HTS - Roebel para Altas Corrientes

KIT University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and
National Research Center of the Helmholtz Association

KARLSRUHE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INSTITUTE FOR TECHNICAL PHYSICS
www.kit.edu
HTS Roebel and Rutherford Cables
for High-Current Applications
S.I. Schlachter, W. Goldacker, F. Grilli, R. Heller, A. Kudymow, R. Nast, S.Terzieva
Institute for Technical Physics 2 23.06.2010
Outline
Introduction
Why do we need cables?
Examples of existing cables:
Low-temperature superconductors
High-temperature superconductors
Application case: magnets for fusion reactors
ITER
DEMO?
HTS Roebel cables
Rutherford cables with Roebel strands
Concept
Tape properties
Bending experiments
Striations to reduce hysteresis losses
Conclusions and Outlook
Dr. Sonja Schlachter HTS Roebel and Rutherford Cables for High-Current Applications
5. Braunschweiger Supraleiterseminar, 23.-24. Juni 2010
Outline
Introduction
ITER
DEMO?
HTS Roebel cables
Concept
Tape properties
Bending experiments
High-Current Conductors:
Why superconducting cables ?
High current-carrying capability
(large cross section and high
flexibility)
Reduction of ac losses
small filament size
Possible applications:
High-field magnets with low
induction (e.g. fusion reactors)
Accelerator magnets
Busbars
Transformers
Motors, Generators
IOP Superconductivity Group Seminar Development and Applications of HTS Conductors, London
4 MVA HTSL
Generator
(SIEMENS)
ITER TF Cable
Bi2223-Roebel-cable
Types of Superconducting Cables for Magnets
Gerard Willering, Thesis (2009), ISBN 978-90-365-2817-7
Rope Type:
Mainly applied in Cable-in-
Conduit Conductors, e.g. in
ITER coils
Braid Type:
Similar to Rutherford
cables, but more
vulnerable to forces applied
to broad surface
Rutherford Type:
High packing factor, good
stacking possibilities
Nuclotron Type:
Inner tube or helix for
forced flow of coolant
Roebel Type:
Similar to Rutherford
cables but tape remaining
in one plane.
Suitable for HTS
Examples for superconducting cables
Nb
3
Sn ITER TF Cable MgB
2
Cables, KIT
BSCCO Roebel Cable, Siemens REBCO Rutherford Cable,
Oak Ridge - Ultera
NbTi, LCT + NET
Outline
Introduction
ITER
DEMO?
HTS Roebel cables
Concept
Tape properties
Bending experiments
Magnetic Plasma Confinement in Fusions
reactors
Tokamak:
Transformer induces plasma current
E.g. ITER (Cadarache), JT-60SA
Stellarator
Helical magnetic field
without plasma current
E.g. W7-X, Greifswald
The ITER LTS Magnet System
Toroidal Field
Coil
Central Solenoid
Coils
Poloidal Field
Coils
Correction Coils
Purpose
Plasma
Confinement
Transformer
Plasma current
Pinch Plasma
away from walls
Plasma shape
and stability
Correction of
error field
harmonics
Number of Coils 18 6 6 18 (9 pairs)
Material Nb
3
Sn Nb
3
Sn NbTi NbTi
Temperature 4.5 K 4.5 K 4.5 K 4.5 K
Peak Field 11.8 T 13 T 6 T 4T
Current 68 kA ~ 45 kA
45 kA
(52 kA backup
mode)
7.5 kA
Energy 41 GJ 6.4 GJ 4 GJ
Weight 6540 t 974 t 2163 t 85 t
Conductor
Length
82.2 km
(strand length
150 000 km)
35.6 km 61.4 km 8.2 km
N. Mitchell, Matefu Spring Training school superconducting magnets
April 05 -09, 2009 , Le Chteau CEA Cadarache 13108 St Paul Lez Durance France
M. Huguet et al., Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 41, No. 10 (2001)
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Why HTS for fusion magnets beyond ITER?
LTS solution HTS solution
4.5 K 80 K 4.5 K 65 K 80 K
Circulation,
torus & NBI cryo
pumps
12 MW - 12 MW - -
Magnet system 7 MW - - 3 MW 5 MW
Thermal shield - 14 MW - - -
The higher T
OP
the higher the efficiency!
Estimation of electrical power consumption for cooling of
superconducting magnets that can be operated at 65 K:
Electrical power saving: 13 MW (~ 40%)
Complex radiation shield can be avoided
Reduction of complexity
Decrease of reactor size
J.L Duchateau et al., R. Heller et al., EFDA Contract TW4-TMS-HTSMAG
Outline
Introduction
ITER
DEMO?
HTS Roebel cables
Concept
Tape properties
Bending experiments
The ROEBEL bar, an assembling
method for low AC loss cables
Patent (1912) of Ludwig Roebel BBC
(STOTZ) Mannheim for low loss
generator Cu-Cables in power
generators
Invented for generator Cu-cables,
already applied for NbTi-LCT coils, NET,
BSCCO-cable (SIEMENS)
The ROEBEL bar concept for cabling
Ludwig Roebel, born at
Kusel May 6th, 1878.
ROEBEL Assembled Coated Conductors
Sequential assembling to RACC
structure
Cable No.1 from THEVA DyBCO-CC
W. Goldacker et al. EUCAS-2005 Journal of Physics, Conf Series, Vol 43, 2006 p. 901
2 kA class Coated Conductor ROEBEL cable
Width: 12 mm
Length: 1.1 m
45 tapes (15 stacks 3 tapes)
Transposition length: 188 mm
I
c
(77K, s.f.) = 2628 A
(criterion 5V/cm)
Outline
Introduction
ITER
DEMO?
HTS Roebel cables
Concept
Tape properties
Bending experiments
Rutherford cable from CC ROEBEL strands
Current carrying capability > 20 kA (B > 0, T< 77 K ) ?
Large magnets: nuclear fusion (DEMO), accelerators
~50 mm
Roebel strands
Multi stacking of tapes to enhance I
c
:
Samples
No. of
punched
tapes
Thick-ness
(mm)
I
c
(A)
DC,s.f.
77 K
Roebel
(14x1)
14 1 465
Roebel
(13x3)
39 2.7 1120
Roebel
(10x5)
50 3.8 1320
14 strands 14 strands
39 39
strands strands
50 50
strands strands
50strands 50strands
3 Roebel cables with different numbers of punched tapes
Width 4 mm
transposition length: 109 mm
Transport ac-loss measurements performed at IEE Bratislava:
Transport losses of Roebel cables are significantly smaller than of bar
with same cross section (transposition!)
S. Terzieva et al. Superc.Sci. and Technology 23 (2010) 014023
Strand test in full-size Rutherford cable model
Roebel Strand:
Width: 4 mm
Transposition length 120 mm
16 punched tapes
(old SuperPower CC with I
c
~ 85 A)
15 mm
50 mm
Cooling gas channel ?
Rutherford Cable:
Al former:
Width: 50 mm, height: 15 mm
Transposition length 340 mm
Transposition angle 20
Width of grooves: 4.5 mm
1 superconducting strand in model /
20 strands possible
Transport current test before and after assembling
Result:
No degradation
observed!
Feasibility of
approach obvious
and promising !!!
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
50
100
150
Roebel strand straigth:
U
total
with current feeds
U
sc, calc.
without resistive part
Roebel strand on Rutherford support structure:
U
total
with current feeds
U
sc, calc.
without resistive part
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
[
V
]
Current [ A ]
straight
Rutherford
Specifications
Size (strand / cable): 4 x 3 mm / 15 x 50 mm
Twist (strand / cable): 120 mm / 340 mm
Number of Roebel strands : 20 strands 50 punched tapes
Extrapolation:
I
c
of single punched tapes (@77K, self field: ~ 55 A)
I
c
(50 K, 10 T) ~ 0.3 I
c
(77K, self field)
Expected current for cable: ~ 16.5 kA (T = 50 K and B = 10 T)
Rough estimation of current carrying potential
of a CC-Rutherford cable with ROEBEL strands
50 tapes 50 tapes
x 20 x 20
Y.-Y. Xie et al. ;
2009 KEPRI-EPRI Joint
Superconductivity Conference,
Nov 16-19, 2009 Daejeon,
South Korea
Properties of Rutherford cable:
10 Roebel cables,
each with 10 punched tapes
Width of former: 25 mm
Height of former: 10 mm
Twist pitch: ~184 mm
Subsize Coated Conductor Rutherford Cable
Properties of Roebel Strands:
CC from SuperPower
original tape width: 4 mm
I
c
of original tapes (77 K, s.f.): > 135 A
Width of punched tapes: 2 mm
Twist pitch Roebel cable: 113 mm
Strand-length (excl. joints): ~ 476 mm
Field dependence of I
c
in original tapes
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
B || tape surface
B _|_ tape surface
68 K
70 K
SP-KIT-20091215-2:
REBCO: 4 mm wide
B
||
o
B
B
_|_
I
c
(
A
)
B (mT)
77 K
Angular dependence of I
c
in original tapes
I
c,min
and I
c,max
not in perpendicular and parallel orientation: doping!
-120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
B
||
o
B
B
_|_
T = 68 K:
500 mT
T = 77 K:
50 mT
100 mT
200 mT
500 mT
I
c
(
A
)
o ()
SP-KIT-20091215-2:
REBCO: 4 mm wide
I
c
-measurement of Roebel Cable
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
Current (A)
Roebel Cable with 10 Strands, 4 mm width
Distance of Voltage Taps on Strands: 2x l
twist-pitch
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
Current (A)
E=1 V/cm
Torsion + Bending in Rutherford Winding:
angle
Rutherford winding of strands causes
simultaneous torsion + bending
Test of torsion + bending properties of
tapes and Roebel cables
|
0 20 40 60 80 100
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
0 20 40 60 80
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1.00
I
c
(
|
)
/
I
c
(
|
=
0
)
Rutherford winding angle | ()
REBCO tape, 4 mm width:
d = 5 mm
d = 10 mm
irreversible
I
c
(
|
)
/
I
c
(
|
=
0
)
REBCO tape, 4 mm width:
d = 10 mm
reversible
Torsion + Bending in Rutherford Winding:
Stresses due to Torsion and Bending
Torsion Bending
Longitudinal strain (tensile, compressive) Longitudinal strain (tensile, compressive,
depending on boundary conditions /
neutral axis)
+
Shear stresses
Cable destroyed due to soldering close to bending area.
Measurement of cable-I
c
difficult!
Torsion-Bending of Roebel Cable
0 20 40 60 80
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
I
c
(
|
)
/
I
c
(
|
=
0
)
REBCO Roebel Cable, 4 mm width:
d = 10 mm
Measurement results Cable after torsion + bending
solder
Joint resistance leads to inhomogeneous
current distribution in Roebel cables
I
c
measurements difficult, especially for short
cables
Jointing on long length necessary
Good bending properties as long as strands
are free to move in cable direction:
Large distance between step-overs
Soldering or glueing after winding
Edge-to-edge distance of Rutherfordcable
twist pitch of Roebel cable
Rutherford Cables with Roebel Strands
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
Current (A)
Roebel Cable with 10 Strands, 4 mm width
Distance of Voltage Taps on Strands: 2x l
twist-pitch
V
o
lta
g
e
(
V
)
Current (A)
E=1 V/cm
Outline
Introduction
ITER
DEMO?
HTS Roebel cables
Concept
Tape properties
Bending experiments
Reduction of hysteresis losses:
striation of strands
Reduction of hysteresis losses:
Reduction of tape width
Filamentarization striation of strands
Strands with Ag cap layer
(no Cu stabilizer)
Striations with IR
picosecond laser
Actually 25 micron width
Cutting down to substrate
No melting effects
Option for width: < 10 microns
Accuracy of IR picosec. laser grooving
Ag cap layer grains
YBCO pieces
Buffer layer
AFM
SEM
Preliminary results on AC losses (inductively
measured)
Inductive measurements:
Loss reduction is more effective in the case of the single strand
Coupling currents between different striated strands in the cable occur !
Resistive measurements:
Coupling of ends (joints) prevents loss reduction transposition necessary
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
single striated strand
Q
\
B
2
Magnetic field,
0
H[T]
72Hz
36Hz
18Hz
72Hz
36Hz
18Hz
single nonstriated strand
B(90 deg)
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
1
10
ROEBELcable
Q
\
B
2
Magnetic field,
0
H[T]
72Hz
36Hz
18Hz
72Hz
36Hz
18Hz
ROEBELcable
withstriatedstrands
B(90 deg)
Outline
Introduction
ITER
DEMO?
HTS Roebel cables
Concept
Tape properties
Bending experiments
Cables with high current carrying
capability needed for several
applications
Future fusion reactors could be more
effective and less complex with HTS
magnets
Cabling method for 2G REBCO HTS
tapes: Roebel technique
Enhancement of current carrying
capability:
Open questions:
Strand Coupling
Bending / mechanical properties
Electrical stabilization
AC loss reduction
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

HTS - Roebel para Altas Corrientes

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KIT University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and

National Research Center of the Helmholtz Association

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