Probability 1.

Random unbiased experiment: Any experiment having a finite number of outcomes each of which is equally likely to occur but cannot be predicted in advance is known as a random experiment.The experiment is said to be unbiased if it is conducted in a fair manner i.e without any manipulation 2. Sample space: The set of all possible outcomes of any random experiment is known as its sample space.It is denoted by S eg for a coin tossing experiment S={H,T}.The number of elements in the sample space set is denoted by n(S).Therefore for above example,n(S)=2 3. Event : Any favourable outcome is known as an event. The set of all the favourable outcomes of any random experiment is known as its event set. Events are denoted by any capital alphabet except s. In general if E is tge event then the number of elements in the event set is denoted by n(E) 4. Complementary event: The occurences which are unfavourable constitute the complementary event. The set of all unfavourable outcomes of any random experiment constitute the complementary event set.

In eneral it is denoted as 5. Probability : It is defined as the ratio of favourable outcomes to the total number of outcomes for any random experiment. It is denoted in general as P(E) Thus ,mathematically ,P(E)= Similarly P(E)=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Where E is the complementary event of event E 6. Statistical definition of probability: Let E be an event.Let an experiment be performed n times under essentially the same conditions and let the event occur exactly r times durin this process. Then,P(E)= ( )

7.Two results on probability: i. For any event on the sample space s 0P( )1 i.e probability is always a positive proper fraction. If P(E) =0,then event is said to be an impossible event. If P(E) =1,then event is said to be sure or certain event.

ii. For any event E on the sample space S,P(E)+P(E)= 1 THEREFORE P( )= 1 P( )

8.Compound events: A subset of a sample space containing atleast two events is called a compound or composite event.It is also called as a mixed event.They are also referred to as decomposable events. 9. Union of events: Let A and B be two events related to a random experiment .Then the event A or B denoted by A B is known asa union of eventsand is said to occur when A or B or both occur. Note:P(A B) max{P(A) P(B)} Thus P(A B)= probability that atleast one of the events occurs 10. Intersection of events: Let A and B be two events related to a random experiment .Then the event A and B denoted by A B is known as a intersection of events and is said to occur when A and B both occur.

Note:P(A B) min{P(A) P(B)} Thus P(A B)= probability of simultaneous occurrence of both the events 11.Mutually exclusive events: Events are said to be mutually exclusive if occurrence of one prevents the occurrence of al the remaining ones.Let A and B be any events,then if both A and B cannot happen at the same time we say that A and B are both mutually exclusive events. Mathematically ,for mutually exclusive events, A B= i.e P(A B)= 0

12.Mutually exhaustive events:If an experiment is performed ,a set of events is said to be exhaustive if one event of the set must necessarily occur as the outcome of the experiment. Suppose A and B are two events on a sample space S and A B=S, then A and B are said to be exhaustive events. Hence E and E are mutually exhaustive and exclusive events. Note: For any event E, E E =S and E E=

13.Addition theorem of probability: Let A and B some events on the sample space S. Let P(A B) denote the probability of occurrence of atleast one of the events A and B. Let P(A B) denote the probability of simultaneous occurrence of A and B then, P(A B)=P(A)+P(B)- P(A B) This is known as addition theorem. Similarly for 3 events A,B,C we have P(A B C)= P(A)+P(B)+P(C)-P(A B)-P(B C)P(C A)+P(A B C) 14.Conditional probability: Let A and B be certain events on sample space S.The occurrence of event A when it is known that event B has already occurred is known as conditional probabilityof the event A and is denoted as P(A/B) Similarly we can define P(B/A) i.e conditional probability of event B. 15.Multiplication theorem of probability or Theorem of compound probability: If A and B are two events then, P(A B)=P(A).P(B/A) if P(A)>0

=P(B).P(A/B) if

P(B)>0

Thus from this theorem we have: P(B/A)=

( ( ) )

and P(A/B)=

( ( )

16. Independent events: Events are said to be independent if the probability of occurrence of one does not not depend upon the occurrence or non- occurrence of remaining events. P(A B)=P(A).P(B) If two events A and B are independent then A and B,A and B as well as A and B are independent. Three events A,B and C are said to be pair wise independent if P(A B)=P(A).P(B) P(B C)=P(B).P(C) P(C A)=P(C).P(A) These events are said to be mutually independent if P(A B C)= P(A).P(B).P(C) in addition to the above three conditions.

17.De-Mor ans law: For any two events A and B on sample space S i. P(AUB)=P(A B)=1-P(A B) ii. P(A B)=P(AUB)=1-P(AUB) These are known as De-Mor ans laws. It should also be noted that: i. P(A)=P(A B)+P(A B) ii. P(B)=P(A B)+P(A B)