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Prabal Talukdar
Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering IIT Delhi E-mail: prabal@mech.iitd.ac.in p
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD
The shape Th h of f the th temperature t t profile fil remains i unchanged h d in i the th fully f ll developed region of a tube subjected to constant surface heat flux
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P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD
In the constant surface temperature (Ts = constant) case, Tave can be expressed approximately by the arithmetic mean temperature difference Tam as
Not N t a good d way!!! !!! As A temperature t t does d not t increase i linearly li l Remedy?
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constant
Integrating from x = 0 to x = L As = pL
Note that the temperature difference between the fluid and the surface decays exponentially in the flow direction, and the rate of decay depends on the magnitude of the exponent hAx /m.Cp
This dimensionless parameter is called the number of transfer units, denoted by NTU, and is a measure of the effectiveness of the heat transfer systems
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD
is the logarithmic mean temperature difference. Note that Ti = Ts - Ti and Te = Ts - Te are the temperature differences between the surface and the fluid at the inlet and the exit of the tube, respectively. 8
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Velocity y distribution
Solution: B.C.
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Maximum at r = 0
Pressure drop
p =
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD
8LVm R2
32LVm D2
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f =
P 2 Vm L D 2
Friction Factor
In practice, it is found convenient to express the pressure drop for all types of internal flows ( (laminar or turbulent flows, , circular or noncircular tubes, smooth or rough surfaces) as
p =
8LVm R2
32LVm D2
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Poiseuilles Law
Pumping Power
For a specified flow rate, the pressure drop and thus the required pumping power is proportional to the length of the tube and the viscosity of the fluid but it is inversely proportional to the fourth fluid, power of the radius (or diameter) of the tube
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This is the accepted design formula for turbulent friction friction. It was plotted in 1944 by Moody into what is now called the Moody chart for pipe friction . The Moody chart is probably the most famous and useful figure in fluid mechanics mechanics. It is accurate to 15 percent for design calculations over the full range
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Integrating,
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Nu =
hD = 3.66 k
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Developing region
For a circular tube of length L subjected to constant surface temperature, p , the average g Nusselt number for the thermal entrance region can be determined from (Edwards et al., 1979)
This relation assumes that the flow is hydrodynamically developed when the fluid enters the heating section section, but it can also be used approximately for flow developing hydrodynamically When the difference between the surface and the fluid temperatures is large [Sieder and Tate (1936)]
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The Nusselt number in turbulent flow is related to the friction factor through the ChiltonColburn analogy expressed as
Once the friction factor is available, this equation can be used conveniently to evaluate the Nusselt number for both smooth and rough tubes tubes.
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For fully developed turbulent flow in smooth tubes, a simple relation for the Nusselt number can be obtained by substituting the simple power law relation f = 0.184 Re-0.2 for the friction factor into
where n = 0.4 for heating and 0.3 for cooling of the fluid flowing through the tube. This equation is known as the DittusBoelter equation [Dittus and Boelter (1930), ( ),
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