A SEMINAR REPORT ON

THERMAL BARRIER COATING OF GAS TURBINE BLADES

SUBMITTED BY Ashutosh kumar tiwari Roll o!"#$#%$&##%& IIIr' B!T()h M!E

SUBMITTED TO
Mr!*i+(k ,a sari Mr! -!S B(hl

INDE.

Co t( ts 0! %! 2! &! 3! 5! $! 6! 4! INTRODUCTION HISTORIACL BAC1GROUND DIFFERENT LAYERS CREATION OF TBC FAILURE OF TBC MATHEMATICAL BAC1GROUND ,RO,OSED RESEARCH CONCLUSION REFERENCES

,a/(! No! 0 2 & $ 4 00 02 0$ 06

0! INTRODUCTION The advances and improvements of current gas tur ine techno!og" have !ed to more efficient and more po#erfu! engines$ One ver" !arge improvement over the past fift" "ears has een the increase in ma%imum gas temperature that is produced in the gas tur ine engine$ &urrent!"' temperatures in mi!itar" aircraft tur ines can reach upto ()** degree &e!sius and for commercia! aircraft temperatures can reach upto (+** degree &e!sius$ This increase in temperature has in turn increased efficienc"' ut has a!so introduced other pro !ems such as the actua! constraints in the materia!s itse!f$ The super a!!o" that is used to create the tur ines in a gas tur ine engine has a me!ting point of around (,** degree &e!sius #hich as #e can see is #e!! e!o# the operating temperature of the engine$ To overcome these constraints three ma-or advancements have een deve!oped. /i0creating a!!o"s that are more creep resistant and o%idation resistant' /ii0 inc!uding channe!s in the !ades so that air can f!o# through them' and /iii0 deve!opment of a therma! arrier coating /TB&0 on the tur ine !ade itse!f$ 1as tur ine engines use nic2e!3 and co a!t3 ase super a!!o"s in the tur ine components' such as airfoi!s' com ustors' transition ducts' and sea!s$ Increased therma! efficienc" demands of the ne#er engines re4uire that the tur ine in!et temperature e significant!" increased$ This must e accomp!ished #ithout structura! fai!ure of e components from me!ting' creep' o%idation' therma! fatigue' or other degradation mechanisms$ Therefore' the surface temperature of these components must maintained !o# enough to retain materia!s properties #ithin accepta !e !imits$ The demand is partia!!" met " innovative component coo!ing schemes using compresor discharge air$ 5o#ever' coo!ing air is on!" avai!a !e at the e%pense of !oss of thrust and added fue! consumption$ The ma-or e!ement in meeting the demand #ithout significant performance !oss comes from t#o para!!e! materia!s innovations. /i0 improvement in the temperature capa i!it" of super a!!o"s and /ii0 deve!opment of therma! arrier coatings /TB&s0 capa !e of providing therma! insu!ation e4uiva!ent to a out (6) to (7* 8&$ TB&s are a i!a"er s"stem' consisting of a meta!!ic !a"er /the ond coat0 on the su strate on #hich a ceramic !a"er is deposited$ In addition to /(0

Providing o%idation protection to the su strate' the meta!!ic ond coat !a"er provides an ade4uate!" prepared surface to #hich the ceramic !a"er adheres$ The ceramic !a"er composition is se!ected ased on therma! conductivit"' high3temperature sta i!it"' and therma! e%pansion compati i!it" #ith the su strate$ Due to its !o# therma! conductivit" and good thermo c"c!ic dura i!it" #hen sta i!i9ed against phase transformation' 9irconia has ecome the ceramic of choice$ The current i!a"er design and composition of TB& have evo!ved from a mu!titude of designs and a num er of compositions tested over a period of severa! decades$

Fi/ 0! Mi)ro/ra7hs o8 La%9r%O$ a ' YS9 )oati /

Som( o8 7ro'u)ts i )or7orati / TBC:" Tur ine !ades &utting too! inserts Aero engine parts 1as tur ine parts such as com ustion !iners' shroud' no99!es or !ades I& engine parts Roc2et no99!es and va!ve odies Damper pin for tur ine uc2et Th(rmal

/:0

%! HISTORICAL BAC1GROUND Pratt ; <hitne" first introduced TB&s on urner cans in =T>D engines in (?6,$ This TB& consisted of 9irconia sta i!i9ed " the addition of :: #t@ MgO /::MSA0 to avoid the detrimenta! tetragona! /high3temperature phase0 to monoc!inic /!o#3 temperature phase0 phase transformation$ The ceramic #as deposited on a f!ame spra"ed Ni3A! ond coat$ Su se4uent evo!ution of TB&s incorporating refinements that a!!o#ed incrementa! increases in com ustor e%it temperature' is summari9ed in Ta !e ($ In current s"stems' the ceramic consists of 7 #t@ "ttria partia!!" sta i!i9ed 9irconia /7BSA0$ Depending on the app!ication re4uirements' the ond coat is a variation of the Ni&o&rAIB composition app!ied either " air p!asma spra" /APS0 or EB3PCD method$
Ta;l( 0: Mat(rial 7ro7(rti(s 8or a tur;i ( ;la'(

Ni Su strate Densit" /2gDm,0 Therma! conductive/<DM8E0 Specific heat /=D2g E0 +6* >>>* 7,$?

Ni&o&rA!B 7,:* (*$: 7>(

BSR 6*,7 :$( 6)6

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Fi/!%"

Th(rmal

;arri(r

)oati / s<st(m 2! DIFFERENT LAYERS

In an effort to protect the tur ine !ades from e%treme!" high temperature gasesF the therma! arrier coating /TB&0 s"stem has een imp!emented$ The TB& s"stem primari!" consists of fo!!o#ing !a"ers. (0 &eramic top3coat' :0 Therma!!" gro#n o%ide /T1O0' ,0 Bond coat' and C(rami) to7")oat. 3 The ceramic top3coat is the !a"er that provides therma! insu!ation for the !ade$ It has a ver" !o# therma! conductivit" and has een designed using point defects to #ithstand therma! c"c!es$ This !a"er is t"pica!!" made of B :O, #hich is sta i!i9ed #ith ArO: or in short BSA$ The therma! conductivit" for this !a"er at a temperature of a thousand degrees &e!sius is :$, <D/M8E0 #hich is one of !o#est conductivit" of a!! the ceramics$ In addition BSA has a ver" high me!ting point /:7**

degree &e!sius0 #hich ma2es it perfect for this app!ication$ Gurthermore in an effort to reduce stresses in this materia!' crac2s and porosit" are intentiona!!" incorporated into the materia! to ma2e it Hhigh!" comp!iant /e!astic modu!us of )* 1Pa0 and strain to!erant$I Bo ' Coat: " Bond coat is a meta!!ic one' #hose function is' on the one side' to protect the asic materia! against o%idation and corrosion and' on the other side' to provide #ith a good adhesion to the therma! insu!ating ceramic !a"er$ Such a ceramic coating is

/+0 most!" made of "ttria partia!!" sta i!i9ed 9irconia /BSA0' since this materia! has turned out particu!ar!" suita !e during the !ast decades$ Bond coat is a out 7)3()* micrometers thic2$ It is an o%idation3resistant meta!!ic !a"er and is primar" used to ho!d the ceramic top coat to the su strate$ This !a"er is t"pica!!" made of Ni and Pt and in some cases can consist of more than one !a"er having different composition$

Th(rmall< /row o=i'(. 3 T1O !a"er #as not intended ut #as created #hen the ceramic top3coat reacts #ith the ond coat in ver" high temperatures$ This !a"er is a out one to ten micro meters thic2 and its gro#th is s!o#' uniform' and defect free$I

/)0
Temperature

Fi/ur( 2! A s)h(mati) illustratio o8 a mo'(r th(rmal ;arri(r )oati / s<st(m )o sisti / o8 a th(rmall< i sulati / th(rmal ;arri(r )oati /> a th(rmall< /row o=i'( ?TGO@ a ' a alumi um ri)h ;o ' )oat! Th( t(m7(ratur( /ra'i( t 'uri / ( /i ( o7(ratio is o+(rlai'!

Fi/!&" stru)tur(

a@A,S>

Lami ar

;@EB",*D )olum ar stru)tur(

/60 &! CRAEATION OF TBC

The ond coat is primari!" deposited " He!ectrop!ating in con-unction #ith diffusion3 a!umini9ing or chemica!3vapour deposition$I Recent!"' the high ve!ocit" o%"3fue! techno!og" /5COG0 is a!so increasing!" used for this tas2$

The &eramic top3coat on other hand is current!" eing deposited in t#o different #a"s. (0 Air p!asma3 spra"ed /APS0 deposition and :0 E!ectron3 eam ph"sica!3vapour deposition /EB3PCD0$ A picture of the different microstructures created " each method are sho#n in Gigure +$ Air 7lasma" s7ra<(' ?A,S@ '(7ositio . 3 In the APS po#der app!ication method' the ceramic materia! is in the form of a f!o#a !e po#der that is fed into a p!asma torch and spra"ed mo!ten onto the surface of the meta!!ic su strate$ Drop!ets of mo!ten materia! form Hsp!atsI on the meta!!ic su strate$ Spra"ed coatings have ha!f the therma! conductivit" of the EB3PCD coatings and are therefore etter iso!ators$

Fi/ 3! S)h(mati) mi)rostru)tur( o8 th(rmal s7ra< )oati /> showi / o l< a 8(w la<(rs o8 7arti)l(s

?$@ In an APS top coat' the orientation of the crac2s and pores are norma! to the f!o# of heat' #hich reduces the therma! conductivit" from :$, <D /m8E0 to a out *$>3($7 <D /m8E0$ 5o#ever' ecause of the orientation of the micro structure and the roughness of the interface' this method genera!!" produces a shorter therma! c"c!e compared to EBPCD$ This can e seen in Gigure +$The p!asma spra"ing techno!og" app!ies vacuum p!asma3spra"ed ond coats' #hich are most!" made of M&rA!Bs /MJNi' &o0$ The ceramic !a"er is usua!!" deposited " means of the atmospheric p!asma spra"ing /APS0$ In the institute I<C(' therma! arrier coating s"stems are eing produced through p!asma spra"ing' #hereas a!so the 5COG process is a!so adopted for the deposition of ond coats$ The main goa! of the activities " the I<C( in the research fie!d of the therma! arrier coatings is the deve!opment of s"stems for higher app!ication temperatures and #ith a !onger !ifetime$

El()tro ";(am 7h<si)al"+a7our '(7ositio .3 EB3PCD is the process current!" recommended for high34ua!it" coatings$ In this techni4ue' a c"!indrica! ingot of the coating materia! is vapori9ed #ith an e!ectron condenses on the surface on the tur ine !ade$ &ontrar" to APS structure' the EB3PCD structure is co!umnar #hich prevents the ui!d up of tensi!e stresses and increases the !ife span of this materia! as noted ear!ier$ The porosit" and the crac2s #ithin this structure a!so he!p reduce the therma! conductivit" to a out ($)3: <D/m8E0 #hich as #e can see is higher than APS$ Overa!! ecause of EB3PCD !ife span this deposition method is used to coat tur ine !ades in a -et engine$ EB3PCD process is usua!!" used to deposit an a!uminum !a"er as ond coat$ eam' and the vapor uniform!"

Fi/ 5! S)h(mati) EB,*D 7ro)(ss> th( whol( ass(m;l< woul' ;( u '(r +a)uum! Rotatio o8 th( (l()tro ;(am is o;tai (' ;< a ma/ (ti) 8i(l' 7(r7( 'i)ular to th( 'rawi /

?6@ 3! FAILURE OF TBC Failur( o8 th(rmal ;arri(r )oati / s<st(ms u '(r )<)li) th(rmom()ha i)al loa'i /:" The fai!ure mechanisms of therma! arrier coating /TB&0 s"stems app!ied on gas tur ine !ades and vanes are investigated using thermomechanica! fatigue /TMG0 tests and finite e!ement /GE0 mode!ing$ TMG tests #ere performed at t#o !eve!s of app!ied mechanica! strain' name!" five times and three times the critica! in3service mechanica! strain of an industria! gas tur ine$ TMG testing under the higher mechanica! strain of air p!asma3spra"ed /APS0 and e!ectron eam3ph"sica! vapor deposition /EB3 PCD0 coated samp!es sho#ed that oth s"stems fai!ed after a simi!ar num er of c"c!es " crac2s that initiated at the ond coatDtherma!!" gro#n o%ide /T1O0 interface and propagated through the ond coat to the su strate$ <hen the app!ied mechanica! strain

#as decreased' crac2ing of the ond coat in EB3PCD coated s"stems #as suppressed' the !ife of the coated s"stem increased significant!" and de!amination of the top3coat #as o served$ A su se4uent GE ana!"sis sho#ed that' " su -ecting the s"stem to the higher mechanica! strain' significant tensi!e stresses deve!op in the T1O and the ond coat that are thought to e responsi !e for the o served crac2 initiation and " propagation$ The GE mode! a!so predicts that crac2ing initiates at specific geometric features of the rough interface of a PS coated s"stem' #hich #as confirmed meta!!ographic e%amination of fai!ed samp!es$ The decrease of the app!ied mechanica! strain and hence of the deve!oped stresses !ed to the suppression of fai!ure " ond coat crac2ing and activate de!amination$ These resu!ts out!ine the importance of designing TMG tests and se!ecting the appropriate mechanica! !oading in order to acce!erate testing and sti!! trigger the same fai!ure mechanisms as o served in3service$

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O=i'atio "I 'u)(' Failur( o8 Th(rmal Barri(r Coati /s:" On pro!onged high3temperature e%posure in air' therma! arrier coatings /TB&s0 on ond3coated super a!!o"s fai! " spa!!ing$ It is a ne# discovered TB& fai!ure mode' in #hich fai!ure is associated #ith moisture3enhanced su 3critica! crac23gro#th a!ong the ond3coatD therma!!" gro#n o%ide interface$ B" ma2ing concurrent pie9ospectroscop" measurements' the interfacia! fracture energ" #as determined to e K (* =Dm/e%p :0 3 a considera !" sma!!er va!ue than that of sapphireDmeta! interfaces prepared in the !a orator" ut consistent #ith measurements of the effects of segregation on meta!Dceramic interfaces$ Ne# insights into the mechanism under!"ing fai!ure of the therma!!" gro#n o%ide have come from direct optica! microscop"$ These indicate that fai!ure is associated #ith surface roughness of the ond3coat and specifica!!" that the therma!!"3gro#n o%ide separates from the ond3coat on coo!ing at the concave /LcrestsL0 surface features$ These !oca!!" separated regions gro# #ith o%idation time and are seen to !in23up$ These events are e!ieved to e the precursor events that gro# to provide the critica!3si9ed f!a#s from #hich uc2!ing and spa!!ing of therma! arrier coatings occur$

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5! MATHEMATICAL BAC1GROUND Because of the comp!e%it" of this mode!' the ma-orit" of the resu!ts are done through e%perimentation$ In order to get a ph"sica! fee! for #hat is happening' #e have made severa! assumptions in our ana!"sis. (0 Tgas J T( J (>7, degrees Ee!vin #hich is 2ept constant$ :0 T+ J Tair J :?> degrees Ee!vin #hich is 2ept constant$ ,0 Assume that a sma!! portion of the air foi! that I represent as a rectang!e is a good mode! of the entire air foi!$ +0 Properties of state sta" constant throughout the mode! conditions sta" constant$ )0 No heat f!u% through the top and ottom of our mode! /insu!ated0$ 60 T1O !a"er has no effect on temperature distri ution This information com ined #ith ta !e ( #as inputted into &OMSOM and so!ved$ The resu!ts are sho#n in figure 6$
Ta;l( 0: Mat(rial 7ro7(rti(s 8or a tur;i ( ;la'(

ecause

oundar"

Ni Su strate Densit" /2gDm,0 Therma! conductive/<DM8E0 Specific heat /=D2g E0 +6* /((0 >>>* 7,$?

Ni&o&rA!B 7,:* (*$: 7>(

BSR 6*,7 :$( 6)6

Fi/ur( $: %"D Dia/ram o8 th( ;la'(

Fi/ur( 6: Comsol mo'(l o8 th( t(m7(ratur( 'istri;utio i a tur;i ( ;la'(

As one can see in Gigure 6' the temperature distri ution drops dramatica!!" through the ceramic top coat ecause of its ver" !o# therma! conductivit"$ Gurthermore' these resu!ts sho# that the temperature distri ution through the supper a!!o" is #e!! e!o# the me!ting point of the meta! #hich is #hat #as e%pected$ /(:0

$! ,RO,OSED RESEARCH The on!" #a" to improve efficienc" in a gas tur ine engine is to increase the temperatures #ithin the s"stem$ Because of this more research needs to e done in improving re!ia !" and therma! conductive!" of the therma! arrier coat$ Gocus needs to e p!aced on the current fau!ts of TB& s"stem and ho# the" can e reso!ved$ Some pro !ems are #ith o%idation of the materia!' and !ac2 of mode!!ing to predict the !ife span of the therma! arrier coating$ In addition' ne# research in different #a"s of coo!ing the !ade needs to e done$ A reasona !e area to focus on #ou!d e #ater coo!ing and nitrogen coo!ing$ <ith the co!!ected therma! diffusivit" va!ues' the specific heat and therma! conductivit" va!ues are remaining to e ca!cu!ated$ A!ong #ith more testing' the therma! conductivit" va!ues #ou!d e read" for comparison to "ttria3sta i!i9ed 9irconia #ith the goa! of creating a potentia! ne# therma! arrier coating$ The main goa! of the activities " the institute I<C( in the research fie!d of the therma! arrier coatings is the deve!opment of s"stems for higher app!ication temperatures and #ith a !onger !ifetime$ Gor that purpose' #or2s are eing carried out in fo!!o#ing asic areas$ These areas are3
1) Therma! spra"ing 2)

Mode!!ing

3) Therma! c"c!ing

Th(rmal s7ra<i /: " One main area is therma! spra"ing " means of the atmospheric and the vacuum p!asma spra"ing' as #e!! as the high ve!ocit" f!ame spra"ing /5COG0$ Specia! attention deserves the reproduci !e fa rication of coatings$ The corresponding e4uipment to guarantee a high reproduci i!it" has een imp!emented and is eing continuous!" improved$ Another part of the activities in the institute corresponds to the diagnostics #or2s' #hich cover the p!asma /entha!p" pro e0 as #e!! as the partic!e diagnostics /DPC:***0$ The co!!ected data are eing used a!so in the mode!!ing of the p!asma spra"ing process$ <ithin the scope of a European Union pro-ect' high!" efficient So!id O%ide Gue! &e!!s /SOG&0 #as produced using Atmospheric P!asma Spra"ing$ /(,0

Mo'(lli /: 3 Mode!!ing constitutes a second main research area$ The principa! goa! in the mode!!ing of the p!asma spra"ing process is the improvement of our understanding a out the re!ation et#een the process parameters and the structure and effectiveness of the coating s"stems$ Mode!!ing "ie!ds asic information' #hich can !ead to the ased on the optimi9ation of the process$ A simi!ar function corresponds to the mode!!ing of therma! arrier coating !ife$ The achieved deve!opment of a !ifetime mode! microstructure gives important indications for an optimi9ed !a"er s"stem$ Th(rmal )<)li /. 3 A further research fie!d is the characteri9ation of !a"ers$ Beside the determination of the microstructure " means of meta!!ograph"' 5g3porosimetr" and specific surface ana!"sis' the therma! c"c!ing of TB&3s"stems has an outstanding importance for the efficienc" eva!uation$ C(rami) Matri= Com7osit(s ?CMCs@! Gurther increases in temperature are !i2e!" to re4uire the deve!opment of ceramic matri% composites$ A num er of simp!" shaped static components for mi!itar" and civi! app!ications are in the engine deve!opment phase and guide vanes for a%ia! compressors have een manufactured to demonstrate process capa i!it"' such techni4ues invo!ve advanced te%ti!e hand!ing and chemica! vapor infi!tration that provide the u!timate cha!!enge$ It #i!! eventua!!" appear ecause the re#ards are so high' ut it #i!! ta2e much !onger to ring it to a satisfactor" standard than #as anticipated a coup!e of decades ac2$ &eramic matri% composites are at the forefront of advanced materia!s techno!og" ecause of their !ight#eight' high strength and toughness' high temperature capa i!ities' and gracefu! fai!ure under !oading$ Research #or2 has concentrated for some "ears on fi er reinforced ceramics for this app!ication' as opposed to mono!ithic materia!s #hich possess ade4uate strength at high temperatures resistance$ Toda"Ns commercia!!" avai!a !e ceramic composites emp!o" si!icon car ide fi ers in a ceramic matri% such as si!icon car ide or a!umina$ These materia!s are capa !e of uncoo!ed operation at temperatures up to (:**O&' are!" e"ond the capa i!it" of the current est coated nic2e! a!!o" s"stems$ Uncoo!ed tur ine app!ications #i!! re4uire an a!! o%ide ceramic materia! s"stem' to ensure the !ong term sta i!it" at the ver" highest /(+0 ut the handicap of poor impact

temperatures in an o%idi9ing atmosphere$ An ear!" e%amp!e of such a s"stem is a!umina fi ers in an a!umina matri%$ To rea!i9e the u!timate !oad carr"ing capa i!ities at high temperatures' sing!e cr"sta! o%ide fi ers ma" e used' giving the possi i!it" to operate under temperatures of (+**O&$ 5igher operating temperatures for gas tur ine engines are continuous!" sought in order to increase their efficienc"$ 5o#ever' as operating temperatures increase' the high temperature dura i!it" of the components of the engine must corresponding!" increase$ Significant advances in high temperature capa i!ities have een achieved through formu!ation of iron' nic2e! and co a!t3 ase super a!!o"s$ <hi!e super a!!o"s have found #ide use for components throughout gas tur ine engines' a!ternative materia!s have een proposed$ Materia!s containing si!icon' particu!ar!" those #ith si!icon car ide /Si&0 as a matri% materia! andDor as a reinforcing materia!' are current!" eing considered for high temperature app!ications' such as com ustor and other hot section components of gas tur ine enginesF !i2e' com ustion cham ers' transition ducting /#hich ta2es the com ustion products and directs them to#ards the tur ine section0' the no99!e guide vanes' the surrounding shroud section' and others$

/()0

6! CONCLUSION 1as tur ines engine constitute a #ide and good option for po#er generation used for oth' industria! and aeronautica! app!ications$ This techno!og" is re4uesting for etter and more re!ia !e materia!s to use most!" in those areas in #hich temperatures are e%treme!" highF !i2e' fist ro# of tur ines !ade and com ustion cham er$ B!ades materia!s for tur ine area in gas tur ines have advanced rapid!" in the !ast : decades$ These !ades are constructed using specia! a!!o"s and are covered " specia! coats$ Modifications are intended to increase the a!!o#ed temperature up to ()**O& #ithout coo!ing$ To increase efficienc"$ &eramic coating is app!ied to the surface of the tur ine !ade using severa! methods$ The most important ones are. E!ectron Beam Ph"sica! Capor Deposition /EB3 PCD0 and Arc P!asma Spra"a !e /APS0 po#der method$ Besides the techno!og" aimed to produce etter coats' materia!s science is current!" #or2ing e%tensi !e in &eramic Matri% &omposites' formed asica!!" " si!icon car ide fi ers and specia! fa rics in order to increase the temperature gap in !ocations specia!!" sensi !e for gas tur ine operation$ The !ast and' at the same time' !argest area dea!s #ith the deve!opment of ne# therma! arrier coatings$ In this #ide activit"' o%idic materia!s are principa!!" eing studied as candidates for therma! arrier coatings and' #here app!ica !e' deve!oped to ne# TB&3s"stems$ The e%perience and 2no#3ho# in the other research areas /processing' characteri9ation' mode!!ing0 are deve!opment of ne# s"stems$ eing intense!" used for the further

/(60 0#! REFERENCES

(0 &!ar2e' D$ R$ and Mevi' &$ 1$ /:**,0$ HMateria!s Design for the Ne%t 1eneration Therma! Barrier &oatings$I Annua! Revie#s of Materia!s Research. Co!$ ,,' pp$ ,>,3 +(7$ :0 Nitin P$ Padture' Maurice 1e!!' Eric 5$ =ordan$ LTherma! Barrier &oatings for 1as3 Tur ine Engine App!ications$L Science (: Apri! :**:. Co!$ :?6$ no$ ))66' pp$ :>* 3 :>+ ,0 OPDonoghue Misa$ L<h" donPt 1as Tur ines B!ades urnQL Rhttp.DD###$u!$ieDe!ementsDIssue6D1as@:*Tur ine@:*B!ades$htmS +0 nDa$ L5o# does a modern gas tur ine engine #or2QL Decem er +' :**7$ R http.DD###$mtu$deDenDta2e3offDho#TenginesT#or2Dinde%$htm!S )0 Marsha!!' Brian$ L5o# 1as Tur ine Engines <or2$L Rhttp.DDscience$ho#stuff#or2s$comDtur ine$htmS 60 <$1$ Mari-nissen and A$ van Mieshout$ LThe evo!ution of therma! arrier coatings 3 status and upcoming so!utions for toda"Ns 2e" issues$L Surface and &oatings Techno!og"$ Co! (:*3 (:(' Novem er (???' pp 6(367 70 Dr$ &!ar2e and &$1$ Mevi$ HMateria!s Design for the Ne%t 1eneration Therma! Barrier &oatings$I Annua! Revie# of Materia!s research$ Co! ,,.,>,3+(7$ August :**, >0 E$A$ Ehor' B$<$ 1u$ HEffects of residua! stress on the performance of p!asma spra"ed functiona!!" graded Ar*:DNi&O&rA!B coatingsI$ Materia!s Science and Engineering A:77 /:***0 6+U76

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