ELECTRICAL POWER UTILIZATION

ELECTRIC BRAKING

ELECTRIC BRAKING
In many cases, provision of an arrangement for stopping a motor and its driven load is as important as starting it. Examples:
A planing machine must be quickly stopped at the end of its stroke in order to achieve a high rate of production. In other cases, rapid stops are essential for preventing any danger to operator or damage to the product being manufactured. In the case of lifts and hoists, effective braking must be provided for their proper functioning.

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ELECTRIC BRAKING
There are 3 types of electric braking applied to electric motors:
Plugging / Reverse Current Braking Rheostatic / Dynamic Braking Regenerative Braking

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PLUGGING IN DC MOTORS
Armature connections are reversed whereas field winding connections remains unchanged. With reversed armature connections, the motor develops a torque in the opposite direction. When speed reduces to zero, motor will accelerate in the opposite direction; hence, the arrangement is made to disconnect the motor from the supply as soon as it comes to rest. Fig. 16.1 shows running and reversed connections for shunt motors whereas Fig. 16.2 shows similar conditions for series motors.
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PLUGGING IN DC MOTORS

Fig. 16.1: Plugging in DC Shunt Motors

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PLUGGING IN DC MOTORS

Fig. 16.1: Plugging in DC Series Motors

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PLUGGING IN DC MOTORS
Since with reversed connection, V and Eb are in the same direction, voltage across the armature is almost double of its normal value. In order to avoid excessive current through the armature, additional resistance R is connected in series with armature. This method of braking is wasteful because
Kinetic energy of the moving parts is wasted. It draws additional energy from the supply during braking.

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PLUGGING IN DC MOTORS
Braking Torque

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PLUGGING IN INDUCTION MOTORS

It is done by transposing any of its two line leads as shown in Fig. 16.3. It reverses the direction of rotation of the synchronously-rotating magnetic field which produces a torque in the reverse direction, thus applying braking on the motor. Hence, at the first instant after plugging, the rotor is running in a direction opposite to that of the stator field. It means that speed of the rotor relative to the magnetic field is (Ns + N) 2Ns as shown in Fig. 16.4. In Fig 16.4 ordinate BC represents the braking torque at the instant of plugging; this torque gradually increases as motor approaches standstill condition after which motor is disconnected from the supply (otherwise it will start up again in the reverse direction). As compared to squirrel cage motors, slip-ring motors are more suitable for plugging because, in their case, external resistance can be added to get the desired braking torque.
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PLUGGING IN INDUCTION MOTORS

Fig. 16.3: Plugging in Induction Motors

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PLUGGING IN INDUCTION MOTORS

Fig. 16.4: Torque-Speed Curve of Induction Motors

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