TST Issues Brief: Sustainable Agriculture1

I. Stocktaking

WhilesignificantprogresshasbeenmadetowardsachievingtheMDGs,criticalenvironmental, social,economicandinstitutionalchallengesarestilltobeovercome.Twocrucialconnected challengesare:i)thepersistentlyhighlevelsofhungerandmalnutrition(870millionpeoplein2010 2012[FAO,2012a])andparticularlyintheruralareasofmanydevelopingcountriesonlyslowly decliningratesofpoverty;andii)anunsustainableandincreasingburdenofhumanactivitiesonthe earthscarryingcapacity.Greenhousegasemissions(GHG),biodiversityloss,nitrogenand phosphorusoveruseandoceanacidificationhavereachedalarminglevels.These,coupledwiththe decreasingavailabilityoffreshwaterandincreasedlanddegradationanddeforestation,aswellas inadequatepoliciestorespondtotheseissues,areunderminingthelivelihoodsofevergrowing numbersofpeople,especiallythosewholiveinextremepoverty. Thesechallengesarefurtherexacerbatedbythecontinuousgrowthoftheworldpopulation.Ithas alreadysurpassedthe7billionmarkandwillgrowtoover9billionbythemiddleofthiscentury.To meetthefooddemandof9billionpeoplewillrequireanincreaseinagriculturaloutputofabout60 percent(AlexandratosandBruinsma,2012)oradeclineinfoodlossandwaste.Increasedfood productionwillbeahugechallenge,whichwillplaceevergreaterpressuresonallnaturalresources, includingscarceagriculturalland,forests,waterandtheclimate.Indeed,anumberofinfluential studieshavesuggestedthatagriculturemaynotbeabletoproducetherequiredfoodneededin ordertosustainthegrowingworldpopulationwithahealthyandactivelife(e.g.Foresight,2011; HLPE,2011;FAO,2012b). Atthesametime,agriculturebroadlyunderstoodincludingcropandlivestockproduction, fisheries,andforestryprovidesincome,jobs,food,andothergoodsandservices,tothemajorityof peoplenowlivinginpoverty.Asaresult,acrosscountriesoverallGDPgrowthoriginatingin agricultureis,onaverage,atleasttwiceaseffectiveinreducingpovertyasgrowthgeneratedinnon agriculturalsectors,fivetimesmoreeffectivethanothersectorsinresourcepoorlowincome countries(excludingsubSaharanAfrica),and11timesmoreeffectivethanothersectorsinsub SaharanAfrica(FAO,2012a).Sogoingforward,agricultureneedsnotonlytoprovideadequate nutritiousfood,income,anddecentjobs,butalsoaddressahostofenvironmentalchallenges.To respondtothesemultiplechallenges,thereisneedtoshifttomoresustainableformsofagriculture andtointroducecomprehensivepoliciesthatsupportthisshift. TheGreenRevolution,basedprincipallyonapackageofimprovedseeds,chemicalinputsand irrigation,andsupportedbymeasurestostrengthenagriculturalpoliciesandinstitutions,resultedin majorincreasesinproductivityandproductionofstaplecropsinanumberofcountries,especiallyin Asia.Arguably,theintensificationoffoodproductionundertheGreenRevolutionalsodidmuchto preservefragile,marginal,andforestlandsthatwouldotherwisehavebeencultivatedforfoodcrops moreextensively(Stevensonetal,2011).RealpercapitaincomesalmostdoubledinAsiabetween 1970and1995,andpovertydeclinedfromnearlythreeoutofeveryfiveAsiansin1975tolessthan oneinthreeby1995.Muchofthisdeclineisattributabletoagriculturalgrowthparticularlyin
1

TheTechnicalSupportTeam(TST)iscochairedbytheDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairsandthe UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme.ThepreparationofthisissuesbriefhasbeencoledbyFAOand IFAD,withcontributionsfromUNWOMEN,WMO,UNESCWA,WB,UNIDO,WTOSecretariat,UNOOSA, UNCCD/CBD,UNDP,UNESCO,OHCHR,UNFPA,ESCAP.

smallholderfarmingsystems,withaccompanyingdeclinesinfoodpricesandrisingruralincomes.At thesametime,ithasbeenassociatedwithhighlevelsofenergyuse;andinmanyareasoveruseof agrochemicalsandrelianceonintensivemonocroppinghasresultedinenvironmentaldegradation, includingunsustainableuseofwaterandhighlevelsoffertilizerrunoff,pesticideimpacts,lossof agrobiodiversity,soilcontaminationandlanddegradation.Thusagriculturalintensificationhasbeen atthesametimebothasaviourandathreat,illustratingtheimportanceofmainstreaming sustainabilityintoanewintensificationagenda. Overall,overthepasthalfcentury,intensiveagriculturehasincreasedglobalfoodproductionand enabledhigheraveragepercapitafoodconsumptioninmanypartsoftheworldevenifinrecent yearsratesofproductivitygrowthhavedeclined.Atthesametime,inotherpartsoftheworld agriculturehascontinuedtoperformbelowitspotentialduetolowlevelsofuseofexternalinputs. ThisistrueinmanypartsofAfricainparticularwhere,withsomeimportantexceptions,agricultural productivityhasshownonlylittleornogrowth.Lowratesofagriculturalgrowthcombinedwithhigh ratesofpopulationgrowthmeanthatmanyAfricancountrieshavegonefrombeingnetfood exporterstobecomenetfoodimporters. Agricultureis,byitsverynature,amajoruserofnaturalresources,althoughindifferentwaysandto differentextentsdependingonfarmingsystem.Thuslivestockistheworldslargestuserofland resources,usingalmost80percentofallagriculturalland;whileglobally,some70percentofthe waterusedisconsumedbytheagriculturesector(Kabat,2013).Ofgreaterconcernisthefactthat someagriculturalsystemsaredriversofenvironmentaldegradationandlossofbiodiversity(FAO, 2009;IAASTD,2009,UNEP,2010).Over60percentoftheworldsmajorecosystemgoodsand servicesarebeingdegradedorusedunsustainably(MEA,2005),whilethegeneticdiversityofcrops, breeds,treesandaquaticresourcesonwhichagriculturedependsisatsevererisk:thisowingto globalenvironmentalchangeaswellasthelossofknowledgeassociatedwithagriculturalpractices basedonlocalvarieties.Today,threecropsonlywheat,maizeandricesupplymorethanhalfof humanityscalories.Inaddition,agricultureandlandusechange(mostlybringingforestlandunder cultivation)isamajorsourceofgreenhousegases,producingbetweenaquarterandathirdofall emissions;andmorethananyothersector,agricultureisalreadyadverselyaffectedby unpredictableandextremeeffectsofclimatechange.Inthefuture,higheraveragetemperaturesare expectedtoreduceyieldlevels,particularlyinthedevelopingworld;whileincreasinglyunreliable weatherconditionswilllikelyundermineproductivitygrowtheverywhere. Atthesametime,roughlyonethirdoffoodproduced1.3billiontonnesperyearislostorwasted globally(FAO,2011b).Foodislostorwastedthroughoutthesupplychain,frominitialagricultural productiondowntofinalconsumption.Inmediumandhighincomecountriestherearehighlevels offoodwasteattheconsumptionstage.Inlowincomecountries,bycontrast,foodislostmostlyon farmduetopestsorlackofeffectivestorageorintransportationandprocessing.While increasingfoodproductionisvitaltomeetthefutureincreaseinfinaldemand,foodavailabilitycan alsobeincreasedandtheenvironmentalcostsofagricultureproductionreducedbyreducingthe amountsoffoodlostandwasted. Thechallengesfacingagriculturecrop,livestock,fisheriesandforestryoverthecomingdecades arecomplex.Tomeetthegrowingdemandforfood,feed,fuelandfibre,agriculturalsystemsneed tobecomemoreproductiveandlesswasteful.Theyneedtoprovidedecentincomesforfarmers, includingthelandlessandwagedagriculturalworkers,andcreateemploymentintheruralareas thatrespectslabourstandards.Theymustbemoreefficientandmoresustainable,intermsoftheir useof,andeffectson,thenaturalresourcebase.Theyneedtobemoreresilienttoshocksand changes,betterabletowithstandincreasedclimaticshocksandrisingtemperatures.Theyhaveto reducetheirlevelsofGHGemissions.Theyalsohavetoprovideotherimportantecosystemservices, suchaswaterprovision,pollination,floodanddiseasecontrolandmaintenanceofsoilfertility.They needtoreducetheirdependenceonfossilfuels:sustainableagriculturenecessarilyreliesonclean, green,renewableenergyandincreasedenergyefficiency.Andfinally,lessproducemustbewasted 2

orlostpostharvest.Allofthesechallengesrequirethatfoodandagriculturalsystemsaremade moresustainable,notonlyfromaneconomicperspectivebutalsofromenvironmental,socialand institutionalperspectivesandatvariousscales,fromthelocaltothegloballevel. Thisrequiresaconsistentfocusonproductionsystemsthatdrawmoreeffectivelyonproduction ecologyprinciplestoimprovetheirproductivityandefficiencywhilereducingtheirnegative environmentalandsocialimpacts.Sustainableagriculturalsystemsarelikelytobeassociatedwitha moretargeteduseofexternalinputs,amoreintegratedapproachtomanagingnaturalresources, andmoreanalysisatthelandscape/ecosystemleveltogetherwithbettermanagementof ecosystemservices.Theyarebasedonecosystemapproachesthatconserve,manageandenhance naturalresourcesandtakeadvantageofthenaturalbiologicalinputsandprocessessuchassoil organicmatter,naturalpredatorsofpestsandpollination.Thesesystemscanreducethenegative impactsofagricultureontheenvironmentandenrichthenaturalcapitalandtheflowofecosystem services,therebycontributingtoincreasingresilienceofnotonlyproductionsystemsbutalsoof socialorganization. Increasedlevelsofinvestmentinagriculturalresearchareessentialtodevelopappropriate technologiesandpractices.Biodiversitywillevenbemoreimportantinfuture,providingcrop varietiesandbreedingstockthatenablefarmers,pastoralistsandfisherfolktoadapttochanging productionandenvironmentalandclimaticconditions;andenhancedinvestmentinconserving, usinganddevelopinggeneticresourcesforfoodandagricultureandtheecosystemservicesthey provide,willbecrucial. Anassociatedsetofrequirementsareconsistentpoliciesandpricesthatprovideincentivesto farmersandagribusinessestoadoptsustainabletechnologiesandpractices,andtodiscontinue unsustainableones.Sotooarestrongerinstitutionalcapacitiestopromoteandimplementsuch policies,andeffectiveaccountabilitymechanismstomonitoroutcomes.Financialsupportto facilitatethetransitiontowardssustainablepracticesmayalsobeimportantinmanycontexts. Sustainableagriculturalpracticesbasedonagroecologicalintensificationarelikelytobehighly contextspecific,andthisrequiresrecognitionofrelevantlocalandindigenousknowledgesystems andpracticesinthedevelopmentoftechnologicalsolutions.Improvedaccessandmoresecure rightstolandandotherproductiveresourcesforpoorruralpopulations,aswellastenure arrangementsthatofferincentivesforinvestmentintheland,arepreconditionsforamovetowards moresustainablepractices.Sotooiscapacitydevelopmentforsmallscalefarmerswomenand menaliketoenablethemtoincreasetheirproductivity,sustainability,andresilience. Akeyobservationofthe2009InternationalAssessmentonAgriculturalScienceandTechnologyfor Development(IAASTD)isthatagricultureoperateswithincomplexsocial,economicand environmentalsystemsandsoshouldbeseenasmultifunctionalinitsnature.Agriculturesmultiple roleswhichencompassnotonlyfoodproductionsystemsbutalsoissuessuchassocial organization,issuesrelatedtoaccesstoland,resourcesandlocalmarkets,thecontinuumbetween ruralandperiurbanenvironments,culturalidentitiesandlocalandindigenousknowledgeand sustainabletourismcallforanintegratedapproachtoagricultureandfoodsecurity.Italsopoints totheneedtoinvolvemultiplestakeholdersintheprocessofrethinkingandredesigningour currentapproachtoagricultureandfoodproduction.Multistakeholderdialoguesmustbepromoted, involvingfoodproducingcompanies,representativesofcivilsociety,representativeofconsortiafor agriculturalresearch,UNorganizations,Governmentsandprivatecompaniesinvolvedinpotentially controversialissuessuchastheuseofgeneticallymodifiedorganismsinfoodproduction, agriculturaltrade,and,morerecently,biofuels. Worldwide,therearealreadynumerousexamplesofsustainableagriculturepractices/approaches thathavebeentakentoscale:e.g.croprotation,conservationtillage,systemsofriceintensification, integratedpestmanagement,agroforestry,integratedplantnutrientmanagement,integratedcrop

andfish/livestocksystems,soilandwaterconservationmeasures.Equallytherearemanyexamples ofpoliciesthatpromotesustainableagriculture,orthatworkcontrarytosustainableagriculture. Itisthereforetimetorethinktherolesofagriculture,forestryandfisheriesinasustainable developmentagenda.Thoughmanymaydisagreeonspecificagriculturaldevelopmentstrategies ortechnologysolutions,aconsensusseemstobeemergingonobjectives.Movingforwardcould buildonexistingcommitments,includingthosecontainedintheoutcomedocumentfromRio+20 (Thefuturewewant),which:reaffirm[s]thenecessitytopromote,enhanceandsupportmore sustainableagriculturethatimprovesfoodsecurity,eradicateshungerandiseconomically viable,whileconservingland,water,plantandanimalgeneticresources,biodiversityand ecosystemsandenhancingresiliencetoclimatechangeandnaturaldisasters(para.111).Indeed, muchguidancewaspresentedalreadyinAgenda21,theoutcomeoftheRioEarthSummitof 1992,inwhichnationsacknowledged:Majoradjustmentsareneededinagricultural, environmentalandmacroeconomicpolicy,atbothnationalandinternationallevels,indeveloped aswellasdevelopingcountries,tocreatetheconditionsforsustainableagricultureandrural development(SARD).ThemajorobjectiveofSARDistoincreasefoodproductioninasustainable wayandenhancefoodsecurity.Thatthisstatementisstilltrue21yearslaterindicatesthescale ofthechallenge.Butitisachallengethatwecannotaffordtopostponeanyfurther. II. Overviewofproposals

Toaddressthechallengesjustpresented,anumberofattemptshavebeenmadebyvariousactors todefineobjectivesorpriorityareasforaction.Thesebroadlyincludethefollowing: Increaseagriculturalproductivity,closeyieldgaps,achievemaximumsustainableyieldin farmsandfisheries,andimproveefficiencyofresourceusee.g.morecropperkgof nutrients,morecropperdropofwater,morecropperunitofenergy,higherproductivity perunitlabour Increaseincomesforagriculturalhouseholdsanddecentruralemploymentopportunities Nurturehealthy,sustainableandproductiveecosystemsandsupportintegratedevidence basedplanningandmanagementoflandandnaturalresourcestoreducedeforestation, landdegradation,biodiversityloss,andthecarbonfootprintofagricultureandfoodsystems Increasesupply,nutritionalvalueandsafety,availabilityanddistributionoffoodthrough supporttodiversified,genderandnutritionsensitive,humanrightsbased,sustainablefood systems Increasevalueadditionofprimarycommoditiesanddevelopinclusiveagrifoodvalue chains,whichreducepostharvestlossesandwasteandensurethatagriculturalcommodity pricesreflectsocialandenvironmentalcosts Makefoodproductionsystemsmoreresilienttoshocksandchanges,Promotefoodsecurity concernsintraderegimesandtradepolicies,andRevisitagriculturalpoliciestopromote localandregionalagriculturalmarkets Recognizeindigenousandlocalknowledgeinthedesignandimplementationofnationaland regionalagriculturalpolicies.

Acomprehensivesustainableagricultureagendawillencompassalltheseareas,andits implementationwillrequireincentivesandothermeasurestoachievechangeinthebehaviourof alltheactorsinvolvedintheagricultureandfoodsector.Suchmeasuresmayaimto: Facilitateparticipationofawiderangeofstakeholdersinaninclusivemannerinidentifying anddesigningmeasurestoachievemoresustainableagricultureandfoodsystems Promotesecure,equitable,andlongtermlandtenurearrangements,particularlyfor women,tocreateincentivesfor(andderisk)responsibleagriculturalinvestment 4

Improvemechanismsandincentivesfortechnologysharing Strengthenprovisionofpublicgoodsinsupportofsustainableagriculture Strengthensustainabilityconsiderationsandincentivesinpublicplanning,especiallyforhard (physical),natural(ecosystem)andsoft(policy,regulation)infrastructureinvestments Buildrobustknowledgeandimprovemonitoring,earlydetectionandforecastingin agriculture,includingthroughincreaseduseofspacederivedgeospatialdata,forinformed decisionmakingonaspectsrelatedtoyieldprediction,weatherforecasting,biodiversity, fisheries,wateravailabilityandenvironmentalimpactsofagriculturallandmanagement. Adoptanintegratedapproachtonaturalresourcemanagement,includingconsiderationof thefoodenergywaternexus,throughcrosssectordecisionmakingmechanisms Supportsustainableconsumptionandproductionthroughmarketdevelopment,including useofinternationalstandardsandcertificationaswellaspolicyandregulatorymeasures, givingdueconsiderationtowomensempowermentandgenderequitableparticipation Expandpaymentsforbiodiversityandecosystemservicesinagriculturallandscapes,based onimprovedmanagementoftheresourcebase;promoteimprovedvaluationoftheservices provided;improvemeasurement,reportingandverificationofthese;slowdownand ultimatelystoptheexpansionofagricultureintosensitiveecosystems. Stopunsustainablewithdrawalofwaterresources,landdegradation,biodiversityloss,and soilnutrientdepletionandestablishframeworksforsustainableproductionsystems Supportuniversalaccesstorenewableenergyservices,includingashifttorenewableforms ofenergyandmoreefficientuseofenergyforsustainableagriculture Strengtheninternationalandnationalgovernanceforsustainableresourceuse,with particularemphasisonthecapacityofdevelopingcountriestoparticipate Avoidrecoursetoandeliminatetradedistortingsupportpoliciesandprotectionismin adoptingnationalmeasurestoachievethegoalofsustainableagriculture. Establishaccountabilitymechanismsfordamagetotheenvironmentand/orhumanrights violationsandtoprovideremediesforthoserightsthatareviolated.

III. Possiblesuggestionsonthewayforward CommentaryonlessonslearntfromtheMDGsstressestheneedtointegrateconnectedthemesand saymoreabouthowtoachievethegoals.TheZeroHungerChallenge,launchedbytheUN SecretaryGeneralatRio+20,reinforcesthismessagewithitsemphasisonfivepriorityareasfor action,includingthreetopicsdiscussedinthisissuesbrief:makingfoodsystemssustainable; reducingfoodwasteandlosses;andincreasingsmallholderproductivityandincome.Withrespectto sustainableagriculture,afirstrecommendationistoensurethattheSDGframeworkrecognisesits criticalroleasadriverofpovertyeradicationanddevelopment.Asecondrecommendationisto connectsustainableagriculture,foodsystemsandagrifoodvaluechainswiththeeradicationof hunger,foodinsecurityandmalnutritionforinstance,inasinglegoalthatmayalsoincludethe accessdimensionoffoodsecurity(e.g.ruralpoverty,income,socialprotection).However,thereare manyissuesconnectedtofoodsecurity,nutritionandsustainablefoodsystems(e.g.energyaccess, education,health)anditmaynotbepracticaltoclusterallofthesetogether.Thusathird recommendationistoensurethatthematicinterlinkagesarearticulatedthroughi)indicators;andii) principles,whichcouldformpartofanarrativeassociatedwitheachgoalaswellaswithcross cuttingissues.Theseprinciplescouldbeusedtoguidethenationaldevelopmentofactionplansfor achievementoftheSDGs,inwhichcapacityneedsassessmentsandcrosssectoral,multistakeholder partnershipswouldbecritical. 5

Afourthrecommendationistheprovisionofaplatformwherebystakeholderswithdifferent aspirationswouldbeinapositiontodiscusstodefinecommongoalsinrelationtofoodsecurity. SustainableagricultureshouldbeabletocontributetotheattainmentofnotonlyMDG1butalso goalsrelatedtoreducingchildmortalityandimprovingmaternalhealth(MDGs4and5, respectively),ensuringenvironmentalsustainability(MDG7)throughsustainablefoodproduction andconsumptionpatternsandempoweringwomen(MDG3)inlightoftheimportantrolewomen haveinthissector.Henceallstakeholdersconcernedwiththemultipledimensionsofagriculture shouldbeinvolvedindefiningtheagricultureoftomorrow.TheCommitteeonWorldFoodSecurity (CFS)anditshighlevelpanelofexpertscouldplayaninstrumentalroleinsuchaprocess. AnothermajorissuetoaddressintheformulationofSDGsishowtoensurethattheymeetthe criterionagreedbycountriesinRio+20thattheybeglobalinnatureanduniversallyapplicabletoall countrieswhiletakingintoaccountdifferentnationalrealities,capacitiesandlevelsofdevelopment andrespectingnationalpoliciesandpriorities.Oneproposalhasbeentoimagineasetofglobal goalscomplementedbyamenuofindicatorsforselectionatthecountrylevel,withacommoncore definition(intheformofasetofprinciplesandindicatorstoassesssynergiesandtradeoffs),to whichcountriescanaddinlightofnationalcircumstances.Itwouldbecrucialtoidentifyglobaland nationalgoals/targetsandindicatorsthroughfree,activeandmeaningfulparticipationofall stakeholders,takingintoaccountexistingpowerimbalances. Inaccordancewiththeaboverecommendationsandconsiderations,thefollowingoptionsarise: Howtoensurethatinterlinkagesbetweenthematicclustersorgoalsareadequately articulatedandtakenintoaccountinimplementationoftheSDGs Agriculturalsustainabilityisintimatelylinkedtowaterandenergysecurityandanintegrated approachtotheseissuesisessential.Thefoodenergywaterorclimatelandenergywater developmentnexusshouldbeacknowledgedintheformulationoftheSDGs.Thiscanbedone throughincludinginagoalonsustainableagricultureindicatorsrelatingtoenergyandwaterand throughprinciplesoutliningthevalueofandoptionsfortheimplementationofintegrated decisionmakingprocessestoachievesynergiesandadequatelyaddresstradeoffs.Besides water,energy,landandclimate,almostallprioritythemesidentifiedbyRio+20arealsoof relevancetosustainableagriculture,includingemployment,education,health,biodiversityand sustainableconsumptionandproduction,genderequalityandwomensempowerment,andthe specialconcernsofAfrica,LDCsandSIDS.Foreachofthesetopics,MemberStatesmaywishto considerwhethertoarticulateinterlinkagesthroughindicatorsandprinciplesorthrough explicittargets. HowtoincorporatetheprinciplethattheSDGsshouldbeglobalinnatureanduniversally applicabletoallcountrieswhiletakingintoaccountdifferentnationalrealities,capacityand levelsofdevelopmentandrespectingnationalpoliciesandpriorities TheSDGscouldcontainglobaltargets,butinordertoreflectthedifferentnational circumstances,thesetargetsandtimelinesfortheirachievementmayneedtobeestablished andmonitoredatthecountryorregionallevel.Onewayoffulfillingtheconditionagreedin Rio+20withrespecttosustainableagriculturemightbetohaveacommontargetandcoresetof indicators,buttimelinesandadditionalindicators(chosenfromamenu)adaptabletonational circumstances.Inaddition,astheSDGswillapplytoallcountries,therewillarisechoices regardingtheextenttowhichacountryprioritisessustainabledevelopmentwithinitsbordersor supportssustainabledevelopmentinothercountries.Tothisend,globalminimumthresholds, suchastheeradicationofhungerandrespectforcriticalecologicalthresholds,needtobe establishedasapriorityandachievedthroughglobalpartnership.

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