Shiitake (Lentinus edodes)

Author: Solomon P. Wasser ab Affiliations: a Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel
b

Israel and National Academy of Sciences of U raine, !iev, U raine DOI: "#."#$"%E&E'S&"(##()$$# Published in: Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements Published on: ($ *ebruary (##+ Subjects: linical !utrition, Pharmacolo"y, #ormats a$ailable: H-M. /En0lis12 3 P'* /En0lis12 In order to give pricing details we need to know your country. Please register and/or sign in to identify your country.

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Abstract
S1iita e mus1room, t1e common 4a5anese name for Lentinus edodes /*i0. %2, derives from t1e mus1room associated 6it1 t1e s1ii tree /Castanopsis cuspidate Sc1ott y2 and take, t1e 4a5anese 6ord for mus1room /-able %2. 7ecause 4a5an is t1e 6orld leader in 5roduction of t1is ty5e of mus1room, t1e mus1room is no6 6idely no6n by t1is name. -1ese mus1rooms are reno6ned in *ar East countries /e.0., 4a5an, C1ina, !orea2 as a food and medicine for t1ousands of years. In t1e year "88 A.'., !yusuyu, a native tribe of 4a5an, offered t1e 4a5anese Em5eror C1uai a s1iita e mus1room. Even older documents record its use in ancient C1ina, 61ere it 6as referred to as 9 o& o9 or 91oan0& mo.9/"2 -1e cultivation of t1is mus1room 1as been 5racticed for a t1ousand years, 6it1 its cultivation ori0inatin0 in C1ina durin0 t1e Sun0 'ynasty /8:#&""(;2. 7ot1 1istory and le0end credit Wu San !6un0 as t1e ori0inator of s1iita e cultivation. Almost every mus1room&0ro6in0 villa0e in C1ina 1as a tem5le in 1is 1onor./(2 In "<"<, C1inese aut1or Wan0 C1en0 recorded s1iita e&0ro6in0 tec1ni=ues in 1is Book of Agriculture. He described 1o6 to select a suitable site, c1oose a55ro5riate tools, and cut do6n t1e trees on 61ic1 one could cultivate t1e mus1rooms. He outlined t1e basic met1ods as follo6s3 Cut t1e bar 6it1 a 1atc1et and cover t1e lo0s 6it1 soil. After "yr, to5 t1e soil and 6ater fre=uently. 7eat t1e lo0s 6it1 a 6ooden club to induce mus1room 5roduction. -1e mus1rooms 6ill a55ear after a rain./(2, /<2 &able % 'ycolo"ical data for shiitake

7asidiomycotina Homobasidiomycetes A0aricomycetiae A0aricales *amily3 Pleurotaceae >enus3 Lentinus Lentinus edodes /7er .2 Sin0er, Mycolo0ia, "8)" <<, )+" /*i0. %2 7asyonym Agaricus edodes 7er ., 4. .inn. Soc. 7ot. "$;;, ":, +#. Synonyms Collybia shiitake Sc1roet., >arenfl. "$$:, <+, "#+. Armillaria edodes /7er .2 Sacc., Syll. *un0. "$$;, +, ;8. Agaricus russaticeps /7er .2 a5ud Coo e, >revillea "$$8, ":, "#:. Lepiota shiitake /Sc1roet.2 -ana a, 4a5an 7ot. Ma0. "$$8, <, "+8. Lentinus tonkinensis Pat., 4. 7ot. Paris "$8#, ), "). astaleucomyces edodes /7er .2 ?. !unt@e, Aev. >en. Pl. "$8", (, $:". Pleurotus russaticeps /7er .2, Sacc., Syll. *un0. "$8", 8, )$. Cortinellus shiitake /Sc1roet.2 P. Henn., Not. !ni0l. 7ot. >ard. Mus. 7erl. "$88, (, <$+. !richoloma shiitake /Sc1roet.2 Sin0er, Ann. Mycol. "8<:, <), <<(. Cortinellus edodes /7er .2 S. Ito et Imai, 4ourn. *aB. A0r. Ho ++. aido Im5. Univ. "8<$, )<,

Lentinula edodes /7er .2 Pe0ler, !ava a "8;+, <, (#. En0lis1 names 7lac forest mus1room, blac oa mus1room, 0olden oa mus1room, sna e butter, 5asania mus1room, oa 6ood mus1room, 4a5anese forest mus1room 4a5anese name S1iita e C1inese names S1ian0&0u, S1in0 u, Hua >u, Cian0u, Hoan0&mo

(Enlar"e Ima"e) *i0. " S1iita e mus1room DL. edodes /7er .2 Sin0erE. a & fruit body, b & s5ores, c & basidia, d & c1eilocystidia, e & elements of 5ileal cuticle. S1iita e mus1room cultivation tec1ni=ues 6ere 5robably introduced to 4a5anese farmers by t1e C1inese bet6een "+## and ":## A.'./)2 At 5resent, s1iita e is one of t1e five most cultivated edible mus1rooms in t1e 6orld./+2 Its 5roduction /( million tons2 is second only to button mus1room Agaricus bisporus. >ro6n mainly in East Asia, s1iita e is no6 arousin0 interest 6orld6ide./+&$2 Increasin0 mar ets 1ave been s5a6ned, 5artly by t1e eBotic and 6ell&a55reciated taste of s1iita e, and 5artly by advances in researc1 t1at 1as demonstrated its si0nificant medicinal 5ro5erties. S1iita e mus1room is becomin0 5o5ular in nutritional and medicinal 5roducts t1rou01out Asia, Euro5e, and Nort1 America. *ey+ords: .entinus edodes, S1iita e mus1room, lentinan, bioactive substances, antitumor, antiviral, 5olysacc1arides $ie+ references (,-)

Substrate and method for "ro+in" shiitake mushrooms (.entinus edodes (/erk0) sin"er) and ne+ shiitake strain
US Patent Issued on May 16, 2006

Abstract -1e 5resent invention describes a ne6 substrate com5risin0 olive oil 6aste as t1e nutrient for 0ro6in0 edible and medicinal s1iita e mus1rooms /.entinus edodes2 in ase5tic 5lastic ba0s. -1e invention furt1er 5rovides t1e strain Ile&", a ne6 and distinct variety of t1e s5ecies .entinus edodes, t1at 0ro6s very efficiently in t1e olive oil 6aste&containin0 substrate. Other 1eferences Ferva is et al. "88:. 7ioremediation of ?live ?il Mill Wastes -1rou01 t1e Production of *un0al biomass. Penn State University. Ginci0uerra et al. "88+. Correlated effects durin0 t1e bioconversion of 6aste olive oil by .entinus edodes. 7ioresource -ec1nolo0y +"3 (("&((:. Pom5ei et al.. 4un. "88). -1e use of olive millin0 6aste for t1e culture of mus1rooms on 5erlite. Acta 1orticulture <:", 55. ";8&"$+. /title only2.

Microbial Biotechnology Electronic Journal of Biotechnology ISSN: 0717 !"#$ Vol. 8 No. 2, Issue of August 15, 2005 % &00# by Pontificia Uni'ersidad (at)lica de *al+ara,so 01I: 102&&&#.'ol$ issue& fullte3t ! (hile -ecei'ed 2uly % , 2004 . /cce+ted March 15, 2005

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Growth an ant!"acter!al act!#!ty of Lentinula edodes !n l!$u! %e !a su&&le%ente w!th agr!cultural wastes Regina Hiroko Hassegawa
0e+arta4ento de Microbiologia Instituto de (i5ncias Bio46dicas /'2 Prof2 7ineu Prestes8 1!7" Ed2 Bio46dicas II (idade Uni'ersit9ria 0##0$ :008 S;o Paulo SP8 Brasil <el: ## 11 !7&7 1#$$ E 4ail: rhassegawa'yahoo.co%

Maria Catarina Megumi Kasuya

0e+arta4ento de Microbiologia Uni'ersidade =ederal de *i>osa /'2 P2 ?2 -olfs2 s.n !@#70 000 *i>osa MA <el: ## 0!1 !$:: &:#"

=a3: ## 0!1 !$:: &#7! E 4ail: %(asuya'uf#."r

Maria Cristina Dantas Vanetti*

0e+arta4ento de Microbiologia Uni'ersidade =ederal de *i>osa /'2 P2 ?2 -olfs2 s.n !@#70 000 *i>osa MA <el: ## 0!1 !$:: &:#" =a3: ## 0!1 !$:: &#7! E 4ail: %#anett!'uf#."r Beb site : htt&)**www.uf#."r +,orres&on !ng author -!nanc!al su&&ort) =unda>;o de /4+aro a PesCuisa de Minas Aerais2 .eywor s: bacterial inhibition8 biocon'ersion8 4ycelial groDth8 4ushroo48 shiitaEe2

A"stract /e&r!nt 012-3

A"stract /rticle -eferences

Ant!"acter!al act!#!ty of Lentinula edodes aga!nst Bacillus subtilis was e#aluate !n cell4 free f!ltrates o"ta!ne after growth !n 14 !fferent culture %e !a. 5he h!ghest B. subtilis growth !nh!"!t!on was &ro%ote "y f!ltrates of growth %e !a su&&le%ente w!th r!ce "ran, #er%!cul!te or %olasses. L. edodes ry %ycel!al "!o%ass !n l!$u! culture w!th 0.56 a e r!ce "ran was 7.2 %g*%l, after growth for 70 ays at 258, w!thout sha(!ng, an 4.7 %g*%l un er or"!tal sha(!ng 0150 r&%3. 9owe#er, ant!"acter!al act!#!ty, etecte "etween 20 an 24 ays of !ncu"at!on of stat!onary cultures, was a"sent !n f!ltrates of aerate cultures. 5e%&eratures of 204258, enhance "oth growth an ant!"acter!al act!#!ty. :&t!%u% &9 for L. edodes %ycel!al growth was 7.047.5, wh!le for &ro uct!on of ant!"acter!al su"stance0s3 !t was 4.5. :ur results !n !cate that !ncu"at!on con !t!ons that enhance %ycel!al growth are $u!te !fferent fro% those necessary for &ro uct!on of ant!"acter!al su"stance0s3 "y L. edodes. Art!cle
Article Materials and Methods Microorganis4s (ulture 4edia and groDth conditions Ergosterol content -esults and 0iscussion =igure 1 =igure & =igure ! =igure " =igure # -eferences

Lentinula edodes FBerE2G Pegler8 the shiitaEe 4ushroo48 is one of the 4ost Didely culti'ated 4ushroo4s DorldDide2 <he interest in shiitaEe culti'ation is increasing because of its high nutritional 'alue and 4edicinal +ro+erties8 Dhich ha'e been acEnoDledged by oriental cultures8 es+ecially in (hina and Ja+an F,hang an ;uswell, 1<<6G2 Interest in nu4erous biologically acti'e co4+ounds +roduced by this 4ushroo4 is also increasing2 <hese include co4+ounds Dith

antitu4our FMae a et al. 1<<8H Ng an =a&, 2002G8 anti'iral FNga! an Ng, 2007G8 hy+ocholesterole4ic F>ug!ya%a et al. 1<<5G and hy+oglyce4ic +ro+erties F=ang et al. 2002G2 /nti4icrobial acti'ity has also been found in liCuid cultures of L. edodes F.o%e%ush!et al. 1<<5H .o%e%ush!et al. 1<<6H 9at#an!, 2001H Ish!(awa et al. 2001G and chlorofor48 ethyl acetate or Dater e3tracts of dried 4ushroo4s F9!rasawa et al. 1<<<H Ish!(awa et al. 2001G2 Mycelial free culture of L. edodes FIsh!(awa et al. 2001G e3hibited greater anti4icrobial effect against gra4 +ositi'e than gra4 negati'e bacteria Dith Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus a4ong the 4ost highly inhibited2 /nti4icrobial co4+ounds isolated fro4 L. edodes liCuid cultures include lentina4icin Focta &8! diene #87 diyne 1 olG F.o%e%ush!et al. 1<<6G8 I ethyl +henyl alcohol F.o%e%ush! et al. 1<<6G and lentin8 an antifungal +rotein Dith 4olecular 4ass of &72# E0a F Nga! an Ng, 2007G 2 SaDdust is the 4ost +o+ular basal ingredient used in synthetic substrate for4ulations for +roducing shiitaEe s+aDn2 ?oDe'er8 groDth of shiitaEe 4ycelia in liCuid 4ediu4 is an alternati'e for co44ercial s+aDn +roduction8 anti4icrobial and 4edicinal substances8 and enJy4es2 Production of liCuid inoculu4 of shiitaEe is also an alternati'e to the s+aDn used in co44ercial 4ushroo4 +roduction2 <he ad'antages of liCuid inoculu4 are its unifor4 distribution in the substrate and groDth ti4e reduction F>ong et al. 1<8?G2 /gricultural Daste 4ay be used as substrate to +roduce liCuid inoculu4 for co44ercial +roduction of shiitaEe2 /gricultural Daste biocon'ersion ai4ed at +roducing fungal bio4ass is a highly attracti'e alternati'e because8 besides resulting in +roducts of co44ercial interest8 it reduces the a4ount of Daste thereby 4ini4iJing +ollution F-eof!lo#a et al. 1<<6G2 Ai'en that feD re+orts on groDth of L. edodes in liCuid 4edia e3ist in the literature8 this study Das dedicated to in'estigating 4ycelial and antibacterial 4etabolite +roduction by this fungus using culture broth su++le4ented Dith agricultural Dastes2 Mater!als an Metho s M!croorgan!s%s L. edodes strain 7e 1 Das obtained fro4 a co44ercial +roducer in 7ondrina8 P-8 BraJil and Das selected by Ish!(awa et al. 0200138 since it +resented the highest inhibitory acti'ity toDards !# bacteria e'aluated2 L. edodes 4ycelia Dere groDn on 4alt e3tract agar8 in the darE8 at &#K( for &1 days2 Bacillus subtilis strain &18 fro4 the culture collection of the 2e&art%ent of M!cro"!ology8 -e eral @n!#ers!ty of V!Aosa FMA8 BraJilG Das 4aintained on brain heart infusion FB?IG agar slants and Das used as indicator of antibacterial acti'ity2 ,ulture %e !a an growth con !t!ons Production of antibacterial substanceFsG by L. edodes Das e'aluated in #0 4l aliCuots of culture broth distributed in 1&# 4l Erlen4eyer flasEs2 <he folloDing 4edia Dere used Fg.lG: MP broth F4alt e3tract !08 soybean +e+tone !GH LMPA broth Fyeast e3tract !8 4alt e3tract !8 +e+tone #8 glucose 10GH LEM broth Fyeast e3tract &8 (aS1" 18 4alt e3tract 10G2 1ther culture 4edia tested Dere obtained by adding # g of one of the folloDing residues to LEM broth: sugar cane 4olasses8 sugar cane bagasse8 Dhey8 rice8 Dheat8 soybean8 oat8 corn8 tea8 eucaly+tus saDdust or 'er4iculite2 (ulture broth +? Das adMusted to "2# before steriliJation F1&1K( . 1# 4inG and Das checEed again at the 4o4ent of inoculation2 <he 4edia Dere inoculated Dith fi'e 7 44 dia4eter disEs containing 4ycelia fro4 the edge of L. edodes colonies groDn on 4alt e3tract agar for &0 days at &#K(2 Sa4+les of the culture Dere filtered FBhat4an nK 18 dia4eter :0 44G during incubation at &#K( for !0 days and steriliJed on Milli+ore 4e4branes F02& N4 +ore dia4eterG2 <he filtrates Dere used

to deter4ine antibacterial acti'ity against B. subtilis as described by Ish!(awa et al. 0200132 Mycelial bio4ass Das reco'ered8 Deighed and stored at $@K( to deter4ine ergosterol content2 Each e3+eri4ent Das re+eated at least tree ti4es in du+licate2 Percentage inhibition Das calculated according Ish!(awa et al. 020013 and statistical significance of the differences Das assessed by the 0uncan test FP O 020#G after arcsin transfor4ation of thee sCuare root of +ercentage data2 <he effect of agitation8 te4+erature and initial +? on groDth and antibacterial substanceFsG +roduction Das deter4ined in LEM broth su++le4ented Dith 02#P rice bran and incubated at &#K( in the darE2 /t each sa4+ling ti4e8 tDo flasEs Dere re4o'ed8 the filtrate Das obtained for antibacterial e'aluation and the fresh 4yceliu4 Das Deighed8 froJen in liCuid nitrogen and stored at $@K( to deter4ine ergosterol content2 <he effect of aeration on L. edodes 4ycelial groDth and antibacterial substanceFsG +roduction Das e'aluated by groDth in an orbital shaEer FNew ;runsw!c( >c!ent!f!c ,o, Inc., @>A3 at 1#0 r+4 and &#K(2 <he fungus Das also incubated at te4+eratures betDeen &0 and !!K(8 and the initial +? of the 4edia Dere adMusted to !20H !2#H "20H "2#H #20H #2#H @20H 720 or $208 before steriliJation2 Bhen necessary8 the +? Das adMusted Dith steriliJed 1N Na1? or ?(l8 after steriliJation2 Brgosterol content Ergosterol content Das deter4ined according to the 4ethod of /!char son an Cogen ra 01<<?32 Mycelial bio4ass Das thaDed at roo4 te4+erature and blended for & 4in using a cell disru+ter FMarconi8 4od2 <E 10&G2 1ne gra4 of this sus+ension Das added to 021 g of +oly'inyl+irrolidone FP*PG and # 4l of :#P ethanol FMerc(DG at "K(2 /fter agitation8 the sus+ension Das centrifuged at "8&00 g F>or#allE -<@000BG2 <he su+ernatant Das filtered through a teflon 4e4brane FM!ll!&oreD G Dith 02#0 44 +ore dia4eter and stored at "K( in the darE2 Ergosterol Das Cuantified by ?P7( F>h!%a FuG 7( 10 /G Dith a >h!%a FuG re'erse +hase (7( 10S colu4n2 <he 4obile +hase Das 100 P 4ethanol F >!g%aE G deli'ered at a floD rate of 120 4l 4in 12 <he elution +rofile Das 4onitored at &$0 n4 by an U* *IS >h!%a FuG SP0 10 / detector2 / standard solution Das 4ade using a 020&P ergosterol solution Fergosta # 78 && trienolG F>!g%aE G diluted 18 1:108 1:&0 and 1:100 F'.'G Dith 4ethanol2 <he relationshi+ betDeen ergosterol content and L. edodes dry Deight Das deter4ined to be 02!7 Qg.4g and this 'alue Das used to con'ert ergosterol content to 4ycelial Deight2 1esults and Discussion /4ong the substrates tested for 4ycelial groDth of L. edodes8 only the saDdust containing 4ediu4 Das not suitable for +roducing antibacterial substanceFsG against B. subtilis F-!gure 1G2 ?ighest 4ycelial groDth and antibacterial 4etabolite +roduction Dere obser'ed in 4edia su++le4ented Dith rice bran8 'er4iculite and 4olasses F -!gure 1G2 It has been de4onstrated that 4olasses enhanced L. edodes bio4ass +roduction and 'er4iculite i4+ro'ed groDth and fructification in liCuid synthetic 4edia F5an an Moore, 1<<2G2 /lthough results obtained Dith the afore4entioned su++le4ents did not significantly differ fro4 each other FP O 020#G8 rice bran Das chosen for continuing this study8 due to its Dide a'ailability and co44on use as a su++le4ent for L. edodes s+aDn +roduction2 <he a'erage relation betDeen ergosterol content and 4yceliu4 dry Deight of L. edodes Das 02!7 4g.g 12 *alues 'arying betDeen 021& to 02&" 4g.g 1 had been shoDed by :(e(e et al. 01<<43 for strains of L. edodes culti'ated in liCuid 4ediu42 <hese authors stated that the relation betDeen dry 4yceliu4 and ergosterol content is co4+le32 ?oDe'er8 ergosterol content correlated Dell to

fungal bio4ass dry Deight and con'ersion factors Dere 02! ! 4g.g 1 bio4ass dry Deight de+ending on the s+ecies FMar!n et al. 2005G -!gure 2 shoDs 4ycelial groDth and antibacterial acti'ity in stationary cultures incubated at &#K( in LEM broth Dith 02#P rice bran2 /fter !0 days of incubation8 dry 4ycelial bio4ass reached !2&" 4g.4l and little increase Das obser'ed o'er the ne3t !0 days F -!gure 2G2 <he inhibitory acti'ity against B. subtilis Das detected in filtrates of cultures incubated at &#K( o'er a narroD range of L. edodes groDth F-!gure 2G2 <he antibacterial acti'ity of L. edodes has already been re+orted F.o%e%ush!et al. 1<<5H 1acu%"a"a et al. 1<<<H 9at#an!, 2001H Ish!(awa et al. 2001G2 ?oDe'er8 further in'estigation is necessary to identify this acti'e co4+onent2 Pre'ious studies Dith the strain of L. edodes 7e1 shoDed that the inhibitory effect of the culture filtrate Das retained in chlorofor4 but not in aCueous e3tracts F Ish!(awa et al. 2001G and is +ossibly8 lentina4ycin2 AroDth of 4ycelia8 a++earing as +ellets in the shaEen cultures8 increased re4arEably under agitation and the bio4ass reached #20 4g.4l after &0 days F -!gure 7G2 <his 'alue sur+assed that obtained after @0 days of incubation under static conditions F -!gure 2G2 1ur result agrees Dith the general conce+t that aeration enhances fungal groDth2 Ceatha% an Gr!ff!n 01<843 related that L. edodes groDth rate in liCuid 4edia increased under agitation and the generation ti4e Das 12# days2 ?igher L. edodes 4yceliu4 yields Das related by >ong et al. 01<8?3 Dhen the shaEing freCuency Das increased fro4 0 to1#0 r+4 and they shoDed that aeration li4itation in L. edodes cultured in Erlen4eyer flasEs reduced the aerial e3+ansion of 4ycelia and +re'ented fruiting body for4ation2 ?oDe'er8 Ita#aara 01<8<3 obser'ed that the total 4yceliu4 dry Deight Das loDer for fer4ented s+aDn culti'ation Dhen stirring Das adMusted to !"0 r+4 and aeration to &20 l.4in8 and Das highest in cultures incubated Dithout agitation2 <herefore8 co4+arati'e bio4ass yields in stationary and shaEen cultures are strain de+endent8 as shoDn by 5an an Moore 01<<232 In the +resent study antibacterial acti'ity Das not detected in the culture filtrate after groDth under agitation F-!gure 7G2 <he o+ti4u4 groDth te4+erature for L. edodes Das &0K( and resulted in "2! 4g.4l of 4ycelial dry bio4ass in LEM broth Dith rice bran after &" days of incubation Dithout agitation F -!gure 4G2 <his bio4ass yield Das higher than those re+orted by >ong et al. 01<8?3 of &2: 4g.4l dry 4atter at &0K( and8 a++ro3i4ately8 !2# 4g.4l at &#K( u+on agitation2 1n solid 4ediu48 L. edodes radial groDth Das highest Dhen incubation te4+erature Das greater than &#K( and decreased at te4+eratures abo'e !0K( and beloD &0K( F.han et al.1<<1G2 /s o++osed to Dhat Das obser'ed for aeration8 the sa4e te4+erature condition that enhanced 4ycelial groDth enhanced anti4icrobial acti'ity F-!gure 4G2 L. edodes Das able to groD o'er a Dide range of +? Dhile greater bio4ass +roduction Das detected in 4edia Dith loD initial +? F-!gure 5G8 resulting in "2@ to "2$ 4g.4l of dried bio4ass2 <his o+ti4u4 +? Das Cuite different fro4 that obser'ed by >ong et al. 01<8?38 Dho re+orted 'alues betDeen "2! and "2$ in synthetic 4ediu48 under agitation2 Under those conditions8 dry 4ycelial bio4ass Das8 a++ro3i4ately8 "2$ 4g.4l2 /lthough +? !20 !2# Das 4ost fa'ourable for bio4ass +roduction8 the best antibacterial acti'ity Das obser'ed at "2# F -!gure 5G2 <his result indicated that incubation conditions that enhanced groDth are not the sa4e as those that fa'our antibacterial acti'ity2 <his result differs fro4 those shoDed by .o%e%ush! et al. 01<<532 <hese authors concluded that a +? of "20 Das the o+ti4u4 'alue for groDth8 but not for the +roduction of anti4icrobial substances against B. subtilis by L. edodes2 0uring 4ycelial groDth8 culture broth +? dro++ed fro4 "20 @20 to !2" !2@2 <his loD final +? 4easured after 4ycelial groDth indicates acid +roduction by L. edodes is in agree4ent Dith results of other researches Dho found final +? 'aried fro4 !20 to !2$ in liCuid substrates used for L. edodes groDth F>ong et al.1<8?H :(e(e et al.1<<48 /u !c an 2#orn!na, 2001G2

<he results obtained in this study Dill be useful for e'aluating liCuid 4edia to enhance L. edodes 4ycelial bio4ass and to e'aluate substances of interest +roduced by this fungus8 such as antibacterial co4+ounds8 enJy4es and i44unothera+eutic agents2 /eferences (?/NA8 S2<2 and BUSBE778 J2/2 Mushroo4 nutriceuticals2 Biotechnolo#y8 1::@8 'ol2 1&8 no2 #8 +2 "7! "7@2 orld !ournal o" Microbiolo#y and

=E1=I71*/8 E2P2H NEM<SE*8 02*2H <E-ES?IN/8 *2M2 and R1S71*8 *2P2 Polya4inosaccharides of 4ycelial fungi: neD biotechnological use and +ractical i4+lications2 Applied Bioche$ical and Microbiolo#y8 1::@8 'ol2 !&8 no2 #8 +2 "!7 ""#2 ?/<*/NI8 N2 /ntibacterial effect of the culture fluid of lentinus edodes 4yceliu4 groDn in sub4erged liCuid culture2 International !ournal o" Anti$icrobial A#ents8 &0018 'ol2 178 no218 +2 71 7"2 ?I-/S/B/8 M2H S?1UJI8 N2H NE</8 <2H =URUS?IM/ 8 R2 and </R/0/8 R2 <hree Einds of antibacterial substances fro4 Lentinus edodes FBerE2G Sing2 FShiitaEe8 an edible 4ushroo4G2 International !ournal o" Antibi$icrobial A#ents8 1:::8 'ol2 118 no2 &8 +2 1#1 1#72 IS?IR/B/8 N2R2H R/SUL/8 M2(2M2 and */NE<<I8 M2(202 /ntibacterial acti'ity of Lentinula edodes2 Bra%ilian !ournal o" Microbiolo#y8 &0018 'ol2 !&8 no2 !8 +2 &0@ &102 I</*//-/8 M2 (o4+arison of three 4ethods to +roduce liCuid s+aDn for co44ercial culti'ation of shiitaEe2 In: &roceedin#s o" International Con#ress on the Science and Culti'ation o" (dible )un#i8 F1&K8 1:$:8 BraunschDeig 8 Aer4any G8 +2 !0: !1!2 R?/N8 S2M2H MI-S/8 J2?2 and R?/N8 M2/2 Studies on shiitaEe 4ushroo4 F Lentinula edodes FBerE2G PeglerG2 In: Science and Culti'ation o" (dible )un#i2 BalEe4a8 -otterda4 8 1::18 +2 &!& &!72 R1MEMUS?I8 S2H L/M/M1<18 L2 and =UJI</8 <2 /nti4icrobial substance +roduced by Lentinus edodes2 !ournal o" Antibacterial and Anti"un#al A#ents8 1::#8 'ol2 &!8 no2 &8 +2 $1 $@2 R1MEMUS?I8 S2H L/M/M1<18 L2 and =UJI</8 <2<2 Purification and identification of anti4icrobial substances +roduced by Lentinus edodes2 !ournal o" Antibacterial and Anti"un#al A#ents8 1::@8 'ol2 &"8 no2 18 +2 &1 &#2 7E/<?/M8 A2=2 and A-I==IN 8 <2J2 /da+ting liCuid s+aDn Lentinus edodes to oaE Dood2 Applied Microbiolo#y and Biotechnolo#y8 1:$"8 'ol2 &08 +2 !@0 !@!2 M/E0/8 L2L2H </R/?/M/8 S2 and L1NER/B/8 ?2 =our do4inant loci for the 'ascular res+onses by the antitu4or +olysaccharide8 lentinan2 I$$uno#enetics8 1::$8 'ol2 "78 no2 &8 +2 1#: 1@#2 M/-IN8 S2H -/M1S8 /2J2 and S/N(?IS8 *2 (o4+arison of 4ethods for assess4ent of groDth of food s+oilage 4oulds in solid substrates2 International !ournal o" )ood Microbiolo#y8 /+ril &00#8 'ol2 ::8 no2 !8 +2 !&: !"12 NA8 M272 and L/P 8 /2<2 Inhibition of hu4an colon carcino4a de'elo+4ent by lentinan fro4 shiitaEe 4ushroo4s FLentinus edodesG2 !ournal o" Alternati'e Co$ple$ent Medicine8 &00&8 'ol2 $8 no2 #8 +2 #$1 #$:2

NA/I8 P2?2 and NA8 <2B2 7entin8 a no'el and +otent antifungal +rotein fro4 shitaEe 4ushroo4 Dith inhibitory effects on acti'ity of hu4an i44unodeficiency 'irus 1 re'erse transcri+tase and +roliferation of leuEe4ia cells2 Li"e Science8 &00!8 'ol2 7!8 no2 &@8 +2 !!@! !!7"2 1RERE8 B2(2H P/<E-S1N8 /2H SMI<?8 J2E2 and B/<S1N (-/IR8 I2/2 <he relationshi+ betDeen +henol o3idase acti'ity8 soluble +rotein and ergosterol Dith groDth of 7entinus s+ecies in oaE saDdust logs2 Applied Microbiolo#y and Biotechnolo#y8 1::"8 'ol2 "18 no2 18 +2 &$ !12 P/(UMB/B/8 -2P2H BEL7 8 (2/2 and P/(UMB/B/ Jr8 -212 ShiitaEe 4ycelial leachate su++resses groDth of so4e bacterial s+ecies and sy4+to4s of bacterial Dilt of to4ato an li4a bean in 'itro. &lant *isease8 1:::8 'ol2 $!8 no2 18 +2 &0 &!2 -I(?/-0S1N8 M202 and 71AEN0-/8 S2 Ergosterol as an indicator of endo+hyte bio4ass in grass seeds2 !ournal o" A#ricultural and )ood Che$istry 8 1::78 'ol2 "#8 no2 108 +2 !:0! !:072 -U0I(8 *2 and 0*1-NIN/8 /2 0ee+ culturing of Lentinula #enus FBerE2G Sing!70 edible 4ushroo4s on lignocellulose substrate2 Rou$anian Biotechnolo#y Letters8 &0018 'ol2 @8 +2 "&! "&72 S1NA8 (2?2H (?18 R2L2 and N/I-8 N2A2 / synthetic 4ediu4 for the +roduction of sub4erged cultures of Lentinus edodes2 Mycolo#ia8 1:$78 'ol2 7:8 no2 @8 +2 $@@ $7@2 SUAIL/M/8 R2H /-/S?I8 <2 and L/M/R/B/8 /2 Eritadenine induced alteration of he+atic +hos+holi+id 4etabolis4 in relation to its hy+ocholesterole4ic action in rats2 Nutritional Bioche$istry8 1::#8 'ol2 @8 no2 78 +2 $0 $72 </N8 L2?2 and M11-E 8 02 (on'enient and effecti'e 4ethods for in 'itro culti'ation of 4yceliu4 and fruiting bodies of Lentinus edodes2 Microbial Research8 1::&8 'ol2 :@8 +2 1077 10$"2 L/NA8 B2R2H RIM8 02?2H JE1NA 8 S2(2 H 0/S8 S2H (?1I8 L2S2H S?IN8 J2S2H 7EE 8 S2(2 and S1NA8 (2?2 ?y+oglyce4ic effect of a Lentinus edodes e3o +oly4er +roduced fro4 a sub4erged 4ycelial culture2 Bioscience8 Biotechnolo#y and Bioche$istry8 &00&8 'ol2 @@8 no2 #8 +2 :!7 :"&2
Note: Electronic Journal of Biotechnology is not res+onsible if on line references cited on 4anuscri+ts

Grow!ng Mushroo%s at 9o%e 4 Hanuary 2?, 1<<< Jeff Schalau8 (ounty 0irector8 /gent8 /griculture T Natural -esources /riJona (oo+erati'e E3tension8 La'a+ai (ounty Bhen li'ing in the Pacific NorthDest8 I Das introduced to Dild edible fungi2 Many s+ecies Dere under the cano+ies of the cool8 4oist coastal forests2 (hanterelles Dere 4y fa'orites because it an easily recogniJed s+ecies and they Dere +lentiful under the stands of SitEa s+ruce2 /s 4ost +eo+le EnoD8 Dild 4ushroo4s can be 'ery to3ic and should not be eaten or collected Dithout so4e EnoDledge of 4ushroo4 ta3ono4y.identification2 <his article is not about har'esting Dild 4ushroo4s2 Instead8 De Dill discuss hoD delicious gour4et 4ushroo4s can be groDn in your oDn ho4e or garden2

Mushroo4s re+roduce through s+ores2 In fact8 the 4ushroo4 itself is the s+ore +roducing body2 In nature8 fungal s+ores are 'irtually e'eryDhere2 Isolating a +ure culture of a desirable s+ecies is usually done in a sterile laboratory2 ?oDe'er8 an inoculation roo4 can be created Dithin your ho4e at a 4odest e3+ense2 / 4ushroo4 consists of se'eral fungal cell strands that groD together for4ing a 4yceliu42 Pure fungal strains are isolated and cultured on Petri dishes and later in Mars containing a 4i3ture of saDdust or bran to +roduce Us+aDnU2 <his s+aDn can be +urchased co44ercially or8 Dith so4e ca+ital in'est4ent and EnoDledge8 groDn on site2 1nce the s+aDn is cultured8 the 4ethod of groDing 4ushroo4s 'aries by s+ecies chosen2 ShiitaEe 4ushroo4s FLentinus edodesG are groDn on hardDood logs or saDdust.bran blocEs2 ShiitaEe 4ushroo4s are 'ery +ungent and their +roduction accounts for 10P of the DorldVs culti'ated 4ushroo4 +roduction2 <hey are also +riJed for their 4edicinal +ro+erties2 1yster 4ushroo4s F&leurotus spp.G +roduce Dell on +asteuriJed straD2 <hese are 4ilder tasting 4ushroo4s and should be har'ested Dhen s4all to retain a soft te3ture2 Bhen I ate the48 they tasted liEe chicEen For rattlesnaEeG2 Morels FMorchella s++2G are 4ost easily groDn outside in shady saDdust.ash beds2 Most Dild 4ushroo4 hunters consider these the 4ost +riJed find2 I cannot 'ouch for this since8 regrettably8 IV'e ne'er eaten the42 <hey are su++osed to be 'ery good2 <he (hinese 7ing (hi F+anoder$a lucidu$G8 also EnoDn as the Ja+anese -eishi can be groDn outdoors on logs buried in saDdust2 <his is also considered a 4edicinal 4ushroo42 In the 1rient8 it is used treat 4igraines and headaches8 hy+ertension8 arthritis8 bronchitis8 asth4a8 anore3ia8 gastritis8 he4orrhoids8 consti+ation8 lu+us8 he+atitis8 cardio'ascular +roble4s and cancer including leuEe4ia2 (hicEen of the Boods F&olyporus sul"ureusG can be groDn on dead tree stu4+s8 as can 4any other gour4et s+ecies2 /lthough I ha'e ne'er tried the48 a EnoDledgeable colleague on the Uni'ersity of /riJona ca4+us told 4e this is his fa'orite 4ushroo42 7astly8 the classic Dhite button 4ushroo4 F/garicus s++2G fruits on horse 4anure.straD co4+ost2 It is the 4ost co44on one found in grocery stores and I thinE 4ost of us EnoD Dhat this 4ushroo4 tastes liEe2 /side fro4 tasting good8 certain 4ushroo4s are EnoDn to sti4ulate the i44une syste4 and loDer cholesterol le'el Dhile recycling Dood and agricultural

by+roducts2 Best of all8 they can be groDn by anyone gi'en the right en'iron4ental conditions2 Many other s+ecies and 'arieties of 4ushroo4 s+aDn are a'ailable fro4 su++liers2 <his is not 4eant to be an ad'ertising endorse4ent8 but one of the 4ost +ro4inent 4ushroo4 culture su++liers is =ungi Perfecti8 P212 Bo3 7@!"8 1ly4+ia8 B/ :$#078 F$00G 7$0 :1&@2 <heir Deb site is www.fung!.co% 2 If you 'isit this site8 you Dill be a4aJed2 Be sure to checE out the biolu4inescent fungi Fyes8 it really gloDs in the darEG2 <he Uni'ersity of /riJona (oo+erati'e E3tension has +ublications and infor4ation on 4any garden cro+s2 If you ha'e other gardening Cuestions8 call the Master Aardener line in the (ottonDood office at @"@ :11! or E 4ail us at 4gardenerWEachina2net and be sure to include your address and +hone nu4ber2

Shiitake
Common Names3 S1iita e mus1room, Hua >u Clinical Name3 .entinas edodes

Summary common names3 Shiitake mushroom3 4ua "u botanical name3 Lentinas edodes overvie6 of interactions3 H nutrient affectin0 dru0 5erformance3 'idanosine H nutrient affectin0 dru0 5erformance3 *luorouracil H nutrient affectin0 dru0 5erformance3 He5arin and Warfarin Note3 see also Immune&modifier to5ic in t1e Herb >rou5s section. c1emistry%function3 S1iita e is ric1 in 5roteins, fats, 5olysacc1arides, li0nans, vitamins, minerals, and soluble fiber. S1iita e contains all ei01t essential amino acids in 6ell& balanced 5ro5ortions as 6ell as a 0ood blend of vitamins and minerals includin0 vitamins

A, 7, 7"(, C, ' and niacin. .entinan /.-N2, 61ic1 is t1e name 0iven a 1i01ly 5urified 5olysacc1aride fraction eBtracted from t1e fruitin0 body of S1iita e mus1rooms, is an a55roved dru0 in 4a5an. Some researc1ers consider lentinan t1e most 5otent constituent of t1e S1iita e. Commercial 5re5arations of S1iita e ty5ically list 9lentinus edodes mycelium9 eBtract /.EM2, a 5o6dered derivative of t1e mus1roomIs mycelium available before t1e ca5 and stem mature, 61ic1 5rovides an abundance of 5olysacc1arides and li0nans. no6n or 5otential t1era5eutic uses3 AI'S%HIG su55ort, cancer, fati0ue, 1e5atitis, 1i01 c1olesterol, 1y5ertension, immune su55ort, intestinal 5arasites%6orms, lon0evity, res5iratory infections. mec1anism3 S1iita e 1ave demonstrated antifun0al, anti&tumor, and antiviral effects. -1e immunomodulatory action of lentinan 5olysacc1aride is usually considered as t1e most im5ortant mec1anism involved in S1iita eIs t1era5eutic action. -1e antiviral effects are believed to derive from S1iita eIs ability to 5romote interferon 5roduction. .entinan may also 5revent t1e increase of c1romosomal dama0e induced by anti&cancer dru0s. maintenance dose3 S1iita e mus1rooms are commonly used as a food, es5ecially in C1ina and 4a5an 61ere t1ey are 1i01ly valued as a food and as a medicinal substance. -raditionally, one or t6o fres1 S1iita e mus1rooms are eaten daily for 5reventive value. .i e6ise, : & ": 0 of dried s1iita e are often consumed in tea, sou5, or ot1er dis1es as 5art of t1e normal diet. Ho6ever, t1eir consum5tion is not considered necessary by any 0overnmental or institutional aut1orities. ?5timal levels of inta e 1ave not been establis1ed. t1era5eutic dose3 Most 5ractitioners of 1erbal medicine 5rescribe eBtracts or concentrated forms of S1iita e rat1er t1an 61ole mus1rooms 61en see in0 a t1era5eutic res5onse. .EM is usually ta en at dosa0es of "&< 0rams, t6o or t1ree times 5er day, for t1era5eutic 5ur5oses. S1iita e is often available as a tincture, 6it1 (&) ml 5er day bein0 a ty5ical dosa0e. .entinan is commercially available for clinical use but is 0enerally administered by inJection. side effects3 Individuals 6it1 aller0ies may eB5erience adverse reactions to S1iita e due to its 1istamine&sensiti@in0 5ro5erties. Consum5tion of 61ole S1iita e mus1rooms, es5ecially in doses 0reater t1an "+&(# 0rams 5er day, 1as occasionally been associated 6it1 mild side effects suc1 as transient diarr1ea, abdominal bloatin0, and s in ras1es. .EM, 61ic1 is concentrated and more easily absorbed, is often 5referred for medicinal 5ur5oses to avoid t1e 5ossible di0estive u5set from eatin0 lar0e =uantities of fres1 S1iita e. In a small study of 1ealt1y subJects .evy et al found t1at daily in0estion of S1iita e mus1room 5o6der 5rovo ed blood eosino51ilia, increased eosino51il 0ranule 5roteins in serum and stool, and increased 0astrointestinal sym5toms in 1alf /five of ten2 of t1e individuals. .entinan 1as no no6n serious side effects. /.evy AM, et al. " Allergy Clin Immunol. "88$ May,"#"/+23:"<&:(#.2 Si0nificant researc1 and many case re5orts 1ave documented t1e relatively fre=uent

occurrence of 1y5ersensitivity reactions amon0 t1ose 61o cultivate and 5rocess t1e mus1rooms, es5ecially 6it1 c1ronic indoor eB5osure to s5ores. A lar0e number of cases involvin0 immunolo0ical reactions, suc1 as ras1es, and res5iratory irritation, most commonly 1y5ersensitivity 5neumonitis, 1ave been t1orou01ly documented. /Sastre 4, et al. Clin #$p Allergy. "88# 4an,(#/"23"<&"8, -arvainen !, et al. " Am Acad %ermatol. "88" 4an,()/"23:)&::, Na amura -. Contact %ermatitis. "88( Au0,(;/(23:+& ;#, -arvainen !, et al. " Am Acad %ermatol. "88" 4an,()/"23:)&::, Matsui S, et al. Intern ed. "88( ?ct,<"/"#23"(#)&"(#:, Mura ami M, et al. " Intern ed. "88; 4an,()"/"23$+&$$, Hanada !, et al. %ermatology. "88$,"8;/<23(++&(+;.2 toBicity3 No acute toBicities 1ave been re5orted or sus5ected as bein0 associated 6it1 S1iita e or .EM, even in massive doses of more t1an +# m0 a day for one 6ee . -1ere 1as been one case re5ort of an elderly 4a5anese 6oman 61o suffered a fatal intestinal obstruction follo6in0 in0estion of at least t6o 61ole mus1rooms and subse=uent im5action. /Hitosu0i M, et al. " &astroenterol. "88$ Au0,<</)23+:(&+:+.2 contraindications3 None no6n to date, eBce5t aller0ic sensitivity. Usa0e durin0 5re0nancy 1as not been ade=uately researc1ed to confirm safety.

Interactions nutrient affectin0 dru0 5erformance3 'idanosine H researc13 .entinan is a 5olysacc1aride, i.e., a com5leB su0ar com5ound, derived from S1iita e mus1rooms no6n as a 5otent immune modulator. W1en combined 6it1 didanosine, ( m0 of lentinan intravenously, once 5er 6ee , caused si0nificant increases in C') levels u5 to <$ 6ee s, 61ereas ddI alone 6as si0nificant at t1e +K level at ") 6ee s. H nutritional su55ort3 ?ral 5re5arations of S1iita e 1ave been used traditionally and in modern researc1 to en1ance immune function. It is obviously uncertain as to 61et1er or not t1e findin0s 6it1 lentinan delivered intravenously, es5ecially in combination 6it1 didanosine, can be eBtra5olated to 61ole S1iita e ta en orally. nutrient affectin0 dru0 5erformance3 *luorouracil H researc13 -a0uc1i and ot1er researc1ers 1ave found t1at 5atients sufferin0 from advanced or recurrent, stomac1 and colo&rectal cancer 61o 6ere administered lentinan intravenously in combination 6it1 mitomycine C L +&*U /M*2 or te0afur /*-2 demonstrated statistically si0nificance im5rovement in life s5an 5rolon0ation as com5are to t1ose 61o 6ere treated 6it1 M* or *- alone. -1ese researc1ers also noted t1at im5rovement of 1ost immune res5onses 6as observed in t1e 0rou5 treated 6it1 lentinan, and 1ematolo0ical survey s1o6ed t1at incidence rate of abnormal value 6as si0nificantly

lo6 in .N- treated 0rou5. Similar researc1 su00ests t1at lentinan may also be effective for 5atients 6it1 advanced or recurrent breast cancer as an a0ent for su55ortive t1era5y. /-a0uc1i -. &an !o 'agaku (yoho. "8$< *eb,"#/( Pt (23<$;&<8<.2 nutrient affectin0 dru0 5erformance3 He5arin and Warfarin H re5orts3 A 6atery eBtract of t1e 61ole s1iita e 1as been re5orted to 1inder blood coa0ulation. /Hobbs C. "88+, "(+&"($.2 H nutritional%1erbal concern3 Individuals ta in0 1e5arin, 6arfarin or ot1er anticoa0ulant medicines s1ould refrain from consumin0 S1iita e beyond occasional use in foods until t1ey 1ave consulted 6it1 t1eir 5rescribin0 51ysician and%or a 1ealt1care 5rofessional trained in 1erbal 5rescribin0.

Co5yri01t M"88$&(###, Inte0rative Medical Arts >rou5, Inc. H I7ISmedical.com All ri01ts reserved 6orld6ide. H +++0I/ISmedical0com H +#<.+(:."8;( );8# S.W. Watson Avenue, 7eaverton, ?A 8;##+ USA 'evelo5ers of I/IS: Inte"rati$e /ody'ind Information SystemN O -1e Aut1oritative Clinical Aeference -ool for Inte0rative Medicine and Alternative -1era5ies Please read the disclaimer concernin" the intent and limitations of the information pro$ided here0 Do not rely solely on the information in this article0
-1e information 5resented in InteractionsN is for informational and educational 5ur5oses only. It is based on scientific studies /1uman, animal, or in vitro2, clinical eB5erience, case re5orts, and%or traditional usa0e 6it1 sources as cited in eac1 to5ic. -1e results re5orted may not necessarily occur in all individuals and different individuals 6it1 t1e same medical conditions 6it1 t1e same sym5toms 6ill often re=uire differin0 treatments. *or many of t1e conditions discussed, treatment 6it1 conventional medical t1era5ies, includin0 5rescri5tion dru0s or over&t1e&counter medications, is also available. Consult your 51ysician, an a55ro5riately trained 1ealt1care 5ractitioner, and%or 51armacist for any 1ealt1 concern or medical 5roblem before usin0 any 1erbal 5roducts or nutritional su55lements or before ma in0 any c1an0es in 5rescribed medications and%or before attem5tin0 to inde5endently treat a medical condition usin0 su55lements, 1erbs, remedies, or ot1er forms of self&care.

Aeferences Ama0ase H. et al. L.#. . ay be #ffective Against !reating )epatitis B Cases. Abstr. "8; >astroenterolo0y World Con0ress, .isbon, "8$).

Arina0a S. En1anced induction of lym51o ine&activated iller activity after lentinan administration in 5atients 6it1 0astric carcinoma. Int " Immunopharmacol "88( ")/)2, +<+&+< Arina0a S. En1anced 5roduction of interleu in " and tumor necrosis factor by 5eri51eral monocytes after lentinan administration in 5atients 6it1 0astric carcinoma. Int " Immunopharmacol "88( ")/"2, )<&);. C1an0 A. *unctional 5ro5erties of edible mus1rooms. *utr (ev. "88: Nov,+)/"" Pt (23S8"&S8<. /Aevie62 C1an0, S.&t., 4. 7us6ell P S&6. C1iu /eds2. ushroom Biology and ushroom Products. Proceedin0s of t1e *irst international Con0ress. Hon0 !on03 -1e C1inese University Press, "88<. >ordon M, >uralni M, !ane o Q, Mimura -, >ood0ame 4, 'eMar@o C, Pierce ', 7a er M, .an0 W. A 51ase II controlled study of a combination of t1e immune modulator, lentinan, 6it1 didanosine /ddI2 in HIG 5atients 6it1 C') cells of (##& +##%mm<. " ed "88+,(:/+&:23"8<&(#;. Abstract3 -1is study 6as carried out to assess t1e safety and efficacy of a combination of lentinan, an immune modulator, and didanosine /ddI2 in a controlled study in HIG 5ositive 5atients 6it1 C') levels of (##&+## cells%mm<. 'idanosine 6as administered to HIG 5atients at doses of )## m0%day /5o2 for siB 6ee s /bid2, t1en ( m0 of lentinan i.v. 6as added 5er 6ee for ()&$# 6ee s. A control 0rou5 /(#K2 received ddI only. A total of "#; 5atients 6ere enrolled at t1ree sites, and $$ 5atients started t1e ddI%lentinan 51ase. -1e combination caused si0nificant increases in C') levels u5 to <$ 6ee s, 61ereas ddI alone 6as si0nificant at t1e +K level at ") 6ee s. 7ased on t1ese data, lentinan =ualifies as a 5artici5ant in future multi&dru0 studies in HIG. >ordon M, 7i1ari 7, >oosby E, >orter A, >reco M, >uralni M, Mimura -, Audinic i G, Won0 A, !ane o Q. A 5lacebo&controlled trial of t1e immune modulator, lentinan, in HIG&5ositive 5atients3 a 51ase I%II trial. " ed. "88$,(8/+&:23<#+&<<#. Abstract3 .entinan is a beta "&&R< 0lucan isolated from .entinus edodes /S1iita e mus1room2 61ic1 1as immune modulatin0 5ro5erties. We 1ave conducted t6o 51ase I%II 5lacebo&controlled trials on a total of 8$ 5atients. In one study at t1e San *rancisco >eneral Hos5ital /S*>H2, ten 5atients eac1 6ere administered (, +, or "# m0 of lentinan or 5lacebo i.v. once a 6ee for ei01t 6ee s. In t1e second study at t1e Community Aesearc1 Initiative in Ne6 Qor /CAI2, t6o 0rou5s of (# 5atients eac1 6ere administered " or + m0 of lentinan i.v. t6ice a 6ee for "( 6ee s, and ten 5atients 6ere administered 5lacebo /ve1icle containin0 mannitol 5lus deBtran )#2 i.v. t6ice a 6ee . Entry criteria 6ere an HIG 5ositive test, C') levels of (##&+## cells, a0e "$&:# years, and 6it1out current o55ortunistic infections. -1is study confirms, in Caucasian subJects also, t1e 0ood tolerability of lentinan observed in 4a5anese cancer 5atients. Side effects 6ere mainly mild, es5ecially 61en infusion 6as carried out over a <#&minute 5eriod. In t1e S*>H study, 61ere administration 6as over a ten minute 5eriod, t1ere 6ere nine side effects

severe enou01 to be re5orted to t1e *'A /one case eac1 of ana51ylactoid reaction, bac 5ain, le0 5ain, de5ression, ri0or, fever, c1ills, 0ranulocyto5enia and elevated liver en@ymes2 and t1ere 6ere four 5atients 61o discontinued t1era5y because of side effects. In t1e CAI study, 61ere infusion 6as over a <#&minute 5eriod, t1ere 6ere no side effects re5ortable to t1e *'A and t1ere 6ere four dro5outs due to side effects or 5ersonal 5reference. Most side effects resolved 5rom5tly after t1e discontinuation of medication, and all of t1em 6ere relieved 6it1in () 1ours. Patients in t1e study 1ave s1o6n a trend to6ard increases in C') cells and in some 5atients neutro51il activity. 7ecause of t1e small numbers, t1ese values do not 1ave statistical si0nificance. Inasmuc1 as no side effects suc1 as anemia, leu o5enia, 5ancreatitis or neuro5at1y 6ere seen, and in vie6 of t1e 5ositive effects of lentinan on certain surro0ate mar ers /reco0ni@in0 t1at t1ese 6ere small studies2, 6e recommended a lon0&term clinical trial of lentinan in combination 6it1 didanosine /ddI2 or @idovudine in HIG 5ositive 5atients. Most 5atients in t1ese trials did not 1ave measurable 5() levels. In t1e CAI trials of ten 5atients 6it1 elevated 5() levels, ei01t on lentinan and t6o on 5lacebo 1ad decreased 5() levels. ?f t1ese decreases, t1ose 6it1 lentinan and one 6it1 5lacebo 6ere mar ed. -1ese results 6ere 5rovocative and needed confirmation. Subse=uent to t1is study, a trial of lentinan in combination 6it1 didanosine /ddI2 s1o6ed a mean increase of ")( C') cells%mm< over a t6elve mont1 5eriod, in contrast to a decrease in C') cells in 5atients on ddI alone />ordon et al. "88+2. Hanada !, Has1imoto I. *la0ellate mus1room /S1iita e2 dermatitis and 51otosensitivity. %ermatology. "88$,"8;/<23(++&(+;. Abstract3 *la0ellate s in lesions occur in some 5atients after eatin0 t1e mus1room .entinus edodes, and t1ey are called s1iita e dermatitis in 4a5an. We describe a ))&year& old man 6it1 suc1 s in lesions on 1is trun after eatin0 .. edodes, 61o develo5ed as 6ell 51otosensitive s in lesions on eB5osed areas. S in 51ototestin0 6it1 UG7 did not s1o6 a decreased minimum eryt1ema dose, UGA irradiation 5rovo ed an eryt1ematous lesion 6it1 nons5ecific 1istolo0ical c1an0es. Analysis of t1e case 1istories of 8) 4a5anese 5atients 6it1 s1iita e dermatitis revealed t1at )) /);K2 also develo5ed dermatitis on t1e s in eB5osed to sunli01t. UGA 51otodermatitis 1as not been em51asi@ed in 5revious re5orts. -1e relations1i5 to bleomycin fla0ellate dermatitis is discussed. Hirasa6a M, S1ouJi N, Neta -, *u us1ima !, -a ada !. -1ree inds of antibacterial substances from .entinus edodes /7er .2 Sin0. /S1iita e, an edible mus1room2. Int " Antimicrob Agents. "888 *eb,""/(23"+"&"+;. Abstract3 -1ree inds of antibacterial substances 6ere eBtracted by c1loroform, et1ylacetate or 6ater from dried S1iita e mus1rooms /.entinus edodes2. -1ese substances 5ossess efficient antibacterial activities a0ainst Stre5tococcus s55., Actinomyces s55., .actobacillus s55., Prevotella s55., and Por51yromonas s55. of oral ori0in. In contrast, ot1er 0eneral bacteria, suc1 as Enterococcus s55., Sta51ylococcus s55., Esc1eric1ia s55., 7acillus s55., and Candida s55. 6ere relatively resistant to t1ese substances. C1loroform eBtracts 1ad bactericidal activity a0ainst bot1 0ro6in0 and restin0 bacterial cells of S. mutans and P. intermedia, 61ereas t1e ot1er t6o eBtracts s1o6ed bacteriostatic activity a0ainst bot1 0ro6in0 and restin0 bacterial cells of S. mutans and restin0 bacterial cell of P. intermedia. -1e antibacterial activity of c1loroform

eBtracts and et1ylacetate eBtracts 6ere relatively 1eat&stable. -1e 6ater eBtract 6as 1eat& labile. Hitosu0i M, !itamura ?, -a atsu A, Qos1ino Q. Auto5sy case of duodenal obstruction from im5acted mus1room. " &astroenterol. "88$ Au0,<</)23+:(&+:+. /Aevie62 Abstract3 We re5ort an auto5sy case of duodenal bulb obstruction caused by a s1iita e mus1room. A ;)&year&old 6oman 6it1 de5ression 6as admitted to t1e 1os5ital after sufferin0 nausea and abdominal fullness for < days. 7ecause t1e 51ysical findin0s and laboratory data on admission revealed mar ed de1ydration, lactated Ain0erIs solution 6as administered. -6elve 1ours later, t1e 5atient suddenly died. Auto5sy s1o6ed an enlar0ed stomac1 filled 6it1 $+# ml of 5artially di0ested food. In t1e anal side of t1e 5ylorus, a 8& cm&diameter s1iita e mus1room 1ad become im5acted, causin0 com5lete obstruction. We conclude t1at t1e 5atient suffered from duodenal bulb obstruction caused by t1e im5acted mus1room and subse=uently died of ileus. -1is case illustrates a rare cause of duodenal obstruction and em51asi@es t1at in0ested food can cause obstructive ileus and deat1. Hobbs C. edicinal ushrooms. Santa Cru@, CA3 7otanica Press, "88+, "(+&"($. ushroom. Aoc1ester, G-3 Healin0 Arts Press, "88+.

4ones !. +hiitake, !he )ealing

4on0 SC, 7irmin01am 4M. Medicinal and t1era5eutic value of t1e s1iita e mus1room. Adv Appl icrobiol. "88<,<83"+<&"$). /Aevie62 !abir Q, Qama0uc1i M, !imura S. Effect of s1iita e /.entinus edodes2 and maita e />rifola frondosa2 mus1rooms on blood 5ressure and 5lasma li5ids of s5ontaneously 1y5ertensive rats. " *utr +ci -itaminol /-o yo2. "8$; ?ct,<</+23<)"&<):. .evy AM, !ita H, P1illi5s S*, Sc1 ade PA, 'yer P', >leic1 >4, 'ubravec GA. Eosino51ilia and 0astrointestinal sym5toms after in0estion of s1iita e mus1rooms. " Allergy Clin Immunol. "88$ May,"#"/+23:"<&:(#. Abstract3 7AC!>A?UN'3 S1iita e mus1rooms are a dietary sta5le in Asia and are increasin0ly 5o5ular 6orld6ide. A c1olesterol&lo6erin0 study 6it1 s1iita e s1o6ed t1at "; of )8 5artici5ants 6it1dre6 because of ras1 or abdominal discomfort, and t6o 1ad mar ed eosino51ilia. ?ne of t1ese latter 5artici5ants 6as subse=uently c1allen0ed for ") days 6it1 s1iita e 5o6der and a0ain 1ad eosino51ilia. ?74EC-IGE3 We investi0ated 61et1er in0estion of s1iita e mus1room 5o6der induces eosino51ilia or sym5toms. ME-H?'S3 We studied "# normal 5ersons. Eac1 5artici5ant in0ested ) 0m s1iita e 5o6der /o5en label2 daily for "# 6ee s /trial "2, and t1e 5rotocol 6as re5eated in t1ese same subJects after < to : mont1s /trial (2. 7lood counts and serum sam5les 6ere obtained bi6ee ly /trial "2 or 6ee ly alon0 6it1 stool s5ecimens /trial (2. Eosino51il maJor basic 5rotein and I.&+, I0E, and I0> antis1iita e antibodies 6ere measured in sera. Eosino51il&derived neurotoBin 6as measured in stool eBtracts. We defined res5onders as subJects 1avin0 5ea eosino51il counts four or more times t1eir avera0e baseline counts. AESU.-S3 Eac1 trial 1ad four res5onders, and trial ( 1ad one ne6 and t1ree re5eat res5onders. Eosino51ilia ran0ed from )## to <8##%mm<. Aes5onders 1ad increased blood

eosino51ils, serum maJor basic 5rotein, stool eosino51il&derived neurotoBin, and factors t1at en1anced eosino51il viability. Antis1iita e I0E 6as not detected, and antis1iita e I0> increased in t6o res5onders. >astrointestinal sym5toms coincided 6it1 eosino51ilia in t6o subJects. Sym5toms and eosino51ilia resolved after discontinuin0 s1iita e in0estion. C?NC.USI?NS3 'aily in0estion of s1iita e mus1room 5o6der in five of "# 1ealt1y 5ersons 5rovo ed blood eosino51ilia, increased eosino51il 0ranule 5roteins in serum and stool, and increased 0astrointestinal sym5toms. S1iita e in0estion su00ests a model to study t1e eosino51ilIs role in t1e blood and 0astrointestinal tract. *inally, our re5ort raises concerns of 5ossible adverse systemic reactions to t1is increasin0ly 5o5ular food. .in Q, et al. A double&blind treatment of ;( cases of c1ronic 1e5atitis 6it1 lentinan inJection. *ews %rugs and Clin (emedies "8$;,:3<:(&<:<. DArticle in C1ineseE .in MA, Wu F7, Qan0 A*. DClinical observation on t1e effect of lentinan /;;:2 in im5rovin0 cellular immunofunction in leu emia 5atientsE. Chung )ua *ei 'o !sa Chih. "8$+ ?ct,()/"#23+8(&+, :<$. DArticle in C1ineseE Mura ami M, !a6abe !, Hosoi Q, HoJo S, 'obas1i !, Iriuc1iJima -, Na a@a6a -, Mori M. 'ecreased 5ulmonary 5erfusion in 1y5ersensitivity 5neumonitis caused by S1iita e mus1room s5ores. " Intern ed. "88; 4an,()"/"23$+&$$. Abstract3 Hy5ersensitivity 5neumonitis is an occu5ational 1a@ard of mus1room 6or ers. We describe a 5atient 6it1 severe 1y5ersensitivity 5neumonitis caused by s5ores of t1e S1iita e mus1room /.entinus edodes2 61o s1o6ed a mar ed decrease in 5ulmonary 5erfusion, as demonstrated by 5ulmonary scinti0ra51y. -1is 5atient 6as treated successfully 6it1 5rednisolone. -1ese results su00est t1at 5ulmonary vasculitis may be associated 6it1 5atients 6it1 1y5ersensitivity 5neumonitis, and t1at steroid t1era5y may be clinically useful in treatment. Na amura -. S1iita e /.entinus edodes2 dermatitis. Contact %ermatitis. "88( Au0,(;/(23:+&;#. Abstract3 S1iita e /.entinus edodes2 is a mus1room 61ic1 is eaten in C1inese and 4a5anese meals and is no6adays t1e second most commonly 5roduced edible mus1room in t1e 6orld. S1iita e dermatitis 6as first described by Na amura in "8;;. -1is disease 5resents 6it1 very c1aracteristic s in manifestations. *rom A5ril "8;) to A5ril "88", I 1ave observed +" 5atients 6it1 s1iita e dermatitis. -1e follo6in0 descri5tion revie6s t1e clinical manifestations, laboratory investi0ations and sources of s1iita e dermatitis. Nanba H, !uroda H. Antitumor mec1anisms of orally administered s1iita e fruit bodies. Chem Pharm Bull /-o yo2. "8$; 4un,<+/:23()+8&():). Nanba H, Mori !, -oyomasu -, !uroda H. Antitumor action of s1iita e /.entinus edodes2 fruit bodies orally administered to mice. Chem Pharm Bull /-o yo2. "8$; 4un,<+/:23()+<&()+$. Sastre 4, Ibane@ M', .o5e@ M, .e1rer S7. Aes5iratory and immunolo0ical reactions

amon0 S1iita e /.entinus edodes2 mus1room 6or ers. Clin #$p Allergy. "88# 4an,(#/"23"<&"8. Sia >M, Candlis1 4!. Effects of s1iita e /.entinus edodes2 eBtract on 1uman neutro51ils and t1e U8<; monocytic cell line. Phytother (es. "888 Mar,"</(23"<<&"<;. Abstract3 -1e a=ueous eBtract of t1e s1iita e mus1room 6as found to decrease I.&" 5roduction and a5o5tosis in 1uman neutro51ils, as measured by E.ISA and flo6 cytometry res5ectively. It 6as found to increase I.&" 5roduction and a5o5tosis in t1e U8<; monocytic cell line. -1e eBtract s1o6ed no si0nificant effects on t1e su5eroBide 5roduction of bot1 neutro51ils and U8<; cells, as measured by c1emiluminescence. -1e eBtract 6as furt1er se5arated into 1i01 and lo6 molecular 6ei01t com5onents, and it 6as found t1at t1e lo6 molecular 6ei01t com5onent retained t1e activity of t1e 61ole eBtract. -1is furt1er su00ests t1at t1e active substance is a novel com5ound distinct from lentinan, a 6ell&studied 1i01 molecular 6ei01t anti&tumour a0ent found in s1iita e. -a0uc1i I. Clinical efficacy of lentinan on 5atients 6it1 stomac1 cancer3 End 5oint results of a four&year follo6&u5 survey. Cancer %etect Prevent +uppl "8$;,"3<<<&<)8. Abstract3 End&5oint results of a )&yr follo6u5 survey and a randomi@ed control trial of lentinan /.N-2 on 5atients 6it1 advanced or recurrent stomac1 cancer 1ave been investi0ated in order to evaluate t1e clinical efficacy of .N- in combination 6it1 c1emot1era5eutic a0ent te0afur /*-2. Eli0ible /:$2 5atients in control 0rou5s 6ere administered 6it1 *- consecutively at doses of :## m0%day, and eli0ible /8:2 5atients in t1e treated 0rou5 6ere administered .N- in combination 6it1 *-. .N- 6as inJected intravenously ( m0 6ee ly. Aemar able lifes5an 5rolon0ation effects of .N- 1ave been observed bot1 at t1e end of t1e control trial and at t1e end of t1e follo6u5 survey /5 less t1an #.#"2 usin0 !a5lan&MeierIs met1od and t1e 0enerali@ed WilcoBian test. Aemar able survival at ", ( and < years 1as been observed in t1e treated 0rou5 usin0 lifetable analysis. Side effects of .N- 1ave been transitional and not serious. -1us, .N- s1ould be effective in combination 6it1 *- for 5atients 6it1 stomac1 cancer. -a0uc1i -. D.entinanE. &an !o 'agaku (yoho. "8$: ?ct,"</""23<(8)&<<#). DArticle in 4a5aneseE -a0uc1i -, *urue H, !imura -, !ondo -, Hattori -, Ito1 I, ?0a6a N. DAesults of 51ase III study of lentinanE. &an !o 'agaku (yoho. "8$+ *eb,"(/(23<::&;$. DArticle in 4a5aneseE Abstract3 A follo6&u5 survey of survivals /?ct. " I$# to May ", I$)2 in a randomi@ed controlled study /Au0. I;8 to Se5t. <#I $#2 of lentinan in combination administration 6it1 c1emot1era5eutic a0ents suc1 as +*U L mitomycin C or te0afur on 5atients 6it1 advanced or recurrent 0astrointestinal cancer 1as s1o6n t1at lentinan 1as been effective in suc1 cases 6it1 re0ard to t1e follo6in0 facts3 "2 A life s5an 5rolon0ation effect at t1e end&5oint 1as been observed 6it1 statistical si0nificance in lentinan treated 5atients as 6as found in t1e 51ase III study. (2 Usin0 t1e life table analysis met1od, a 1i01er rate of survival 1as been observed in t1e lentinan treated 0rou5, es5ecially in combination 6it1 te0afur for 0astric cancer, clearly s1o6in0 suc1 1i01 survival rates as "(.8;K /P less t1an #.#+2 at t6o years after, and 8.+"K /P less t1an #.#+2 and <.$"K, at t1ree and four years

after res5ectively, and for colorectal cancer, 8."#K and ).++K at t6o years and t1ree years after, res5ectively. -a0uc1i -. DEffects of lentinan in advanced or recurrent cases of 0astric, colorectal, and breast cancerE. &an !o 'agaku (yoho. "8$< *eb,"#/( Pt (23<$;&<8<. DArticle in 4a5aneseE Abstract3 In order to evaluate clinical efficacy of .entinan /.N-2, a 5urified 5olysacc1aride eBtracted from .entinus edodes, randomi@ed controlled studies 6it1 envelo5e met1od 1ave been conducted on t1e 5atients 6it1 advanced or recurrent, stomac1, colo&rectal and breast cancer. Administration condition of .N- for 0astrointestinal cancer 6as desi0ned as t1e follo6in03 .N- 6as administered intravenously at doses of " m0%5erson%day t6ice a 6ee or ( m0%5erson%day once a 6ee in combination 6it1 mitomycine C L +&*U /M*2 or te0afur /*-2. Control t1era5y 6as t1e administration of M* or *- alone. Survival curve dra6n by !a5lan&MeierIs met1od s1o6ed t1at life s5an 5rolon0ation effect of .N- 6as observed 6it1 statistical si0nificance /P less t1an #.#+ or P less t1an #.#"2 by use of 0enerali@ed WilcoBonIs test. Moreover, im5rovement of 1ost immune res5onses 6as observed in .N- treated 0rou5, and 1ematolo0ical survey s1o6ed t1at incidence rate of abnormal value 6as si0nificantly lo6 in .N- treated 0rou5. -1us, .N- s1ould be effective for t1e 5atients 6it1 advanced or recurrent stomac1 or colo&rectal cancer in combination 6it1 c1emot1era5eutic a0ents suc1 as M* or *-. Ae0ardin0 advanced or recurrent breast cancer, study is under6ay. .N- 1as been administered as an a0ent for su55ortive t1era5y to t1e 5atients 6it1 com5lete res5onse, 5artial res5onse or stable diseases 61ic1 6ere induced by 5rior sur0ery of oo51orectomy. A0ain, life s5an 5rolon0ation effect of .N- 1as been observed 6it1 statistical si0nificance /P less t1an #.#+2. -1is result su00ests t1at .N- 6ould also be effective for t1e 5atients 6it1 advanced or recurrent breast cancer as an a0ent for su55ortive t1era5y. -a e1ara M, -oyomasu -, Mori !, Na ata M. Isolation and antiviral activities of t1e double&stranded ANA from .entinus edodes /S1iita e2. 'obe " ed +ci. "8$) Au0,<#/<& )23(+&<). -an QH, Moore '. Hi01 concentrations of mannitol in t1e s1iita e mus1room .entinula edodes. icrobios. "88),;8/<"$23<"&+. -arvainen !, Salonen 4P, !anerva ., Estlander -, !es inen H, Aantanen -. Aller0y and toBicodermia from s1iita e mus1rooms. " Am Acad %ermatol. "88" 4an,()/"23:)&::. Abstract3 S in and res5iratory sym5toms develo5ed 6it1in ( mont1s of eB5osure in a 5atient involved in t1e commercial 5roduction of s1iita e mus1rooms. A dia0nosis of contact urticaria and aller0ic contact dermatitis from s1iita e mus1rooms 6as confirmed by 5ric and 5atc1 tests. -1e res5iratory sym5toms, t1eir timin0, t1e 5resence of 5reci5itatin0 I0> antibodies to s1iita e s5ores and increased amounts of inflammatory cells and - lym51ocytes in bronc1oalveolar lava0e indicated aller0ic alveolitis /mus1room 6or erIs disease2. A 0enerali@ed eBant1em develo5ed in a second 5atient after eatin0 ra6 s1iita e mus1rooms. Aeactions to 5ric and 5atc1 tests 6it1 s1iita e mus1rooms 6ere ne0ative. -1e s in eru5tion in t1is 5atient corres5onded to t1e

5reviously re5orted s1iita e&induced toBicodermia. -1rel eld 'S, ed. Anti&Infectives, Antiviral A0ents, 'idanosine. In3 .acts and Comparisons %rug Information. St. .ouis, M?3 *acts and Com5arisons, Mar "88<, )#: &)#:t. -1rel eld 'S, ed. Ne6s, !ee5in0 U5, 'ecember "88), .entinan. In3 .acts and Comparisons %rug Information. St. .ouis, M?3 *acts and Com5arisons, 'ec "88;, $#+. Wan0 >., .in F7. D-1e immunomodulatory effect of lentinanE. /ao )sueh )sueh Pao. "88:,<"/(23$:&8#. DArticle in C1ineseE Abstract3 .entinan /.-N2 6as eBtracted from .entinus edodes /7er 2 Sin0 6it1 molecular 6ei01t of + B "#/+2. -1e effects of lentinan on cellular immune function 6ere studied in vivo by measurin0 t1e cellular delayed ty5e 1y5ersensitivity /'-H2 to dinitrofluoroben@ene /'N*72 in cyclo51os51amide /Cy2&com5rised mice. -1e effect of lentinan on - lym51ocyte 5roliferation to Con A on s5lenocytes and - lym51ocyte sub5o5ulations on t1ymocytes and on s5lenocytes from normal mice 6ere also evaluated. Moreover, t1e effect of .-N on 5roduction of tumor necrosis factor /-N*2 from murine 5eritoneal macro51a0e 6as also tested. .-N 6as administered at doses of ", + and "# m0. 0&".d&". -1e follo6in0 results 6ere observed3 .-N administration/C:2 au0mented t1e - lym51ocyts 5roliferation to Con A in normal mice, .-N restorated t1e '-H to 'N*7 im5aired by sin0le Cy/(## m0. 0&" and $# m0. 0&", i52 after usin0 .-N for $ or + d, .-N administration /C:2 eit1er decreased t1e 5ercenta0e of .<-)L /-12, .yt(L /-s2 in t1ymocytes or increased t1e 5ercenta0e of .<-)L, .yt(L in s5lenocytes, .-N/C:2 administration elicited release of -N* from M 51i in t1e 5resence of li5o5lysacc1aride /.PS2. -1ese results indicate t1at t1e immunomodulatin0 effect of .-N may be relevant to c1an0e of - cell sub5o5ulation and increase of -N* 5roduction.

Co5yri01t M"88$&(###, Inte0rative Medical Arts >rou5, Inc. H I7ISmedical.com All ri01ts reserved 6orld6ide. H +++0I/ISmedical0com H +#<.+(:."8;(

Mushrooms: A Fine Agricultural Crop

by o0mei Chen1 -isiting Professor1 %epartment of Plant Pathology1 2niversity of California1 Berkeley

'urin0 t1e last <# years, mus1room 5roduction 1as increased (#&fold. Accordin0 to 'r. P1ili5 Miles, 5rofessor of biolo0y at State University of Ne6 Qor in 7uffalo, 6orld6ide 5roduction of 51oeniB tail oyster mus1rooms, Pleurotus sa3or0ca3u, 1as eB5loded. -1e most recent statistics s1o6 8#8,### metric tons of 5roduction, mostly in mainland C1ina. S1iita e 1as become a 6orld6ide, multi&billion dollar industry. 'urin0 t1e "8$#s, it 6as t1e number one a0ricultural cro5 eB5orted from 4a5an to t1e international mar et. In Asian countries, an everyday meal at 1ome may consist of <# 5ercent mus1rooms. I am convinced t1at t1e consumer demand for eBotic mus1rooms in t1is country also 5romises a diverse and 0ro6in0 mus1room mar et in t1e future. Many cultivated s5ecies are sold in s5ecialty s1o5s and su5ermar ets. -1e Monterey Mar et in 7er eley carries over "# different ty5es of fres1 edible fun0i 0ro6n by local small farmers. Aecent retail 5rices of mus1rooms at Monterey Mar et 6ere as follo6s3

&ype Price per pound

S1iita e S+.$8 to S"".+# ?yster S<.8$ Matsuta e S"8.## W1ite truffles S;+.##

7lac truffles S"<+.##

?f t1ese five s5ecies, only s1iita e and oyster mus1rooms are domesticated. Matsuta e and truffles are 6ild. -1ey must interact 6it1 trees and 6ild animals in t1e 6oodlots in 61ic1 t1ey 0ro6.

'any le$els of production are possible

Mus1rooms can be 0ro6n by anyone, from bac yard 0ardeners to lar0e&scale cor5orations. -1ey do not re=uire arable land, s5ecial li01t, or lar0e amounts of 6ater. Mus1rooms do not com5ete 6it1 ot1er 5lants, and even en1ance t1e 0ro6t1 of many 5lants. Mus1rooms can be cultivated in a0ar, boiled stra6, com5ost, on lo0s and stum5s, even in t1e la6n. -1ey can be 0ro6n outdoors or indoors. 94ust&add&6ater9 its or s5a6n raised under laboratory conditions are available. -1e mus1room life cycle is not only s1orter t1an many cro5s /siB to seven 6ee s for one s1iita e cro52, but t1e yield is very 1i01.

alifornia5s en$ironment is e6cellent for mushroom culti$ation

California 1as eBcellent climatic and to5o0ra51ical conditions for 0ro6in0 mus1rooms. A variety of mus1rooms can be 0ro6n from coastal ran0e areas to t1e Sierra Nevada Mountain forests. 'ue to t1e cool moist 6inter in nort1ern California, mus1rooms can be 0ro6n outside yearlon0. -1ey can be 0ro6n indoors in incubation and 0ro6in0 1ouses. California oa is eBcellent for 0ro6in0 lo0 mus1rooms. California also offers social and mar et benefits as more 5eo5le become 1ealt1 conscious and interested in t1e medicinal values of mus1rooms and ot1er fun0i and 1erbs. -1ere are more t1an $: edible fun0i s5ecies, )( of 61ic1 1ave medicinal value, t1at 0ro6 in t1e 7ay area of California. I am no6 com5ilin0 a 1andboo on t1ese 6ild mus1rooms. -1ere is 0reat 5otential for domestication of many of t1ese s5ecies.

1ecyclin" of a"riculture and forest +aste

Many lo6&0rade a0ricultural 6aste 5roducts can be used for mus1room cultivation, includin0 t1e stal s of a0ricultural 5roduce, corn cobs, cotton s1ells, su0ar cane se0ments, su0ar beets, met1ane, industry 6aste from cotton mills, slau01ter1ouses, meat 5rocessin0 5lants, and 5a5er factories, and se6a0e from livestoc feedlots. Cellulose and some nutrients must be added to t1e 6aste materials to foster ra5id 0ro6t1. Accordin0 to t1e *ood and A0riculture ?r0ani@ation, about (# million tons of usable a0ricultural 96aste9 are discarded eac1 year. An En0lis1 researc1er found t1at develo5ed countries burn about :# 5ercent of usable 6aste 5roducts every year. Aecyclin0 6aste 5roducts for mus1room cultivation is one met1od of conservation in t1is era of 0reat concern for our natural resources. ?a sa6dust, a 6aste 5roduct in many American forests, is an eBcellent substance for s1iita e mus1rooms. Muc1 of t1is valuable resource is burned eac1 year. *or East Asian farmers, mus1room 5roduction is an im5ortant 5art of t1eir sustainable a0riculture system. Not only do mus1rooms 5rovide food, but mus1room 6aste can be recycled into fertili@ers and additives t1at im5rove tree 5lantation soil conditions.

!utritional and medicinal $alue of mushrooms

7esides t1eir diverse and interestin0 culinary uses, mus1rooms 1ave nutritional and medicinal value. Some mus1rooms contain cancer&fi01tin0 5ro5erties and some aid t1e bodyIs immune system. S1iita e mus1rooms and ot1er fun0i are 0ood sources of 5rotein, vitamins, and minerals. S1iita e contains 5roteins, li5ids, and carbo1ydrates, vitamins A, 7", 7(, C, '(, niacin, 51os51orus, iron, calcium, and ot1er minerals. Accordin0 to 'r. !anic1i Mori, s1iita e mus1rooms lo6er serum c1olesterol, 1ave stron0 anti& tumor and anti&viral 5ro5erties, very lo6 fat, no starc1, and more vitamin 7"( t1an mil and fis1. He considers s1iita e nutritionally more valuable t1an t1e 6estern sta5les corn, turni5s, 5otatoes, tomatoes, and carrots. Alt1ou01 t1ey 1ave less 5rotein t1an meat, t1e amount is com5arable to 5eas and 0reen beans.

Edible mushroom $arieties

-1e C1inese 1ave cultivated mus1rooms for centuries. ?f t1e <## edible mus1room s5ecies /includin0 (8) basidiomycotina and siB ascomycotina2 about <# 1ave been domesticated. ?nly about "# s5ecies can be commercially mass 0ro6n because of t1e 0enetic difficulties in artificial 0ro6in0. -1ese "# s5ecies are3 ommon name Scientific name

button Agaricus bisporus

s1iita e Lentinus edodes eno i .lammulina velutipes stra6 -olvariella volvacea common oyster Pleurotus ostreatus 51oeniB tail Pleurotus sa3or0ca3u oyster Pleurotus abolonus 0olden to5 oyster Pleurotus citrinopileatu bear 1ead )ericium erinaceus 6ood ear Auricularia auricula 1air 6ood ear Auricularia polutricha silver ear !remella fuciformis lin0 @1i &anoderma lucidum

&he need for education and research

Mus1room 0ro6ers need bot1 eB5erience and education. Mus1rooms are often t1ou01t of as an easy cro5 to 5roduce 6it1 a 1i01 5rice 5otential. Peo5le often find mus1room cultivation is not as easy as t1ey t1ou01t it 6ould be. Muc1 of t1e necessary no6led0e must be ac=uired t1rou01 5ractical eB5erience, but understandin0 t1e 5rinci5les of mus1room cultivation demystifies t1e 5rocess, allo6in0 t1e 0ro6er to successfully ada5t and develo5 cultivation met1ods. &he author: 'r. Mo&mei C1en is a 5rofessor of forest 5at1olo0y, mycolo0y, and bio0eo0ra51y at t1e C1inese Academy of *orestry. S1e 1as been a mus1room business 5roduction consultant for (# years. In "8$# s1e studied s1iita e 5roduction at t1e -ottori Mycolo0ical Institute /S1iita e Aesearc1 Center2, 4a5an. Since "8$: s1e 1as contributed 1er mus1room no6led0e and eB5ertise to t1e 7ay Area. 'r. C1en is currently a visitin0 5rofessor at UC 7er eley, 'e5t. of Plant Pat1olo0y, and a consultant at 7io&Inte0ral Aesource CenterIs C1ina ProJect, 7er eley. S1e can be reac1ed at t1e 'e5artment of Plant Pat1olo0y, Universtiy of California, 7er eley, CA 8);(#.

Suppliers
*un0i Perfecti P.?. 7oB ;:<) ?lym5ia, WA 8$+#; /(#:2 )(:&8(8(

*ar West *un0i P.?. 7oB )($ Sout1 San *rancisco, CA 8)#$< /)"+2 $;"&#;$:

ulti$ation information
7ro+in" mushrooms (button mushrooms), ANR publication 2640, available for $1.50 from ANR Publications, 6701 San Pablo Avenue, Oakland, CA 94608-1239. (8 pages) 'ushrooms (a small-scale agriculture alternative) (shiitake mushrooms), available free from the Small Farm Center. (2 pages) Stamets P., and 4.S. C1ilton. &he 'ushroom ulti$ator: a practical "uide to "ro+in" mushrooms at home. A0ari on Press, ?lym5ia Was1in0ton. "8$<. /)"+ 5a0es2. Available from *un0i Perfecti /see su55liers above2. M (##; Small #arm enter: sfcenter8ucda$is0edu 1tt53%%666.sfc.ucdavis.edu -1ursday, Au0ust <#, (##; "#3);3+$