Muc Luc

LI M AU

BELA BARTOK (1881-1945)

JOHN CAGE (1912-1992)

16

CARLOS CHAVEZ (1899-1978)

21

CLAUDE DEBUSSY (1862-1918)

26

PAUL HINDEMITH (1895-1963)

34

OLIVIER MESSIAEN (1908 - 1992)

42

ARNOLD SCHOENBERG (1874-1951)

46

IGOR STRAVINSKY (1882-1971)

50

Li M au

Khong nh nhieu ngi ngh, am nhac TK. XX lai ke

tha nhieu nguyen tac cua TK. XVIII, XIX ve cau truc va
cach thanh lap. Mac du c menh danh la the ky cua
nhng th nghiem, nhng ieu o co the ch ung trong
lanh vc nhac cu, con neu xet ve cau truc dan nhac, hnh
thc the loai va nguyen tac s pham th am nhac TK. XX
khong tach ri hoan toan khoi qua kh.
Nhng oi mi thc s quan trong trc tien c ke
en la cuoc au tranh chong lai am the chc nang
(functional tonality), viec tm kiem cac hnh thc dien cam va
nhng nguyen tac cau truc mi. Khi mi chuyen sang the
ky XX, am nhac phng Tay am nhac phng Tay a c
phan biet mot cach truyen thong bi am the chc nang,
ngha la bi mot he thong trong o am nhac c cau truc
tren mot dang thc thang am c ban, trng hoac th, vi
u the cua trat t cac bac am (tao nen quang, hp am), do
o tao nen kieu phan biet tnh on nh va khong on nh.
Mot vai kieu ket hp am thanh c chon lam ch chuyen
en cho cac ket hp khac, tao thanh nh quy cach lien ket
hp am theo chc nang. Hp am chu c coi la nen tang;
a so cac hp am loai loai hp am ba not; cac ket hoa am
(cadence) t nhieu co the c thay trc v lien quan en
cach giai quyet hoa am. V vay, khi noi mot tac pham
giong La giang trng th ngi ta hieu ngay rang, hp am
au va cuoi cua tac pham nay phai la As-Dur (A b-C-Eb). Ca
trat t ngang lan doc a c thiet lap, va moi bien co
am nhac eu co mot vai tro chc nang nao o nh: hng
chuyen ong hoa am, lien ket hp am, giai quyet, chuan
b, am nghch hay am thuan, mat o hoa am, ket hoa am,
phan cau, toc o, tiet tau, v.v Mot trong nhng muc tieu
c ban cua hoa am la ket at ve chu, V-I. o goi la am
the chc nang. Cac nha soan nhac Tk. XX khong muon dng
lai kieu sap at trc nh the o, ho tm cach thiet lap
nen nhng tien e cho rieng mnh e tm ra cac phng thc
dien cam va to chc mi.

Vao au Tk. XX, trung tam nghe thuat, tr thc chnh la

Paris va Vienna. o la giai oan cua cai goi la La belle
epoque (thi ai tot ep) ma nhieu nha nghien cu van
hoa goi ten thi ky hoang kim cua nc Phap t 1871 en
1914. The gii am nhac van con b thong tr bi quan niem
tham my Hau Lang man, va trong cac tac pham, ngi ta
ngay cang nghe thay nhieu hp am at phu, chuyen ieu va
cac hp am bien hoa en noi khong the xac nh c
am the, giong that s cua mot tac pham am nhac.
San khau am nhac con b thong tr bi anh hng
cua nha soan nhac ngi c Richard Wagner (1813-1883),
ngi a pho bien rong rai mau sac rieng ve ky thuat
hoa am va phoi dan nhac bang cach dung chromatic ngay
cang nhieu, tao ieu kien ra i cho khai niem vo am
the (phi ieu tnh). V opera Tristan va Isolde (1856-1859)
cua Wagner la mot v du ro rang ve phong cach chromatic
(chromaticism) va mang dang ve vo am the. ay va ca
trong nhieu tac pham khac cua ong khong co ieu tnh on
nh va cac giai quyet that s eu b huy bo.
Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) bat au s nghiep cua
mnh nh mot ngi theo trng phai Hau Wagner. Chung ta
co the nhan ra ac iem nay trong em bien hnh (Verklrte
Nacht, 1899) va cac tac pham vao au nhng nam 1900 cua
ong. Trong so nhng ngi c goi la Hau Wagner con
phai ke en Richard Strauss va Gustave Mahler. Tham ch,
Schoenberg a co lan tong ket am nhac Tk. XX la s giai
phong am nghch, va chu trng sang tac khong co trung
tam ieu tnh ga ca, trong o cac bac am eu co quan he
bnh ang vi nhau.
ng ben ngoai va co ve nh khong b chi phoi nhieu
bi truyen thong c noi tren la nc Phap. Vao cuoi
nhng nam 1800, nh a noi, Paris a tng tr thanh trung
tam nghe thuat va tr thc cua the gii phng Tay. Am
nhac Phap co khuynh hng tr nen uyen chuyen, thi v hn
cau truc nghiem nghat cua am nhac c va Y, chang
han: t buoc phai tuan theo hoa am chc nang, t tnh can
5

xng va rang buoc ve nhp, cau nhac uyen chuyen va

nhieu mau sac hn, mang ac tnh khong co van nhan manh
cua ngon ng Phap,v.v Satie la mot v du ien hnh. Trong
cac tieu pham cua mnh, ong s dung loai am thanh cu the,
lien tuc, gan nh tnh tai mot cach rat tru tng, ly khai
han nguyen tac cau truc am the. Nhng vi Claude Debussy,
anh hng nay mi thc s manh me va a chung ta hoan
toan vao am nhac Tk. XX.
Tom lai, co the mo ta nhng ac iem noi bat
rieng cua am nhac Tk. XX la: phong cach chromatic, viec s
dung am nghch mot cach t do va m rong hn, viec thiet
lap tnh t do ve giai ieu va hoa am; dung nhng t duy
hoa am, giai ieu va cau truc c trch ra t nguon am
nhac dan gian va am nhac phng Tay thi rat xa xa, quan
niem mi ve cac moi quan he noi tai cau truc gia cac
be trong mot sang tac am nhac; kham pha nen am nhac
ngoai Tay Au va t qua kh xa xoi; phat trien toi a ky
thuat va mau sac nhac cu; tao nen s phc tap va rat t
do, oc lap ve tiet tau, nhng bien oi am sac va mau
am. Tat ca nhng y tng hien ai nh the eu co nguon
goc sau xa trong the ky trc.
Nam 1952, tac gia David Ewen

a cho xuat ban lan

au tien cuon sach nghien cu ve cac nha soan nhac TK.

XX mang ten The Complete Book of 20th Century Music (Toan
tap ve am nhac TK. XX). Sau o, ong a thay oi, bo sung
hn 10% nhng g a viet trc o cho phu hp vi d lieu
mi ve cac nha soan nhac c e cap en. Cong trnh
mi cua ong co ta la The World of Twentieth-Century
Muisc (The gii Am nhac TK. XX). Trong o 149 nha soan
nhac noi tieng nhat cua the ky nay c e cap en.
ay co the no la mot trong nhng cong trnh nghien cu
phong phu nhat ve am nhac kinh ien trong thi ky hien ai.
T lan ra mat au tien en nay, sach a c tai ban hn
12 lan!
Trong tai lieu nay, D. Ewen chia bai viet ve mot nha
soan nhac thanh 3 phan:
6

Nhan xet chung ve vai tro, v tr, tam quan trong cua
nha soan nhac ay trong nen am nhac the gii Tk.
XX.

Tom lc tieu s ban than nha soan nhac ay ket

hp vi viec tng trnh ve qua trnh sang tac cua
ong.

Phan tch nhng tac pham noi tieng cua nha soan
nhac lien quan.

Khi dch thuat, chung toi cung gi lai cau truc ay. e
oc gia de nam bat hn mot so khai niem va s kien
mi, phc tap trong TK. XX, mot thi ky n ro nhng cai
cach ve am nhac, chung toi them phan chu giai oi vi
nhng noi dung can thiet. Ngoai ra, chung toi bo sung them
mot so d lieu mi thu thap c t cac trang web cho
nhng noi dung ma tac gia David Ewen cha co the hoan tat
do ieu kien lch s nh: ngay qua i, trng phai mi, tac
pham mi, v.v Chung toi cung lc bo bt nhng phan
khong that s quan trong cho mot oc gia muon tm hieu
bc au ve nen am nhac Tk. XX. Chnh v vay, co the coi
tap tai lieu nay nh mot cong trnh bien dch hn la dch
thuat thuan tuy.
Do nhieu ieu kien gii han, chung toi tam chia viec
bien dch cong trnh cua David Ewen ra thanh nhieu tap nho.
Tap au tien bao gom mot so nha soan nhac noi bat nhat,
c biet en nhieu nhat cua the ky nay va da tren mot
tieu chuan khac la hien ang t co tai lieu tieng Viet
nghien cu ve ho nhat nh: Bela Bartok, Benjamin Britten,
Carlos Chavez, John Cage, Claude Debussy, Paul Hindemith, Olivier
Messiaen, Arnold Schoenberg, Igor Stravinsky, Chung toi hy vong
se co nhng c hoi thuan li e hoan tat nhng tap tiep
theo.
Hien nay sach tieng Viet ve e tai nay con rat t.
Cac khai niem mi trong nghe thuat am nhac TK. XX lai rat
phong phu va oc ao en ky la. V vay, ngi muon
nghien cu, hoc hoi ve am nhac the gii trong Tk. XX gap
khong t kho khan ve tai lieu tham khao. Chung toi cung
7

khong thoat khoi kho khan nay va mac du a co gang

nhieu nhng chac chan con thieu sot trong cong viec bien
dch tai lieu The gii Am nhac TK. XX. Chung toi rat
mong c s gop y cua cac nha chuyen mon va cua oc
gia e nhng lan tu chnh sau nay c tot ep hn.

Nguyen
Bach

BLA

BARTK

(1881 - 1945)

Lan au tien Bela Bartok bat au chu y en am

nhac dan gian Hungary la vao cuoi nam 1904. Ong i khap
at nc Hungary e xac minh xem co phai moi vung khac
nhau cua at nc eu co nhng giai ieu rieng. Ong en
tham tan nhng vung xa xoi, song chung vi cac nong dan,
ghi chep lai rat nhieu ieu can thiet. Hoa trai au tien ma
ong gat hai c tap trung trong tac pham Hai mi bai
dan ca Hungary (Twenty Hungarian Folksongs) (1908), hp tac
vi nha soan nhac Zoltan Kodaly. Bela Bartok a khai quat
hang ngan bai dan ca, dan vu, hoan chnh ky am chung
e gii thieu ra the gii qua nhieu an ban.
Viec nghien cu sau xa cua Bartok ve am nhac dan
gian a anh hng nhieu en nhng no lc sang tao cua
chnh ong. Trc kia, ong a tng viet nhng tac pham chu
anh hng nhieu phong cach, khi th cua Debussy, khi th cua
Richard Strauss. en luc nay ong b thuyet phuc rang nghe
thuat dan gian giup ong kham pha nhieu hn, tao cho ong
nen tang e phuc hng nghe thuat am nhac Hungary.
Ong tr thanh mot trong nhng nhan vat co ban
sac, oc lap, sang tao tre trung nhat cua am nhac Tk. XX
va ong thi la nhac s hang au cua Hungary TK. XX, co
cong su tam va cai bien dan ca Hung, Slave va nhieu dan

toc khac tren the gii, a chat lieu dan ca vao tac pham
dan nhac va cac the loai khac.
Bela Bartok sinh ngay 25/3/1881 tai Nagyszentmiklos,
Hungary. Nam Bela c 8 tuoi, cha cau qua i. T o cau
ln len di s giao duc cua me. Chnh ba la ngi thay
day piano au tien cho cau, en 9 tuoi, Bela sang tac tieu
pham cho piano au tien va len 10 tuoi bieu dien lan au
tien trc cong chung.
Nam 1893, e cho con trai co ieu kien phat huy nang
khieu am nhac, ba me Bartok a t bo lang que nhan
mot cho day hoc tai Pressburg (tc Bratislava ngay nay, thuoc
Tiep Khac) T nam 1899 en 1903, ong hoc sang tac va
piano tai hoc vien Liszt Budapest. Bartok rat thch cac tac
pham cua Liszt va cac nhac s Nga, nhat la Mussorgsky.
Bela Bartok tot nghiep nhac vien vi tac pham dan
nhac Kossuth. ay cung la tac pham thi sinh vien cua
ong c yeu thch nhat, a c trnh dien bi dan nhac
Halle di s ieu khien cua Hans Richter. Ong dan dan tm
thay muc ch nghe thuat cua mnh trong am nhac dan toc.
Nh ong thng goi, nam 1905 la luc ong "chao i
lan th hai". Ke t nam nay, ong dan than vao viec su
tam va nghien cu am nhac dan gian Hungary va cac dan
toc lan can cung nha soan nhac Kodaly. Nam 1907 ong
c mi day piano tai Hoc vien Liszt, va lam viec o en
1934. Thang 3/1919, ong ng trong hang ngu nhng ngi
xay dng nen van hoa mi, tham gia ban lanh ao am nhac
Xo viet Hung. Trong thi gian nay, ong kiem song chnh bang
viec xuat ban cac tac pham am nhac va nhng cong trnh
su tap ve dan ca va dan vu Hungary. Tam hon khai pha
pha lan tam hon sang tac khien cho cac tac pham cua
ong trong thi ky nay ngay mot phc tap, va lap d, quan
chung kho cam thu. Ong bat au c biet en trong gii
chuyen mon nh la ngi mang nhng yeu to cua am nhac
hien ai vao tac pham mnh, tuy cha tac pham nao noi
bat.

Nam 1927, Bela Bartok en Hoa Ky lan au tien do

Cong ty Baldwin, chuyen lam an piano tai tr. Trong 10 tuan
le tai Hoa Ky, Bela Bartok tham d nhng buoi trnh dien
mot so

tac pham quan trong cua ong. i en au, ong

cung c chao on cach knh trong. The nhng, cam tnh

cua khan gia danh cho tac pham cua ong lai khong may
lac quan.
Nam 1938 phat-xt c xam lc Hung. en 10/1940.
Bela Bartok sang My roi luon tai o. Vao nhng nam
1930 - 1940, nhat la trong nhng nam cuoi i song New
York, Bela Bartok ri vao canh ngheo tung va benh hoan.
Bartok b cn nong lanh keo dai gan 3 nam va b benh
bach cau. Cac nha ch huy, nghe s bieu dien eu quay lng
vi cac tac pham cua ong. Ch mot trng hp that ngoai
le, o la nghe s Serge Koussevitzky. Ong nay a tm en
benh vien tham Bela Bartok va dung quy tai tr cua mnh
at Bartok viet mot tac pham dan nhac mi. Chnh trong
hoan canh bat hanh nay, Bela Bartok a dung het ngh lc
cua mnh viet nen nhng kiet tac pham nh: Cantate
profane (Cantate the tuc), Concerto cho viola va dan nhac,
Concerto so 3 cho piano va dan nhac, Concerto cho 2 piano
- bo go - dan nhac, Tac pham day-go-celesta va ac
biet la Concerto cho dan nhac do Koussevitzky at viet. Tac
pham sau nay noi bat nhat trong so cac sang tac cho dan
nhac cua Bartok va c dan nhac giao hng Boston trnh
dien lan au tien vao ngay 1/12/1944.
Dan dan, cong chung a on nhan cac tac pham
cua Bela Bartok mot cach nhiet tnh. Nhng Bela Bartok
khong song c e hng nhng ui an o, Ong qua i
ngay 26/9/1945 tai New York. Ch trong mot vai thang sau khi
ong mat, a co en 48 buoi trnh dien quan trong cac tac
pham cua ong. Nam nam sau ngay Bartok qua i, hau het
cac tac pham cua ong eu c thu am.

1904 1908

NHNG SANG TAC CHO DAN NHAC:

10

+ Scherzo viet cho piano va dan nhac, op. 2.

+ Hai Chan dung (Two portraits), op. 5.
Phai i en hn na the ky sau ngi ta mi c
nghe ban Scherzo nay (Ban au no con ten la Burlesque
Che gieu). No c sang tac vao nam 1904, co le chu
anh hng cua ban Burleske giong Re th cua Richard
Strauss, va mai en ngay 28/9/1961 mi c cong dien lan
au do E. Tusa va dan nhac di s ch huy cua nhac trng
Gygy Lehel, truyen i tren ai phat thanh Hungary. Sau o, lan
au tien tac pham nay c cong dien tai My vao thang
12/1964 vi dan nhac New York Philharmonic do William Steinberg
ch huy va Theodore Lettvin oc tau piano.
Tac pham Hai Chan dung (1907-1908) bat nguon t
nhng sang tac khac cua Bartok: noi bat nhat la chung I
cua Concerto so 1 cho violin (ma ong a bo) va ban Bagatelle
th 14, op. 6, c at ten la Ma Mie qui danse (Nang Mie
cua toi khieu vu). Hai Chan dung c mo ta tng phan.
Tac pham th nhat cham va ay suy t, vi phan oc
tau violin chu e 1 tr tnh. Chan dung th hai la mot ban
valse song ong, co phan ket theo kieu nhanh dan, soi
ong. Tac pham Hai Chan dung c cong dien lan au
vao nam 1909 Budapest, di s ch huy cua Laszlo Kun
va dan nhac giao hng Budapest.
1907 1917

T TAU DAY SO 1, op. 7.

I. Lento. II. Allegretto; Introduzione7; Allegro. III. Allegro vivace (Nhanh

linh hoat).
T TAU DAY SO 2, op. 17.
I. Moderato. II. Allegro molto capriccioso (Nhanh vi nhieu ngau
hng). III. Lento.

Sau t tau day cua Bartok ra i vao khoang thi

gian t 1907 va 1939 la nhng tac pham tieu bieu nhat

Phan Gii thieu

11

trong danh muc bieu dien cua am nhac thnh phong ngay nay.
Chung thng c bieu dien tron ca 6 ban hoac rieng le.
T tau so 1 (1907) theo phong cach Lang man, chu anh
hng cua Brahms va Wagner ro net trong viec s dung
nhieu am chromatic, trong t duy giai ieu bay bong, hoa am
nhieu cam xuc va tiet tau phong phu. Nhng iem noi bat
nhat cho thay phong cach Bartok o la tac pham nay the
hien nhieu nhng nghien cu mi nhat cua ong ve am
nhac ong que Hungary. T tau nay c trnh dien lan au
bi nhom T tau Waldbauer-Kerpely vao ngay 19/3/1910.
Chng 2 cua t tau so 2 (1917) noi bat vi 3 yeu to
thng rap trong am nhac Bartok: khoe manh, che gieu hai
hc, lac quan. Cau truc cua t tau nay hi bat thng vi
chng ket cham nh hanh khuc tang le. T tau nay c
cong dien lan au cung bi nhom Waldbauer-Kerpely vao
ngay 3/3/1918.
1908 1911

CAC SANG TAC CHO PIANO:

Buoi toi Transylvania (Evening in Transylvania) (hay

Buoi toi vi Szeklers Evening with the Szeklers) va Vu
ieu gau (Bear Dance) trch t Mi tieu pham de (khong
anh so tac pham).
Hai ieu vu Rumany, op. 8a
Allegro barbaro (Nhanh mot cach man r; khong anh
so tac pham)
1911

BLUEBEARDS CASTLE (LAU AI CUA RAU

XANH), v opera mot hoi, op. 11, kch ban cua Bela Balasz.
Trnh dien lau au tai Budapest, 24/3/1918.
ay la v nhac kch duy nhat cua Bartok, t am nhac
en li eu mang ay tnh bieu tng va tam ly. Ve am
nhac, trong tac pham nay, Bartok van s dung ngon ng
am nhac tonal, diatonic va hoa am quang 3. Ngi ta thay
c anh hng cua Debussy trong bo cuc, mau sac cua tac
pham. S hien dien cua Wagner the hien ay qua ky

12

thuat Leitmotiv8 va cach dung am chromatic khong thng

xuyen. Tuy vay, trong nhackch nay van mang ro net rieng
cua Bartok ac biet tuyen giai ieu c xay dng t
nhng tinh hoa, ve ep cua dan ca Hungary.
1926 1939

MIKROKOSMOS (TIEU VU TRU), gom 153

tieu pham tang dan o kho, viet cho piano c tap hp

trong 6 tap.
TAP I: T tieu pham so 1 en 36. TAP II: t so 37
en 66. TAP III: t so 67 en 96. TAP IV: t so 97 en 121.
TAP V: t so 122 en 139. TAP VI: t so 140 en 153.
Qua cac tieu pham nay, Bela Bartok nham en muc
ch day tre con cac ky thuat, phng phap an piano noi
chung, va am nhac hien ai, noi rieng; ong thi cung gii
thieu cho tre em am nhac dan gian cua cac nc vung
Baltic.
Mot so tac gia a cai bien nhieu tieu pham trong 6
tap Mikrokosmos nay cho dan nhac hoac cho t tau day.
Rieng Bela Bartok, chnh ong chuyen bien 7 tieu pham sau
cho 2 an piano: Tiet ieu Bulgary (Bulgarian Rhythm, so 113),
Nghien cu hp am (Chord Study, so 69), Luon luon
chuyen ong (Perpetuum Mobile, so 135), Tach tieng va
lien tieng (Staccato and Legato, so 123), Ban dan ca Hung
mi (New Hungarian Folksong, so 127), Ban Invention ong
chuyen (Chromatic Invention9, so 145) va Tr tuc (Ostinato, so
146).
1926 CONCERTO SO 1 CHO PIANO VA DAN NHAC.
I. Allegro moderato.

II. Andante.

III. Allegro molto

ay la ban au tien trong so 3 concerto cho piano cua

Bartok c viet trong s chn chan ve sang tao cua ong.
Tac pham c cong dien lan au tai ai hoi Hiep hoi
Quoc te ve Am nhac ng ai tai Frankfurt (c) vao ngay
Chu e dan ao
ay la ten goi ma Bach dung e goi cac tac pham cho an clavecin, co hai
be va theo phong cach oi am
8
9

13

1/7/1927. Nghe s oc tau piano chnh la nha soan nhac va

dan nhac c ch huy bi Wilhelm Furtwaengler.
1927 1928

T TAU DAY SO 3

I. Moderato. II. Allegro. III. Moderato. IV. Allegro Molto.

T TAU DAY SO 4

I. Allegro. II. Prestissimo con sordino

(Rat nhanh, co ham tieng). III. Allegro. IV. Allegretto pizzicato (Hi
nhanh co bat day). V. Allegro molto.
Trong ca hai t tau nay Bartok khong con thch s
dung cach viet oi am. Thay vao o, ong bat au s dung
nhng hp am tan bao, cac oan nhac chay thang am vi
tiet tau voi va cung vi viec ong th nghiem nhng hieu
qua nhac cu mi.
1930

CANTATA PROFANA (BAN CANTATA PHAM TUC )

viet cho cac giong tenor, baritone, 2 hp xng hon hp va

dan nhac.
ay la sang tac cho hp xng tieu bieu nhat cua
Bartok, da tren ban van cua mot bai dan ca Rumany ke
ve truyen thuyet cua chn ngi con trai. Ho uo itheo mot
con nai c vao rng sau va tat ca b bien thanh nai. Khi cha
ho i tm, ong thay 9 con nai c ben mot dong suoi. Luc
ong sap ban ha mot con trong so o, th no lo ra cho ong
thay o chnh la nhng ngi con cua mnh. Ngi cha au
kho van nai cac con tr ve nha, nhng ho khong the song
xa rng xa va suoi nguon c na.
Ban cantata nay c chia thanh 3 oan. oan mot mo
ta nhng ngi con b bien thanh nai nh the nao. oan hai
ke lai s cham tran gia ngi cha va cac con mnh. Trong
oan ba, hp xng thuat lai toan bo cau chuyen. Cantata
profana c trnh dien lan au tien tren the gii Luanon vao ngay 25/3/1934 vi phan trnh dien cua dan nhac
giao hng ai phat thanh BBC, 2 giong solo: Trefor Jones va
Frank Phillips di s ch huy cua Aylmer Buesst.
14

1931

CONCERTO SO 2 CHO PIANO VA DAN NHAC.

I. Allegro. II. Adagio; Presto; Adagio. III. Allegro molto.

Cung giong nh ban concerto so 1 cho piano va dan
nhac, chnh tac gia la ngi oc tau piano, cung c ra mat
tai Frankfurt (c), nhng di s ch huy cua Hans Rosbaud.
Ve sau, concerto nay c trnh dien khap chau Au:
Armsterdam, Lua6n-d9o6n, Stockholm, Strassburg, Vienna, Zurich,
Budapest. Theo nha phe bnh Emil Haraszti, ban concerto nay
c coi nh ai dien cho nh cao nhat cua am nhac thuan
tuy. No c viet 5 nam sau ban concerto so 1 va vao luc
am nhac cua Bela Bartok mang nhieu tiet tau manh bao
nhat.
Chng 1 m au vi mot motif gii thieu danh cho
ken trumpet; vai tro cua bo day ch la th yeu chng
nay. Sau o, phan solo cua piano dien tau chu e 1. Chu
e 2 cung c trnh bay bang an piano oc tau. Tam nhp
gii thieu dao piano trnh dien e m au phan phat trien.
Hai chu e c phat trien bang cac thu phap oi am.
Sang chng 2, bo day m au bang mot giai ieu theo kieu
nh hp xng, sau o la phan thi tai gia piano va trong
timpani trong nhng cau nhac danh cho bo go. oan gia cua
chng 2 ot ngot nhanh len toc o Presto e roi tr lai
sau o Adagio. Chng cuoi cung noi bat vi nhng tiet
tau manh bao vi piano va timpani ong vai tro chu ao.
1934
molto.

T TAU DAY SO 5.

I. Allegro.

II. Adagio

III. Scherzo: alla bulgarese (theo phong cach Bulgary).

IV.

Andante. V. Allegro vivace.

1936

AM NHAC CHO BO DAY, BO GO, VA CELESTA.

I. Allegro.

II. Adagio molto. III. Scherzo: alla bulgarese (theo

phong cach Bulgary). IV. Andante. V. Allegro vivace.

15

ay la mot ban hoa tau c viet cho 2 nhom t

tau day ( chng 1 hoa lan vao nhau, nhng oc lap cac
chng khac), bo go, contrebasse va celesta. an viola dien
chu e 1 sac thai pianissimo tren phan nen hoa my cua
bo go; sau o, chu e nay c phc ieu hoa bi cac
thanh phan khac cua bo day. Trong chng 2, chu e chnh
c dien vi ky thuat pizzicato do be violin 2 am nhiem
tren nen cua be violin 1 dien tau chu e 2. Chng 3 la
mot ban nocturne10 ky b, tao nen mot bau khong kh m
ho gia ky b va tnh lang. Tac pham cham dt bang
chuyen ong soi noi Allegro molto vi mot trong cac chu
e la ieu vu nong dan c viet ieu thc Lydian.
Tac pham nay c ra mat cong chung Basle, Thuy
S, vao ngay 21/1/1937, di s ch huy cua Paul Sacher va
dan nhac thnh phong Basle.
1938

CONCERTO SO 2 CHO VIOLIN VA DAN NHAC.

I. Allegro non troppo (khong qua nhanh). II. Andante

tranquillo (khoan thai bnh lang). III. Allegro molto.
Ban concerto nay c viet tang cho Zoltan Szekely,
va cung c chnh nghe s nay trnh die Amsterdam vao
ngay 23/3/1939 vi dan nhac Concertgebouw do nhac trng
Willem Mengelberg ch huy.
1939

T TAU DAY SO 6.

I. Mesto: vivace (buon, linh hoat). II. Mesto: marcia (buon,

hanh khuc).
III. Mesto: burletta (buon pha chut gieu ct). IV. Mesto
(buon).
ay la sang tac cuoi cung cho t tau day cua
Bartok. No mang ay ve hai hc nhng ma mai. Tac pham
nay c nhom T tau Kolisch gii thieu tai New York vao
ngay 20/1/1941.
10

da khuc, khuc nhac em

16

1940

CONCERTO CHO 2 PIANO, BO GO VA DAN NHAC.

I. Assai lento (cham va u); Allegro molto. II. Lento ma

non troppo (khong qua cham). III. Allegro non troppo (khong qua
nhanh).
Cho ti luc en Hoa Ky vao nam 1940, Bartok can co
mot concerto viet cho 2 an piano e ong va v mnh cung ra
mat cac dan nhac My. e ap ng nhu cau o, ong soan
lai ban Sonate viet cho 2 Piano va Bo go ma ong a sang
tac vao nam 1939 thanh ban Concerto viet cho 2 Piano, Bo
go va dan nhac. Ong va ba Ditta, v mnh, a gii thieu
tac pham nay New York vao ngay 21/1/1943, vi dan nhac
New York Philharmonic, di s ch huy cua Fritz Reiner.
Concerto nay c m au bang mot hpong cach cham
trang trong, vi phan nhoi trong timpani rat nhe, ket hp vi
nhng am hnh chromatic am vc thap cua an piano oc
tau th nhat. Cac chu e chnh nam trong phan Allegro tiep
theo o. Trong chng cham, khong kh cua tac pham co ve
nh mot khuc nocturne. Chng ket mang dang dap cua mot
ban rondo, vi phan tau phap tren tay trai va tay phai cua
an piano th hai.

1943

CONCERTO CHO DAN NHAC.

I. Andante non troppo (khong qua khoan thai); Allegro vivace.

II. Allegro scherzando (nhanh vui, hai hc). III. Elegia (Khuc bi
thng): andante non troppo. IV. Intermezzo interrotto (oan chen
gian oan); Allegretto. V. Presto. (rat nhanh)
ay la sang tac au tien khong phai la cai bien
c Bartok hoan tat ke t khi ong en nh c tai My.
Ong viet concerto dan nhac nay trong thi ky suy sup nhat
cua mnh ve sc khoe, tinh than lan van may. Luc nay, ong
phai nam benh vien v nghi ng mac benh bach cau. Chnh
vao

thi

iem

cung

tan

cua
17

cuoc

ong,

Serge

Koussevitsky a en benh vien va at ong viet tac pham

nay vi s tai tr cua Quy Am nhac Koussevitsky. S kien
nay gan nh lam ong hoi sinh ve mat tinh than tuy sc
khoe van toi te.
Ban concerto nay c cong dien vao ngay 1/12/1944
tai Boston, do dan nhac giao hng Boston di s ch huy cua
chnh Koussevitsky. Mac du sc cung lc kiet, Bartok van co
gang co mat trong buoi ra mat au tien o. Va lan au
tien sau nhieu nam, ong mi c chng kien thanh cong
vang doi. S kien ong sang tac concerto nay trong tnh trang
benh that co the ly giai c mau sac bi tham cua tac
pham. Chu e 1 c gii thieu ngay t au trong ieu thc
toi tam, do bo day tram am vc thap; chu e 2 vang
len u sau, sau o c giao cho sao va ke en la ken
trumpet. gan gia chng 2 co mot oan mang tieu e
Tro chi cua Cac cap. ay 5 cap ken (bassoon, oboe,
clarinet, sao va trumpet co ham tieng) tau len 5 nhac e
khac nhau bieu th cho 5 cap. Trong chng 3, chung ta cam
nhan c khong kh cua hanh khuc tang le. . Tuy vay, ban
concerto nay van c ket thuc mot cach lac quan, nh the
tai khang nh cuoc song. Am nhac ay mang phong cach
Hungary c phat trien tng phan bao gom mot fugue.

1944

SONATA CHO VIOLIN OC TAU.

I. Tempo di ciaconna (theo ieu chaconne11); Allegro vivace.

II. Fuga.
III. Melodia (Tnh giai ieu). IV. Presto.
Vao nam 1940, nghe s violin lng danh Yehudi Menuhin
a at Bartok viet mot sonata cho oc tau violin. Do benh
ta, nha soan nhac a phai di nhieu lan trc khi quyet
nh bat tay vao viet. Ban sonata nay c hoan tat vao
11

ieu vu nhp 3, c du nhap t Mexico vao Tay-ban-nha t Tk. XVI

18

ngay 14/3/1944 va c Mehudin bieu dien tai Thanh pho New

York vao 26/11/1944.
1945

CONCERTO SO 3 CHO PIANO VA DAN NHAC. (Do

Tibor Serly hoan tat, sa cha va phoi dan nhac)

I. Moderato. II. Adagio religioso (cham, mau sac ton
giao). III. Allegro vivace.
Ban concerto nay do nghe s viola xuat sac William
Primrose at Bartok viet, nhng ong khong song e hoan tat
c no. Ong bat au viet vao mua xuan 1945, nhng sc
khoe yeu kem cua ong a ngan tr ong tiep tuc.
Ban thao ch gom co 15 trang khong anh so. Khong
co dan giai hay ghi chu g ve phoi dan nhac, con hoa am
ch c ghi bang kieu toc ky rieng cua nha soan nhac.
Tibor Serly la ban than cua Bartok. Ong a quyet nh tiep
tuc phat trien va hoan thanh nhng g ban ong con lam
dang d. Serly a mat 2 nam e hoan tat. Cuoi cung, ban
concerto c cong dien tai Minneapoli vao ngay 2/12/1949 vi
William Primrose la nghe s oc tau violin va Antal Dorati ch
huy dan nhac giao hng Minneapolis.

JOHN

12

CAGE (1912 - 199212)

Theo t lieu cua ngi dch.

19

Ngay t nhng khi au sang tao cua mnh, John Cage

a cam thay rang nen am nhac cua the gii phng Tay
a en cho ket thuc va mot nha soan nhac nagy nay buoc
phai i tm cac phng tien dien at mi, chat lieu mi,
nhac cu mi , am thanh mi tom lai la ngon ng mi.
Ong bat au nhng bc tham do e tr thanh nha
soan nhac theo trng phai am nhac 12 am vi vai sang tac
trong o co Metamorphosis (1938, S Bien hnh) viet cho piano.
V cam thay rang ngay en loai nhac 12 am van co lien he
ti qua kh, nen chang bao lau ong a t bo no ma
tien hanh nhieu th nghiem vi am nhac cho nhac cu go
da cach rieng vao tiet ieu va mau tiet tau, ong thi
t bo han cac ng dung trong lanh vc giai ieu, hoa am,
oi am cua am nhac trc ay. Tac pham Living Room
Music (1940 - Nhac trong phong khach) la mot t tau cho
nhac cu go va li noi chuyen (bo go ay c tao ra
bi nhng o vat co trong phong khach nh: ban ghe, giay,
ca so, bc tng, ca ra vao, v.v). Imaginary Landscape
No. 2 (Phong canh tng tng) la mot ngu tau go; Credo in
USA (1942, Tin vao nc My) viet cho t tau go va an
piano. Ong b loi cuon bi cac hieu qua tiet tau va cua
bo go en o sang che ra loai piano lam san va viet ca
mot th vien nhac (cac sac tieng khac nhau) cho no. Roi
ong con tiep tuc khao sat t m nhng tiem nang cua
cac am thanh am nhac ac biet, am nhac cu the, am nhac
ngau nhien13 va chu ngha dada14 mi.
Nhng am thanh ma ong a vao mot vai sang tac
cua mnh co nhieu nguon goc khac nhau, thng la t
nhng g tao ra tieng ong loi keo Cage chu y. Tac pham
Third Construction in Metal (1941 - Cau truc th ba bang kim
loai) c soan cho cai xuc xac, trong, lon thiec, cowbell 15, va
tham ch tieng gam cua mot con s t, gia cac nhac cu go
Aleatory music, tam dch: am nhac ngau nhien (alea = c hoi)
Phong trao phan khang cua nghe thuat chong lai chien tranh. T nam 1916
phong trao nay c chuyen t Zurich (Thuy S) sang Paris, pha v cac truyen
thong trong nghe thuat va van chng. Sau nay, chu ngha dada bien oi
thanh chu ngha sieu thc (surrealismus).
15
Trong dan trong Jazz, o la hop kim loai e go vao.
13
14

20

tap nhap, nhieu co nguon goc d thng. Trong Water Music

(Nhac nc - 1952) cac am thanh c tao ra bi viec rot
nc t mot bnh cha ay sang mot bnh rong va viec
xao mot co bai.
oi vi lanh vc am nhac cu the, ong a tao nen
tac pham William Mix (1952) Fontana Mix (1958), trong o cac
am thanh c tai tao lai tren mot bang t. William Mix,
Cage a dung en tro chi xuc xac cua Tau e tao ra yeu
to c hoi. Ong gieo xuc xac e xac nh mot he thong co
so bac tng ng vi con so nh bi cac cuc xuc xac!
Trong cac sang tac khac nh Variations I (1958, Bien tau I)
va Variations II (1961, Bien tau II), yeu to c hoi c danh
cho nghe s bieu dien t do la chon ngau nhien loai tieng
va thi iem dien.
Cage cung gi v tr hang au cua phong trao dada mi
noi bat trong nhng nam 1960. Cac tac pham Variations V
(1965, Bien tau V) va Theatre Piece (1965, Tieu pham nha
hat kch) ac biet a a thch. Bien tau V c gii thieu
thanh pho New York vao ngay 23/7/1965. o la mot sang
tac thnh - th ma tong pho cua no yeu cau phai co ca
thiet b ien t, o vat tao tieng ong, loa, cung nh cac
nhac cu dan nhac. Nhng hnh anh van veo t TV va cac
hnh cat xen t phim (film clip) c chieu len mot man anh.
Ngi bieu dien chnh (mot vu cong nam mac quan bo o
va ao s-mi xam) tao nen nhng am thanh ky b bang cach
ap xe ap ngang qua cac may phat tn hieu am thanh, cac
tieng ong nay c khuech ai va truyen ra loa bo tr
nhieu cho trong thnh phong cho thnh gia nghe.
Cage sinh ngay 5/9/1912 tai Los Angeles, California. Ong hoc
piano, ban au vi Fannie Charles Dillon, sau o vi Lazare Levy
Paris. Ong hoc sang tac vi Henry Cowell, Arnold Schoenberg
va Adolph Weiss. Vao nam 1936, ong tham gia vao phan khoa
am nhac trng Cornish Seattle, Washington, tai o, ong to
chc cac buoi trnh dien am nhac cho nhac cu go, gii thieu
nhng th nghiem chnh, au tien cua ong theo hng nay.
Ong bat au to chc cac buoi hoa nhac dien cac sang
21

tac th nghiem cua ong New York vao nhng nam au

cua 1940. Nam 1949, ong nhan c giai thng cua Han
Lam Vien Quoc Gia Van Chng Nghe Thuat My. Mot buoi
hoa nhac toan canh cac thanh tu sang tao cua ong trong
hn 1/4 the ky c to chc tai New York vao ngay 15/5/1958
va a c ghi am toan bo.
1942-1951

IMAGINARY LANDSCAPE NO. 2 [MARCH] (Phong

canh tng tng So 2 Hanh khuc), cho ngu tau nhac cu

go.
IMAGINARY LANDSCAPE NO. 3, hoa tau 6 nhac cu go.
IMAGINARY LANDSCAPE NO. 4 [MARCH 2], cho 12 radio.
Imaginary Landscape No. 2 (1942) la mot trong
nhng th nghiem cua John Cage ve am thanh mang tiet
tau. No c viet cho nhieu nhac cu go khac nhau va
nhng vat gay tieng ong, co the cho ra c nhng am
thanh khac thng. Ngoai ra con gom ca nhng lon thiec, vo
oc xa c, banh coc xe, trong bass, coi vo ve, cong (gong)
nc, gio rac kim loai, mot tieng s t gam, va mot cuon
day a c khuech ai.
Gia nh cac o vat gay tieng ong va nhac cu go
c m rong trong tac pham Imaginary Landscape No. 3
(1942) gom ca nhng thiet b c kh va ien t nh dao ong
ke tan so am thanh, cac may quay a toc o khac nhau
e phat cac a nhac co tan so khac nhau, tieng r ram
cua may phat ien, va mot thiet b phat tieng vo ve. Ong
con dung ca mot cuon day va mot marimbula 16 c
khuech ai bang cach tiep xuc vi mot micro.
Imaginary Landscape No. 4 (1951) bat nguon t nhng
cach sap xep cac am thanh bat thng t 12 radio (ai,
may phat thanh) c 24 ngi bieu dien ieu khien, c 2
ngi cho mot radio. Mot trong hai ngi van nut do ai,

Nhac cu go co dang nh mot phien go, cung ho vi loai marimba thng c

dung trong bo go.
16

22

ngi kia chnh am lng. Cac bc song va ca gia tr

trng o cung c ghi trong tong pho cua Cage.
Imaginary Landscape No. 2 a c trnh dien lan au
tien San Francisco vao nam 1942, do Lou Harrison ch huy; ban
Imaginary Landscape so 3 lan au tien c nghe vao ngay
1/3/1942 Chicago, va ban so 4 New York vao 2/5/1951 do
chnh nha soan nhac ch huy.
1946-1948

SONATAS AND INTERLUDES (Cac ban sonate

va tieu pham giai lao), cho an piano c chuan b trc.

La mot hoc tro cua Henry Cowell nen John Cage bat
au b an tng vi nhng th nghiem cua thay mnh a
tien hanh tren piano vao nhng nam au cua thap nien
1920 e tao nhng tnh chat am thanh la cua nhac cu nay
vi nhng chong am va bang cach gay va dung tay anh
day an t trong tam hng am. Trong khi i tm cac am
thanh mi, Cage m rong nhng sang kien cua Cowell bang
cach chuan b trc an piano. Ong lam nh vay lan au
tien vao nam 1938 trong mot sang tac dai 60 phut mang
ten Bacchanale, c viet thanh nhac nen cho mot man vu
cua Syvilla Fort.
Ngi ta chuan b an piano bang cach nhoi vao
gia cac day an moi th vat lieu nh: ai oc, bu-loong,
inh vt, da thuoc, n, go, muong (thia), kep phi quan ao,
hop thuoc aspirin, v.v Nh vay, cao o chnh xac khong con
can thiet, thang am ieu thc khong con la ieu bat buoc,
nhng o vang am, tnh chat am thanh mi c tao nen, t
nhng loai am thanh nh tieng cong, tieng veo chat chua,
tieng gay, tieng thnh thch. Cage a coi an piano c
chuan b trc nh mot phoi hp nhac cu vat go danh cho
mot ngi chi an.
Sau mot buoi hoa nhac cua Cage vi nhac cho an
piano chuan b trc thanh pho New York vao ngay
10/12/1945, Lou Harrisson a viet trong tap ch Am nhac hien
ai: .. co the thuyet phuc ay la mot ky hieu hoan
23

toan mi va mot nang lc sang tao thuan tuy. Tuy nhien

cung co nhng y kien trai ngc nh cua J. Fred Lissfelt trong
t Tin ien mat tri (Sun Telegraph) Pittsburgh, ong cho la
an piano chuan b trc nghe nh mot cay an cu can
phai vt bo i; Oscar Thompson cung mo ta cac tieu pham
viet cho an piano chuan b trc cua Cage nh nhng tro
chi tre con danh cho tai ngi ln.
Cac Sonatas va Preludes c Cage viet vao gia
nam 1946 va 1948, la tac pham mang nhieu tham vong nhat
cua Cage trong lanh vc nay. Mat 70 phut e bieu dien
nhng s chuan b trc piano rat phc tap en o ngi
ta phai can en 2, 3 tieng ong ho thao tac. Ban au, ban
th 12 va bon ban cuoi c viet theo cac cau truc tiet
tau A-A-B-B co cac ty le bien oi, trong o trong 2 ban
interlude17 khong co yeu to lap lai.
Bon ban cua Cac Sonatas va Preludes c Marjo
Ajemian gii thieu New York vao ngay 14/4/1946, va bon
ban na c ra mat vao ngay 10/12/1946. Toan bo tac
pham c nghe vao mua xuan nam 1948 tai Trng Cao
ang Black Mountain Black Mountain, Bac Carolina trong mot
buoi dien cua chnh tac gia.
1958

CONCERT CHO PIANO VA DAN NHAC (Ban hoa

tau cho piano va dan nhac).

Concert c gii thieu New York vao 15/5/1958 trong
mot chng trnh anh dau mot phan t the ky phat trien
va thang hoa cua nha cai cach am nhac John Cage. Concert
la mot trong nhng tac pham phc tap nhat cua Cage, ket
hp cac am thanh go, am thanh ien t va am nhac ngau
nhien. Chnh tac gia viet: Concert cho piano va dan nhac
khong co tong pho chnh, nhng moi be c viet chi tiet
theo ky am, o, ngi bieu dien t xac nh o dai cua
nhp va sau o c nha ch huy thay oi cho phu hp!. Theo
ong, tac pham co the c trnh dien toan bo hay tng be
17

khuc nhac chen vao gia.

24

keo dai tuy y, vi so lng nhac cong tuy y, theo kieu

mot tac pham oc tau, hoa tau thnh phong, giao hng,
concerto cho piano va dan nhac, v.v
Nghe s oc tau piano can phai chi phm theo cach
thong thng. Co luc ngi o gay va bap day an tren
tam hng am trong thung an piano; hoac ngi o cui
xuong ap manh ben di thung an. Thnh thoang ngi
bieu dien ri an e van hanh cac may moc ien t.
Phan be cua an piano c soan t 84 sang tac khac,
ngi bieu dien t do chon e chi tat ca hay tng phan
ma ngui o muon.
Phan em cua dan nhac c yeu cau dien nhng
ieu khong tnh trc. Mot ngi thoi ken phai dien tau
tren 2 ken tuba cung mot luc. Mot ngi thoi trombone c
yeu cau tao am thanh ch rieng t mieng ken. Ngi chi
violin th c ch nh kep at an cua anh ta gia 2 au goi
va keo an nh khi chi cello vay.
1962

ATLAS ECLIPITICALIS (Ban o thien thc) cho dan

nhac va cac nhac cu ien t.

Sang tac nay (c John Cage at ten theo ban o
thien van) c tac gia mo ta nh la am nhac ien t
song. Ong giai thch: Am nhac ien t gan nh le thuoc
vao bang t e bieu dien hay c thu lai. Am nhac tac
pham nay s dung cac mach ien t (micro, ampli, loa) noi
ket vi cac nhac cu. Trong buoi cong dien tac pham nay
lan au tien tren the gii vao ngay 3/8/1961 tai Montreal,
Canada, John Cage a s dung 86 nhac cu theo thng le va
vi phan be ien t c tiep xuc vi micro, lien ket vi
ampli va loa do mot tr ly ch huy van hanh.

25

CARLOS

CHAVEZ (1899 - 197818)

Chavez a viet: Nhn chung, am nhac Mexico ch la

san pham cua mot s pha tron cac anh hng, mot kieu
lai giong. S pha tron nay t nguon chnh la An-o va Tayban-nha, va khong bao gi co s quan bnh, 50/50, gia hai
yeu to nay
T loai am nhac a phng Mexico, ac biet la cua
giong dan Da o Mexico, Chavez co c cac ac iem
nghe thuat cho mnh, o la: tuyen giai ieu chan phng va
het sc gian d; am thanh moc mac cua bo go; tac ong
tho s cua tiet tau; cach dien at co ve co xa; nhng
tng phan ot ngot, bat ng. Bang cach hoa lan cac yeu
to nh vay vi nhng ky thuat hoa am, nhac cu cua mot
nha soan nhac TK. XX, Chavez a at c mot phong cach
rieng, vi cot loi mang ac tnh Mexico, ngay ca khi ong
khong dung en nhng chat lieu Mexico ban x.
Aaron Copland a viet: Trong am nhac cua mnh, Carlos
Chavez a oi au vi hau het nhng van e chnh cua
nen am nhac hien ai: s pha o nhng ly tng tieu
18

theo t lieu cua ngi dch.

26

chuan c, viec the hien khach quan cam xuc, viec dung
chat lieu dan gian theo hng quoc gia chu ngha, cac tiet
tau phc tap, loi viet theo chieu doc oi nghch vi chieu
ngang, cac hnh anh am thanh hien ai ac trng Am
nhac cua Chavez ac biet khoe manh. o la am nhac c
sang tao khong e thay the nhng e bieu hien cuoc song.
No am vang trong sang, ro rang, khong bong che hay s du
dang. ay la am nhac ng ai nh cha tng co.
Chavez sinh ngay 13/6/1899 tai thanh pho Mexico. Ong
hoc piano vi Manuel Ponce, Pedro Luis Ogazon va mot t hoa
am vi Juan B. Fuentes. Nhng hau nh ong t hoc mot cach
can cu, chu yeu t cac sach giao khoa va tong pho am
nhac a c xuat ban. Cac tac pham au tay cua ong cho
thay ro anh hng Chau Au. Nh tham nhuan am nhac
dan gian cua que hng mnh, ong a thoat khoi nhng anh
hng ngoai lai nay va giup ong bieu hien mot cach ay
ca tnh nhng sang tao cua mnh. Tac pham quan trong nhat
thuoc loai nay la v ballet New Fire (El Fuego nuevo Ngon la
mi) c viet vao nam 1921 va ra mat tai Thanh pho
Mexico vao ngay 4/11/1928. T nam 1922 en 1923, Chavez du
lch khap chau Au, o ong bat au lam quen vi am
nhac cua Stravinsky va Schoenberg trong so tac pham cua
nha soan nhac khac. Tr ve Mexico nam 1923, ong to chc
va ch huy cac buoi hoa nhac loai am nhac mi e gii
thieu cho Mexico nhng khuon mat sang tao chnh trong am
nhac Tk. XX. Bat au t 1926, ong song New York trong 2
nam. Sau o, nam 1928, ong tr ve Mexico e tr thanh
nhan vat co anh hng nhat ve am nhac. Ong thanh lap
mot dan nhac giao hng, lan au tien trnh dien nhng
buoi hoa nhac eu an tai Mexico; ong phuc hoi he thong
giao duc cua Mexico vi t cach la giam oc Nhac vien
Quoc gia; ong tr thanh ngi ng au Bo Nghe thuat.
n thng oc ma ong a tao nen c mot nen van hoa
am nhac quan trong cho at nc mnh, ong thi lam giau
nen van hoa o bang rat nhieu nhng sang tac mang
nguon goc sau am cua am nhac dan gian Mexico. V ballet
27

H.P. c cam hng t thi ai c kh, c dng tren san

khau lan au tien vao ngay 31/3/1932 Philadelphia, do
Leopold Stokowski ch huy. Cac tac pham thu au quan trong
khac cua ong gom co 2 ban giao hng au tay - Sinfona
de Antgona (Giao hng cua Antigone) va Sinfona India (Giao
hng Da o) va vai tac pham khac s dung a phan
nhac cu Mexico, ang ke nhat la tac pham Xochipilli
Macuilxochitl19 (1940). Ong con the hien mnh la mot nha
ch huy xuat sac, ke t 1936, nh la mot nhac trng khach
mi cua nhng to chc giao hng quan trong My. Trong
thi gian 1958 1959, ong c e c lam Giao s tai ai hoc
Harvard Cac bai giang cua ong ay c tong hp lai
trong cuon sach Musical Thought (Suy ngh am nhac, 1960).
Ong nhac c nhieu huan chng quan trong cua Phap, B,
Thu ien cung nh Mexico; ong la thanh vien danh d cua
Vien Han Lam Khoa Hoc va Nghe Thuat My Boston, va
cua Vien Han Lam Van Chng va Nghe Thuat My New
York.
1933 1935

SINFONA DE ANTGONA (GIAO HNG SO 1

Giao hng cua Antigone20), cho dan nhac.

SINFONA INDIA (GIAO HNG SO 2 Giao hng Da o),
dan nhac.
Mot buoi trnh dien tac pham Antigone cua Jean
Cocteau tai thanh pho Mexico a em lai c hoi cho Chavez
viet phan nhac them cho no theo uy nhiem cua Bo My
Thuat. Ong viet tac pham nay the loai giao hng mot
chng (1933) va chnh ong cung vi Dan nhac Giao hng
Mexico a gii thieu no vi cong chung vao ngay
15/12/1933.
Am nhac nay pha tron cac the loai cua ngi Da o
vi cac ieu thc Hy-lap co. Theo ong, ay la mot giao
tho ng.
Nhan vat trong Than thoai Hy Lap, la con gai cua 2 v than Eudipus va Iokaste.
Bat chap lenh cua n hoang Kreon a em chon thi the anh mnh la Polyneikes.
19
20

28

hng ch khong phai th giao hng, ngha la khong hng

theo mot chng trnh nao ca. Co 3 y tng chu e: Y
tng th nhat do ken oboe oc tau; y tng th hai do
violin am nhiem; va y tng th ba hien ra tren be sao
tram.
Giao hng Da o (1935) la tac pham mot chng,
trong o ong dung cac chu e mang tnh Mexico Da o.
Chavez hoan tat tac pham nay trong mot lan vieng tham
New York; chnh ong ch huy tac pham nay trong lan ra mat
the gii lan au tien vi dan nhac giao hng Columbia,
truyen qua mang radio CBS vao ngay 23/1/1936.
Mot phan m au ngan ( toc o Vivo -nhanh, sinh
ong), sau o la chu e mang tiet tau manh me do oboe va
violin am nhiem, o la giai ieu cua ngi Da o Huicholes.
Sau phan nay, be clarinette vang len mot ca khuc ep cua
ngi Da o Yaqui vung Sonora (Allegretto cantabile hi nhanh
va du dng). Chat lieu nay c bien tau va a en cao
trao trc khi mot giai ieu mang am hng Da o Sonora
xuat hien be sao va ken cor, va sau o la bo day dien
tau (Adagio). Sau phan tai hien chnh thc cua chat lieu nay,
mot ieu vu manh me, cuong nhiet cua ngi Da o Seri
tao nen cam giac cang thang, hoi hop a en cao trao
cuoi.
1940

CONCERTO SO 1 CHO PIANO VA DAN NHAC.

I. Allegro agitato. II. Molto lento. III. Allegro.

Trong loai am nhac kho hanh va nhieu tnh chat nhac

cu go nay, phong cach cua Chavez c phat trien ay u
nhat. o la am nhac mang tnh thuyet phuc, chu yeu la
cau truc hoa am cua, c bien oi trong hieu qua am
thanh cua no. Piano va dan nhac c dung nh mot vat the
am nhac hoi nhap, khong phan nao phu thuoc hoac lan at
phan nao.
Chng mot va chng ba co nguon goc t cac tiet
tau trong am nhac Da o ban x. Gia hai chng manh me
29

nay la mot oan tr tnh, mang ve ky la do cach s dung

kieu dien at co xa.
Vao ngay 1/1/1942, ban concerto nay c nghe s piano
Eugene Liszt trnh dien vi dan nhac New York Philharmonic di
s ch huy cua Dimitri Mitropoulos.
1942

TOCCATA CHO CAC NHAC CU GO.

Tac pham khac thng nay c viet cho 11 loai nhac

cu go (do 6 nhac cong am nhiem), mot so la nhac cu ban
x Mexico: trong Yaqui; trong tenor va trong eo ben sn;
chuong; an xylophone; chum choe; chuong chum (chime); que
bang go cng go vao nhau; trong lac; trong chuoi
(kettledrums); trong bass; cong. Ong dung nhng nhom nhac
cu khac nhau trong cac chng khac nhau: trong bong va
tram chiem u the trong chng au tien; an xylophone,
chuong chum, cong vang len trong chng hai; va trong lac,
que go cng phat am, cung cac trong nho cua ngi Da
o chng ba.
Ban Toccata co 3 chng c dien tau khong ngng
ngh: Allegro sempre giusto (nhanh vui, luon gi ung nhp);
Largo (Cham lan rong); Allegro un poco marziale (nhanh vui hi
mang tnh hanh khuc). S thay oi ve am sac, tiet tau va
mau sac lam cho tac pham nghe rat hay. Tac pham nay
c trnh dien Thanh pho Mexico vao ngay 31/10/1947 do
Eduardo Hermandez Moncada ch huy.
1950

CONCERTO CHO VIOLIN VA DAN NHAC.

Chavez am mnh vao viec sang tac concerto cho violin

nay khi nhan c s uy nhiem cua nang Viviane Bertolami.
Co Bertolami a gii thieu no thanh pho Mexico va do
chnh nha soan nhac ch huy vao ngay 28/2/1952. Nhieu nam
sau, Chavez sa lai tong pho va oi phan phoi kh. Ban
sang tac mi nay c Henryk Szeryng va dan nhac New York
Philharmonic trnh dien vao mua thu nam 1965 do Leonard
Berstein ch huy.

30

Tac pham co 8 oan c dien khong gian oan. Phan

Trnh bay gom 4 oan: Largo; Allegro; Adagio; Scherzo. Bon oan
con lai hnh thanh nen phan Tai hien: Scherzo; Adagio; Allegro;
Largo. Mot oan cadenza cho violin oc tau ngan cach 2 oan
scherzo cua phan Trnh bay va Tai hien. Nha soan nhac tiet
lo: Moi chng bao gom phan phat trien nam ngay trong
phan Trnh bay va Tai hien. Noi khac i, phan Tai hien
khong nh thong thng ma a phan no chnh la tam gng
ln cho phan Trnh bay. ay, violin c phat huy het kha
nang nh la mot nhac cu dien cam tr tnh va uyen chuyen
ve tiet tau. Chat lieu giai ieu chnh cua concerto nay la
mot ca khuc giau tnh dien at cho violin oc tau m au va
cung gii thieu phan Largo ket thuc; ngoai ra con co mot
y nhac xuc ong cho oc tau violin trong phan Trnh bay
Adagio. oan scherzo au tien gom mot chu e va 3 bien
tau.
1953

GIAO HNG SO 4, LANG MAN

(ROMANTICA).
I. Allegro (Nhanh vui).

II. Molto lento (Rat cham)

III. Vivo non troppo mosso (Song ong nhng khong qua
linh hoat).
GIAO HNG SO 5, cho dan nhac.
I. Allegro molto moderato (Nhanh vui that va phai).

II.

Lento (Cham)
III. Allegro con brio (Nhanh vui tin tng).
Ban giao hng so 4 do dan nhac Louisville Kentucky
at viet, chnh Chavez ch huy vao ngay 4/2/1953. Tieu e
Lang man do ong at, nhan manh tnh cam xuc va tr tnh
cua toan bo tac pham, c xem nh mot khi au cho
cach viet nhieu kch tnh va mau sac cua nhac cu go trong
cac giao hng thi ky au cua ong.
Chu e chnh cua chng au, c nghe lan au tien
qua tieng ken cor anglais, tai hien trong suot giao hng, mac
du co thay oi va bien tau. Chu e hai tng oi ngan hn,
trc tien c gii thieu bi ken bassoon, sao va clarinet.
31

Chng hai m au vi nhng phan oan cua chu e chng

mot, sau phan nay chung ta nghe mot aria m rong (aria nay
cung c xuat phat t chu e 1 cua chng trc). Chng
ket la mot rondo kep vi 2 chu e chnh, chu e th nhat
co lien quan vi chu e 1 cua chng m au.
Trong khi giao hng so 4 mang tnh lang man, th giao
hng so 5 co mau sac tan co ien. Mot ac iem thu v
ve phoi kh trong tac pham nay la cac Chavez tao nen
nhng hieu qua am thanh mi bang cach viet cho mot vai
nhac cu am vc bat thng (thung t c dung en); v
du, an doublebasse c viet am vc cao, bong. Giao
hng so 5 ra mat tai Los Angeles ngay 1/12/1953 do chnh ong
ch huy.
1963

GIAO HNG SO 6.

I. Allegro risoluto ma non

troppo mosso (Nhanh cng quyet nhng khong qua linh

hoat).

II. Adagio (At Ease) (Cham thoai mai).

III. Con

anima (Vi tam hon).

Sau khi hoan tat giao hng so 5, Chavez theo uoi
viec sang tac mot giao hng trong nhng gii han co
ien. Dan nhac Philharmonic New York a khuyen khch ong
nhieu bang cach at ong sang tac tac pham nh vay. Tac
pham nay, phan ln c viet t nam 1961 en 1962, nhng
do mai ti nam 1963 mi c hoan tat. Buoi cong dien
au tien cua no tren the gii dien ra vao ngay 7/5/1964 tai
New York do dan nhac Philharmonic New York di s ch huy
cua Leonard Bernstein.
Chu e 1 cua chng M au la mot t duy c m
rong; no c trnh bay trc het bi violin va viola. Chu e
2 ieu thc tng phan, va theo Edward Downes mo ta th
nh mot am hnh ong a nhe cua bo go tren nen bc i
quang 8 cham cua cello va doublebasse. Gan ve cuoi chng
nay, doublebasse gii thieu mot chu e se c dung lam
c ban cho chng III passacaglia21. Chng passacaglia nay gom
mot ieu vu viet cho an phm, co t TK. XVII. Thng kho phan biet gia
passacaglia va chaconne. Ca hai eu nhp 3, vi cau 2, 4 hay 8 nhp va ket
21

32

co 43 bien tau tren mot chu e dai 6 nhp do ken tuba oc

tau.

CLAUDE

DEBUSSY (1862 - 1918)

Thi Debussy con la mot thanh nien, e tai ma

nhng ngi sung bai

nghe thuat thng ban luan trong

cac quan ca phe Paris la ve nhng hoa s trng phai

An tng (nh Manet, Monet, Renoir, Degas, Cezanne, Seurat) va
nhng ngi theo trng phai Bieu tng (symbolists) trong thi
ca (Mallarme, Baudelaire, Verlaine). Nhng ly thuyet ve nghe
thuat, nhng y tng cung nh cach thc va phng phap
e at c ly thuyet o a tac ong nhieu en Debussy.
Thuat ng

trng phai an tng ra i vao gia

the ky 19. Nam 1867, mot so bc tranh sn dau cua

Edouard Manet a c trng bay Paris. Vao thi iem o
ngi ta giai thch rang chu ch cua Manet la dien at
nhng an tng. Va cung vao luc nay Claude Manet a ve
mot bc tranh mat tri moc bien ta e la Une
Impression (Mot an tng). Xuat phat t mot trong hai, co
le la ca hai, ly do nay ma thuat ng

trng phai an

tng c at ra e goi ten mot phong cach hoi hoa mi.

Nhng ngi theo chu ngha Tng trng ai dien cho
van hoc Phap giong nh cac nha An tng oi vi hoi hoa,
ho cung chu trong en cam xuc hn la tri thc. Ho nhan
manh am thanh cua t ng hn la y ngha cua no. T ng
quan trong cung nh nhac cu trong am nhac. Ho dien at cam
xuc khong ch bang cach mo phong hnh tng ma con khai
thac phep an du e dien at ieu huyen dieu ngay gia
long s ton tai cua con ngi. Nhng ngi theo chu ngha
hoan toan cuoi moi cau.

33

Tng trng chong lai xu hung lang man trong th ca giong

nh cac hoa s Trng phai An tng a qua chan ngan tnh
cng ieu hoi hoa lang man trong nhng bc tranh phong
canh a cam. Ho phu nhan viec ke chuyen va nhng li
khuyen ran ao c cung nh cach the hien chung bang
cam xuc manh liet. Nhng hat giong cua cac y tng nh
the a c gieo xuong mat at mau m: Debussy a tiep
thu va bien chung thanh cai cua rieng mnh.
T duy am nhac cua Debussy a co nhieu thay oi
trong giai oan nay. Sau mot lan en tham Bayreuth ong a
tr thanh mot tong o nhiet tnh cua Wagner. Mot nam sau
ong en Bayreuth lan th hai va chuyen vieng tham nay
a xoa tan moi nhiet tnh cua ong va khien ong bi quan. Va
ong a rat no lc e thoat khoi anh hng cua tnh kch
trong am nhac Wagner. Ong tm c s ong cam Erik
Satie, ngi a the hien s phan khang chong lai nhng y
tng va nguyen tac cua Wagner. Trng phai lang man
c a lam Debussy lanh xa bi s a cam qua mc, cau
truc khoa trng, van dung hieu qua qua to ln. Tat ca
nhng iem nay tao nen bat li cho viec trnh bay cac t
duy tru tng. en luc nay, muc ch cua Debussy la tao
nen am nhac Phap hoan toan khac vi am nhac c, than
tng mi cua ong la cac bac thay ngi Phap trc ay
nh Rameau va Couperin. ho ong tm thay s ro rang, tnh
dt khoat, s tinh te ma nh o ban tnh nhay cam cua
ong c the hien mot cach t nhien. Debussy t goi mnh
la musicien franais (nhac s Phap) va muc ch cua ong la at
c mot nen am nhac Phap tinh te, lac quan, kheo leo va
co the kem che c. Nhng cuoc noi chuyen vi Satie a
lam ong suy ngh sang to hn, mot so cai cach ve hoa
am va nhp cua Satie a cho ong nhng chat lieu am nhac
mi.
Debussy, cha e cua trng phai An tng, sinh ra
Saint-Germain-en-Laye, vung ngoai o Paris, vao ngay 22 thang 8

34

nam 1862. Nam 11 tuoi ong vao hoc Nhac vien Paris. Trong
11 nam tai ay ong a hoc hoa am vi Durand va Lavignac,
hoc sang tac vi Guiraud va hoc piano vi Marmontel. Mac du
hoc moi trng chnh thong, nhng Debussy van kien tr i
tm loi hoa am mi va khong tuan theo nhng g thay mnh
chu trng, ap dung nhng ky thuat bat chap quy va ong
van luon la sinh vien xuat sac. Ong a oat cac giai ve
ky xng am va th tau. Nam 1884, vi ban cantata
LEnfant Prodigue (Ngi con hoang ang) ong a oat giai
thng Prix de Rome ma rat nhieu ngi them muon. Tai
Rome ong to thai o bc mnh bi v nhng han che cua
cac giang vien Nhac vien a tac ong manh en ong. Ben
canh o ong ghet nc Y, ghet cai kh hau, ghet ca thc
an, con ngi va am nhac cua nc Y. Ong khong i en
khi het thi gian 3 nam c lu tru Italy ma tr ve Paris
vao mua xuan 1887, tai ay ong a hoan thanh cantata La
Damoiselle Elue (Ngi n c an sung), da tren bai th
cung ten cua Raphaelite Dante Gabriel Rossetti, do Gabriel Sarrazin
dch sang tieng Phap. Trong tac pham nay mau sac hoa am
c c u tien hn la cau truc, chuyen ieu bat thng,
s dung hp cac hp am khong co lien he vi nhau thay
cho hoa am chc nang ma ong c hoc Nhac vien. Bi
v nhng ngi at giai thng Prix de Rome c yeu cau
phai nop cac tac pham cua mnh, nen Debussy a gi tac
pham La Damoiselle Elue en nop. Cac giam khao nhan
thay rang nhng cai cach cua tac pham nay la qua triet
e nen khong cho phep bieu dien nhng cuoi cung, du
khong c s ung ho cua ho tac pham nay van c
bieu dien tai mot buoi hoa nhac cua Societe Nationale
(Hiep hoi quoc gia) Paris vao ngay 8 thang 4 nam 1893.
Vao thi iem o mot so nhac cong noi tieng, ang ke
la Vincent dIndy va Julien Tiersot hoan ho tac pham nay. T
o no c cong nhan la tac pham co y ngha quan trong
au tien cua Debussy.

35

Vao khoang nam 1893 Debussy a uc ket t duy cua

mnh e a ra cai rieng trong am nhac cua ong. Bay gi
ong sang tac hang loat kiet tac va ngay lap tc tr thanh
ngui sang tao v ai cua thi ai ong, va c xem la mot
trong nhng nhan vat khieu khch nhat.
au tien la T tau day Sol th, op.10 c viet nam
1893 va c gii thieu bi nhom t tau Ysaye buoi hoa
nhac cua Societe Nationale vao ngay 29 thang 12 nam 1893.
Khan thnh gia tr nen hoang mang va b kch ong bi phong
cach lieu lnh cua tac pham nay. Cac nha phe bnh khong
tiec li ch trch, mot so ngi cho la Debussy a lam dung
chuyen ieu. Qua vai thap nien sau o cho en au thap
ky XX no mi c cong nhan la mot trong nhng tac
pham quan trong nhat giup cho phong cach An tng c
cong nhan do nhng anh hng ang ke cua no oi vi
cac nha soan nhac tre Phap.
Sau o la mot trong so nhng tac pham tuyet vi
nhat cua Debussy, tac pham cho dan nhac Prelude a
lApres-Midi dun Faune (Buoi xe chieu cua than ong
ang22) c viet vao gia nam 1892 va 1894, do Societe
Nationale gii thieu vao ngay 22 thang 12 nam 1894, di s
ch huy cua Gustave Doret. Ong lay cam hng t bai th
cua Stephane Mallarme23. ay la tac pham c cong nhan
hoan toan trong am nhac vi cac quan niem nghe thuat
cua ca Trng phai An tng lan Bieu tng.
Vi 3 ban Nocturne cho dan nhac c viet vao gia
nam 1897 va 1899, nhng am thanh ma Debussy tao ra a at
en nh cao cua s hoan hao. Debussy giai thch ta e
Noctune c at e co mot ten goi chung ch khong co
lien quan g en hnh thc Nocturne. Hai ban au tien la
Nuages (May) va Fetes (Le hoi) c gii thieu vao
ngay 8 thang 12 nam 1900 bi dan nhac Lamoureux, do
Than ong ruong trong than thoai La-ma, co au de nhng than la mnh
ngi. (Ngi dch)
23
Ngi ng au trng phai Bieu tng trong thi ca. (Ngi dch)
22

36

Chevillard ch huy. Mot nam sau, ngay 27 thang 11 nam 1901

ca 3 ban Nocturne -ban th 3 la Sirenes (Nang tien ca)c viet lai cho giong n va dan nhac, c bieu dien
mot buoi hoa nhac cua dan nhac Lamoureux.
Cac kiet tac tren c viet trc

nam 1900

nen

chung khong c e cap en chi tiet trong phan sau. Tuy

nhien khong co s giam sut nao ve nang lc sang tao
trong am nhac cua Debussy trong nhng tac pham sau nam
1900. Ong la mot trong nhng nhac s ong gop sang tao
nhat cho nhng ky thuat mi va tham my am nhac cua
thi ai mnh.
Ngay 19 thang 10 nam 1899 Debussy ket hon vi
Rosalie Texier (ong goi than mat la Lily-Lilo), mot th lam toc
thuoc tang lp bnh dan. Trong mot thi gian ngan, ong gan
bo sau xa vi co, va a e tang co tac pham Nocturnes.
Nam 1904 ong bo co ta e en vi Emma Bardac,v cua
mot nhan vien ngan hang. Nam 1905 ho co mot con gai
ten la Claude-Emma, goi than mat la Chouchou. Sau khi sinh
con gai Debussy va Emma mi ket hon vao ngay 15 thang 10
nam 1905. Chien tranh the gii lan th nhat bung no, benh
tat bat au lam hao mon sc khoe cua Debussy nen viec
soan nhac oi hoi y ch rat ln. Du vay Debussy van duy tr
viec sang tac nhng chat lng cua nhng sang tac cua
ong khong con eu an na.
Benh ung th phat trien, buoc Debussy phai chu phau
thuat vao nam 1915. Sau o benh tat a ay ong ri vao
bong toi, ong thng b au d doi. Cho en nam 1917
khong bao gi ngi ta thay ong ri khoi can ho cua mnh
na. Ong mat vao ngay 25 thang 3 nam 1918, ch 8 ngay
sau khi ong xin vao mot ghe trong Han lam vien Nghe
Thuat (Academic des Beaux-Arts). Chien tranh the gii a thu
hut va anh hng toan en the gii, va ngi Phap cung
lang quen nha soan nhac v ai cua ho.

37

1902

PELLEAS ET MELISANDE (Pelleas va Melisande),

v nhac kch 5 hoi, noi dung da tren mot v kch cung ten
cua Maurice Maeterlinck, ch thay oi oi chut. Lan au tien
c bieu dien Nha hat Opera hai kch Paris 24 vao ngay
30 thang 4 nam 1902.
Tac pham nay c cong nhan co gia tr nghe thuat
hoan hao ve cau truc nhac kch theo trng phai An tng
ma Debussy a sang tao thong qua cam nhan cua ong. No
hoan hao en mc nhng tac pham sau o the loai nay
eu c xem la ban sao chep cua Pelleas et Melisande.
Nam 1892 Debussy co c ban sao cua v kch Maurice
Maeterlinck, chu e cua v kch nay von van cu nh van
chng cua no. Golaud, con trai vua Arkel gap Melisande mot
ai phun nc, yeu co ta va mang co ta ve lau e lam v
mnh. Tuy nhien o, anh cua Golaud la Pelleas va Melisande
a gap nhau va yeu nhau ngay t lan au gap g. Khi biet
mnh b phan boi, Golaud a giet chet Pelleas. Chang bao lau
sau Melisande cung chet sau khi sinh con.
Debussy a viet va chnh sa opera nay rat nhieu lan
e thoat khoi nhng anh hng cua Wagner cho en khi at
c phong cach rieng cua mnh. Cuoi cung, vao ngay 30
thang 4 nam 1902 v nhac kch nay c gii thieu Nha
hat Nhac kch Paris. Du co mot so mau thuan gia Debussy
va ngi quan ly Nha hat Nhac kch trong viec chon dien
vien nhng v nhac kch van c dien ung thi gian va
trong 2 thang sau do no a c dien en 4 lan va 10 lan
trong 3 thang sau. No a tr thanh mot trong nhng v nhac
kch thanh cong nhat the ky XX bi s ket hp hoan hao
gia noi dung va am nhac: am nhac phu thuoc vao noi
dung. Debussy a s dung tat ca nhng von lieng cua
trng phai An tng cua mnh: giai ieu c viet ieu
thc ngu cung va toan cung, hp am 7 va hp am 9 thng

24

Opera-Comique de Paris

38

chuyen ong song song tao nen tong the m va nhoa i tao
nen ve m ho e dien ta s b an, v.v

1903-1905

NHNG SANG TAC CHO PIANO:

ESTAMPES (TRANH IN THU CONG).

I. Pagodes (Nhng ngoi

chua). II. Soiree dans Grenade (Buoi toi Granada). III. Jardins
sous la Pluie (Vn di ma)
LLE JOYEUSE (HON AO VUI)
SUITE BERGAMASQUE (TO KHUC BERGAMASQUE) I. Prelude. II.
Minuet
III.

Clair de lune (Anh trang).

IV. Passe-pied (ieu vu lt

chan).
Tranh in thu cong (1903) la mot tap gom 3 bc
chan dung cho piano, c gii thieu bi Ricardo Vies tai buoi
hoa nhac cua Societe Nationale vao ngay 9 thang 1 nam
1904. No c khan gia on nhan nong nhiet en noi sau
khi dien xong tac pham, chng III phai c dien lai. T o
no tr thanh mot trong nhng tac pham viet cho piano noi
tieng nhat cua Debussy. Trong Nhng ngoi chua Debussy a
mn ieu thc ngu cung ma ong nghe c trong mot cuoc
trien lam Paris do nhng nhac s vung Vien ong va ao
Java bieu dien vi ky thuat xuat sac tao nen bc tranh
nhieu mau sac. Nhng hieu qua tieng chuong c nghe
thay trong suot tac pham. Buoi toi Granada (phan noi
tieng nhat trong bo ba tieu pham nay) mo ta thanh pho
Tay-ban-nha vi boi canh cua nen van hoa Moor 25. ay,
tiet ieu habanera c dung rat at en noi Manuel de
Falla26 phai noi rang tac pham nay mang ac iem Tayban-nha en tng chi tiet.
To khuc Bergamasque c viet t nam 1889 nhng
mai cho en nam 1905 mi c hoan thanh. Trong tac
pham nay Debussy lan au tien tao nen net am nhac
25
26

mot giong ngi A-rap a xam lc Tay-ban-nha vao Tk. VIII.

(1876-1946) Nha soan nhac noi tieng ngi Tay-ban-nha Tk. XX.

39

duyen dang cho nhng nghe s clavecin Phap the ky XVII. S

ket hp gia cu va mi tao nen am nhac me hoac tuyet
vi. Chng noi tieng nhat cua tac pham nay la Clair de
lune.
1904

FETES GALANTES (LE HOI TNH), bo th hai viet

cho thanh nhac va piano.

ngay th)

I. Les Ingenus (Nhng ke

II. Le Faune (Than ong ang). IV. Colloque Sentimental

(Cuoc oi thoai tnh cam)

Nam 1892 Debussy a soan bo th nhat cua Fetes
Galantes da tren th cua Paul Verlaine. Tac pham nay bao
gom: En Sourdine (Trong am tham),

Clair de lune (khong

phai la Clair de lune trong To khuc Bergamasque) va

Fantoches (Con roi). Bo th hai cua tac pham nay c
viet 12 nam sau o. Bai hat au tien dien ta tam trang
tran ay niem vui cua nhng ngi yeu nhau. Bai hat th
hai mo phong am sac cua flute(giong hat) va tieng trong
tambourine (piano) e mo ta cua than ong ang, ngi bao
ve khu vn than tien ni nhng ngi ang yeu gap nhau.
1905

LA MER (BIEN), 3 phac thao giao hng.

I. De

LAube a Midi sur la Mer (T bnh minh en luc chnh ngo tren
bien). II. Jeux de Vagues (Tro chi song)
III. Dialogue du Vent et de la mer (oi thoai cua Gio va Bien).
Tnh yeu cua Debussy danh cho bien c the hien
trong nhng bc tranh am thanh hieu qua nay. Ong soan La
Mer t nam 1903 en 1905. Ngay 15 thang 10 nam 1905 tac
pham nay c bieu dien lan au tien Paris vi nhac
trng Camille Chevillard va dan nhac Concerts Lamoureux. M.D
Calvocressi viet trong tap ch Guide Musicale (Hng dan am
nhac) rang theo ong, tac pham nay a anh dau mot bc
ngoat mi trong s phat trien cua Debussy vi s truyen
cam manh me hn, mau sac am hn va ro net hn nhng
tac pham trc ay cua ong. That ra khong the nghe, nhn
40

thay hay cam nhan bien mot cach cu the trong am nhac
cua La Mer. Khai niem ve bien c dien ta trong am nhac
bang s m mong, tam trang hoai co va tnh yeu thien
nhien nhay cam a truyen cam hng cho tac gia e viet
nen tac pham.
1905-1908

CAC TAC PHAM VIET CHO PIANO.

IMAGES (NHNG BC TRANH), bo th nhat.

dans lEau (Hnh trong nc)

I. Reflets

II. Hommage a Rameau (Ton knh

Rameau) III. Mouvement (Chuyen ong)

IMAGES (NHNG BC TRANH), bo th hai. I. Cloches a
travers les Feuilles (Tieng chuong xuyen qua tan la).

II. Et la

Lune Descend sur le Temple qui fut (Trang toa tren en).

III.

Poissons dOr (Ca vang).

CHILDRENS CORNER (GOC TRE TH).

I. Doctor Gradus ad

Parnassum
II. Jimbos Lullaby (Bai hat ru chu voi Jimbo). III. Serenade for the
Doll (Ban serenade cho Bup be). IV. Snow is dancing (ieu vu
tuyet). V. The Little Shepherd (Chu be chan cu). VI. Golliwoggs
Cakewalk27 (ieu Cakewalk cua Golliwogg)
Debussy sang tac 2 bo Nhng bc tranh cho piano vao
nam 1905 (bo th nhat) va nam 1907 (bo th 2).
Ong viet Goc tre th (1908) cho con gai Chouchou
be nho, mi 4 tuoi cua mnh. Ong sang tao the gii tuoi
th rat n s va am ap. Ta e cua moi chng c at
bang tieng Anh v moi chng e cap en mot tro chi ma
con gai ong chi vi co giao day kem ngi Anh.
1910.1913

PRELUDES (CAC PRELUDE), cho piano.

Tap I: I. Danseuses de Delphes (Nhng vu n x Delphi28).

II. Voiles (Canh buom). III. Le Vent dans la Plaine (Gio tren bnh
ieu vu co nhng bc i khenh khang, thng c dien trong chng trnh
cua cac ganh hat rong
28
thuoc Hy-lap thi co ai.
27

41

nguyen). IV. Les Sons et les Parfums tournent dans lAir du Soir
(Thanh am va Hng thm quyen trong khong gian chieu).

V.

Les Collines dAnacapri (Nhng ngon oi x Anacapri). VI. Des Pas

cur la Neige (Bc chan tren tuyet). VII. Ce qua vu le Vent
dOuest (Gio Tay a thay g). VIII. La Fille aux Cheveux de Lin
(Thieu n co mai toc lua). IX. La Serenade interrompue (Ban
serenade gian oan). X. La Cathedrale engloutie (Giao ng
chm am). XI. La Danse de Puck (ieu vu cua Puck). XII. Minstrels
(Ganh hat rong).
Tap II: I. Brouillards (Sng mu). II. Les Feuilles mortes (La
chet). III. La Puerta del Vino (Cong ru nho). IV. Les Fees sont
dexquises Danseuses (Tien n la vu cong tuyet dieu). V.
Bruyeres (Cay thach thao). VI. General Lavine - Eccentric
(Tng Lavine). VII. La Terrasse des Audiences au Clair de Lune (San
danh cho thnh gia di anh trang). VIII. Ondine (N than
song). IX. Hommage a S. Pickwick (Ton knh thanh Pickwick). X.
Canope (Bnh cha kieu Ai-vap). XI. Les Tierces Alternees (Nhng
am quang 3 an xen). XII. Feu dArtifice (La nhan tao).

1912

IMAGES (NHNG BC TRANH) cho dan nhac.

I.

Gigues. II. Iberia. (1. Par les rues et les chemins Qua cac neo
ng, pho; 2. Les Parfums de la nuit Hng em; 3. Le Matin
dun jour de fete Buoi sang ngay hoi). III. Rondes de Printemps
(Nhng vong tron cua mua xuan).
Ba bc tranh ma Debussy ve nen trong tac pham nay
c sang tac cho dan nhac, da tren dan ca cua cac nc
khac nhau. Gigues c rut ra t dan ca Anh, nhan manh
tren ieu jig29; Iberia da tren dan ca Tay-ban-nha; va
Rondes de Printemps c lay t dan ca Phap. Trong o,
Iberia la noi tieng nhat va thng c bieu dien tach
rieng khoi 2 chng kia. Mac du, luc au, no c sang tac
cho piano vao nam 1906, nhng mai 2 nam sau mi c hoan
Mot ieu nhay soi ong Anh co t gia Tk. XVII, thng c viet nhp
6/8 hay ghep 2 nhp nay lai thanh nhp 12/8.
29

42

tat cho dan nhac. Ngay 20/2/1910, tac pham nay c ra mat
lan tien vi dan nhac Colonne do Gabriel Pierne ch huy.
1914

SIX EPIGRAPHES ANTIQUES (SAU BAN KHAC CO),

tac pham viet cho piano 4 tay (ve sau c Ernest Ansermet
phoi cho dan nhac).

I. Pour invoquer Pan, dieu du vent dete

(e cau khan Pan, Than gio mua he). II. Pour un tombeau sans
nom (Cho ngoi mo vo danh). III. Pour que la nuit soit propice (e
man em ch che). IV. Pour la danseuse aux crotales (Cho ngi
mua ran). V. Pour LEgyptienne (Cho ngi thieu n Ai-cap). VI.
Pour remercier la pluie au matin (e cam n cn ma sang)
1915

EN BLANC ET NOIR (MANG MAU TRANG VA EN),

viet cho 2 piano.

I. Avec emportement (Mot cach hang hai). II.

Lent, sombre: sourdement tumultueux (Cham, u ru: xao ong

mot cach nghen ngao). III. Scherzando.
1915

ETUDES, gom 2 tap, moi tap 6 ban etude

sang tac cho piano.

Ke t Chopin, Debussy c xem la mot trong t tac gia
co nhieu nghien cu, phat hien mi cho ky thuat chi an
piano. Moi etude trong 2 tap nay oi dien vi mot van e
ky thuat, ma ong tm cach giai quyet. Tap mot m au
vi mot bai tap cho 5 ngon tay va tiep tuc vi cac bai tap
ve quang 3, quang 5, quang 6, quang 8 roi ket thuc vi
mot bai tap cho 8 ngon. Tap hai giai quyet cac va ne ve
quang ong chuyen (chromatic), not nhan lay (grace note),
am vang tng phan, not lay ren (reiterated note, trille), rai
am (arpeggio) va hp am.

PAUL HINDEMITH
(1895 - 1963)

43

Paul Hindemith c menh danh la Bach cua TK. XX. Moi

lien quan gia hai nha soan nhac nay khong kho nhan thay.
Tac pham Ludus Tonalis cua Hindemith co muc ch va
phng phap giong het nh bo Well-tempered Clavier (Bnh
quan luat cho an phm) cua Bach. Cac tac pham trong bo
Kammermusik (Nhac thnh phong) cua ong c mo ta nh
la nhng concerto Brandenburg hien ai. Si day noi ket ca
hai nha soan nhac nay o la oi am. Ca 2 eu sang tac
da tren nen tang t duy phc ieu. Co the dung cach noi
cua Deems Taylor khi nhan nh ve am nhac cua Bach e noi
ve ngon ng am nhac cua Hindemith: Cach hay nhat e
nghe c nhac Bach la hay quen i khai niem t ng a
am e ch lang nghe nhac khong ma thoi.
Hindemith khong song trong qua kh, nhng la mot nha
soan nhac rat hien ai thuoc vao thi ai chung ta. Mac du
oi am30 la phng phap ong s dung, va mac du

yeu

thch cau truc co ien nhng cach ngh cua ong van rat
oc lap. Am nhac cua ong manh liet, tap trung va ay sinh
lc; o la nhng tnh chat lien quan en cac dien cam hien
ai hn la co lien he vi am nhac cua Bach.
Am nhac cua Hindemith thng mang nhieu tnh nghch
am, oi khi la vo am the, het sc phc tap, cho du trong
nhng tac pham cuoi i cua ong a co nhieu the hien
n gian hn. Khi mi nghe lan au, khong de g hieu c
am nhac cua ong. Nhng khi chung ta tm hieu sau xa mot
tac pham nao o cua ong, tai kheo leo va ky nang s
dung a am31 cua ong se cho chung ta thay viec ong s
dung tiet tau va am the mot cach t do ch ong vai tro
phu thuoc, va chung khong chi phoi lam chung ta kho cam
nhan. Chung ta v loi cuon bi tnh manh me va oc sang
trong ngon ng cua ong,
Hindemith rat yeu thch cac the loai am nhac Baroque,
nhat la cau truc concerto. Concerto a tr thanh phng tien
e Hindemith dien ta tot nhat t tng a am cua mnh. Theo
30
31

counterpoint
polyphony

44

ong, am nhac the ky XIX a ha thap gia tr cua concerto v

cac nha soan nhac hoac a coi no nh mot bai tap chuyen
mon cua nghe s oc tau hoac lam bien no thanh loai
giao hng bien dag khi cho vai tro dan nhac chiem u the
hn.
Vao nhng nam 1920, Hindemith cam thay thoi thuc
trach nhiem cua nha soan nhac oi vi xa hoi va thi ai
mnh ang song. Do o, ong cho ra i nhieu tac pham cho
organ c kh32, radio, pianola33, ien anh, nha hat kch, am nhac
cho

gia

nh,

van

van.

Ong

at

ten

chung

la

Gebrauchsmusik (Am nhac co muc ch). Mot trong nhng tac

pham thanh cong cua ong thuoc loai nay la v opera nho
cho thieu nhi mang ten Wir bauen eine Stadt (Chung ta xay
dng mot thanh pho), c cong dien lan au tien tai Berlin
vao ngay 21/6/1930.
Hindemith sinh ngay 16/11/1895 tai Hanau, Tay c. T
nho a phai i an violin cho cac quan cafe, nha hat, vu
trng e kiem song. Cung luc o, ong con theo hoc Arnold
Mendelssohn va Bernhard Sekles nhac vien Hoch tai Frankfurt.
Tai ay, Hindemith luon phan biet rach roi vai tro mot nghe
s violin cho dan nhac cua Nha hat Opera Frankfurt (ong la
Concert master, Trng be violin I) va mot nghe s violin nhom
t tau Amar (do ong giup va hng chuyen ve nhac
mi thi o. Loai nhac nay luon b gii chuyen mon coi
thng). Ong con gop phan to chc ai hoi am nhac mi
tai Baden-Baden mang ten Donaueschingen Festival. Chnh ay,
nhng tac pham thnh phong au tien cua Hindemith (thi
ky 1 1921-23) gay c s chu y cua khan gia. Sau nam
sau o, Paul Hindemith bat au c cong nhan la mot trong
nhng nhac s nh hnh cho nen am nhac c TK. XX.
Nam 1924, Hindemith ci Gertrud Rottenberg, con gai cua
nha ch huy Nha hat Opera Frankfurt. en nam 1927 ong va
v ri Frankfurt en nh c tai Berlin. Tai ay, ong c e
c lam giao s day mon sang tac tai trng Trung Cap Am
32
33

mechanical organ
loai piano co phm c ieu khien bang ap lc khong kh.

45

nhac Berlin. Vao thi Hitler, ong a rut lui khoi chc vu nay.
Phat-xt c khong co thien cam vi ong v ong ci con
gai cua nha ch huy dan nhac Rottenberg la ngi goc Dothai, va v ong thng xuyen to chc bieu dien vi nhng
nhac s Do-thai. Ben canh o, ho coi am nhac cua Hindemith
la nhac oi truy (!) va thoai hoa. en khi co d nh cho
cong dien the gii va xuat ban v opera mang ten Mathis
der Maler (Chang hoa s Matthias) cua ong, Hindemith

tr

thanh trung tam cua moi s cong kch v co quan iem nghe
thuat va quan iem chnh tr i ngc vi che o. Ong a
phai chuyen sang dien opera nay nhng khong co li (giao
hng!!). V hau qua cua s cong kch nay, ngay sau khi dien
Hindemith phai ri c va am nhac cua ong b cam han
tren cac chng trnh hoa nhac.
au tien, ong en Tho Nh Ky theo li mi cua chnh
phu nc nay e giup to chc lai i song am nhac va
cac phng phap giao duc am nhac ay. Nam 1940, ong
en nh c tai Hoa Ky va tham gia vao Khoa Am nhac cua
trng ai hoc Yale, Ong noi bat vi viec day sang tac, hoa
am, va viet sach ve ky thuat sang tac mang ten The Craft
of Musical Composition (Thu thuat sang tac am nhac). Sach
nay c coi la tai lieu quan trong nhat ke t sau Rameau34.
Nam 1946, ong tr thanh cong dan My.
Nam 1953, ong tr ve chau Au song tai Zurich. Tuy
nhien co vai lan ong a tr ve tham nc My. au nam
1963, Hindemith tham d mot festival mang ten ong keo dai 4
ngay New York ni cong dien v opera cuoi cung cua ong,
The Long Christmas Dinner (Ba an toi Giang sinh dai).
Ong xuat hien tren san khau lan sau cung ngay 12/11/63
e ch huy sang tac sau cung cua mnh. o la mot Messe
cho hp xng A cappella. Ong mat v benh tim tai Frankfurt
ngay 28/12/1963.

Jean Philippe RAMEAU (1683 - 1764), nha soan nhac va ly thuyet am nhac lng
danh the gii cua Phap. Tac pham noi tieng cua ong con gia tr en ngay
nay la Khao luan ve Hoa Am (Traite de lHarmonie)
34

46

1920 SONATA GIONG RE TRNG cho Violin va Piano, op.

11, so 2
I. Lebhaft (Sinh ong).

II. Ruhig und gemessen (Yen lang

va iem tnh).
III. In Zeitmas und Charakter eines geschwinden Tanzes (Vi toc o
va ac iem cua mot ieu vu nhanh).
Trong sang tac thi ky au nay danh cho violin cua
ong, chung ta van thay c anh hng cua Brahms va
Reger, mot phong cach Hau Lang man. Tuy vay, trong chng
au tien a co an hien dau hieu cua s t do ve am
the. Chng hai cho thay nhng bieu hien dng nh Hindemith
khong the tach ri khoi phong cach Hau Lang man. ay,
tuyen giai ieu kieu Brhams van thong tr. Chng ket la mot
vu khuc nhanh.
1922 T TAU DAY SO 3, GIONG DO TRNG, op. 16.
I. Fugato.
me).

II. Quickly and Energetically (Nhanh va manh

III. Calm and Flowing (Bnh lang va lu loat).

IV. Lively

(Song ong). V. Rondo.

T TAU DAY SO 4, op. 22.
I. Allegro.

II. Lento.

III. Kleine Marsch (Hanh khuc nho).

IV. Passacaglia.
KAMMERMUSIK NO.1 (Nhac thnh phong So 1), cho dan
nhac thnh phong, op. 24.

I. Very fast and Wild (rat

nhanh va d doi). II. Very Strict in Rhythm (rat chnh xac ve

tiet tau).

III. Very Slow and with Expression (rat cham va vi

dien cam). IV. As Animated as Possible (cang soi noi cang tot)
1923

DAS MARIENLEBEN (CUOC I C MARIA), lien

ca khuc viet cho giong soprano va piano, op. 27.

I. Geburt Mari (S ra i cua Maria). II. Mari im Tempel (Maria
trong en thanh) (Passacaglia). III. Mari Verkndigung (S truyen tin
cho Maria). IV. Mari Heimsuchung (S tham vieng cua Maria). V.
Argwohn Josephs (S hoai nghi cua Giuse). VI. Verkndigung ber den
Hirten (Bao tin cho cac muc ong). VII. Geburt Christi (c Ki-to ha
47

sinh). VIII. Rast auf der Flucht in gypten (Cuoc chay tron sang Ai-cap).
IX. Von der Hochzeit zu Kana (T am ci Cana). X. Vor der
Passion (Trc cuoc t nan). XI. Pieta (Sau bi). XII. Stillung Mari
mit dem Auferstanden (Niem vui cua Maria vi bien co Phuc sinh).
XIII. Vom Tode Mari I (T cai chet cua Maria). XIV. Vom Tode Mari II.
XV. Vom Tode Mari III.
1924 T TAU DAY SO 5, GIONG MI GIANG TRNG, op.
32.
I. Very Quiet and Expressive (rat yen lang va dien cam).
II. Lively and Very Energetic (song ong va rat soi noi). III.
Quiet; Variations. IV. Broad and Energetic (lan rong va soi noi);
Allegretto grazioso (hi nhanh, duyen dang).
1926

CARDILLAC, opera 3 hoi, op. 39, kch ban cua

Ferdinand Lion da tren cot truyen Das Frulein von Scuderi (Thieu
n Scuderi) cua T. A. Hoffmann. Cong dien lan au
Dresden, 9/11/1926 (ban goc); Thuy S vao 20/6/1952 (ban
viet lai).
1928
organ

va

KAMMERMUSIK (NHAC THNH PHONG) SO 7, cho

dan

nhac

thnh

phong,

op.

46,

so

2.

I. Not too fast (khong qua nhanh). II. Very Slow and Quite Peaceful
(rat cham va that bnh an). III. Fugue.
ay that ra la mot concerto cho an orgue va dan nhac
thnh phong. Tong pho cua no hi khac thng: ong dung 2
hp xng nhng vi cac nhac cu bo go va ong, ve bo
day th ch co violincelle va contrebasse. Chng II la mot
canon cho an orgue tren nen pedal lap lai theo chu ky. Trong
chng ket, ken trompette gop phan ay manh cao trao mot
mot chu e bao quat, theo kieu arpeggio vt tren mot
quang 8 tang.
1930

KONZERTMUSIK (NHAC HOA TAU), cho bo day

va ken ong, op. 50

48

I. Moderately Fast with Force (nhanh va mot cach manh

me). II. Lively (song ong); Slowly; Lively.
Nhac hoa tau c at sang tac cho dp ky niem
50 nam thanh lap Dan nhac giao hng Boston, do Koussevitzky
ch huy vao ngay 3/4/1931. Tong pho dan nhac cua no c
viet cho 4 cor, 4 trompette, 3 trombone, tuba va toan bo dan
day.
1932

PHILHARMONIC CONCERTO, cac bien tau cho dan

nhac.
Nam 1932, dan nhac Berlin Philharmonic ky niem sinh
nhat lan th 50. Nhan dp nay, Hindemith a viet ban
concerto dan nhac theo hnh thc bien tau, tang cho Wilhelm
Furtwaengler, v giam oc cua dan nhac nay. Buoi trnh dien
au tien dien ra Berlin vao ngay 15/4/1932.
Tac pham gom mot chu e va 6 bien tau. Chu e
c chia thanh 2 phan, moi phan la mot bien dang cua
tuyen giai ieu va tiet tau nen tang cua chu e c ban.
Sau bien tau nay co toc o c quy nh nh sau:
Moderately Fast (nhanh va phai); Very Quiet (rat bnh lang);
Moderately Lively (song ong va phai); Quietly Animated (ay
sc song mot cach thanh than); Proceeding in a Lightly Animated
Way (tien hanh mot cach hi soi noi); In Marchlike Tempo (toc
o kieu hanh khuc).
1934

MATHIS DER MALER35 (CHANG HOA S MATTHIAS),

opera 7 canh. Trnh dien lan au tien tai Zurich vao ngay
28/5/1938.
MATHIS DER MALER, giao hng.

I. The Concert of the

Angels (Buoi hoa nhac cua cac thien than).

II. The

Entombment (s chon cat). III. Temptation of St. Anthony (s cam

do cua Thanh Antoine).
35

Co 2 tac pham vi ten nay nh chung toi a gii thieu tren. Tac pham
thuoc the loai opera gom 7 canh do chnh ong viet li. Tac pham cung ten
nhng thuoc the loai giao hng th ch co 3 chng.

49

Co le ay la tuyet tac pham noi tieng nhat cua

Hindemith vi 2 cuoc i cho mot ten goi, nh a c e
cap en tren. Hindemith hoan tat opera nay vao nam
1934, va a len lch bieu dien tai Nha hat kch Quoc gia tai
Berlin, do Wilhelm Furtwaengler ch huy. Nhng do chu e qua
nhay cam vi thi iem bay gi di che o phat-xt c,
nen Furtwaengler phai gii thieu ra the gii ban giao hng 3
chng mang cung ten, do chnh tac gia cai soan t v nhac
kch tren. Buoi hoa nhac c trnh dien tai Berlin vao ngay
12/3/1934 va mang lai thanh cong khong tng tng c.
1935

DER SCHWANENDREHER (NGI QUAY AN

GIO ), concerto cho viola va dan nhac da tren cac giai ieu
36

dan gian co.

I. Langsam - Mssig bewegt mit Kraft (cham - chuyen

ong nhieu, kha manh). II. Sehr ruhig (rat bnh lang); Fugato. III.
Finale: Seid ihr nicht der Schwanendreher (cac ban ng la ngi quay
an gio) - Mssig schnell (kha nhanh).
1937 SYMPHONIC DANCES (VU KHUC GIAO HNG), cho
dan nhac.
I. Langsam (cham). II. Lebhaft (sinh ong). III. Sehr
Langsam (rat cham).

IV. Mssig bewegt mit Kraft (cham - chuyen

ong nhieu, kha manh)

Nam 1937, Serge Diaghilev e ngh Hindemith hp tac vi
bien ao mua Leonide Massine e viet mot v ballet cho Nha
hat Ballet Nga. Trc khi e tai c quyet nh, Hindemith
bat au thc hien phac thao am nhac. Nhng khi moi ngi
hp tac quyet nh lay e tai ve Thanh Phan-xi-co 37 th ong
thay phan am nhac o khong phu hp. Hindemith a quyet
nh phat trien thanh mot tac pham giao hng oc lap.
Vu khuc giao hng c ra mat tai Luan-on ngay
5/12/1937.

36
37

Organ-grinder
Francis thanh Assissi

50

1938

ST. FRANCIS (NOBILISSIMA VISIONE) [THANH

PHANXICO (TH KIEN CAO QUY)], v ballet 5 canh vi phan

bien ao va kch ban cua Leonide Massine. Cong dien lan
au Luan-on vao ngay 21/7/1938 do oan Ballet Nga tai
Monte Carlo.
NOBILISSIME VISIONE, to khuc dan nhac.
I. Introduction; Rondo. II. March. III. Passacaglia.
Khi v ballet nay c cong dien lan au, no a mang
ten la St. Francis. No mo ta lai nhng kinh nghiem thieng
lieng cua Thanh Phanxico t khi Ngai t bo cac gia tr vat
chat cho ti khi tn c con ng bnh an tam hon qua s
hng dan cua cac nhan c Ngheo Kho, Vang Li va
Trong Sach. Cuoi cung, Ngheo Kho a la co dau thieng
lieng cua ngai. V ballet nay c oan Ballet Nga trnh dien
lan au tien tai My, New York vao ngay 14/10/1938.
Mot nam sau lan ra mat nay, Hindemith trch ra vai oan
trong tong pho cua v ballet e phat trien thanh mot to
khuc dan nhac ma ong goi la Nobilissima Visione. To khuc
nay c nghe lan au Vienne vao thang 9 nam 1938. Vao
ngay 23/3/1939, to khuc nay c ra mat cong chung My
lan au tien Los Angeles vi dan nhac Los Angeles
Philharmonic do chnh tac gia ch huy.
1939

CONCERTO CHO VIOLIN VA DAN NHAC

I. Mssig bewegt Halbe (na chuyen ong). II. Langsam (cham).

III. Lebhaft (sinh ong).
ay la tac pham ln cuoi cung ma Hindemith hoan
tat trc khi ri chau Au en nh c My. No c ra
mat tai Amsterdam ngay 14/3/1940.
Mac du Hindemith van khong t bo phong cach oi
am trong tac pham nay, ong van nhan thay ban chat tr
tnh cua nhac cu oc tau bang cach the hien y tng sang
tao cua mnh trong nhng t duy giai ieu dai va m rong.

51

1940

GIAO HNG GIONG MI GIANG TRNG

I. Sehr lebhaft (rat sinh ong). II. Sehr Langsam (rat cham). III.
Lebhaft (sinh ong). IV. Mssig schnelle halle (kha nhanh, vang vong)
Mac du giao hng nay co am the rieng, Mi giang
trng, nhng no c viet vi s t do ve am the quen
thuoc cua Hindemith; khong co bo khoa tren tong pho. No
c gii thieu lan au tien vi cong chung bi Dan nhac
Giao hng Minneapolis di s ch huy cua Dimitri Mitropoulos
vao ngay 21/11/1941.
1943

SYMPHONIC METAMORPHOSIS (BIEN DANG GIAO

HNG) TREN CHU E CUA CARL MARIA VON WEBER, cho dan
nhac.
I. Allegro. II. Moderato. III. Andantino. IV. March.
Hindemith mun 4 chu e t nhng tac pham t c
biet en cua Weber; xet ve th t, cac chu e nay c
sap xep trong cac chng nh mot giao hng. Chu e 1, 3, 4
trong cac chng tng ng c lay t 8 tieu pham viet cho
piano 4 tay co ta e AllOngarese (Theo phong cach Hungary),
op. 60; chng 2, mot ban scherzo,a dung mot chu e t
ouverture cua Weber viet cho phan am nhac cua v Turandot
cua Schiller. Bien dang giao hng c ra mat tai New York
vao ngay 20/1/1944, do Arthur Rodzinski ch huy Dan nhac New
York Philharmonic.
1943

LUDUS TONALIS (TRO CHI AM THE), cho piano.

Ludus Tonalis la mot kieu Nghe thuat Tau phap38

cua Hindemith, mot bai tap hoanh trang ve ky thuat a
am. Chnh tac gia at tieu e phu cho tac pham nay la
Nhng nghien cu ve oi am, To chc Am the va Chi
an piano. Ludus Tonalis gom co 12 ban fugue 3 be, moi
ban c viet trong mot giong thuoc thang am chromatic.
Toan bo tac pham m au goi bang Praeludium (Dao au)
38

ten goi mot tac pham noi tieng cua J.S.Bach.

52

va ket thuc bang mot Postludium (oan ket). Gia cac fugue
co nhng Interludium (oan chen).
Lan cong dien the gii au tien cua Ludus Tonalis
ldien ra vao ngay 15/2/1944 tai ai hoc Chicago do Willard
MacGregor trnh tau.
1949

CONCERTO CHO KEN GO, HARPE VA DAN NHAC

I.Moderately Fast.

II. Grazioso (duyen dang).

III. Rondo:

Rather Fast.
Ban concerto nay tuy do s at hang cua Quy Alice M.
Ditson cua ai hoc Columbia, nhng c ong viet lam qua
sinh nhat cho v mnh. Buoi dien au tien xay ra New York,
vao ngay 15/5/1949 do Thor Johnson ch huy. ay la mot tac
pham thu v, vui ve, mang phong cach pha lan gia nhac thnh
phong va dan nhac. Dau hieu cho thay conceto nay la qua
Hindemith tang cho v o la viec ong cho ken clarinette oc
tau dien giai ieu cua Hanh khuc Hon le (Wedding March)
trch t to khuc Giac mong em he cua Mendelssohn.
1950 SINFONIETTA IN E (BAN GIAO HNG NHO GIONG MI
TRNG)

I. Fast (nhanh). II. Adagio and Fugato. III. Intermezzo

and Ostinato; Presto. IV. Recitative and Rondo.

1950

DIE HARMONIE DER WELT (S HOA IEU CUA THE

GII), opera 5 hoi, do tac gia viet li. Trnh dien lan au
tien Munich, ngay 11/8/1957.
DIE

HARMONIE

DER

WELT,

giao

hng.

I.

Musica

Instrumentalis (Nhac cu). II. Musica Humana (Am nhac loai ngi).
III. Musica Mundane (Am nhac the gii).
Cot chuyen cua v opera nay c xay dng trong boi
canh Cuoc Chien Tranh Ba Mi Nam va nhan vat chnh la
nha toan hoc, thien van hoc noi tieng Johannes Kepler cung
vi moi quan he cua ong oi vi nhng van e xa hoi,
chnh tr cua thi ai mnh. Theo nha phe bnh Stuckenschmidt
opera nay co nhng ac iem noi bat nh sau: No c
phan chia khac thng, a chung ta vao nhng chuyen
ong mang tnh oi am, giao hng cao, gi nh en Bruckner
va nhng giai ieu mang tn hdan gian phan anh tinh than
53

cua thi ky Baroque..Tnh am nhac v ai cua Hindemith

nam trong nghe thuat a am cua ong, va trong nhng hp
xng mang tnh tau phap, trong cac aria khong bat buoc co
nhac em
Cung giong nh trng hp cua tac pham Chang hoa
s Matthias trc o, Hindemtih rut t opera ra mot so phan
am nhac e hnh thanh mot giao hng mang cung ten. c
trnh dien ra mat tai Basle, Thuy S, vao ngay 24/1/1952 do Paul
Sacher ch huy.

OLIVIER MESSIAEN
(1908 - 1992)
Paris, ngy 3 thng 6 nm 1936, c mt bui ha nhc din ra ti Salle Gaveau,
y l bui ha nhc ca cc nh son nhc tr ngi Php (c xem l cha ni ting).
Bui ha nhc ny nh du s ni ln ca mt trng phi m nhc mi ca nhng nh
son nhc ng thi, t xng l La Jeune France (Nc Phap tre). Trong bn
tuyn b c cng b trong chng trnh ca bui ha nhc, trng phi ny dnh
ph bin nhng tc phm tr trung, t do, thot khi cuc cch mng cng thc ha nh
cng thc cac hc vin. Bn tuyn b cn ni rng khuynh hng ca nhm ny s
gm nhieu loi khc nhau; ch c mt s tha thun khng iu kin l cng c
thoa mn c mun vi lng chn thnh v nim tin dt do i vi ngh thut
cng hng n vic sng tc v to ra m nhc sng ng. Trng phi ny bao gm
nhng nh son nhc tr ngi Php nh Daniel Lesur,Yves Baudrier, Andr Jolivet v
ngi quan trng nht l Olivier Messiaen.
Mc d l thnh vin ca mt trng phi, Messiaen lun i theo phong cch
ring ca m nhc ng. Suy ngh ca ng lun phc tp v c o. m nhc ca ng
theo cch vit a iu thc v a tit tu, tng cng phc tp v kh hiu. ng khng
ngi m rng, ng vit mt bn giao hng 10 chng v mt tc phm cho piano di
175 trang phi mt 150 pht biu din. ng c khuynh hng thin v s k l, ng s
dng nhp iu c ngun gc t n gio, nhng phng php v thang m c, tng
giai iu ging nh nhc Bnh ca (cn gi l nhc Gregorian). Messiaen th nghim
vi nhng mu sc m thanh v m sc to ra ting vang c sc. ng chu nh hng
bi cc loi m thanh v ting chim ht. ng khng ch trng n m nhc in t v
m nhc c th (musique concrte).

54

C mt s yu t nh hng n s pht trin ngh thut ca Messiaen. Mt nh

hng ng k l Gio Cng gio.Vi nh hng tn gio su sc, Messiaen ly phng
v (cc nghi thc trong mt thnh l) v kinh thnh lm cht liu cho nhng tc phm
ca mnh. ng thng a vo tc phm vi nhng mu nhim v tnh linh thing. Trong
m nhc tn gio ca mnh, Messiaen dng tit tu t do v uyn chuyn, khng hn ch
bi tc hay quy nh v nhp. Giai iu c khuynh hng lin tc v c xy dng
trn cc thang m thng thng (modal). Khi nim v thi gian c ph v kho lo
n mc m nhc ca ng dng nh khng c khi u cng nh kt thc.
T gia nm 1950, Messiaen m mi vi m thanh ca ting chim ht, ng
ua nhng m thanh vo tc phm Turangalila. m thanh ca loi chim thng lnh
trong m nhc ng, bt u vi Sch dy n organ (Organ Book, 1952). Tc phm
Rveil des Oiseaux (Chim thc dy), mt bn concerto cho piano c biu din i
hi Donaueschingen vo ngy 11 thng 10 nm 1953, s dng khong 30 m thanh ting
chim ht khc nhau. Oiseaux exotiques (Chim k l) v tc phm sau n, Premire
Catalogue doiseaux (Su tp th nht v cc loi chim). y l tc phm vit cho
piano c cng din vo ngy 15/04/1959, c s dng nhng ting chim ht tinh t hn.
Sng to tham vng nht ca Messiaen ly cm hng t m thanh ca loi chim l
Chronochromie (Mu sc ca thi gian), s dng ting chim ht t nhiu vng, bao
gm nhng nc Phng ng l chnh.
Messiaen sinh ra Avignon, nc Php vo ngy 10/12/1908, con trai ca
Ccile Sauvage, mt nh th ni ting. ng hc Nhc vin Paris 11 nm (bt u t
nm 1919), l hc tr ca Dukas v Dupr. ng t c nhiu gii thng. Nm
1928, ng vit mt tc phm cho organ, La Banquet cleste (Ba tic trn tri). Trong
tc phm ny thin hng tn gio ca ng c bo trc v n th hin r rng hn
vo nm 1931 trong tc phm Les Offrandes oublies (L vt b qun), tc phm vit
cho dn nhc u tin ca ng c pht hnh; v vo nm 1934 trong LAscension
(L Thng Thin), tc phm giao hng thng c biu din nht ca ng. Nm 1931
ng bt u l ngi chi n organ cho nh th Trinit (Ba Ngi) Paris. T 1936 n
1939 ng dy sng tc Schola Cantorum (Trng o to ca s) v cole Normale de
Musique (Trng dy nhc). Trong sut th chin th hai ng phc v trong qun i
Php, b bt lm t binh,v b giam 2 nm. Ti y ng sng tc t tu dy c sc,
Quatuor pour la fin du temps (T tu cho ngy tn th), v ln u tin c din
tri vo ngy 15/01/1941. Nm 1942 Messiaen c ra t v hi hng. ng tr li v tr
ngh s organ cho nh th Trinit v lm Gio s dy mn ha m cho Nhc vin, ti y
55

ng thnh lp mt lp hc c bit v nhp iu. Sut ma h nm 1949, ng dy mt

lp nhc cao cp cho mn sng tc ti Trung tm m nhc Bershire Tanglewood - y
l ln u ng n M. ng tr li M vi thng sau d bui biu din u tin ca
bn giao hng Turangalila ti Boston. Sau khi vit bn giao hng s ny ng
phi chu ng mt giai on tht bi dn n s im lng tm thi trong sng tc ca ng.
Sau ng i vo mt giai on sng tc mi, y tnh sng to nh cc tc phm:
Oiseaux exotiques, vit cho dn nhc; Premire Catalogue dOiseaux,vit cho piano; v
Chronochromie, vit cho dn nhc vo nm 1960. Ngi v th hai ca ng l mt ngh
s dng cm ni ting,Yvonne Loriod, biu din nhng sng tc chnh cho piano ca
ng trong nhiu nm. Nm 1963 Hn lm vin Ngh thut Php (Acadmie des BeauxArts) phong tng ng gii thng Florent Schmitt.
1930 LES OFFRANDES OUBLIES (L VT B QUN), vit cho dn nhc.
y l tc phm u tin ca Messiaen c biu din. N ra mt ln u ti
bui ha nhc ca Straram, ch huy Walter Straram. N cng l tc phm u tin bc l
ti nng pht trin ca ng.
Les offrandes oublies trong tng ph c in, tc phm ny c m t l s
suy ngm c tnh giao hng. N l tc phm vit cho dn nhc u tin c pht
hnh, v th hin su sc tnh cm tn gio ca ng.
1933 LASCENSION:QUATRE MDITATIONS SYMPHONIQUES (L
THNG THIN: BN SUY NIM GIAO HNG), tc phm vit cho dn nhc.
I . Trs Lent et majestueux (Rt chm v uy nghim). II. Pas trop modr et clair
(Khng qu chm v r rng). III. Vif et joyeux (Sinh ng v vui v). IV. Extrmement
lent, mu et solennel (Ht sc chm, cm kch v trang trng).
Ascension ly ni dung t Phng v Cng gio v Kinh thnh gm nhng li
cu nguyn ca c Ki-t ln Cha Ngi v nhng bi p ca xc ng ca cc mn .
Mi chng khng nhng c tiu ring m cn ch gii.
Ascension c gii thiu ti bui ha nhc ca Nhc vin Paris, do Charles
Munch ch huy,vo nm 1935. Nh son nhc ci bin tc phm ny cho piano v
organ c tu.
1941 QUATUOR POUR LA FIN DU TEMPS (T TU CHO NGY TN
TH), vit cho violin,clarinet, cello v piano.
56

I. Liturgie de cristal (Phng v pha-l). II. Vocalise pour lange qui annonce la
fin du temps (Thin thn loan bo ngy tn th). III. Abime des oiseaux (Hang chim). IV.
Intermde (Mn gia). V. Louange leternit de Jesus (Tn dng tnh vnh hng ca
Gisu). VI. Danse de la fureur pour les sept trompettes (iu v cung nhit ca 7 kn
trumpet). VII. Fouillis darc-en-ciel, pour lange qui annonce la fin du temps (m cu
vng hn n thin thn bo tin tn th). VIII. Louange limmortalit de Jesus (Ngi
khen Gisu bt dit).
y l tc phm thnh phng ng k nht ca Messiaen v l mt trong nhng
tc phm tn ti lu nht, c cm hng t cuc Th chin th hai. ng sng tc khi
cn l t nhn chin tranh Stalag VIII-A ti Golitz, Silesia. ng ni Ch c m nhc
lm ti sng st khi ni khip s v tn khc ca tri t. Tc phm ny c biu din
ln u tin ni ng b giam gi vo ngy 15/01/1941, c biu din New York vo
ngy 30/01/1946 v su thng sau, ngy 10/07/1946 trong Hip Hi Quc t v m nhc
ng i Lun-n.
1943 VISIONS DE LAMEN (CC TH KIN V AMEN39), vit cho 2 piano
I. Amen of the Creation (Li Amen ca s Sng to th gii). II. Amen of the
Stars, of the Planet Saturn (Li Amen ca cc v sao, ca Th tinh). III. Amen of the
Agony of Jesus (Li Amen ca ni au n ca Gisu). IV. Amen of Desire (Li Amen
ca c vng). V. Amen of Judgement (Li Amen ca s phn xt). VII. Amen of
Consummation (Li Amen ca s hon tt).
y l mt trong nhng tc phm vit cho 2 piano ni ting nht trong thi i
ca chng ta. Nh son nhc cng vi hc tr (sau ny l v th hai ca ng) biu
din tc phm ny ln u vo ngy 10/05/1943, v sau din nhiu ln Chu u.
Tnh cho n lc h din tc phm ny ln u tin New York vo ngy 12/12/1967 th
tc phm ny c biu din hn 60 ln.
1943 TROIS PETITS LITURGIES DE LA PRSENCE DIVINE (BA PHNG
V NH CHO S HIN HU THN THNH), vit cho dn nhc, c 3 chng:
I. Antienne de la conversation intrieure (Bi thnh ca i thoi ni tm). II.
Squence du verbe, Cantique divin (Bi ca tip lin40 ca ngn t, bi thnh ca thn
39

Qu tht l nh th. y l li tha trong kinh nguyn ca ngi Ki-t gio. Thng nm cuI mt li kinh,
cu nguyn. V vy, cn c dng vi ngha tn cng
40
Mt hnh thc thnh ca.

57

thing). III. Psalmodie de lubiquit par amour (Ngm vnh ca v s c mt khp ni qua
tnh yu).
Tc phm ny c biu din ln u ti Concert de la Pliade vo ngy 21
thng 4 nm 1945, do Roger Desormire ch huy.
1944

HYMNE (CA VN)

Tc phm cho dn nhc ln. Messiaen mt 13 nm hon thnh tc phm

ny.
1948

TURANGALILA Giao hng cho piano, Ondes Martenot v dn nhc.

I. M u. II. Chant damour I (Bi tnh ca I). III. Turangalila I. IV. Chant
damour II (Bi tnh ca II). V. Joie de sang des toiles (Nim vui v khng c cc v sao).
VI. Jardin du someil damour (Vn gic ng tnh yu). VII. Turangalila II. VIII.
Dveloppement de lamour (S pht trin tnh yu). IX. Turangalila III. X. Kt.
Bn giao hng s ny c biu din ln u Boston do Leonard
Bernstein ch huy vo ngy 02/12/1949. Messiaen c d bui biu din ny.
1956 OISEAUX EXOTIQUES (CHIM K L)
Tc phm vit cho piano c tu, 2 clarinet, dn nhc dy nh xylophone,
glockenspiel v b g. Tc phm ny c biu din ln u ti Paris vo ngy
10/03/1956.
1960 CHRONOCHROMIE (MU SC THI GIAN), vit cho dn nhc ln.
I. M u. II. on I. III. i on I. IV. on II. V. i on II. VI. pde.
VII. Coda.
Tc phm ny c biu din ln tin ti Donaueschingen vo ngy
16/10/1960 vi Hans Rosbaud ch huy dn nhc Sudwestfunk .

58

ARNOLD

SCHOENBERG

(1874 - 1951)

S v ai cua ong la ieu khong the choi cai c,

Cung v vay ma ong rat co n. Ai co the la ban ong

hanh vi thien tai nay? Nha phe bnh am nhac Paul Stefan
a nhan xet nh tren ve cuoc i cua nha soan nhac thien
tai ngi Ao, Arnold Schoenberg. Ong c coi la ngi ng
au trng phai dodecaphone41, cha e cua am nhac vi
chuoi 12 not co vai tro ngang nhau thay v cac bac co vai tro
khac nhau nh trong thang am 7 not. Chuoi 12 am nay a anh
hng sau sac en t duy am nhac cua con ngi ngay nay
va khien cho Schoenberg tr thanh mot trong nhng khuon
mat noi bat nhat cua am nhac the ky XX.
Trong thi ky au, Schoenberg la mot a con cua
phong trao am nhac Hau Lang man Ao, chu anh hng
sau am Wagner. Tac pham au tien cua ong c viet
trong loai ieu thc m rong, ban t tau day giong Re
Trng (1897) khong c xuat ban, mang nhng giai ieu
nhay cam, cao vut va nhng hoa am chromatic ke tha t
thi ai cua Wagner. Tac pham lng danh, em bien hnh
(Verklaerte Nacht), nguyen c viet cho 6 nhac cu (1899), ch
thc s noi tieng khi c Schoenberg chuyen bien cho dan
nhac thnh phong (1917, chnh bien lai vao nam 1943), cho
thay anh hng manh me cua Wagner. Trong khi o, tac
pham khong lo Gurre-Lieder cho thay Schoenberg khong ch
41

Thang am 12 bac

59

chu anh hng bi Wagner ma con nhng nha soan nhac

v ai khac cua thi ky Hau Lang man, theo trng phai
Wagner, nh Richard Strauss va Gustav Mahler. Tuy nhien,
Schoenberg sm thay kiet sc vi chu ngha Hau Lang man,
ong bat au i tm s n gian hoa, chnh xac hoa va gian
lc toi a, ap dung ngay vao nhng tac pham viet cho piano
va dan nhac cua mnh. Ong i en ket luan rang cac
phng phap cu ve ieu thc va hoa am a tr nen lac
hau; rang cac nha soan nhac the ky XX phai i tm nhng
li i, phng thc va am thanh mi.
Trong Tam Bai Ca (Eight Songs), op. 6 (1905), Schoenberg
bat au th nghiem vi nhng bc nhay quang rong trong
tuyen giai ieu cua mnh, ve sau ieu nay tr thanh net
chnh trong phong cach cua ong. Sau T tau day so 2,
cung Fa thang th42, c hoan tat vao nam 1908,
Schoenberg bat au t bo viec s dung bo khoa nhac
thong thng lam cho ieu thc cua mnh c t do hn. Vi
Pierrot trang (Pierrot lunaire, 1912), ong i en mot cach
dien at mi: mot lien ca khuc cho giong noi (Sprechgesang
Bai ca c noi!) va cac nhac cu, t do ve tiet tau va
dung nhp khong eu. Va vi Nam tieu pham cho dan
nhac (5 Orchesterstcke, 1909-1912) Schoenberg i theo phong cach
bieu hien (expressionism) co the c goi la vo ieu tnh
(atonal).
That ra khong phai la ngi sang tao ra he thong 12
am ma chnh la mot ngi Ao khac, Joseph Mathias Hauer
(1887-1959). Hauer say me toan hoc cung nh am nhac Ong
dung toan hoc e sang tao ra mot thang 12 am cach eu
nhau, moi am ch xuat hien mot lan. Ong khong goi la
chuoi not ma goi la cac chu e (theme) xoay quanh 12
am. Nam 1912 Hauer cho xuat ban mot tieu pham piano
mang ten Luat (Law) ch nham e ng dung ly thuyet
mi cua mnh. Khi o, Schoenberg cha co khai niem ve viec
xay dng c s cho he thong nay, phai i en nam 1923.
Xet ve mat thi gian, ung Hauer mi la ngi au tien
42

ay la mot ban quartet la lung v co dung giong Soprano !! (Ngi dch)

60

ngh ra. Nhng nhng khai niem cua ong ve he thong 12

am rat la s ang, ch mang tnh e ngh. Phai en
Schoenberg, dodecaphone mi thc s ra i nh mot ly
thuyet am nhac mi vi nhieu quy luat va ky thuat ket
hp ca vi oi am va canon.
Cac th nghiem thanh cong au tien cua Schoenberg
ve chuoi 12 am co the c tm thay trong ban valse ket
thuc cua tac pham Nam tieu pham cho piano, op. 23
(1923), va trong chng 4 cua Serenade, op. 24 (1923). Sang
tac au tien c cau truc hoan toan theo chuoi 12 am la
To khuc cho piano, op. 25 (1924).
Co the giai thch mot cach suc tch mot so ac iem
noi bat cua he thong 12 am. o la mot chuoi hay trat t
xac nh gom 12 not sap xep thanh mot thang am
chromatic; moi sang tac c xay dng tren mot chuoi rieng
cua no; ca 12 am o cac the c sap xep thanh mot
mau giai ieu trong o khong not nao c lap lai khi cha
s dung cac not khac cua chuoi; not nao cung oc lap
va co tam quan trong ngang nhau khong co not nao lam
am chu; nhng not nay co the xuat hien trong cung mot
be giai ieu hay cac be hoa am khac nhau; chuoi am
nay co the c dung dang nguyen thuy, ao anh
(inverted), oc ngc (retrograde) hay ao anh ket hp oc
ngc; cuoi cung, ca 4 dang thc tren cua chuoi co the
c chuyen dch en bat c bac nao cua thang am
chromatic, tao nen tat ca la 48 bien tau.
Schoenberg sinh ngay 13/9/1874 tai Vienne, Ao, Mac du
bat au hoc violin khi 8 tuoi va co gang th sang tac t
nam 12 tuoi, nhng cau be Schoenberg khong to ra co nang
khieu ve am nhac. Ch sau khi hoc oi am vi nhac s
Alexander Von Zemlinsky th tai nang am nhac cua cau mi
n ro. Trong khoang thi gian an cello cho dan nhac do
Zemlinsky ch huy e kiem song, Schoenberg mi bat au
phat trien kha nang sang tac cua mnh.

61

Nam 1897 ong hoan thanh mot t tau day va mot

vai tieu pham nho goi la song (ca khuc, nhng khong co
li). ay la nhng oan nhac ngan, mang tnh ca khuc, co
luc oc tau co luc top tau (ensemble). T tau day nay
c trnh bay Vienne vao mua ong nam 1898 va a
gay an tng tot ni khan gia. ay la mot trong rat t
trng hp ma tac pham cua Schoenberg c bieu dien
thanh cong luc ong con song. Cac song c trnh dien
Vienne vao thang 12/1900 lai b that bai hoan toan. Bat au
t o cac buoi bieu dien am nhac cua ong Vienne,
Berlin, London eu lam xon xao d luan.
Trong giai oan sang tac au tien cua mnh, Schoenberg
co c mot so tac pham ien hnh nh: em bien hnh
(Verklrte Nacht), Gurre-Lieder. ay la nhng tac pham cho thay
ong con gan bo vi am nhac thi ky Hau Lang man. T
thang 10/1901 ong en song Berlin va rat kho tam v
phai va ch huy mot dan nhac trong quan ru e kiem
song, lai va theo uoi hoai bao cua mnh la am nhac
dodecaphone.
Cuoi cung vao nam 1903 Schoenberg tr ve Vienne
hien mnh vao viec day hoc. ay, ong quy tu c mot so
nhac s tai nang mang t tng cap tien va tan thanh ly
thuyet am nhac mi do ong e xng. Trong so nhng
ngi nay, co hai hoc tro noi tieng cua ong: Alban Berg va
Anton Webern. S ngng mo cua cac hoc tro a bu ap
cho noi au cua Schoenberg khi ma moi tac pham cua ong
sau khi cong dien eu b d luan len an nang ne.
Nam 1911 ong tr lai Berlin day sang tac tai Vien
Nghe thuat va giang ve my hoc tai nhac vien Stern. Khi The
chien th nhat no ra, ong gia nhap quan oi Ao. ay la
thi gian ong ngng hoat ong sang tao ma chu yeu danh
e sa cha cac tac pham cu. Sau chien tranh, ong chia
hoat ong cua mnh cho 2 ni: Vienne, ni ong nh c tai va
Berlin, ni ong c mi lam giang vien tai Vien Nghe thuat
thay cho Busoni vao nam 1915. Vienne, Schoenberg gop phan
thanh lap Hiep hoi Bieu dien t nhan. ay la ni e am
62

nhac theo phong cach mi cua ong va nhng ngi cung ch

hng co at bieu dien.
Khi Hitler nam lay nc c, ong b cach chc giao s
Vien Nghe thuat Berlin v nguon goc Do thai cua mnh, cho
du ong a cai ao sang C-oc giao. Nhan thay c s
doa cua phat-xt c, Schoenberg a quyet nh ri chau Au
vnh vien. Vao mua thu nam 1933, ong en New York va day
sang tac tai trng nhac Malkin Boston. Sau o ong en
nh c tai Brentwood, ngoai Los Angeles. T 1935 en 1936, ong
la giao s am nhac ai hoc Nam California va t 1936 en
1944 day tai ai hoc California Los Angeles
T 1944 tr i ong ch tap trung vao day mot so hoc
tro chon loc. Vao nam 1947, ong c trao Bang Khen thng
ac biet cua Vien Nghe thuat va Van chng quoc gia Hoa
ky. Schoenberg mat tai Brentwood ngay 13/7/1951.
1899 1917

VERKLAERTE NACHT (EM BIEN HNH), cho

dan nhac thnh phong, op. 4 (cung co ban viet cho nhom 6
nhac cu).
ay la thng c nghe nhat cua Schoenberg. Ong
bat au viet vao nam 1899 cho 6 nhac cu day (sextet). Ban
sextet nay c cong dien Vienna vao 18/3/1902 va a
en that bai. Nam 1917, Schoenberg chuyen bien cho dan
nhac thnh phong va tac pham nay mi noi tieng the gii.
en nam 1943, nha soan nhac co bo sung nhng thay oi
ve phong cach.
Tac pham nay cha phai la sang tac co ong cho
am nhac vo am the hay tuyen ngon cua he thong 12 am,
ma van con mang ay phong cach nong nhiet cua thi ky
Hau Lang man cuoi Tk. XIX, chu anh hng Wagner manh
me. Schoenberg cam hng sang tac th giao hng nay t
bai th Ngi n va The gii cua Richard Dehmel. Tac pham
gom 2 phan, cot truyen ke ve mot ngi an ong va mot
phu n i len t trong bong trang. Ngi n thu nhan mnh
63

a phan boi va co mang vi mot ngi an ong khac

(phan 1). Ngi an ong san sang tha th va quen i (phan
2). Nh s tha th ay trac an cua ngi nam va the gii
tr nen bien hnh oi dang nen tot ep hn.
1901

GURRE-LIED (CAC BAI CA CUA GURRE), cantata

cho ngi ke chuyen, cac giong lnh xng, hp xng va

dan nhac.
Trong nhng sang tac ay tham vong va cuoi cung
mang phong cach Hau Lang man, Schoenberg a tao nen loai
am nhac ep va nong nhiet. Gurre-Lieder mang cau truc
xuat sac ma nhieu nha soan nhac Hau Lang man say me.
Thanh phan gom co: mot ngi ke chuyen, 5 giong lnh
xng, 3 hp xng nam, mot hp xng hon hp 8 be va
mot dan nhac khong lo vi 140 nhac cong. Schoenberg a
phai at rieng loai giay e co the viet 48 khuong nhac cho
tong pho ac biet nay!
Gurre-Lieder la mot cau truc gom 19 bai th cua Jens
Peter Jacobson ke cau chuyen ve vua Waldemar I cua an-Mach
thi Trung Co. Tac pham c chia thanh 3 phan.

IGOR

STRAVINSKY
(1882 - 1971)

Igor Stravinsky c xem nh mot nha soan nhac thien

tai, v ai, toa sang trong suot gan na thi ky am nhac
Tk. XX . Trc tien, ong tr thanh mot cn loc xoay manh
vao nen am nhac cua thi ai mnh bang mot loat cac tac
pham bac thay c coi la v ai nhat trong cac sang tac
cua ong: Con chim la (L'Oiseau de feu), Petrouchka, Le te
mua xuan (Le Sacre du printemps). Tuy lay cam hng t nen
tang va am nhac dan gian Nga nhng Stravinsky co loi hoan
toan rieng cho mnh. Nghch am c dung thay cho hoa am
64

chnh thong, a am the (a ieu tnh - polytonal) thay cho am

the truyen thong. Tuyen giai ieu cua ong thng ngan
gon, co khi ch vai not nhac, gay gat, tho, c xay dng t
nhng yeu to ri rac tao nen mot sc manh gan nh tho
bao. Trong am nhac cua ong tiet tau mang mot sc song
mi thong qua viec thay oi nhp mot cach nhanh chong,
lam lech cac cho nhan, s dung a nhp ieu (polyrhythm).
oi vi cac nha soan nhac Lang man, Hau Lang man va
ca An tng th tiet tau cha phai la yeu to co y ngha
quan trong, nhng vi Stravinsky no a c hoan toan giai
phong.
Ngi ta a coi am nhac Stravinsky nh la am nhac
cua tng lai. No a tac ong manh me xuong the gii
Hau Lang man, An tng va Hau An tng t 1911 en
1914, co nhng anh hng mang tnh quyet nh en t duy
am nhac cua ca mot the he. Cac nghe s tre cua nhieu
lanh vc khac nhau a xem Stravinsky nh ngon c au cho
cuoc tan cong cua ho chong lai nhng truyen thong kho
cng.
Igor Stravinsky sinh ngay 17/6/1882 tai Oranienbaum, ngoai
o Petersburg. Cha cua ong la trng be Nam tram cua nha
hat opera Petersburg. Ong hoc piano luc 9 tuoi, rat gioi ve
hoa am va oi am. Ngay t thieu thi, Stravinsky a co
mot nang khieu va tr nh am nhac phi thng. Ong nh
gan het tong pho cua cac v opera co trong tu sach cua
cha mnh. Hai v opera au tien ma ong c nghe la: "Mot
cuoc i cho Sa hoang" (A life for the Czar) va Russlan va
Ludmila cua Glinka. Tuy chu anh hng ban au kha nhieu
t Glinka va nhom 5 ngi43, Stravinsky luon coi c hoi c
nghe lan au tien "Ban giao hng so 6 - Pathetique"
cua Tchaikovsky mi chnh la "iem khi au cho i song
cua toi vi t cach la mot nghe s va nha soan nhac".

con goi la "Nhom Khoe", gom cac nhac s: Balakirev, Cesar Cui, Borodin,
Mussorgsky va Kimsky-Korsakov.
43

65

The nhng, cha ong khong muon con theo nghe mnh. Sau
khi hoc xong van hoa cac trng a phng, cau Igor c
gi en ai hoc St. Petersburg e theo hoc nghe luat. Mot
thi gian sau, thuyet phuc c cha me, Igor hoc song song ve
hoa am. Viec day kem cua thay gan nh khong may ket
qua, cau Igor t hoc ve oi am cua sach v ng thi.
Vao mua he 1902, Stravinsky c c hoi gap Rimsky-Korsakov
tai Heidelberg, c. Igor Stravinsky chi th cho nha soan nhac
noi tieng nay mot vai sang tac mi cua mnh. RimskyKorsakov to ra khong co c an tng g vi nhng sang
tac nay. Ong khuyen Stravinsky nen tiep tuc hoc luat! Tuy
vay ong van khuyen khch Stravinsky tiep tuc hoi hoi ve
hoa am va oi am, nhng nen hoc chnh quy. Van kien tr
theo uoi nghiep am nhac, Stravinsky thng xuyen tm en
gap va hoc hoi ni Rimsky-Korsakov. o la ngi thay ma
ong knh trong en cuoi i. Ben canh o, ong c tiep
xuc lan au tien vi phong cach am nhac ng thi cua
Phap va co an tng manh me vi cac tac pham cua
Franck va Debussy.
Cuoi cung, en nam 1905, Stravinsky chnh thc t bo
nghe luat e dan than cho am nhac. Sau khi ci ngi em
ho cua mnh, cung la ngi a khuyen khch ong rat nhieu
cho muc ch am nhac. Di s hng dan cua RimskyKorsakov, ong viet c 2 tac pham ln: "Giao hng Mi
giang trng", "Than ong ang va co be chan cu"
(Le Faune et la bergere), tac pham th hai la mot to khuc
thanh nhac ket hp vi dan nhac, da tren 3 bai th cua
Pushkin. Mot tac pham dan nhac khac cua ong trong thi ky
nay la "Phao hoa" (Fireworks) viet e mng am ci con
gai cua Rimsky-Korsakov. Muon day cho thay mnh mot bat
ng, sau khi viet xong, Stravinsky gi tong pho en. Nhng goi
qua ay khong c ngi nhan m ra. Rimsky-Korsakov chet
trc o vai ngay! Sau nay, vao nam 1962, vao thi Chu
tch Nikita Khushchev, ong c mi ve Lien xo (cu). Trong
lan tr ve rat ngan nay, sau khi xuong san bay, ong yeu

66

cho c en ngay mo cua thay mnh. Roi ra i vnh vien,

khong ghe tham nhac vien Petersburg mot lan.
Tac pham "Phao hoa" va mot tac pham dan nhac
khac, "Scherzo fantastique" c cong dien trong mot buoi
hoa nhac tai Petersburg vao nam 1909. Buoi dien nay a thay
oi hoan toan tng lai cua Stravinsky.

Co mat trong buoi

hoa nhac nay la nghe s Serge Diaghilev, ngi ang lanh ao

nha vu kch Nga (Ballet Russe). Ong a mi Stravinsky viet 2
tac pham cua Chopin thanh mot v ballet mang ten
Chopiniana e trnh dien tai Paris vao 2/6/1909. Diaghilev to ra
thch am nhac cua Stravinsky va tin tng giao cho ong mot
d an ln tiep theo da tren mot truyen thuyet Nga ve Con
Chim La. Vi s cong tac cua nha viet kch ban Fokine,
Stravinsky a hoan thanh v ballet lng danh, "Con Chim la"
(L'Oiseau de feu) vao thang 5, 1910. V ballet a thanh cong
vang doi. Sau o, v ballet khac mang ten Petrouchka44
c cong dien tai Paris vao 13/6/1911. Thanh cong cua v
ballet nay con vang doi hn ca "Con Chim la". en luc
nay, Stravinsky c cong nhan la nha soan nhac lng danh
nhat ke t sau Debussy.
V ballet tiep theo, Le Sacre du Printemps (Le Te
Mua Xuan) thc ra c bat nguon t gan 2 nam trc khi
Stravinsky hoan tat "Petrouchka". Nhieu ieu a c viet
ve buoi cong dien lan au tien cua v bakllet nay vao
29/5/1913 tai Nha hat Champs Elysees Paris. ay la mot
trong buoi cong dien gay nhieu scandal nhat trong am nhac
hien ai. "Le Sacre du Printemps" a gay "soc" ln khong
nhng cho khan thnh gia ma con cho ca gii chuyen mon.
Vi v ballet nay, Igor Stravinsky tr thanh nha soan nhac
"khieu khch" nhat, nhan vat c ban cai en nhieu nhat
cua am nhac the gii. Mac cho nhng li khen che,
Stravinsky van tiep tuc sang tac theo nhng g a c ket
tinh trong v ballet nay. Cac tac pham theo hng o gom
co: "Le chant du rossignol" (Bai ca hoa mi) va "Les Noces"
44

mot hnh tng thng gap trong truyen than thoai Nga.

67

(am ci) eu c cong dien tai Paris vao nhng nam

1917, 1920.
Nam 1919, Stravinsky ri nc Nga en song Paris v
muon tranh Cach Mang Nga 1917. Nam 1925, Stravinsky en
tham Hoa ky lan au tien va ngay lap tc c gii chuyen
mon on chao nong nhiet. Ong con tr lai My nhieu lan
sau o.
Ngay 10/6/1934, ong tr thanh cong dan Phap, i
nhieu thanh pho ln chau Au va My e ch huy tac pham
mnh45. Khi The chien th hai lan en chau Au, vao nam
1940, Stravinsky ci ngi v th hai, co Vera Soudeikine,
Bedford, Massachusetts, va lam n xin vao quoc tch My vao
nam 1941.
Vi tac pham "Canticum sacrum" (Ve bai thanh ca)
viet cho giong Tenor, Baritone, hp xng va dan nhac nam
1956, Stravinsky cho thay hng sang tac mi cua mnh. Ong
ap dung ky thuat "am nhac chuoi" 46, da tren ngon ng
thang am 12 cung cua Anton von Webern hn la cua Schoenberg
nh nhieu nha phan tch nhan xet. Ong ap dung hng
sang tac nay cho cac tac pham: "Agon" (1956), "Threni"
(1958), "S than khoc Jeremiah" (1958, cho cac giong solo, hp
xng va dan nhac).
Nam 1961, Stravinsky tr ve nc, bieu dien ch huy
vai tac pham cua mnh nhan sinh nhat th 80. Ong c
Chu tch Nha nc Lien xo luc bay gi, Khrushchev mi ve
que hng nh c va ha cap cho ong mot "dasha" 47 vung
ban ao Crimea. Nhng ong t choi. Ve My, t

lau sau,

Stravinsky c Tong Thong Kennedy mi vao Nha Trang theo

nghi thc on mot nguyen thu quoc gia. Ong c tang huy
hieu vang cua ai hoc Quoc gia va Vien Han lam Van hoc
Nghe thuat My.

au TK. 20, cha co mon day ve ch huy trong cac nhac vien. No cung vi
mon Ly Luan, phe bnh thng la do t phat va t tac gia lam.
46
serial music
47
mot kieu nha thon que Nga
45

68

Igor Stravinsky qua i tai New York nam 1971 ch trc

sinh nhat th 89 cua ong t lau. Thi hai ong c chon cat
tai Venise (Y).
1908

FEU DARTIFICE (PHAO HOA), viet cho dan nhac, op.

4
Satravinsky viet Phao hoa e lam qua tang cho
am ci con gai cua Rimsky-Korsakov. Ong nh danh cho
nha soan nhac nay yeu to bat ng khi m goi qua ng
ban thao nay ra. Nhng Rimsky-Korsakov khong bao gi c
nghe tac pham nay; ong qua i vai ngay trc khi tap ban
thao c chuyen en.
Phao hoa khong phai la mot bc tranh an tng
nhng la kieu hnh tng mang tnh tranh hoa ma cac nha soan
nhac Nga, ac biet la Rimsky-Korsakov va Balakirev sang tac
rat tot. Phan dan nhac co bien che ln (co en 6 ken
Cor), nhng cau truc lai tng oi n gian. Trong tac pham
nay, cac loai tiet tau mang tnh bung no, cach bo tr nhp
khong can xng, nhng cho nhan lech, tnh suc tch trong
ngon ng am nhac, nhng tng phan gay gat ve am sac
va tnh soi noi manh me khap ni trong Phao hoa a
nh nhng ieu bao trc ve nhng bc i tao bao mang
tnh tan nguyen thuy (neo-primitve) cua Stravinsky sau nay.
1910

LOISEAU DE FEU (CHIM LA), vu kch mot hoi,

vi phan bien ao mua cua Michel Fokine. Buoi dien au

tien do Nha hat Ballet Nga thc hien tai Paris, 25/6/1910.
LOISEAU DE FEU, to khuc so 2 cho dan nhac.

I.

Introduction - The Fire-bird and her dance (ieu vu cua Chim la).
II. Dance of Princess (ieu vu cua Cong chua). III. Kastcheis
Infernal Dance (ieu vu ma quai cua Kastchei). IV. Berceuse
(Khuc hat ru). V. Finale.
Truyen thuyet Nga ve Chim La a c Fokine (mot
vu cong nam noi tieng) len ke hoach sang tac thanh ballet
69

theo s at hang cua Diaghiliev, va giao cho Liadov thc hien.

Nhng Liadov c keo dai khien Diaghilev sot ruot va quyet
nh giao lai cho Stravinsky. Ong danh ca mua ong nam 1909
va nhng thang au tien cua nam 1910 e hoan tat phan
am nhac cho v ballet nay. Lan trnh dien ra mat cua ballet
nay at c thanh cong rc r vi s tham gia cua Fokine,
v mnh va Karsavina la dien vien chnh.
Ve am nhac, khi viet Chim La, Stravinsky van con
vay mn Rimsky-Korsakov nh trong cac sang tac thi ky
au cua ong. Chung ta thay c mot moi lien he gia
tac pham nay vi Le Coq dor48 (Con ga trong vang),
chang han: oc tng tng ky d, nhng giai ieu mang dang
ve phng ong, cau truc hoa am phong phu, am sac nhac
cu oc ao, khai thac am nhac dan gian. Nhng trong sang
tacnay, Stravinsky van e lo ra nhng cach tan tao bao
sap ti: nhng cach dung mao hiem ve nghch am, cac
th nghiem thay oi tiet tau lien tuc trong chng episode
ieu vu ma quai cua Katschei. Ngay sau buoi dien ra mat
cua Chim La, Debussy a chay ao ti chang thanh nien
Stravinsky ma om lay anh ta nh the ong tm ra c ngi ke
tuc quy gia cho mnh.
Stravinsky a viet 3 to khuc dan nhac khac nhau t
v ballet nay. To khuc th nh c nghe thng xuyen hn
ca. No c nha soan nhac chuan b t nam 1919, tam
nam sau khi ong hoan tat to khuc so 1. To khuc th 3 gi
lai cach phoi dan nhac tiet kiem hn cua to khuc th nh
va phuc hoi lai cac chng Adagio, Scherzo cua to khuc th
nhat.
1911

PETROUCHKA, vu kch mot hoi, vi phan bien

ao mua cua Michel Fokine. Buoi dien au tien do Nha hat

Ballet Nga thc hien tai Paris, 13/6/1911.
PETROUCHKA, to khuc ballet cho dan nhac.

48

Ten mot sang tac noi tieng cua Rimsky-Korsakov.

70

Vao khoang au nam 1911, vai thang sau thanh cong

rc r cua buoi ra mat Con Chim la, Diaghilev en tham
Stravinsky tai Clarens, Thuy S e nghe mot phan cua mot v
ballet mi ma Stravinsky ang soan thao. That ra, Diaghilev
mong c nghe kieu am nhac cua v ballet sau nay mang ten
Le te mua Xuan. Nhng ong rat ngac nhien khi
Stravinsky a ra mot tong pho hoan toan khac: am nhac
mang phong thai khac thng va cham biem. Nha soan nhac
khong tm c ten g hay hn, nen at la Konzertstcke
(Nhng tac pham hoa tau). Nhng g ma Stravinsky co gang
mo ta trong tac pham nay la hnh anh mot con bup be
thng gap trong cac truyen than tien Nga:

bup be

Petrouchka. Nh s hp tac cua Diaghilev ve phan kch ban,

Stravinsky a viet lai tac pham nay cho mot v ballet.
Ballet Petrouchka c gii thieu lan au tien tai
Paris do Nha Hat Ballet Nga dan dng vi phan mua chnh cua
Karsavina va Nijinsky.
1913

LE SACRE DU PRINTEMPS (LE TE MUA XUAN), v

ballet gom 2 phan, vi phan bien ao mua cua Vaslav

Nijinsky.
I. Phan I: M au - Nhng ngi bao hieu mua xuan;
Vu khuc cua nhng ngi tre; Tro chi bat coc; Nhng
vong du xuan; Cuoc tranh tai gia cac thanh pho oi
nghch; am rc cua cac nha hien triet; S ton knh Trai
at; Vu khuc cua Trai at. II. Phan II: Le Hien te - M
au; Nhom ngi tre ky b; S ton vinh ngi c chon; Gi
nh ve to tien; Nghi thc hanh le cua to tien; Vu khuc
hien te cua ngi c chon.
Buoi dien au tien do Nha hat Ballet Nga thc hien tai
Paris, 29/5/1913.
LE SACRE DU PRINTEMPS, to khuc ballet cho dan nhac.

I.

II.
Chang bao lau sau khi viet xong v ballet Con chim la
Stravinsky ke lai rang ong thay trong ao mong canh mot
71

thieu n nhay mua cho en chet trong mot nghi le hien te

cua ngi ngoai giao Nga. ieu o giup ong phac thao nen
e cng cua v ballet mi. Tuy nhien, cong viec b gian
oan v mot v ballet khac o la Petrouchka. Sau khi
Petrouchka c cong dien, ong mi quay ve vi v ballet
d dang nay va hoan tat no vi ten goi: Le te mua
xuan.
1918

LE CHANT DU ROSSIGNOL (BAI HAT CHIM SN CA),

th giao hng cho dan nhac.

I. The Palace of the Chinese

Emperor (Lau ai cua Hoang e Trung Hoa). II. The Two

Nightingales (Hai con chim sn ca). III. Illness and Recovery of the
Emperor of China (Benh tat va s hoi phuc cua Hoang e
Trung Hoa).
Bai hat chim sn ca c viet ba the loai am
nhac khac nhau. Nguyen thuy no la mot v nhac kch cam
hng t v Con ga trong vang cua Rimsky-Korsakov. Sau
o, no c cai bien thanh mot v ballet cho danh muc bieu
dien cua Diaghilev. Cuoi cung, no c chuyen thanh th giao
hng va noi tieng vi the loai mi nay.
Ba phan cua th giao hng nay c dien khong gian
oan. No c m au bang loai am nhac giuc gia mo ta
nhng chuan b cua cac can than cho Hoang e xuat hien.
en luc nay la mot oan cadenza danh cho flute, va tiep
theo la mot giai ieu cho flute cung vi clarinet giong Mi giang.
Chung ta nghe thay tieng hat cua mot con chim sn ca that,
sinh ong. Trong phan presto, con chim sn ca c kh c mang
en cho v hoang e. No bat au hot, do piccolo, sao va
oboe dien tau. Mot menh lenh c ban ra, do ken trombone
co ham tieng am nhiem, a xua uoi chim sn ca that.
Phan am nhac trang trong tiep theo gi len hnh anh cai chet
cua v hoang e. Mot hanh khuc bat chc kieu tang le
mo ta tieng cua cac can than en than khoc hoang e.
Nhng luc o, ho mi phat hien ra v hoang e cua mnh
a c cha khoi va bnh phuc.
72

1917 LES NOCES (AM CI), cantata co kem vu ieu,

ban van do Igor Stravinsky trch t cac bai th cua Kirievski,
bien ao mua do Bronislava Nijinski. Buoi trnh dien au tien
vi Nha Hat ballet Nga tai Paris, ngay 13/6/1923.
am ci la mot bo gom 4 hoat canh mo ta
mot hon le Nga. Tong pho cua no c viet cho cac giong
lnh xng (soprano, contralto, tenor va baritone), hp xng va
mot so nhac cong. Nhom hoa tau nhac cu gom thanh phan
hi bat thng vi 4 piano va

mot bo go gom 4 trong

timpani, chuong, xylophone, tambourine, cymbal, cymbal nho, thanh

tam giac, trong bass, trong ben, va cac trong khac khong
co day (nh trong snare). Va cho ng cho ca s cung bat
thng: trong ho cua dan nhac thay v tren san khau.
Cantata nay co noi dung da tren mot so bai th Nga
do Kirievski su tap t kho tang dan gian Nga. No gom 4 noi
dung chnh nh sau:
I.

The Tresses (Mai toc dai). Co dau ang thay oi y

phuc va c ban be sa soan cho le ci.

II.

At the Bridegrooms Home ( nha chu re). Mot

nghi thc dien ra tai nha trai. Ban be va gia nh hai
ben ua ti chuc mng cha me co dau va chang
re. Sau o le ci c tien hanh.

III.

The Brides Departure (Chuyen i cua co dau). Sau

khi c cha me mnh chuc phuc, chu re cung co
dau nhan li chuc tung cua moi ngi. oi tan
hon ra i, khach mi i thoi.

IV.

The Wedding Feast (Ba tiec ci). Cha me hai ben

than van v mat con. Tiec ci bat au.

1918

LHISTOIRE DU SOLDAT (CAU CHUYEN NGI LNH),

v ballet tng thuat trong 5 canh vi ban van cua C. F.

Ramuz, phan bien ao mua cua Ludmilla Pitoev. Buoi ra mat
tai Lausanne, Thuy S, vao ngay 28/9/1918.

73

LHISTOIRE DU SOLDAT, to khuc dan nhac.

Phan I: I.

Soldiers March (Hanh khuc cua ngi lnh). II. The Soldiers Violin
- Music at the Brook (Cay an violin cua ngi lnh - Nhac ben
suoi). III. Pastorale (ong que). Phan II: IV. Royal March (Hanh
khuc hoang gia). V. Little Concerto (Ban concerto nho). VI. Three
Dances - Tango, Waltz, Ragtime (Ba ieu vu). VII. The Devils Dance
(ieu vu cua quy). VIII. Little Chorale (Ban hp xng nho). IX.
The Devils Song (Bai ca cua quy). X. The Great Chorale (Ban hp
xng ln). XI. Triumphal March of the Devil (Hanh khuc chien
thang cua quy).
Nha th Thuy S C. F. Ramuz viet ban van da tren mot
cau chuyen dan gian Nga. Tr ve t sau cac cuoc chien,
mot ngi lnh gap mot con quy oi lot mot quy ong t
te. Quy a cho ngi lnh mot quyen sach ky dieu, co the
tra li bat ky cau hoi nao e oi lay cay an violin cua
anh ta. Ngi lnh ham h chap nhan cuoc mac ca nay ch
v phat hien ra rang s nam bat cau tra li cua moi cau
hoi se lam anh ta co c ham mon du lch khong the nao
thoa man c. Anh yeu mot cong chua va e mat nang.
Cuoi cung v nh nha anh phai quay ve va b quy bat c
ngay bien gii.
1919

PULCINELLA49, v ballet mot hoi, co ca khuc, do

Leonide Massine bien ao va am nhac da tren cac giai ieu

cua Giovanni Battista Pergolesi. Buoi trnh dien ra mat tai Paris,
ngay 15/5/1920 vi Nha Hat Ballet Nga.
PULCINELLA, to khuc cho dan nhac nho.

I.

Sinfonia. II. Serenata. III. Scherzino; Allegro; Andantino. IV. Tarantella.

V. Toccata. VI. Gavotta con due Variazioni (Gavotte vi 2 bien tau).
VII. Duetto. VIII. Minuetto; Finale.
TO KHUC, cho violin va piano da theo Pulcinella.
I. Introduction. II. Serenata. III. Tarantella. IV. Gavotta con due
Variazioni. V. Minuetto; Finale.
49

Mot vai nhan vat truyen thong cua nha hat kch Napoli.

74

SUITE ITALIENNE (TO KHUC Y), cho violin va piano da

theo Pulcinella.

I. Sinfonia (Hoa tau). II. Canzona (Ca khuc). III.

Danza (Vu khuc). IV. Gavotta con due Variazioni. V. Scherzino. VI.
Moderato; Allegro vivace.
Am nhac cua Giovanni Battista Pergolesi (1710-1736) c
tm thay dang ban thao tai Napoli a cung cap chat lieu
am nhac cho Stravinsky viet v ballet nay. Chnh hoa s lng
danh Pablo Picasso thiet ke y phuc va canh san khau. T
tong pho cua v ballet nay Stravinsky a rut ra chat lieu
e viet thanh to khuc dan nhac c trnh dien tai Paris vao
ngay 22/12/1922 do Pierre Monteux ch huy. Am nhac cua
Pulcinella con cung cap cho ong chat lieu e viet them 2 to
khuc khac cho violin va piano. Mot tac pham c ong e
ta Suite (To khuc, 1925) va tac pham kia c goi la
Suite italienne (To khuc Y, 1933).
1923

OCTET FOR WIND (HOA TAU 8 NHAC CU KEN HI)

cho 2 bassoon, 2 trombone, 2 trumpet, sao va clarinet.

I. Sinfonia.

II. Tema con variazioni (Chu e va cac bien tau). III. Moderato.
Vi sang tac nay, phong cach Tan Co ien cua
Stravinsky bat au n ro, v2 ong se theo uoi no trong 30
nam sau. Chnh ong ch huy buoi ra mat tac pham nay
Paris vao ngay 18/10/1923. Tac pham c m au vi 2
phan, Lento va Allegro moderato. Khong kh cua chng 2 la
mot ieu luan vu, mot oan episode c Stravinsky xay dng
vi 5 bien tau. Bien tau cuoi cung la mot fugato cham,
c chnh tac gia coi nh la thu v nhat trong toan bo tac
pham. Chng ket ay tnh hap dan do nang lc van ong
manh me cua no.
1924

CONCERTO CHO PIANO VA DAN NHAC KEN HI.

I. Allegro. II. Larghissimo. III. Allegro.

75

Tong pho cua concerto cho piano nay c xay dng

khong chnh thong, goi la viet cho dan ken hi nh lai co s
ho tr cua contrebasse va trong timpani. Phan phoi kh la
mot trong nhng th nghiem lien tuc cua Stravinsky ke t
sau The Chien Th I ve nhng kieu ket hp bat thng.
Ben canh nhng phong cach sang tac theo loi Tan Co ien,
ay con co s phuc hoi the loai concerto grosso cua Tk.
XVII, nhng vi cach dien at mi.
1927

OEDIPUS REX (VUA OEDIPE), opera-oratorio 2 hoi, vi

ban van cua Jean Cocteau c J. Danielou dch ra tieng La-tinh,

da theo kch ban cua Sophocles. Buoi trnh dien au tien: tai
Paris, ngay 30/5/1927 (ban ch co dan nhac); tai Berlin, ngay
25/2/1928 (ban san khau).
e giup khan thnh gia de hieu va theo doi c tac
pham, Stravinsky s dung mot thiet b tren san khau va cho
ngi thuat chuyen mac ao da hoi ng vao trong o,
xuat hien nhng oan ngh e tom tat nhng dien bien
sap xay ra. Cung giong nh oi vi nhng tuyet tac pham
khac, Stravinsky a chuan b cho opera-oratorio nay t ca
thap nien trc. ay, nhng yeu to am nhac Nga a
anh hng manh me en ong. Ngi ta bat gap lai hnh
anh cua mot Boris cua Mussorgsky pha lan am nhac dan gian
Nga. Vi Oedipus Rex, Stravinsky a at en phong cach
hoanh trang, phat trien am nhac Tan Co ien tren nhng
truyen thong cua nha th Chnh thong.
1928

LE BAISER DE LA FEE (NU HON CUA NANG

TIEN), ngu ngon ballet vi 4 canh, kch ban cua Stravinsky,

bien ao mua do Bronislava Nijinska, va am nhac da tren
nhng giai ieu cua Tchaikovsky. Buoi ra mat: tai Paris,
27/11/1928.
DIVERTIMENTO (SUITE SYMPHONIQUE - TO KHUC GIAO
HNG) T V BALLET NU HON CUA NANG TIEN.

76

I.

Sinfonia. II. Swiss Dances (Vu ieu Thuy S); Waltz. III. Scherzo. IV.
Pas de deux (Mua oi).
Motive chu yeu c Stravinsky s dung la ca khuc
Lullaby in a storm (Bai hat ru trong mot cn bao) cua
Tchaikovsky, trch t tap 16 ca khuc thieu nhi, op. 54. V
ballet c m au va ket thuc vi ca khuc nay. Trong so
cac giai ieu khac cua Tchaikovsky c dung noi bat nhat
la Humoresque cho piano, op. 10, No. 2; Nata Waltz t tap
Sau tieu pham cho piano, op. 51, No. 4; va Ngi nong
dan thoi ken harmonica (The peasant plays harmonica) trong
tap Album tre th, cho piano, op. 54, No. 10.
1930

SYMPHONIE DES PSAUMES (GIAO HNG CUA CAC

THANH VNH), cho hp xng va dan nhac. I. Prelude. II. Double

Fugue (Fugue kep). III. Allegro symphonique (Nhanh mang tnh giao
hng).
Stravinsky la mot ngi ton sung ao, ong a sang
tao giao hng nay nh mot trong nhng tac pham ton knh
nhat cua ong. Ngay t au tac pham ong a ghi e vinh
Danh Chua va tinh than ton giao sau xa theo ong suot tac
pham nay. Ong sang tac e ky niem 50 nam ngay thanh
lap dan nhac Boston Symphony Orchestra. Tuy nhien, no lai
c cong dien lan au tien Brussels vao ngay 13/12/1930
vi dan nhac Brussels Philharmonic do Ernest Ansermet ch huy.
Mot tuan sau, vao ngay 19/12, Serge Koussevitzky ch huy tac
pham nay Boston.
Ban van cua tac pham nay lay t Kinh Thanh bang
tieng La-tinh: cau 13 va 14 cua Thanh vnh 38 (Phan I); cau 2,
3 va 4 cua Thanh vnh 39 (Phan II); va toan bo Thanh vnh
150 (Phan III).
Phan phoi dan nhac cua ong cung bat thng, trong
o ong khong dung en clarinet, violin va viola. Phong cach
am nhac cua ong da vao loi viet a am, vi u the c

77

chia eu cho dan nhac va hp xng. Ca 3 chng c trnh

tau lien tuc, khong ngng ngh.
1931

CONCERTO GIONG RE TRNG CHO VIOLIN VA

DAN NHAC.
I. Toccata. II. Aria. III. Aria. IV. Capriccio.
Stravinsky viet concerto cho violin nay cho Samuel Dushkin
e dien lan au tien tai Berlin vao ngay 23/10/1931 vi dan
nhac ai phat thanh Berlin do chnh ong ch huy.
Cau truc chng khac thng. Chng I co 3 chu e
chnh kha phc tap va mang nhieu yeu to phat trien. Theo
sau o la 2 Aria, ban au tien mang giai ieu menh mong do
oc tau violin am nhiem; ban th 2 mang tnh trang sc
nhieu hn. Chng ket gom 2 chu e chnh vi phan viet cho
ky thuat oc tau nhac cu tinh te.
1936

JEU DE CARTES (CHI BAI), v ballet trong 3 van

bai, vi kch ban cua Igor Stravinsky va M. Malaieff, va bien

ao mua do George Balanchine. Trnh dien lan au: tai New York,
ngay 27/4/1937.
Stravinsky viet ballet nay theo n at hang cua Nha
Hat Ballet My va chnh ong ch huy. Ong giai thch tom tat
noi dung cua no nh sau: Cac nhan vat trong ballet nay la
nhng quan bai poker. moi van, tnh huong phc tap hn.
Trong van cuoi cung, nhng quan bai ln nh Gia, am,
Boi eu b nhng quan bai nho hn nhng the bai tot
hn nen khien chung tr thanh vo tac dung. Nhng quan
bai ln ch con la cai bong m!
1938 CONCERTO GIONG MI GIANG TRNG cho 14 nhac
cu.
I. Tempo giusto (Gi ung nhp). II. Allegretto. III. Con moto.
Ong viet tac pham nay theo loi oi am, mang phong
cach nh cac concerto Brandenburg cua Bach. Ba chng c
78

dien khong ngng ngh. But phap fuga thong tr tac pham,
va tr thanh nh cao cua chng I va III. Mot giai ieu
duyen dang, mang ve ep co ien c dung chng gia,
tao nen oan chen thu v gia 2 chng cng coi.
Concerto nay c dien lan au tai Washington, D.C. vao
8/5/1938.
1940 BAN GIAO HNG GIONG DO TRNG
I. Moderato alla breve. II. Larghetto concertante. III. Allegretto.
IV. Adagio; Tempo giusto.
ay la ban giao hng th hai cua Stravinsky. No c
sang tac cach giao hng au tien, giong Mi giang trng
en 35 nam. Trong suot nhng nam nay ong a nghien
cu, hoc hoi nhieu t Rimsky-Korsakov e tao thanh ky
thuat bac thay the gii rieng cho mnh. Mac du phong cach
cua Giao hng Th Nh nay mang dang dap cua am nhac
tan co ien, no van duy tr hnh thc ke tha t cac cau
truc co ien. Ch co s thay oi bat thng chng II, o
la mot the loai ca khuc ep, c chnh tac gia goi la aria.
Chng cuoi cung bat au bang toc o Adagio ay an tng
va tiep theo la oan manh me theo the loai concerto grosso.
Giao hng nay c viet v vinh danh Chua nh chnh
ong a noi, va cung e ky niem 50 nam ngay thanh lap
Dan nhac giao hng Chicago.
1943

ODE (KHUC NGI CA), Tranh bnh phong cho dan

nhac gom 3 bc:

I. Eulogy (Ca ngi cong c). II. Eclogue (Bnh giai). III.
Epitaph (Bia mo).
Stravinsky c Quy Am nhac Koussevitzky at viet mot
tac pham dan nhac theo yeu cau cua Natalie Koussevitzky ca
ngi cong lao va tai nang cua chong ba, nha ch huy tai
ba, Tien s Koussevitzky.

79

1945 BAN GIAO HNG 3 CHNG

I. (Toc o khong c ch nh) II. Andante. III. Con moto.
Nam nam sau khi viet Giao hng th nh giong Do
trng, Stravinsky cho ra i tac pham th ba theo the loai
giao hng. ay, chung ta thay c s thay oi toan bo
cau truc cua the loai giao hng. Ban giao hng 3
chng oc lap hoan toan khoi cau truc cua the loai
nay. Khong co hnh thc sonate, khong co phan phat trien,
khong tai hien.
Chngau tien mang nhieu tham vong nhat trong 3
chng. Mac du khong co ghi toc o theo metronome, nhng
no thng c dien hcu yeu toc o Allegro. No c
mo ta nh mot toccata va co 3 phan, phan au va phan
cuoi la am nhac hoa ieu, phan gia theo loi a am.
Giao hng nay c viet tang cho dan nhac New York
Philharmonic va c ra mat tai New York vao ngay 24/1/1946 do
chnh nha soan nhac ch huy.
1953

SEPTET (HOA TAU 7 NHAC CU) viet cho violin,

viola, cello, clarinet, horn, bassoon va piano (hay harpsichord).

I. Allegro. II. Passacaglia. III. Gigue.
Trong Septet, Stravinsky tiep tuc tham do th dung
nhng kha nang cua ky thuat 12 am thanh c s cho cac
sang tac cua mnh, tuy rang tac pham nay cha mang ung
ngon ng am nhac 12 am (dodecaphone). Septet c gii
thieu Washington, D.C. vao ngay 24/1/1954.
1956

CANTICUM SACRUM AD HONOREM SANCTI MARCI

NOMINIS (CANTATA TON GIAO E KNH THANH MARCO, BON

MANG CUA VENISE).

80

ay la tac pham au tien cua Stravinsky c viet

theo ky thuat serial50 nghiem khac. Ba trong so 5 oan cua
tac pham nay c sang tach theo ky thuat mi o.
1957

AGON, v ballet co ien mot hoi vi 12 vu

cong, bien ao mua bi George Balanchine. Buoi ra mat: Los

Angeles, ngay 17/6/1957.
Agon la mot v ballet co ien da tren e tai ve
mot cuoc thi khieu vu Hy-Lap. Trong tieng Hy-Lap, t
Agon co ngha la cuoc au tranh. Tuy nhien, v ballet nay
khong co kch ban hay chng trnh, va c bieu dien khong
co trang phuc cung nh trang tr san khau. Ngon ng am
nhac c viet theo ky thuat serial.
1958

THRENI (NC MAT), THAN KHOC TIEN TRI

JEREMIAH, viet cho cac giong lnh xng, hp xng va dan

nhac.
Tiep tuc ky thuat serial a c s dung trong
Canticum sacrum, Stravinsky xay dng toan bo tac pham
Threni tren mot chuoi 12 am ma thoi. Noi dung e tai
c lay t Kinh thanh bang tieng La-tinh. Phan 2 cua tac
pham nay la mot v du ien hnh ve tai nang cua Stravinsky
trong viec ch dung t not nhac, t giong hat ma dien ta
c rat nhieu ieu. Buoi cong dien the gii au tien
c to chc tai Lien hoan Quoc te ve Am nhac ng ai
Venise vao ngay 23/9/1958.
1961

A SERMON, A NARRATIVE, AND A PRAYER (BAI GIANG,

CHUYEN KE VA LI KINH), cho giong tenor, contralto, ngi ke

chuyen, hp xng va dan nhac.
ay la mot tac pham mang tnh ton giao vi s co
mat cua dan nhac. Bai giang, chuyen ke, li kinh
c coi nh s suy gam Tan c trong niem hy vong. Ba phan
50

am nhac chuoi

81

cua tac pham gom co: phan au da tren bai giang cua
Thanh Phao-lo ve ban chat cua hy vong; phan th hai lien
quan en Th cua v t ao Ste-pha-no; va phan ket la
mot canh cua Thomas Dekker ve Nhng Con chim t thuyen
Noe51.
Tac pham nay c trnh dien lan au tien tai Basle
di s ch huy cua Paul Sacher vao ngay 23/2/1962.
1963

ABRAHAM VA ISAAC, khuc ballad ton giao cho

giong baritone va dan nhac thnh phong c viet theo ky

thuat serial thuan tuy.

Noah. Mot nhan vat trong Kinh Thanh Cu c c Thien Chua cu thoat
khoi tran ai Hong Thuy.
51

82