$!$) ,1&*$!// Temporary hardness is due to the presence of dissolved bicarbonates of calcium, magnesium and other heavy metals and the carbonates of iron. +t is mostly destroyed by heating. )ermanent hardness is caused due to the presence of chlorides and sulphates of calcium, magnesium, iron and other metals. This is not destroyed by heating. 32 D!"#$! :6""!&#$; -1.1-#)4 '" +1)!& #uffering capacity is the ability of water to maintain a stable p' value even if acids or bases are added. 33 D!"#$! T6&:#*#)4 Turbidity in water is a measure of the resistance of water to the passage of light through it. 30 D!"#$! .!&(!1:#5#)4 '" /'#59 +t is defined as the ability of movement of water through the pore spaces of soil particles. (.. W,1) 1&! ),! .&#$-#.5! $6)&#!$)/ &!B6#&!* "'& 15;1!. i7 >itrogen ii7 )hosphorus iii7 $arbon dio,ide 33 L#/) ),! .&'.!&)#!/ '" 1-#* 1$* :1/! A solution for which the hydrogen ions are greater are than the hydro,yl ions, it is called as acid. A solution for which the hydro,yl ions are greater than hydrogen ions, it is called as base.

38 D!"#$! C,!(#-15 '?4;!$ D!(1$* This is defined as the amount of o,ygen re1uired for chemical o,idation of the organic matter and other reducing agents present in waste water. 3< L#/) /'(! .,4/#-15 .&'.!&)#!/ '" +1)!& $olor Temperature Turbidity Taste and odour. 3= D!"#$! B#' -,!(#-15 '?4;!$ *!(1$* #8* is defined as the 1uantity of dissolved o,ygen re1uired by bacteria for the o,idation of organic matter under aerobic conditions 0> W,1) #/ 1$ .'#$) /'6&-! .'556)#'$ )olluted water discharged from specific locations such as drain pipes, ditches, etc. are called point source pollution. 01 W,1) #/ 1$ $'$-.'#$) .'556)#'$ 7 4ater pollution caused in a scattered or diffuse manner having no specific origin or point of entry into a particular body of water are called non-point pollution sources. 02 L#/) ),! *#""!&!$) )4.!/ '" "&!/, +1)!& 15;1!7 i7;reen algae ii76otile green algae iii7#lue green algae. iv7#rown algae. 03 E?.51#$ ),! :1/#- -51//#"#-1)#'$ '" (#-&' '&;1$#/( i7 #acteria ii7 Fungi iii7 Algae iv7 )roto3oa v7 9iruses 00 W,1) #/ 1$ #$*#-1)'& '&;1$#/(7 The detection of pathogens in routine water analysis is difficult, uneconomical and impractical. +nstead water is tested using a surrogate that is an indicator of fecal contamination. E,ample% total coliforms, fecal streptococci and clostridium perfingens 02 C15-651)! ),! $6(:!& '" ('5!/ '" CO2 #$ 00 ; '" CO27 >umber of moles A 6ass 5 6olecular 6ass A == 5 == A mole. 03 C15-651)! ),! .H '" 1 /'56)#'$ +#), CHDEF3 0?1>-0 ('5A5 p' A - log -B'CD A - log -:(.=7 E log -: --= 7 A - -..(= C =

A (.=2 08 W,1) #/ 1 .'5#-47 A policy is a plan or statement of intent Eeither written or stated E about a course of action or inaction intended to achieve certain goals. 0< W&#)! ),! .H '" #GH6(1$ :5''* ##GL!('$ H6#-! ###GW#$! #%GD#/)#55!* +1)!& 'uman blood &emon Fuice 4ine *istilled water % 2.. %-" %-= %2 0= W,1) #/ 1$ /1)6&1)!* /'56)#'$7 This is a solution, which contains as much solute as it can dissolve in the presence of solvent at a given temperature. 2> N1(! 155 ),! (1//A(1// 6$#)/ 6/!* "'& &!.&!/!$)#$; -'$-!$)&1)#'$ '" /'56)#'$7 i7percent by weight ii7parts per million iii7molality iv7mole fraction 21 W,1) #/ (!1$) :4 1#& .'556)#'$7 Air pollution may be defined as the presence of impurities in e,cessive 1uantity and duration to cause adverse effects on plants, animals, human beings and materials. 22 W,1) 1&! ),! (1#$ /'6&-!/ '" 1#& .'556)#'$7 >atural sources and 6an made or anthropogenic sources 23 L#/) ),! )4.!/ '" 1#& .'556)1$)/ )articulate pollutants ;aseous pollutants 20 W,1) *' 4'6 6$*!&/)1$* :4 /6/.!$*!* .1&)#-651)!7 <uspended particulate matter is a comple, mi,ture of small and large particles with si3e less than -- varying origin and chemical composition. The largest source of particulate matter is coal-fired power plants, but auto and diesel e,haust are also prime contributors, especially along busy transportation corridors. 22 W&#)! /,'&) $')! '$ -'5'&--'*#$; '" :#'(!*#-15 +1/)! +n order to dispose the biomedical waste safely and economically it is necessary to collect the waste by suitable segregation. The system of using different color bags to collect different types of medical waste is !nown as color-coding. The biomedical waste can be divided into ( categories according to the colors,

Gellow bag waste - Eg% 'uman anatomical waste-<hould be incinerated or deeply buried with chemicals Hed bag waste - Eg% )lastic waste-<hould be disinfected #lac! bag waste - Eg% +ncinerated ash-<hould be disposed for landfills. 23 H'+ -1$ !?,16/) &!*6-)#'$ :! *'$! #$ %!,#-5!/7 The e,haust deduction in the vehicle may be achieved to some e,tend by adopting the following techni1ue. $atalytic converters 6anifold air inFection Fundamental engine modification 28 W&#)! /,'&) $')! '$ &1*#'1-)#%! .&'.!&)4 '" ,1@1&*'6/ +1/)! +n the spontaneous brea! down of the nucleus of an atom, mainly three types of radioactive materials are found to be ha3ardous namely% particles, particles, radiations. The particle emission occurs mainly in radioactive isotope and the radiations are the electron released from a radioactive nucleus. The radiations are electromagnetic radiation traveling at speed of light. 2< H'+ -1$ 4'6 -'$)&'5 ),! !(#//#'$ '" $#)&';!$ '?#*!/7 OR E?.51#$ EGR (!),'* <ince high temperature favors the production of nitrogen o,ide, the emission may be controlled by lowering the combustion temperature. This can be achieved by recirculating the e,haust gases, which will no longer burn. 'ence it will not produce any heat if re-circulated and will 1uench the heat of the combustion gases. This method is called E,haust ;as Hecirculation:E;H7. The temperature in the cylinder ranges from .--o$ and the end of compression stro!e :before ignition7 to about (---o$ after ignition, which produces nitrogen o,ides. 'ence to reduce the formation of nitrogen o,ides the temperature must be maintained as low as (--o$ which can be maintained by adopting E;H method. 2= W,1) 1&! ),! /'6&-!/ '" ,4*&';!$ "56'&#*!7 'ydrogen Fluoride is released by aluminium industry, chemical industries, te,tile and fertili3er industries. 'F affects the respiratory trac!, bone fluorisis, s!in burns, and destroys the crops. 3> W&#)! /,'&) $')! '$ #$-#$!&1)#'$ .&'-!// 6/!* #$ (1$1;#$; ,1@1&*'6/ +1/)! The incineration process is very comple, and involves chemistry, physics and thermodynamics. *uring this process, the bonds between the molecules brea! and free radicals are formed leading to violent reactions, and finally to harmless products. <ome reactions are also speeded up by catalysts at high temperature. 31 W,1) #/ 51$*/-1.! *#%!&/#)47

&andscape diversity involves more than Fust the spatial arrangement of habitats across a large area but also includes the flu, of energy, nutrients, disturbances and organisms across the area. 32 W,1) 1&! ),! (1#$ -'(.'$!$)/ '" (6$#-#.15 /'5#* +1/)!7 ;arbage :or7 food waste Hubbish Ashes and Hesidues <pecial wastes $onstruction and demolition wastes Treatment plant waste 33 D!"#$! ;&!!$ ,'6/! !""!-) The green house effect is a naturally occurring process that ma!es the earth warmer by trapping more energy in the atmosphere. The green house gases absorb and hold heat from the sun, preventing it from escaping bac! into the space. 30 D!"#$! ;5':15 +1&(#$; ;lobal warming is defined as the increase in temperature of the earth, which causes more changes in climate. 32 W,1) 1&! ),! !""!-)/ '" ;5':15 +1&(#$;7 6ore heat waves E,pansion of desert area >atural fires in forest land 6ore evaporation of water from oceans and water bodies 6elting of ice caps in artic and Antarctica regions 6ore cloud formation in the atmosphere Hise in sea level 6ore drought 6ore impacts on plants, animals and humans. 33 D!"#$! /-&!!$#$; 1$* /I#((#$; The process of removing the large matters from sewage by allowing it to pass through screens is called screening. The process of removal of floating matters such as oils, grease, etc by s!imming tan!s is called as s!imming. 38 N1(! 1$4 ),&!! *#/#$"!-)#'$ (!),'* $hlorination, 83onation, I9 treatment 3< W,1) 1&! ),! )4.!/ '" 16)'-51%! /4/)!(/ 6/!* #$ )&!1)(!$) '" :#'(!*#-15 +1/)!7 ;ravity system

)re vacuum system Hetort type systems 3= W,!$ #/ 1 +1/)! /1#* )' :! ,1@1&*'6/7 A waste is said to be ha3ardous if it posses one or the more of the following characteristics To,icity Heactivity +gnitability Hadioactivity $orrosivity 8> W,1) 1&! (1H'& %!,#-5! .'556)1$)/7 The maFor pollutants due to vehicles are $arbon mono,ide 'ydrocarbons 8,ides of nitrogen &ead components and <uspended particulate matter. 81 W&#)! /,'&) $')! '$ $#)&#"#-1)#'$ A *!$#)&#"#-1)#'$ An approach to nitrogen control utili3es aerobic bacteria to convert ammonia:>'=C7 to :>8"-7 which is nitrification followed by an anaerobic stage in which different bacteria converts nitrates to nitrogen gas:>"7 which is denitrification. The overall process is referred to as nitrification 5 denitrification. 82 E?.51#$ *&4#$; 1$* *!+1)!&#$; The shredded waste material is pre-dried to decrease its weight by removing the amount of moisture. +f there is any need for incineration of sludge from treatment plants, then dewatering is essential. 83 4,1) 1&! ),! )+' (1#$ -51//#"#-1)#'$/ #$ /'6&-!/ '" &1*#'1-)#%! .'556)#'$7 >atural sources 6an-made sources 80 W,1) #/ ,15"-5#"! '" 1 &1*#'1-)#%! /6:/)1$-!7 The half-life of a radioactive substance is defined as the time ta!en for decaying half of the material present. 82 W,1) 1&! ),! "1-)'&/ )' +,#-, ),! !""!-) '" &1*#'1-)#%! .'556)1$)/ *!.!$* '$7 *uration of e,posure to the radiation <trength of the radiation 'alf life period of the radioactive pollutant Hate of diffusion of the pollutant Environmental conditions

83 W,1) #/ DRE7 *HE refers to the destruction and removal efficiency that evaluates the measurement of 1ualitative functioning of an incinerator. A *HE value of JJ.JJ indicates that one molecule of an organic compound is released in to the atmosphere for every -,--- molecules of pollutant treated by the incinerator. 88 W,1) #/ "5'+ *#1;&1( 1$* +,1) 1&! #)/ 1*%1$)1;!/7 Flow diagram is a graphical representation of various processes involved in various methods of treatment plant. The advantages are i7 +t shows the se1uential processes involved in a particular type of treatment method. ii7 Easy to understand and can easily identify if anything goes wrong. 8< W,1) 1&! ),! ':H!-)#%!/ '" +1/)! (#$#(#/1)#'$7 i7 Heduced ha3ard to human health from the generation of to,ic wastes. ii7 )reventing environmental degradation caused by unnecessary release of waste materials. iii7 Heduced the waste disposal and its cost reduction. 8= W,1) 1&! ),! "1-)'&/ #$%'5%!* #$ ),! 1('6$) '" +1/)! ;!$!&1)#'$ .&'-!//7 i7'ouse !eepinng practices ii7E,tent of process control. iii7)roduct 1uality re1uirements and initiative. iv76anaging system and initiative. <> W,1) #/ ),! 1#( '" $1)#'$15 -'((#))!! '" !$%#&'$(!$)15 .51$$#$; 1$* -'- '&*#$1)#'$ i7$onservation of natural resources. ii7$ontrol of environmental pollution. iii7Environmental education. iv7Environmental laws. <1 W,1) #/ +1/)! )&!1)(!$)7 4aste treatment techni1ue or process change the physical,chemical and biological character of waste. <2 W,1) 1&! ),! ':H!-)#%!/ '" +1/)! )&!1)(!$)7 i7To recover the material or energy resources from the waste. ii7To neutralise the waste. iii7To reduce the volume of waste. <3 W,1) #/ 1$ -5!1$ )!-,$'5';47 $lean technology is an integrated preventive environmental and business strategy which uses fewer raw materials, less energy and generate less waste than an e,isting

technology. +t produces products and provide services at a higher efficiency ,increased profitability and reduces ris! to the environment. <0 W,1) 1&! ),! 1*%1$)1;!/ '" -5!1$ )!-,$'5';47 i7+t helps to use fewer raw materials and energy and generate less waste. ii7+t helps to ensure wor!er safety. iii7+t reduce the impacts for products along the entire life cycle from material e,traction to disposal. <2 W,1) 1&! ),! /)!./ )' :! )1I!$ )' #(.5!(!$) -5!1$!& .&'*6-)#'$ #$ 1$ #$*6/)&4 i7Inderta!e environment review and create the awareness of environmental issues. ii7Establish environmental policy duly ac!nowledged by the e,ecutive officer. iii7 $arry out environmental audit on suppliers of services. <3 W,1) *' 6 (!1$ :4 !$* '" .#.! 1..&'1-,7 +n this case waste treatment is done at the end of pipe :ie7 after the manufacturing process is over. <teps are ta!en to mininise the waste during the manufacturing processes and also the generated wastes are not reused. Therefore ,the waste treatment alone is called End of )ipe approach. <8 W,1) #/ !$%#&'$(!$)15 +1/)! 16*#)7 The most important process, which reveals the actual generation of waste in an industrial unit, is the waste audit. << W,1) 1&! ),! #(.'&)1$) .'#$)/ '" ;''* +1/)! 16*#)7 i7 'elp set targets for waste reduction. ii7 +ncrease !nowledge of the production process. iii7'elp to improve process efficiency. <= H'+ ),! +1/)! 16*#) #/ *#%#*!*7 a7 )re assessment b7 6aterial balance c7 <ynthesis. => W,1) #/ *#/.'/157 *isposal is the discharge, deposit, inFection, dumping, spiling, lea!ing or placing of waste in to or any land, water or air. =1 W,1) #/ /)1$*1&* '" .!&"'&(1$-!7 The minimum allowable concentration of each chemical agent in a waste water or effluent that is prepared by suitable acts or amendments is called standard performance.

J". W,1) #/ ),! ':H!-)#%! &'5! '" /)1$*1&*/ '" .!&"'&(1$-! #$ ),! -'$)&'5 '" .'556)#'$K The standards of performance function to monitor and assess the overall concentration of to,ic pollutants in the effluent and enable the analyst or investigators to chec! whether the prescribed limit of those pollutants do not e,ceed the allowable level. =3 M!$)#'$ ),! /)1$*1&*/ '" 1 "!+ -,!(#-15 .1&1(!)!&/ #$ ),! '#5 &!"#$!&4 #$*6/)&4 . )h en ol ".<ulde (.#8* at "--c =.<uspended solids -.2 !g5 --- tones of crude processed -.(. !g5 --- tones of crude processed -.. !g5 --- tones of crude processed = !g5 --- tones of crude processed

=0 M!$)#'$ ),! /)1$*1&*/ '" 1 "!+ -,!(#-15 .1&1(!)!&/ #$ ),! -'))'$ )!?)#5! #$*6/)&4 .p' ".<uspended solids (.#8* at "-- c =.<ulphides ..Total chromium content ... to J.-- mg5lit .- mg5lit ".- mg5lit ".- mg5lit

=3 W,1) 1&! ),! !5!(!$)/ '" +1/)! (#$#(#/1)#'$ /)&1)!;47 a. Heduction at source b. Hecycle5Heuse c. Treatment d. *isposal. =8 W,1) 1&! ),! .'//#:5! /'56)#'$/ '" +1/)! *#/.'/157 i7+nstall a fume incinerator. ii7+nstall a condenser to recover the solvent for reuse =< W,1) #/ MINAS7 Effluent standards were designed on techno economic grounds caled the 6inimal >ational <tandards == W,1) #/ LSS7

Effluent standards are calculated on the basis of the assimilative capacity of the receiving environment, caled the &ocation <pecific <tandard 1>> W,1) 1&! ),! '.!&1)#'$/ #$-56*!* #$ ETP7 The operations included in ET):effluent Treatment )lants7 are i7#lending ii7E1uali3ation iii7>eutrali3ation iv7)recipitation v7$hemical or #iological 8,idation 1>1 D!"#$! E$%#&'$(!$)15 I(.1-) A//!//(!$) Environmental +mpact Assessment :E+A7 can be defined as the systematic identification and evaluation of the potential impacts :effects7 of proposed proFects, plans, programs, or legislative actions relative to the physical-chemical, biological, cultural, and socioeconomic components of the total environment. 1>2 W&#)! *'+$ ),! ':H!-)#%! '" EIA: The obFective of Environmental +mpact Assessment :E+A7 is to ensure that environmental aspects are addressed and potential problems are foreseen at the appropriate stage of proFect design. E+A should be envisaged as an integral part of the planning process and initiated at the proFect level from the start. 1>3 W,1) #/ ),! $!!* '" EIA7 Al the developmental activities are proposed to facilitate the public. For that the resources are used more and that may alter and affect the environmental parameters. 'ence this E+A is carried out in order to ensure the depletion of resources and the alterations and ef ects on the 1uality of environmental parameters. 1>0 W,1) 1&! ),! ;'15/ '" EIA7 The goals of E+A are% $onservation of resources. 6inimi3ation of wastes. Hecovery of by-products. Itili3ation of efficient e1uipments. 1>2 L#/) ),! I!4 !5!(!$)/ '" EIA 8rgani3ing the Fob. Assessment performance. )reparation of Environmental +mpact <tatement. Heviewing of Environmental +mpact <tatement. Approval of )lan with or without modifications. 1>3 D!"#$! E$%#&'$(!$)15 I(.1-) S)1)!(!$) JEISG An Environmental +mpact <tatement :E+<7 is a detailed written statement which serves as an action-forcing device, provides full and fair discussion of

significant environmental impacts and must inform the decision ma!ers and public the reasonable alternatives which would avoid or minimi3e adverse impacts or enhance the 1uality of human environment. -2. W&#)! *'+$ ),! )4.!/ '" EIA% There are two types of E+A. i. Hapid E+A ii. $omprehensive E+A Hapid E+A is done 1uic!ly based on one season data whereas $omprehensive E+A will be detail and normally ta!es at least one year for its preparation. 1>< W&#)! *'+$ /'(! '" ),! :!$!"#)/ '" EIA: The benefits of the E+A are, Heduce cost and time of proFect implementation +ncrease proFect acceptance and improve proFect performance. Avoid impacts and violations of laws and legislations. +mproved human health and maintenance of biodiversity. *ecreased resource use and fewer conflicts over natural resource use.

1>= W&#)! *'+$ ),! (1H'& ':H!-)#%!/ '" ISO 10>>> /!&#!/: The maFor obFectives of +<8 =--- series is to promote more effective and efficient environmental management in organi3ation and to provide useful and usable tools-ones that are cost-effective, system based, fle,ible and reflect the best organi3ational practices available for gathering, interpreting and communicating environmentally relevant information. The intended end result is the improvement of environmental performance. 11> W&#)! *'+$ ),! /6:H!-)/ -'%!&!* 6$*!& %1&#'6/ ISO 10>>> : +<8 =--- E =--J % Environmental 6anagement <ystems +<8 =- - E =- J % Environmental Audit +<8 =-"- E =-"J % Environmental &abeling +<8 =-(- E =-(J % Environmental )erformance Evaluation +<8 =-=- E =-=J % &ife $ycle Assessment +<8 =-.- E =-.J % Terms and *efinitions +<8 =-/- % Environmental Aspects in )roduct <tand 111 W&#)! *'+$ ),! I!4 &!B6#&!(!$)/ /.!-#"#!* 6$*!& ISO 10>>>: The !ey re1uirements specified under +<8 =--- are, vi. Environment access vii. )lanning viii. +mplementation and operation

i,. $hec!ing and corrective action ,. 6anagement review 112 W&#)! $')!/ '$ P&!-16)#'$1&4 P&#$-#.5!: The precautionary principle emphasi3es that we should plan a margin of safety for error or surprises in natural systems. +n other words, when human health or the environment are threatened, precautionary measures should be ta!en even if cause-andeffect relationships are not fully established scientifically. 113 W,1) #/ ),! :!$!"#-#1&4 .14/ .&#$-#.5!7 According to this principle, the people who get benefited due to an activity, which increases the pollution, should pay for that. 110 W,1) *' 4'6 I$'+ 1:'6) &#/I (1$1;!(!$)7 His! management is a process of resolving various policies regarding acceptable ris!. +t consists of ris! assessment and ris! control. 112 D!"#$! &#/I 1//!//(!$)7 His! management is defined as the process of identifying, 1uantifying and evaluating the ris!. . +t contains ris! determination and ris! evaluation. 113 W,1) 1&! ),! 1-)#%#)#!/ -'%!&!* #$ &#/I 1//!//(!$)7 His! identification. His! estimation. His! acceptance. His! aversion. 118 W&#)! $')!/ '$ P'556)!& P14/ P&#$-#.5!: The basic environment law of the land re1uires that a polluter bear the remedial or clean-up costs as well as the amount payable to compensate the victims of pollution. This is !nown as the polluter pays principle. The principle becomes effective with Environmental &aw. 11< W,1) 1&! ),! 5#(#)1)#'$/ '" P'556)!&-P14/ P&#$-#.5!7 . The polluter pay ta,es would be used to enrich government funds, not to compensate those who were harmed by the pollution. ". The pollution control boards are in no position to assess the actual costs imposed by pollution. )ollution ta,es enacted through the political process are li!ely to reflect political priorities rather than environmental ones 11= C'(.1&! 1$* -'$)&1/) .'556)!& .14/ .&#$-#.5! +#), :!$!"#-#1&4 .14/ .&#$-#.5!

+n case of the polluter pays principle, the polluter is responsible and he should pay for his action. 4hereas, incase of the beneficiary pays principle, the benefited persons should pay for enFoying a clean and safe environment. There is no need to pay by the polluters according to this principle. 12> W&#)! *'+$ ),! -'(.'$!$)/ '" E$%#&'$(!$)15 L1+: Environmental &aw includes official rules, decisions and actions concerning environmental 1uality, natural resources and ecological sustainability. 121 W,1) 1&! ),! (1H'& -'$/)#)6)#'$15 .&'%#/#'$/ #$ I$*#1 "'& !$%#&'$(!$)15 .&')!-)#'$7 Article =2. Article =0-A. Article . -A :g7. Article ".(. 122 S)1)! ),! A&)#-5!-08 '" ),! I$*#1$ C'$/)#)6)#'$ Article =2 of the $onstitution states that, LThe <tate is to ensure as its primary duty of, .Haising standard of living of its people, ".To increase the level of nutrition of the people, (.To bring improvement in public healthL. 123 S)1)! ),! A&)#-5! 0<-A '" ),! I$*#1$ C'$/)#)6)#'$ Article =0-A of the $onstitution states that, Lthe <tate shall endeavor for protection and improvement of the environment and for safeguarding the forest and wild life and improving the natural environment of the countryL. 120 S)1)! ),! A&)#-5! 21-AJ;G '" ),! I$*#1$ C'$/)#)6)#'$ According to Article . -A:g7 of the $onstitution, it shall be the duty of every citi3en of +ndia Mto protect and improve the natural environment including forests, la!es, rivers ,and wild life and to have compassion for living creaturesM. 122 S)1)! ),! A&)#-5! 223 '" ),! I$*#1$ C'$/)#)6)#'$ Article ".( of the $onstitution empowers the parliament to ma!e laws regarding preserving the environment. +t states MThe parliament has power to ma!e any law for the whole or any part of the territory of +ndia for implementing any treaty, agreement or convention with any other country or countries or any decision made at any international conference, association or other bodyM. 123 L#/) ),! (1H'& !$%#&'$(!$)15 -'$%!$)#'$/ '" 2>), -!$)6&4 .4orld summit on sustainable development ".The Earth <ummit (.4orld conference on women.

128 N1(! /'(! '" ),! 1-)/ !$1-)!* :4 ),! I$*#1$ G'%!&$(!$) )' .&')!-) ),! !$%#&'$(!$) .The 4ater :prevention and control of pollution7 Act J2= ".The 4ater :prevention and control of pollution7 $ess Act J22 (.The Air :prevention and control of pollution7 Act J0 =.The Environment :protection7 Act J0/ ..The )ublic &iability +nsurance Act JJ . 12< W,1) 1&! ),! -'(('$ ':H!-)#%!/ '" !$%#&'$(!$)15 5!;#/51)#'$7 All the Acts were enacted to achieve the following% .To control further damage to the environment and ecosystem ".To conserve the environment (.To restore the environment in areas damaged including such measures as reclamation of degraded land. =.To create authorities to administer the policy and contents of the legislation. ..To provide penalties and prosecution for violation of laws. 12= L#/) ),! (1H'& !$%#&'$(!$)15 .&')'-'5/ '" 2>), -!$)6&4 .Nyoto protocol ".6ontreal protocol. 13> W&#)! $')!/ '$ NGO/: The groups wor!ing for social changes are called >on-;overnmental 8rgani3ations :>;8s7. 4hen the activities are concerned with environmental issues they are called environmental >;8s. 131 W&#)! $')!/ '$ KG&!!$ P!1-!L: ;reen peace is one of the largest >;8s in the world with ./ million contributing members, carries out well-publicised confrontations with to,ic waste dumpers, seal hunters and others who threaten very specific and visible resources. 132 L#/) /'(! '" ),! NGO/ 1%1#51:5! #$ I$*#1 .4orld 4ide Fund for >ature +ndia. ".+ndian Environmental Association, 6umbai. (.Environmental <ociety of +ndia :E<+7, $handigarh. =.<astra!alayatha, Nerala. ..$.).Hamaswami Ayer Environmental Education $entre. /.$entre for Environmental Education, Ahmedabad. 2.Friends of Hiver >armada. 0.6adras Environmental <ociety, $hennai. J.E!lavya, 6adhya )radesh. -.<EAH$', #angalore.

133 H'+ *'!/ ),! -'((6$#)4 .1&)#-#.1)#'$ #$%'5%! #$ .&')!-)#$; ),! !$%#&'$(!$)7 $ommunity participation re1uires involvement in several areas% .#etter theoretical !nowledge about the environmental information :both <cientific and traditional7 ".#etter practical guidelines and tools are need. (.#etter educational support. =.Ethical inconsistencies in environmental decision-ma!ing are illuminated and !ept to a minimum. 130 W&#)! /,'&) $')!/ '$ ),! ,#/)'&4 '" #(.5!(!$)1)#'$ '" #$)!&$1)#'$15 )&!1)#!/ 1$* -'$%!$)#'$/ 8ver the past ". years, more than 2- treaties and conventions have been negotiated to protect our global environment. These are mainly designed to regulate the following activities% (. +ntercontinental shipping of ha3ardous waste =. Heforestation .. 8ver-fishing /. Trade in endangered species 2. ;lobal warming and 0. 4ildlife protection. 132 M!$)#'$ ),! /)1$*1&*/ #$ EPR: There are three types of standards mentioned in Environment )rotection Hules :E)H7, a. Source standards, which re1uire the polluter to restrict the emission and discharge of environmental pollutants at source. b. Product standards, which fi, the pollution norms for new manufactured products such as car. c. Ambient standards, to set ma,imum pollutant loads in the air and to guide regulation on the environmental 1uality that ought to be maintained for healthy living. 133 W&#)! $')!/ '$ !$%#&'$(!$)15 51+ #$ 1$-#!$) .!&#'* #$ I$*#1: )roduction, conservation and Fudicious use of natural resources were the ancient approach. +t was *harma of each individual in the society to protect the natural resources. )eople worshipped the obFects of nature. The trees, the water, the land and the animals gains important position in the ancient time. 138 W&#)! *'+$ ),! .6&.'/! '" T,! W1)!& JP&!%!$)#'$ 1$* C'$)&'5 '" P'556)#'$G A-)9 1=80 The purpose of The 4ater Act is ?to provide for the prevention and control of water pollution and the maintenance or restoring wholesomeness of water for the establishment, with a view to and carrying out the purpose of aforesaid of #oards for the prevention and control of water pollution, for conferring on and assigning to such #oards powers and functions relating thereto and for matters connected therewith@.

13< A--'&*#$; )' T,! A#& JP&!%!$)#'$ 1$* C'$)&'5 '" P'556)#'$G A-)9 1=<1 *!"#$! 1#& .'556)1$): The Air Act was passed for the ?prevention, control and abatement of air pollution@. This law defined an air pollutant as ?any solid, li1uid or gaseous substance present in the atmosphere in such concentration as may be or tend to be inFurious to human beings or other living creatures or plants or property or environment@. 13= M!$)#'$ /'(! #(.'&)1$) "!1)6&!/ '" E$%#&'$(!$)15 JP&')!-)#'$G A-)9 1=<3: <ome important features of the Environmental :)rotection7 Act, J0/ are J. Hegulating the handling of ha3ardous substances 10. 'as power to order the closure of the non co-operative industry. 11. Ta!e all necessary steps to protect and improve the 1uality of environment. 10> W&#)! $')!/ '$ M1$6"1-)6&!9 S)'&1;! 1$* I(.'&) '" H1@1&*'6/ -,!(#-15 R65!/9 1=<= These rules are applicable to three different types of flammable substances and about =.- ha3ardous chemicals. The importers of ha3ardous chemicals should inform the #oard authorities of the below given details within (- days, The place of entry in +ndia The name of address of the importer 6ode of transport The 1uality of the chemicals

UNIT I 13-MARK
. a. E,plain the effects of *eforestation and over utili3ation of ground water :07 b. 4hat are the measures recommended for conservation of natural resourcesK :07 ". a. E,plain briefly the various methods of harvesting solar energy :07 b. 4rite a note on tidal power :(7 c. 4rite briefly on the 'ydrologic cycle :.7 (. a. 4hat is the role of an individual in the conservation of natural resources :07 b. *iscuss the +ndian scenario in solar energy utili3ation and development :07 =. a. *iscus the conse1uence of overdrawing of ground water :07 b. E,plain the effects of over utili3ation of surface water :07 . .. a. *iscuss the development of modern agriculture and its effect :07 b. E,plain the Adverse effects of Agricultural )ractices away from the farm :07 /. a. &ist and discuss the causes of land degradation. :07 b. >ame and discuss the factors that influence soil erosion :07 2. a. E,plain in details the scope and importance of environment :07 b. >ame and discuss the two maFor food problems :07
.NI!)II 16)MAR/S

1, a, 0rie12' discuss t3e structura2 and 1unctiona2 com+onents o1 an ecos'stem 456 b, E7+2ain t3e 1o22owin8 4i6 9orest ecos'stem 4ii6 Eco2o8ica2 succession 456 2, a, State t3e 1our com+onents o1 ecos'stem 4:6 b, $iscuss ener8' 12ow in t3e ecos'stem 4:6 c, ;rite brie12' on t'+es o1 1ood c3ain 4:6 d, E7+2ain eco2o8ica2 *'ramids 4:6 &, a, $iscuss t3e 1our kinds o1 di<ersit' 4:6 b, ;rite a note on measurin8 0iodi<ersit' 4:6

c, ;3' biodi<ersit' is ric3 in t3e tro+ics 4:6 d, ;3at are t3e causes o1 1or 2oss o1 0iodi<ersit' 4:6 :, ;rite s3ort notes on t3e 1o22owin8 a, *ond ecos'stem 4:6 b, !3reats to biodi<ersit' 4:6 c, Nitro8en c'c2e 4:6 d, In)situ & E7)situ conser<ation4:6 =, E7+2ain t3e 1o22owin8 a, A>uatic ecos'stem 4:6 b, E11ects o1 e7tractin8 minera2 resources 4:6 c, #arbon c'c2e 4:6 d, Structure o1 atmos+3ere 4:6 6, a, $iscuss t3e t3reats 1aced b' Indian 0iodi<ersit' 456 b, E7+2ain 4i6 Red $ata book 4ii6 0iodi<ersit' at 82oba2 2e<e2456 ?, a, ;3at are t3e t3reats to biodi<ersit'@ E7+2ain,456 b, #om+are and contrast In)situ and E7)situ conser<ation,456

.NI!) & 16)MAR/S 1, E7+2ain t3e causesA e11ects and contro2 measures o1 water +o22ution 4166 2, a, ;3at are t3e e11ects o1 im+ro+er munici+a2 so2id waste mana8ement@ 456 b State t3e measures recommended 1or +ro+er mana8ement o1 t3e so2id wastes456 &, ;3at are t3e major +o22utants o1 atmos+3ere@ Enumerate t3e ad<erse e11ects caused b' t3e +o22utants 4166

:, $iscuss t3e causes and e11ects o1 t3e 1o22owin8 45B56 4i6 %2oba2 warmin8 4ii6 Acid rain =, a, E7+2ain t3e e11ects o1 # A S(2A C'drocarbons and c3romium on 3uman bein8s 456 b, E7+2ain t3e e11ects o1 nuc2ear and radiation +o22ution 456 6, a, E7+2ain 03o+a2 %as tra8ed' 456 b, ;3at is meant b' rain water 3ar<estin8@ ;3' it is necessar' nowada's@ 456 ?, ;3at is eart3>uake@ Enumerate its e11ects, ;3at measures s3ou2d be taken to miti8ate t3is $isaster@ 4166 5, ;3at are t3e causesA e11ects and contro2 measures o1 marine +o22ution@ 4166 D, E7+2ain t3e ro2e o1 an indi<idua2 in t3e +re<ention o1 +o22ution, 4166 1(, ;3at are t3e causesA e11ects and contro2 measures o1 air +o22ution 4166

.NI!)IV 16)MAR/S

1 a, $iscuss t3e objecti<es 1or +re<ention o1 3aEardous wastes 456 b, ;rite a note on inte8rated waste2and de<e2o+ment +ro8ram 456 2, a, ;rite s3ort notes on 45B56 4 i6 En<ironmenta2 et3ics 4ii6 ;aste 2and Rec2amation &, State t3e im+ortant +ro<isions in En<ironmenta2 *rotection actA Air Act and

water Act 4166

:, a, $iscuss t3e a8enda 1or sustainab2e de<e2o+ment 456 b, ;rite in detai2 about 82oba2 warmin8 456 =, a, E7+2ain t3e mec3anism o1 oEone 2a'er de+2etion 466 b, ;rit brie12' on t3e communit' +artici+ation in en<ironment in +ro8rams 4:6 c, $iscuss brie12' on t3e Indian en<ironmenta2 acts 466 6, a, ;3at is meant b' rain water 3ar<estin8@ ;3' it is necessar' nowada's@ 456 b, ;rite t3e 1actors t3at in12uence t3e sustainab2e and unsustainab2e act 456 ?, a, E7+2ain 1orest conser<ation act 456 b, E7+2ain nuc2ear accidents and nuc2ear 3o2ocaust 456 .NI!)V 16)MAR/S 1,a, %i<e an account o1 +o+u2ation e7+2osion,456 b, E7+2ain t3e im+acts o1 +o+u2ation 8rowt3 456 2,a, $iscuss t3e en<ironmenta2 and socia2 im+acts o1 8rowin8 +o+u2ation, 456 b, ;rite brie12' on im+2ementation o1 1ami2' +2annin8 +ro8ram, 456 &, a, ;rite an essa' on en<irom11ent and 3uman 3ea2t3, 456 b, E7+2ain about 3uman ri83ts, 456 :, a, E7+2ain <a2ue education, 456 b, Cow to im+2ement <a2ue education success1u22'@ 456 =, a, ;rite s3ort notes on AI$S, 456 b, E7+2ain t3e contro2 met3ods o1 AI$S, 456 6, a, ;rite an essa' on women and c3i2d we21are, 456

b, E7+2ain t3e ro2e o1 I,! on en<ironment and 3uman 3ea2t3, 456

?, a, E7+2ain t3e im+ortance o1 3uman education, 456 b, ;3at is +o+u2ation dis+ersion@ E7+2ain, 4:6 c, ;3at is AI$S@ Cow to +re<ent it@ 4:6