ECE 211 Workshop: Thevenins and Nortons Theorems

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Agenda
Background: Thevenins Theorems Review Thevenin's Analysis
How to find Equivalent Thevenin's Voltage Source and relating problems o How to find Equivalent Thevenin's Resistor and relating problems
o

Transformation between two Theorems Practice Problems and Solutions

Thevenin's Theorem Review

General Idea: In circuit theory, Thvenin's theorem for linear electrical networks states that any combination of voltage sources, current sources, and resistors with two terminals is electrically equivalent to a single voltage source V in series with a single series resistor R. Those sources mentioned above can be either independent or dependent.

Thevenin's Theorem Review

Analyze Procedure: 1.Calculate the output voltage, V, when in open circuit condition (no load resistormeaning infinite resistance). This is VTh. 2.Calculate the output current, IAB, when the output terminals are short circuited (load resistance is 0). RTh equals VTh divided by this IAB. Step 2 could also be thought of as: 2a. Replace voltage sources with short circuits(wires), and current sources with open circuits(disconnections). 2b. Calculate the resistance between terminals A and B. This is RTh.

Thevenin's Voltage Example

Find equivalent voltage source in new circuit Solution:
Between terminals A and B, we need to find out V. Since it's open circuit and there is no current going through R1.Treat R1 as wire. ciucuit become simple three series resistor and a voltage source. Secondly, find the current. Thirdly, find the sum voltage across R3 and R2. That's the answer we're looking for.

Using Ohms law, we find: I = V/R, where V = 15V R = R4+R3+R2 = 4Ohm I = 15/4 = 3.75A Ohm's law again, Vab = 2*3.75 = 7.5V

Practice Problems 1A

Practice Problems 1B
There is only one path in the circuit, so the ratio of the two resistors are the ratio of their voltages(same current). V0 + 2V0(20K Ohms) +4V0 = 70V V0 = 10V Two ways finding Vab: Vab = 70V- V0 =2V0 + 4V0 = 60V

Practice Problems 2A

Practice Problems 2B
Firstly, if we perform the source transformation, the original circuit changes to a simple series one. Notice the two source are in the opposite direction. Vsigma = 60V - 30V = 30V Rsigma = 30 Ohm + 60 Ohm= 90 Ohm Isigma = Vsimga/Rsigma = 1/3 A V12 = V60 +30V = 1/3 * 60 + 30V = 50V

Thevenin's Resistor Example A

Find equivalent resistor in new circuit Solution:

Original method: short terminals A and B as shown in the picture. Find the current I going through A to B. Rth can be found by R2,3 = R2+ R3 = 2 Ohm V/I,where V is the voltage we R2,3,1 = R2,3 || R1 = 2/3 ohm get from last problem.

Rsigma = R1,2,3,4= R2,3,1 + R4 = 8/3 ohm Isigma = V1/Rsigma = 45/8 A IAB = Isigma * (R2+R3) / (R1+R2+R3) = 15/4 A Rth = VAB/IAB = 2 Ohm

Thevenin's Resistor Example B

Find equivalent resistor in new circuit Solution:
Alternatively method: leave terminals A and B open,instead of short Volage source V1, shown in the picture. Since no dependent source apprearing in the graph, we just need to find Rth by series and parallel theory.

R2,3 = R2+ R3 = 2 Ohm R2,3,4 = R2,3 || R4 = 1 ohm

Rsigma = R1,2,3,4= R2,3,4 + R1 = 2 ohm Which matches the previous results.

Thevenin's Example summary

1 The graph shown in the right hand side gives the final result for Thevenin's theory. compared with original circuit, it looks a lot easier to further analyze. 2 Generally speaking, out of the two ways in findng equivalent resistor. A is more suitable for graph containing denpendent source. B is more useful in the situation of simply parallel and series resistors.

Practice Problems 3A

Practice Problems 3B
When we try to calculate the quivalent resistor, simply short indenpendet voltage source and open independent current source. Then, the lower left circuit is derived. R1 = 16 Ohm + 4 Ohm = 20 Ohm R2 = R1 || 5 Ohm = 20 Ohm || 5 Ohm = 4 Ohm Rsigma = R2 + 1 Ohm = 5 Ohm

Practice Problems 4A

Practice Problems 4B
Short indenpendet voltage source, then you have lower left circuit. In order to find out the equivalent resistor, we need an additional indentpent source apply to terminnals a and b. Figure show lower.

Practice Problems 4B
Assumption: current direction in 2 Ohm is a to N. 6 Ohm and 3 Ohm share the same voltage(V0). For node N, current going out are (V0/6 + V0/3). Assumption: current direction in 2 Ohm is a to N. Total current going in: (0.25v0 + i). From KCL we equal (V0/6 + V0/3) with (0.25v0 + i), we get i = v0/4. From KVL v0/4 * 2 + v0 = 12 V v0 = 8 V Iab = 0.25v0 + v0/4(2 Ohm) = 0.5 v0 = 4A Rth = Vab/Iab = 12/4 = 3 Ohm

Since we assume the voltage source has a value of 12V, we need one more parameter, current I(through voltage source) to figure out resistance using equation R= U/I.

Norton's Theorem Review

General Idea: Norton's theorem for linear electrical networks, known in Europe as the MayerNorton theorem, states that any collection of voltage sources, current sources, and resistors with two terminals is electrically equivalent to an ideal current source, I, in parallel with a single resistor, R. Those sources mentioned above can also either be dependent or independent sources. Analyze Procedure: 1.Find the Norton current INo. Calculate the output current, IAB, with a short circuit as the load (meaning 0 resistance between A and B). This is INo. 2.Find the Norton resistance RNo. There are two methods of determining the Norton impedance RNo. (the same as Thevenin's Theorem)

Transformation between two methods

From the description we have seen at least two simiarities. Firstly, they both use load equaling to 0 finding current. Secondly, the way they finds quivalent resistors are precisely matched. Thus we conclude that those two are essentially the same.

Transformation eqation are: Rno = Rth Vth = Ino * Rno Ino = Vth / Rno

Practice Problems

Practice Problems

Solutions to Practice Problems

Vth: (original figure) 1k * I0 + 2 Vx = 3V Vx = 40I0 * 50 solve the above: Vx = Vth = 1.2V I0 = 0.6 mA We short the votage source and add an additional votage source between a and b.(lower figure) Rth: So, we have: 1000 * I0 = -2*Vx Vx = 3V solve the above: I0 = -6 mA -40 I0 - Vx/50 = Iab = 0.18A direction: a to b Rth = 3V/ Iab = -16.67 Ohm

Solutions to Practice Problems

Vth: (2i + 0.5 Vx) *10 +2i = Vx (Vx/6 + i) * 3 + Vx = 50 solve the above: Vx = 100V,i = -33.3A Vth = (0.5 Vx + i ) = 166.67 V We short the votage source and add an additional votage source between a and b. Rth: So, we have: Vx/6 +Vx/3+ i = 0 Vx - 2i = 50V solve the above: i = -12.5A, Vx = 25V Iab= -i - 0.5Vx + 50V/10 = 5A direction: b to a Rth = 50V/ Iab = 10 Ohm

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