Chapter 2

Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams

2.0 NOTATION
D' Compression face to point on surface of concrete where crack width is
calculated
Db Centre-to-centre distance between bats or groups of bars
~ Point on surface of concrete to nearest face of a bar
Ac Gross area of concrete in a section
As Area of steel in tension
A.; Area of steel in compression
A, v Area of steel in vert ical links
b Width of reinforced conCrete section
be Breadth of compression face of beam mid-way between restraints
hi Width of secti on at centroid of tensile steel
b
w
Average web widt h
c Coefficient of torsional " jffness
emin Minimum cover to tensile reinforcement
C Torsional stiffness
d Effective depth of tensile rei nforcement
d' Effective depth of compressive reinforcement
d
l
From tension face of concrete section to centre of tensil e
reinforcement
Ec Modul us of elastici ty of concrete
, Modulus of elasticity of stcel
I, Service stress in steel reinforcement
Iy Characteristic yield strength of steel
I; Revised compressive stress in steel taking into account depth of neutral
axis
laJ Characteristic cube strength of concrete at 28 days
Iyv Characteristic yield st rength of reinforcement used as links
F Coefficient for calculation of cracked section moment of inenia
F bI Tensile force in a bar at start of a bend
G Shear modulus
h Overall depth of a concrete section
hr Thickness of flange in a T beam
hmu. Maximum overall dimension of a rectangular concrete beam
h
min
Minimum overall dimension of a rectangular concrete beam
I Moment of inertia
I Clear span or span face to-- face of support
41
42 Reinforced Concrete
M
M,
M,
N
P
p'
,
S.
S.
T
T,
V' . min
v
V.
V,
V,
V ' ~
Voom
V r o ~
W
max
X
X,
y,
,
Effective span
Centrc-to-centre distance between supports
modular ratio = Est Ec
Applied bending moment
Design bending moment modified to account for axial load
Moment of resistance of concrete in flanged beams
Axial load
Percentage of tensile reinforcement
Percentage of compressive reinforcement
Internal radius of a bend in a bar
Spacings of bent bars used as shear reinforcement
Spacing of vertical links
Applied torsion
Proportion of total torsion carried by each rectangle of an 1-, T- or
L-scction
Shear stress in concrete (N/mm
2
)
Design concrete shear stress (Ntmm
2
)
Shear st ress in concrete due to torsion (N/mm2)
Ultimate permissible torsional shear stress (N/mm2)
Design concrete torsional shear stress (N/mm2)
Shear force in concrete section
Shear force carried by bent bars
Shear force capacity of concrete section
Shear force carried by vertical lin ks
Uhimate maximum shear forces allowed on sectio n
Shear force capacity of concrete section with minimum vertical links
Design shear resistance of concrete
Maximum crack width (mm)
Depth of neutral axis from compression face
Centre-to-centre of two external venical legs of a link
Centre-to-centre of two external horizontal legs of a link
Depth of leve r arm
Angle of inclination to horizontal of shear reinforcement
Angle of inclination to horizontal of concrete strut in truss analogy
Ratio of redistributed moment over clastic analysis moment
Factor governing moment of resistance of concrete T-section
Material factor
Calculated strain in concrete at depth h
Strain with stiffening effect corrected
Strain at centre of steel reinforcement
Yield strain in steel reinforcement
Strain at centre of compressive reinforcement
Strain at depth h corrected for stiffening effect
Calculated strain in concrete ignoring stiffening effect
Poisson's ratio
Diameter of a reinforcing bar or equivalent diameter of a group of bars
Design of Rei nforced Concrete Beams 43
2. 1 ANALVSIS OF BEAMS
2.1.1 Eftedive spans
l
l
\
SK 2/ 2 Continuous beam.
SK 213 Cantilever beam.
SK 211 Simply supponed
beam.
Simply supported or cncastre le:E smaller of (/ + d) or 10
Cont inuous
Cantilever
d
l e= I + -
2
where to = centre-to-ccnlre distance between supports
Ie ::: effecti ve span
I = clear span or span to face of support
d "" effective depth of tension reinforcement.
2.1.2 Effective width or compression flange
r.
SK 2/ 4 Effecti ve width of

k.

ZI
l h.
compression fta nge. SECTION A - A
Simpl y supported T-beam
Simply support ed L-beam
Continuous or encastrt T beams
Continuous or encastre L-beams
I.
b=-+b
5
I.
b = 10 + by;
I.
b --+b
7.14 w

44 Reinforced Concrete
where b = effective width of compression flange
hw = average width of web.
Notl!: Use actual b if it is less than the calculated b using the above formulae.
A typical example may be a precast T-beam.
2.1.3 Moment of inertia
...
~
~
Mdhod I Gross concrek section only
Find moment of inenia of gross concrete section - see Table 11 .2.
Method 2 Uncracked transformed concrete
If reinforcement quantities arc known. find moment of inertia of trans-
formed concrete section using Table 11.2.
Method 3 Average of gross concrete section and cracked section
A'

y
~
b
A.
SK ZlS Doubly reinforced beam.
where I = moment of inertia of rectangular concrete section
b = widt h of rectangular concrete section
h .: overall depth of rectangular concrete section
F = factor - see Fig. ] 1. 1 for values of F.
A,
P = 100 bd
where A. = area of tensile reinforcement
d = effecti ve depth to tensile reinforcement.
A'
p' = 100 --.!
bd
where A; = area of compressive reinforcement.
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 45
. E.
m = modular ratiO = -
E<
The graphs in Fig. ILl have been drawn for p' = 0 and p = p'. Intermediate
values may be interpolated.
Note: The preferred method is Method 3 for rectangular sections. Where reinforce
ment quant ities are not known. an assumpt ion may be made of the per-
centage of rei nforcement.
T-beams and L-beams in a frame or continuous beam structure should
be treated as rectangular beams for the purpose of determining moment of
inertia. The width of the beam will be taken equal to b
w

2.1.4 Modulus of elasticity
Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement steel
E. = 200 kN/mm
2
Modulus of elasticity of concrete, Ec. for short-term and long-term loadings
is given in Table 2. 1.
Table 2. 1 Modulus of elastici ty of concrete: shonterm and long-term loading.
i<"
Short-term loading. ~ Long-term loading, Ec
(N/mm2) (kN/ mm2) (kN/ mm2)
2()
2'
12
25 25 12.5
30 26 13
40 28
" '0
30 15
60 32 16
Note: Wind load is short-term loading and dead load is long-term loading.
2.1.5 Torsional stiffness
For a rectangular section the torsional stiffness. C, is given by
C = ch!'mhmax
where c = coefficient from Table 2.2
h
m
.... = maximum overall dimension of rectangular secti on
h
min
= minimum overall dimension of rectangular section.
46 Reinforced Concrete
r
i

:J=:I
h

h
lllirl
h ~
I'
SK 216 Component rectangles of a
beam to find torsional sti ffness.
The torsional sti ffness of a non-rectangul ar secti on may be obtained by
dividing the section into a se ries of rectangles and summing the torsional
stiffness of these rectangles.
TaMe 2. 2 Values of coefficient c.
h",,,,, 1.5 2 3
hm;n
,
0. 14 0.20 0.23 0. 26
The coeffi cient c is given by the following formul a:
1 ['6 (k')]
c = 16 3" - 3.36k 1 - 12
where
k = hmin.
li ma"
5 JO
0. 29 0. 31
2. 1.6 Shear modulus
Shear modulus, G. is given by
E
G = '2 (t + !1) = 0 4 2 E ~ for concrete
where !1 "" Poisson's ratio.
Note: In normal slab and beam or framed construction. torsional ri gidit y of RC
beams may be ignored in the analysis and the torsional stiffness may
be give n a very small value in the comput er anal ysis. Torsional ri gidit y
becomes import ant onl y whcre torsion is relied on to carry the load. as in
curved beams.
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 47
2.1.7 Poisson's ratio
Poissons ralio for concrete::: 0.2
2.1.8 Shear area
Shear arca of concrete = O.8A
c
where Ac::: gross cross-sectional area of concrete.
N o t ~ The sbear area of concrele is entered as input to some computer programs
when the anal ysis is required 10 lake into account the deformations due to
shear.
2.1.9 Thermal slrain
The coefficients of thennal expansion are given in Table 2.3 for different
types o f aggregate used.
Table Z.3 Coefficient of thermal expansion.
Aggregate type
Fl int. Quar1zile
Granite. Basalt
Limestone
Coefficient (x IO- nr c)
12
10
8
Note: Normall y for ultimate limit slate no specific calculations are necessary for
Ihennal loads. Thermal calculations should be produced for st ructures in
contact with hOi gases or liquid.
2.2 LOAD COMBINATIONS
2.2.1 General rules
The following load combi nations and partial load factors should be used in
carrying out the anal ysis of beams:
Le i: 1.4 DL + 1.6 LL + 1.4 EP + 1.4 WP
Le
2
: 1.0 DL + 1.4 EP + 1.4 WP
Le
l
: 1.4 DL + 1.4 WL + 1.4 EP + 1.4 WP
Le.: 1.0 DL + 1.4 WL + 1.4 P + 1.4 WP
LC
s
: 1.2 DL + 1.2 LL + 1.2 WL + 1.2 EP + 1.2 WP
lVote: Load combinati ons LC
2
and LC. should be considered when the effects of
dead load and live load are beneficial.
48 Reinforced Concrete
where DL = dead load
LL = live load or imposed load
WL = wind load
WP = water pressure
EP = earth pressure.
The general principle of load combination is to leave out the loads which
have beneficial effeci. If the load is of a permanent nature. like dead load,
earth load or water load. use the partial load factor of 1 for that load
which produces a beneficial rather than adverse effect. This rule of combi-
nation will be used for design as well as for the check of stability of a
structure.
2.2.2 Rules of load combination for continuous beams
SK 217 Continuous beam loading
sequences.
(1) Load all spans with Lei'
liT'!''!' '!''!' I!
lei ON ALL SPANS
LC, LC, LC
I

1&. ALTERNATE WITH LC2 FOR MAXIMUM
MIDSPAN MOMENT
(2) Load alternate spans with Lei and other spans with LC
2

(3) Load beam in the repeated sequence of two adjacent spans loaded
with LC
I
and one span loaded with LC
2
. This sequence givcs the
maximum support moment between adjacent spans. This is not a
normal requirement . as per clause 3.2.1.2.2 of BS 8110: Part 1: 1985.
111
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 49
2.2.3 Redistribution of moments
2.2.3.1 Continuous beams
SK 2/8 Continuous beam - typical
moment redi stribution.

Usuall y 10% redistribution of moments may be allowed from those
obtained by elasti c analysis. Redraw bending moment diagram with redis
tributed moments. Calculate revised shear. Reduction of support moment
means a corrcsponding increase in span moment. For structural frames
over four stories hi gh providing lateral stability, the redistribution of
moments should not exceed 10%. Resistance moment at any section must
be at least 70% of moment at that section obtained by elastic analysis.
1.1.3.1 Frame structures
No reduction or redistribution of moments is allowed from the col umns.
2.1.3.3 Continuous one way spanning slab panels
Usuall y 10% redistribution of moments may be all owed from those
obtained by elastic anal ysis.
2.2.4 Exceptional loads
Excepti onal loads may be any of the followi ng.
( I) Accidental loads of very low probability properly quantified. The
definition of low probability may vary from project to project and will
be agreed with the client.
(2) Probable misuse and its effect accurately quantified.
(3) Once in a lifetime very short-lerm loads which are accurately quantified.
Note: With exceptional loads some rect ification of local damage aft er the incident
may be necessary.
Load combination to be considered:
LC
6
"" 1.05DL + 1.05LL. + 1.05L + l.05WLj
where DL = full expected dead load
LL. = full expected live load if this is a storage building, other
wise, one-third of expected maximum li ve load
EL = exceptional load
WL
l
= one third of expected maximum wind load.
50 Reinforced Concrete
2.3 STEPBYSTEP DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR BEAMS
Step J Analysis
Carry out anal ysis - follow Section 2.1.
Step 1 Moment I!n"l!wpe
SK 219 Typical moment envelope
of a continuous beam.
Draw maximum-minimum ultimate load bending moment envelope after
rcdistri bution.
SK 2110 Typical shear envelope of
a continuous beam.
11111111111111 1 V
max
Draw malti mum-minimum ultimate load shear forcc envelope after
redistribution.
Stl!P 4 Axial loads
Determine coacting axial loads with maximum and minimum bending
moments respectively. Ignore axial load if less than O.lfcubh.
Step 5 Torsions
Determine coacling torsions with maximum and minimum shear forces
respectively.
SK 2/ 11 Dimensions to compute
axial load in beam.
6 to
Design of Rei nforced Concrete Beams Beams 51
Determine cover required to rei nforcement as per Tables 11.6 and 11.7.
Find effective depth d. assuming reinforcement diameter.
SK Zl 12 Rectangular beam -
effecti ve depth.
7 span
Determine effecti ve span - see Section 2. 1. 1.
Slep 8 width of compression flilnge
Determine effective width of compression flange - see Section 2. 1.2.
9 rati&
r 1
L
SK 2/ 13 Si mply supported and continuous
beams.
SK 2114 Cantilever beam.
Check slenderness of beam as per clause 3.4. 1.6 of BS8UO: Part I :
1985.
11 1
For simply supported and conti nuous beams.
I < 60b
c
or 250
d
For cantilever beams.
100
d
52 Reinforced Concrete
where d = or actual d, whichever is lesser
b = effecTi ve width of the compression fl ange
M = design ultimate moment.
Step /0 Design for moment - rectangular beam
I
I
+--
I
!
Select criti cal sections on beam for bending moment. Find the following
paramet ers al all critical secti ons, for rectangular beams and flanged beams.
A'
j'

,
<
----
I-

,
<

M
N
SK 2116 Rectangular beam -
moment and axial load.
II; d'

T


"
,

SK 2117 Rectangular beam -
stress diagram.
SK 2115 Rectangular beam -
doubly reinforced.
(or N :s: O.l fcubd
Note: For N > O. l fcubd, design as column (sec Chapter 4). Md may also be taken
equal to M where NS O.l fcuhd and N may be totally ignored. (Sign
convention: N is +vc for compression.)
M,
K - --
- fmbd'
, = +5 + J(025 - OK9) 1 '" 0.95d
d - ,
x = --
0.45
M, N
A - -----
- 0.87 fyz 0.87 fy
K' := 0. 156 when redistribution does not exceed 10%
K' = - 0.4) - - OA)'
exceeds 10%
M'
" = - < 0.9
>'b M'
when redistribution
Design of Reinforced Concrete Bcams S3
where M2 == moment aft er redistribution; M' = moment before redis-
tribution
When K > K',
,- d[05 + J(025 -
d -,
x - --::5 O.5d
0.45
A' _ (K -
O.f':7f , (d - d')
A. =
K" bd
2
N
Jeu +A'- --
Of':7f" O.f':7f,
SK 2fl 8 Strain dillgram.
If d'lx> 0.43x,
A' _ (K - K' )f, .bd'
f; (d - d' )
K'/ cu bd
z
, N
A= + A- --
$ 0.87 /y1. I 0.87 /y
M

X
X


0
r---l.'-
(
X - d') ,
I - 0.57x Ym
because steel strain e,; =
Ii
I E, I
E',
- ---
(
X - d')
0.S7x Ey
where Ey corresponds to steel stress /ylYm, as in Section 1.4.2.
"
0
,
54 Reinforced Concrete
u
Note: The flanged beam becomes a rectangular beam if the bending moment
produces tension in the fl ange.
Design charts in 8S811O: Part 3: 1985
111
may be used if design parameters
fall within the scope of the charts.
Step II Design jor moment - jlJJnged beam
b
/ / / / / ~ /
A

/'
w
SK 2119 Flanged beam - singl y
reinforced.
A fl anged beam should be designed as a rectangular beam with width
equal to the effective width of fl ange in compression if x s lo1h,.
If x > Uhf. fi nd blb
w
and dl h,.
Obtain fJr from Fig. 2.1-
Calculate M. = i3r/cubd1
IfM, 2:: M
d

Md + O.lfcub .. d(0.45d - hd N
A = - - -
O."'[, (d O.5h,) 0.87[,
If M, < Md. follow Section 1.5.4 usi ng the second approach to design of
Hanged beams.
SUp 12 Maximum allowable shear stress
Find maximum shear in beam from shear envelope at the face of support
or under a concentrated load.
Find v = Vlbd.
Check. v s O.8 V/c ... s 5N/mm2
Change beam geometry if this condition is not satisfied.
A._
lo-J
SK 2120 Rectangular beam. SK 2121 Flanged beam.
Design of Rei.nforced Concrete Beams S5
Step 13 De$igtl for shear
>3d
i1: ,
,
SK 2/22 Cri tical section for shear. Shear check
based on bottom reinforcement adequately
anchored.
SK 2/23 Critical section for shear. Shear check
based on top reinforcemenl adequately
anchored (A; to continue at least 3d from face
of support).
Select critical sections on beam whi ch are a l a distance of 2d from the
face of support or concentrated load. Find the following parameters for
rectangul ar and flanged beams.
V = design ultimate shear force
v
V"" bd s 0.8 V/eu S 5 N/ mm
2
lOOA.
p =--
bd
Find Ve from Figs 11.2 to 11.5.
When axial load in compression. N. is present,
. (NVh)., ,
V
e
"" Ve + 0.6 -- S 0.8 v/eu :S 5N/ mm
A<M
Note: N1Ae is average stress in the concrete section. VhIM:s 1 and moment
and shear at the section under considerat ion must be for the same load
combi nat ion. N is +ve for compression and - vc for tension. To avoid
shear cracks at ult imate load, limit shear stress to
Replace Vc by ~ where axial load is present .
F
' d O.4bS.,.
In Asv = ---
0.87/ ., ...
I.,,, :s 460 N/ mm2 for links.
Provide minimum area of links, A .,. , at a spacing of S" for the zone where
shear is less or equal to Vnom. From the shear force envelope determine
zones where V exceeds Vnom= ( V" + O.4)bd
56 Reinforced Concrete
SK 2/24 Elevation of beam
showing shear reinforcement.
5
SK 2125 Single system of bent-
up shear reinforcement.
SK 2126 Multi ple system of
bent-up shear reinforcement.
F
d A "" bS .. (v - v,)
In .v .
0.87["
Replace l ie by where axial load is present.
Provide area of links. Am at a spaci ng of Sv at the section of the beam in
consideralion.
For a mi xt ure of links and benl -UP bars.
Vb + V. ( v - ve)bd
where
. (d-d' )
Vb "" ... )(COSO: + sma Sb
d
V. = As,,(O.87fyv)- 0.5(v - vdbd
S,

Replace Vc by v; where axial load i n compression is prese nt .
Note: Slep 14 below may be omitted if at Step 13 the crit ical section is selected at
a distance of d from the face of support or from Ihe concenlrated load. No
further checks wi ll be necessary at the face of sup pori or at the concentrated
load.
Step 14 Afternatit'e design for shear
Find V
ma
"" 0.8 V feu bd, or = Sbd, whi chever is less.
Complete the table below:
Distance from face of v ....... = V ..... _+O.4bd
support or conce ntrated
load
2.00d + U.4)bd
1.75d ( 1.1431'" + 0.4 )bd
!.SOd ( 1.3331'" + O.4)bd
1.25d ( 1.61'" + O.4)bd
!.OOJ (2.0v" + O.4)bd
O.75d (2.67v" + O.4)bd
0.501 (4v,, +0.4) bd
O.25d (8v" + O.4) bd
v......, < Vmn
I'chd

1.333vebd
1.611,.bd
2.0v.,bd
2.67v .. btl
4.0v.,bd
8.0v.,bd
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 57 '
v Distance from face of
$Upport or concentrated (act ual $hear force)
''''.
2.00d
1.75d
1.50d
1.25tl
1.00d
O.75d
0.5Od
O.25d
Satisfy the following conditions:
when V :s V
nom
,
A = O 4 b S ~
I ~ O.ff7[p
when V > V
nom
calculate
d
V, = A.
v
(O.ff7[y,,)- ~ V - V
en
""
s.
V - V.,.,...,
The shear resistance may be provided by a combination of links and bcnt-
up bars.
Step 15 Minimum tension reinforcement
b
Effective' width
A, A,
SK 2/1.7 Flanged beam.
SK 2128 Rectangular beam.
For flanged beam web in te nsion. find b . /b.
If b..,lb < 0.4
A. 2: O.OOlSb ... h
If b""lb2: 0A
As 2: O.OOt 3b ... h
for [ y ;: 460N/ mm
2
for [ y = 460N/ mm
2
58 Rei nforced Concrete
For flanged beam fl ange in tension.
for Tbeam As i'! O.OO26b",h
for L-beam ~ 2:: O. OO2Ob
w
h
For rectangular beams.
for f y""' 460N/mm
2
for fy = 460N/mm
1
A. ~ O.OOl3bh for f'J = 460 N/ mm
2
Step /6 Minimum compresswn reinforcenunt - when designed as doubly reinforced
For fl anged beam flange in compression.
A; O!: O.OO4b11,
For flanged beam web in compression.
A; 2:: O.OO2b
w
h
For r<X:tangular beam,
A; O!: O.OO2bh
Note: Mi nimum compression rei nforcement in beams will be used only when
compression rei nforcement is requi red.
Step 17 Minimum tranSllerse reinfon:ement in jUlnge
SK 2129 Mi nimum transverse
reinforcement in fl ange of flanged
beam.
For flanged beams over fult effecli ve fl ange width near top surface. use
1.5h, mm
1
/ m reinforcement for the whole length of the beam. Normall y
this amount of reinforcement is providL-d in the slab at the top surface over
the beam as part of slab rei nforcement when the flanged beam forms part
of a beam- slab construction.
Step 18 Minimum reinforcement in side face of a m s
d ... di a. of bar 2:: J(StP)
/,
Sb S 250 mm
b"" actual. or 5OOmm. whichever is the lesser.
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams S9
SK 2/30 Minimum reinforcement
side face of beam.
\1
.G
.G
/'
L

,
-
./
L

,
N

Note: To control cracking on the side faces of beams use small diameter bars at
close spacings. The distribution of these bars should be over two-thirds of
beam's overall depth measured from tension face.
A. :2: O.OOI25bh on each side face as shown.
Step 19 De./kclion
,
Ellec:t iw width

t_
..
lJ
SK lI3t Doubly reinforced
Hanged beam.

SK 2/32 Simply supported or
continuous beam. M = moment
at midspan.
Find b .... /b for Hanged beams.
Find Ie/d.
" /.
SK 2133 Cantil ever beam. At=
moment at suppon.
Find basic span/effective depth ratio from Table 11.3.
Note: If b",lb is greater than 0.3, then interpolate between values in Table 11.3
assuming bw/b equal to I for rcctangular beams and 0.3 for Hanged beams.
60 Reinforced Concrete
_. .
Fmd service stress ,. = Iy R
R .... b AI prov
where M/ M'
M = moment after redi stribution
M' = moment before redistribution
As .eqd = area of steel required from calculations
AI p ..... = area of steel actually provided.
Find Mlbd
2

Find modifi cation factor for tension reinforcement from Chart 11 .5.
Find
Find modification factor for compression reinforcement from Chart 11.4.
Find modifi ed span/depth ratio by multiplying the basic span/depth ratio
by the modification factor of tension and compression reinforcement.
Check ielli < modified spanfdeplh ratio
Nou: Table 11 .3 can be used for up to a 10m span. Beyond a 10m span multiply
these values by lO/span except for cantilevers where deflection should be
calculated (see Section 1.8 for calculation of deflection.)
Stf!p 10 Maximum arf!as of reinforcement
For all beams,
:5 O.04bwh
A; :S O.04b
w
h
Step 11 Containment of compression reinforcement
Designed compression reinforceme nt in a beam should be contained by
links.
Minimum diameter of links = 0.25 times diameter of largest compression
bar, or 6 mm. whichever is greater .
Maximum spaci ng of links= 12 times diameter of smallest bar in
compression.
SK 2134 Containment of
compression reinforcement.
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 61
Step 22 Bearing stress inside bend
Ix
x
o
SK 2135 Beari ng insi de
bend.
_...st:CT I ON )( - X
Cheek bearing stress inside bend where it is requi red to extend the bar for
more than 4 x di ameter beyond the bend because the anchorage require-
ment is not o therwise satisfied.
Satisfy that

bearing stress = - " -
'$ 1 + 2(!)
where Fbc = tension in bar at the start of bend
ab = cent re 10 centre of bar, o r, cover plus di ameter of bar.
Step 23 Curtl1iJnuml of bars
Follow simplified detailing rules for beams where the load is predominantl y
uniforml y distri buted and spans in a cont inuous beam are approximately
equaL Follow bending moment diagram for other cases.
Step 24 Spacing of ban
Minimum clear spacing horizont all y = MSA + 5?; diameter of bar
where MSA = maximum size of aggregate.
. . I 2MSA
Mimmum cl ear spaci ng vertically bet ween ayers = --3-
47 000
Maximum clear spaci ng of bars in tension :5 - - " 300
f .
.. (5
ServICe stress In bar f. = f y 8f\, A,
62 Reinforced Concrete
(Sec Step 19 for explanation of ~ b )
Thc di stance between the corner of the beam and the nearest longi tudinal
bar in tension should not be greate r than half the maximum d ear spaci ng.
Nole: In normal internal or external condition of exposure where the limitati on
of crack widths to O.3 mm is appropriate, Step 24 will deem to sa ti sfy the
crack width criteria.
Step 2S Torsional shear slTess

I
=
SK 2/ 36 Rectangular section torsional shear
stress.
Check torsional shcar stress.
hili .!
1 "I
I
L
SK 2/37 Di vision intn rectangles of composite
section_
Find ultimate torsion T from analysis.
For a rectangular section, torsional shear stress, v" is given by
2T
Y, = - ; - = - - ; - ~
h' (h h
m
;")
.... in max -""3
For I,T or L-scetion. divide each secti on into component rectangles.
Proportion of tolal torsion carri ed by each rectangle ::: Ts
Th!..lnh..."x
) = Ts
1: (hm;n hrnu)
Torsional shear stress for cach section
;
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 63
For hollow and other box sections. follow the method in Chapter 8.
If wall thickness in a rectangular hollow section exceeds one quarter of the
dimension in that direction. treat the hollow section as a solid rectangle.
Calcul ate
v""" n = 0.067 yfeu < O.4N/mm2
V
tu
= 0.8 y/eu :S 5 N/ mm
2
H v, < V,.mi n, no torsional reinforcement is required.
I-I-I--I---l-++++ - Spacing of
links,. Sy
SySII't Vd2 and 200
A.y (Gl"fl of two outllckle9,1
A.IICll'l9/tUdInaI I"I lnforc.r.mt I
SK 2139 Elevation of torsional reinforcement in
beam.
SK 2138 Torsional reinforcement in beam.
If VI.min < VI < V
1
\1 ' provide torsional shear reinforcement by closed links
and longitudinal bars.
Check (v + v,) < VIII
where v = flexural shear stress.
Cheek V, <
Nok: Add torsional rei nforcement to al ready calcul ated shear reinforcement.
Sy < XI> or or 2OO mm, whi chever is the least
Step 26 Crack widJh in jkxurt!
limil stale
Load combination LC
1
= 1.0DL + 1.0LL + 1.0EP + 1.0WP + 1.0WL
Note: Omit loadings from LC
1
which produce beneficial rather than adverse
effect.
64 Reinforced Concrete
b, (h-.I{,'-. )
3E,A.(d-.)
h ___ ___ _
b.
SECTION Of BEAM
"1
,-
1----
0
AI
- -
W
mu
=
_
_
+
(h - x)
b (h ) (a' - x)
- , - x 3E, A,(d _ x)
SK 2/40 Critical dimensions for
crack widlh calculalions.
SK 2141 Slr.!in diagram for crack
width
SK 2/42 Doubl y reinforced
rectangular beam.
Nole: 10 1 is the strain due to load combination LC
1
.
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 6S
where b. is the width of the section at the centroid of tensil e reinforcement .
For a rectangular section.
Note: A Hanged beam is a rectangular section if x s 1. lh,.
E,
m =-
E,
x = d{[ (mp + (m - 1)p') 2 + 2(mp + (m -
- (mp + (m - I)P')
(See Section 1.13.1.)
A,
p =-
bd
,
p=-
bd
(1- ;)

I)
/.
E."" -
E,
(
h - x)
Eh= -- "
d-x
Note: In normal internal or external condition of exposure where the limitation
of crack widths to 0.3 mm is appropriate. Step 24 will deem to satisfy the
crack width criteri a.
Step 27 Design of connections to other components
Foll ow Chapter 10.
2.4 WORKED EXAMPLES
Example 2. 1 Simply supported rectangular beam
Clear span = 6.0 m
66 Reinforced Concrete
1I11 11 11UIII'il l lllllll l llll
:!o21_L-___ 6"OO"O'--__ ~ ~
Overall depth = 500 mm
Wi dth = 300 mm
Width of supporting walls"" 200 mm
SK 2/43 Si mply supported beam.
All rei nforcement to be used is hi gh yield steel with / y= 460N/ mm
2
.
Note: Steps 1-5 form part of the anal ysis and are excluded from the worked
exampl e. For a Iypical analysis see Example 2.3.
Step 6 Determinillion of cOlier
Maximum size of aggregate"" 20 mm
Maximum bar size assumed = 32 mm
Maximum size of link assumed = lOmm
Exposure condition = severe
Fin;! resist ancc rcquircd = 2 ho urs.
Refer to thc following tables in Chapter 11:
Table 11 .6 grade of concrete"" C40 for severe exposure
Table 11 .6 minimum cement cont ent"" 325 kg/ m3
Table 11.6 maximum free water/cement ratio = 0.55
Table 11.6 nominal oover = 40mm
Table 11.7 nominal cover to beams for 2 hours fire resistancc = 40mm
For 2 hours fire resistance, minimum width of beam"" 200 mm, from Figure
3.2 of 8S81lO: Part 1: 1985.1l
1
I"'
SK 2/44 Section of rectangular
beam.
Design of Rei nforced Concrete Beams 67
Effective depth. d. is given by:
d = overall depth - nominal cover - dia. of link - half dia. of bar
:::500-40-10- 16 = 434mm
Sup 7 Determination of effective span
1+ d = 6.0 + 0.434 = 6.434 m
J" = 6.2 m
Therefore Ie == 10 = 6.2 m
Sup 8 Determin4lion of effectil'e width
Not required.
Step 9 Checlc slenderness of beam
1= 6.0m
60b
c
= 60 x 300 mm = IS.Om
250 b 250 x 301'Y
- -= =Sl.84m
d 434
Satisfied
Step 10 Design for moment - rectanguUu btam
SK 2/4.5 Stress diagram of
rectangular beam.
Maximum ultimate bending moment = 216 kNm
Maximum shear at face of support = 140kN
Shear at 2d from face of support = 96 kN
Shear at d from face of support = 116 kN
Direct load, N=OkN
Md = M == 216kNm
f cu= 40N/mm
2
r U4,r ... 8 N f m m 2
68 Reinforced Concrete
Md 216 x lW
K : --"" = 0.0956 < 0.156
fcybd
2
40 x 300 X 434
2
z : +5 + J(025 - OK9)]
. +5 + J(025 - 0:':6)]
= 0.8&1 = 382 mm
d -z 434-382
x :-- = "" 116mm
0.45 0.45
M,
A,=---
0.87fyz
216 x I(f
= = 1413mm
2
0.87 x 460 x 382
Use 3 no. 25 mm dia. Grade 460 = 1472 mm
z
Step II Dtsign for moment - flanged bellm
Not required.
Step 12 Check maximum allo .... able shear
V
v "" - at face of support
bd
140 x 10'
300 x 434
= 1.075N/ mm
2
< 0.8 vfr;u = 5 N/ mm
l
Step 13 Dtsign for shear
2d "" 870mm
v = 96kN al 2d from suppan face
IJ6 x lcP
I ' =
300 x 434
= 0.74N/mm2 < 0.8 Vfeu = 5 N/ mmz
100 A.
p : - -
bd
100 x 1472
300 x 434
= 1.13%
v( "" 0.65 x 1.17N/mm2 for Grade 40 concrete
= 0.76N/mmz from Fig. 1l .5
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 69
VIOOm = ( v( + 0.4) bd
"" 151kN > 140kN at face of support
V < V
noon
at all poinls in the beam.
.. O.4bsv
Nommal lmks A ~ : : : --' -
0,87[,.
Assume Sv ::: 3(X) mm
Asv :::
0.4 x 300 x 300
0.87 x 460
= 9Omm
2
Use 8mm dia. single closed link = A5V::: lOOmm
2
( f ~ "" 460N/ mm
2
) at
300 mm centre to centre.
Step 14 AlJernQ/ille design for sheQr
V
nom
> Vat face of support so Step 14 is superfluous - use nominal links
everywhere on the beam.
Step J 5 Minimum tensile reinforcement
Minimum tensile reinforccmCnI "" O.OO13bh
=0.0013 x 300 x 5OOmm
2
= 195 mm
2
< 1472 mm
2
provided
2 no. 12 diamet er (::: 226mm
2
) providcd at top of beam.
Step 16 Minimum compression reinforcement
Not required.
Step J 7 Minimum franSllerse reinforcement in jiQnge
Not required.
Step 18 Minimum reinforcement in side fQCe of beams
u
,
u
0
0
M

~
~
,
~
~

0
0
N
SK U46 Sectmn through beam.
'--'--'3-;25
ALL REINFORCEMENT HIGH-Y IELD
0
0
~
70 Reinforced Concrete
b = actual . or 500 mm. whichever is the lesser.
Minimum dia. of bar in side face of beam =
J
(S"b)
f,
(assume Sb = 2oo mm)
= Je
oo
;'1
300
) = 11.4 mm
Use 12 dia. Grade 460 bars at approximalely 200 centres on the side face
of beam.
Reinforcement on each side face of beam = 2 no. 12 dia. + I no. 25dia.
= 7l6mm
2
A, = O.OO125bll
= 0.00125 x 300 x 500
= 188 mm
2
< 716 mm
2
OK
Note: Strictl y speaking these bars on til e side face arc not required for beams less
than 750 mm ove rall depth but it is good practice to use them in order to
avoid shrinkage cracks.
Step /9 Clleck dejkction
&. = 6200 "" 14.3
d 434
Basic span/depth ratio = 20 from Table 11 .3
= I ,
f, : ,",oj : 460 : 275N/mm'
8 A, pro, 8 1472
M 216 x Ht
-: : 3.8
bd
2
300 X 434
2
Modification factor for !ension reinforcement = 0.90
Modified span/dept h ratio = 20 x 0.90 =
Hence deHection is OK.
Step 10 Maximum areas of reinforcement
As is less than 4%.
Step 11 Containment of compression reinforcement
Not required.
Step 11 Check bearing stress inside bend
Not required.
10
18> - =
d
from Table 11. 5
14.3
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 71
Step 23 Cuf14ilmenl of bors
0.081 = 0.08 x 6000 "" 480 mm
The central 25 mm dia. bar will be stopped 250 mm from the face of the
support.
Step 14 Spacing of bars
2-,15
300 300 300
500
SK l/48 Arrangement of bar.; li t the bottom of
beam.
SK l/47 Elevation of beam near suppon.
Oear spacing between bars in tension = 64.5 rnm
Minimum required spacing = 20 + 5 - 25 mm
. . 47(0)
MaXimum spacmg "" --
f.
47000
= -- = 170mm
275
where I. = 275 N/mm
1
Spaci ng of bar.; is OK.
Step 25 Check torsional shear stress
Not required.
Step 26 Crack width cakulalions
(sec Step 19)
Service maximum momenl = 144 kNm
A,= 1472mm
2
d'=54mm
A; = 226mm
2
d =439mm
m = ~ = 2 0 0 l 0
E, 20
Ec assumed halfway between long and shortterm.
72 Reinforced Concrete
l_b J


"
SK 2149 Doubly reinforced
rectllngular beam. SK 2/50 Strain diagram.
As 1472
= 0.0112
bd 30J X 439
SK 2151 Crack widt h calculati ons.
A'
p' = --.! =' 0.0017
bd
x =' d{[(mp + (m - 1)p')2 + 2(mp + (m -
(mp + (m - I)P'l =- 160mm
k , : (;)(1 - ;)
: C
160 )
3 x 439
= 0.16
k3 -= (m - 1)(1 - :) = (10 - \)( 1 - = 5.96
M
f. : k bJ' + k A ' (d - d')
2 3 ,
: _____ -,-:- I44 :..:..c
X
-'-" IO"'---,-,---_--:-:_-,-,-
0.16 x 300 x 439
2
+ 5.96 x 226 X (439 - 54)
= 14.74N/ mm2
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 73
:: to x 14.74 x - I)
= 257N/ mm
2
E.. = /5 = 257 = 1.285 x 10-3
Es 200 x 103
(
" - x)
"'= --,,=
d - x
(:)es = 1.566 x 10-
3
b(1l - x)2
Emh = Et! - 3E, A.(d x)
300 X 340
2
= 1.566 X 10-
3
-
3 x 200 X 10
3
x 1472 x 279
= 1.425 X 10-
3
:: 1.414 x 60.5 - 12.5 = 73.0mm
ad = \1(60.5
2
+ 45
2
) - 12.5 :: 62.9 mm
w = :lacr Em
"' I + [ 2(<,<, - em;")]
II - x
3 x 73.0 x 1.425 x 10-
3
[
2(73 - 48)]
1 + 340
:: 0.27 mm < 0.3 mm OK
Exampu 2.1 Three span continuous /Ham
SK 2152 Three-span continuous
beam.
G o .1.10000 .f. l0000 J
A 8 C 0
Three equal spans of 10 m centre-ta-centre of columns.
Width of column ::: 0.4 m
clear span = 9.6m
slab depth = 150 mm
beam spacing = 4.0m
beam overall depth = 550 mm
beam width = 300 mm
Redi stribution of moments = 10%
Nole: Steps 1-5 form part of the analysis and have been excluded. For a typical
analysis see Example 2.3.
74 Reinforced Concrete
I
All reinforcement to be used will be high yield steel with fy = 460N/mm
1
.
It is expected that the analysis will be carri ed out using a computer
program with the load combination shown in Section 2.2.
From moment and shear envelope,
MA=O V"a=300kN VA' B=250kN
MAB = +600kNm V
AH
= negligible
M
a
=-650 kNm V
nA
=370kN V
n
'A=320kN
V
BC
= 325 kN Va'c = 275kN
M(lc=+370kNm or -150kNm
where V A'B = shear at a distance of d from face of support.
Step 6 Deurminalion of cover
Maximum size of aggregate = 20 mm
maximum bar size = 32 mm
maximum size of link = 8 mm
exposure condition = severe
fire resistance required = 2 hours
grade of concrete = C40
maximum cement content = 325 kg/m3
maximum free water cement rati o = 0.55
nominal cove r = 40 mm from Tables 11.6 and 11 .7
effective depth, d = 550 - 40 - 8 - 16 = 486mm
Step 7 Effective span
Ie = 10 = 1O.Om
Sup 8 Effective I4IUllh of compression folnge
Actual b = 4.0 m (centre-to-centre of beams)
1700
I.
Calculated b = -- + b.
7.14
"I
10000
=--+300
7.14
= 1700 mm
SK 2/53 Effective width of
compression flange.
Design or Reinrorced Concrete Beams 7S
Step 9 Slenderness check
May be ignored.
Sup JO Design for moment
M A8 =- 6CO kNm
Flanged beam
M
d
=- M
A8
= 6(X)kNm

fn
bd2
600 x ul'
40 x 1700 X 486
2
0.0373
+ J(025 - OK9)]
-+.5+
= O.95d = 462 mm
d - z

0.45
486 - 462
0.45
= 53 mm < II, = ISOmm
Neuual axis jn the slab
M,
As =---
0.87/"
600 x Hf' 2
= 0.87 x 460 x 462 = 3245mm
Use 3 no. 32dia. bars in bottom layer plus 2 no. 25 dia. bars in top layer.
SK 1154 Anangemenl of
reinforcement at bottom of beam
al mKlspan.
2-2S
3-3211'
8
40 cover 10
-1-+ links
76 Reinforced Concrete
Total area of steel provided = 3394 mm
2
Check effeclive depth.
Centre of gravity of group of 5 bars
3 x 804 x 64 + 2 x 491 x 124.5
x
3394
"'" 81.5 mm
d "'" 550 - 81.5 = 468.5 mm
reinforce ment requirement with revised effective depth:
K 0.040
1.:= 0.95 x 468.5 = 445mm
(required)
A. provided "" 3394 mm
2
OK
Mn "'" -650 kNm
Reclongu/ar beam
M<J = 650kNm
Effective depth, d = 550 - 40 - 32 - 16 - 8 = 454 mm
(assuming two layers of 32dia. bars)
K = 650 x 1<1'
40 x 300 X 454
2
= 0.263 > 0.156
Compression reinforcement required.
Redistribution is 10%
A ' (K - O.l56)f"bd'
, 0.S7 f,( d - d')
(0.263 - 0.156) x 40 x 300 X 454
2
0.87 x 460 x (454 - 64)
= 1696mm
2
Use 3 no. 32dia. bars (2412mm2) - bottom of beam.
-
= O.775d = 352 mm
x = O.5d = 227mm and
_ O. 156/
cu
bd
2

A. - 0.87 /yZ + As
d' 64
- = 0.28 < 0.43
x 227
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams n
= 0. 156 x 40 x 300 X 454
2
+ 1696 "" 4435 mm2
0.87 X %0 X 352
Use 6 no. 32 dia. bars (4824mm
2
) - top of beam in two layers.
300
I,(),o wr to linkS
6-32
-:-
g
-

5
SK 2155 Arrangement of
reinfon:emenl al top of beam over
support .
Mac= +370 kNm
beam
b = 1700mm
d = 550 - 40 - 8 - 16 = 486 mm
M.
K -- 0.023

z = 0.95d = 426mm
M.
A. = ---
O.87fyz
370 x lW _ 2
= 0.87 x 460 x 462 - 2001 mm
3 32 -
Use 3 no. 32dia. bar (2412mm2) - bottom of beam
Moe "" - 150kNm
Rectangular Inam
b = 300 mm
d = 486 mm
K = 150 x llt = 0.053
300 x 486
2
X 40
J
4O
<:0
WI' to links
!
78 Reinforced Concrete
z + 5 + J (025 - OK9) 1
"" 0.94d "" 456mm
ISO x lIf
A "" "" 822 mm
2
0.87 x 460 x 456
Use 2 no. 32 dia. bar (1608 mm
2
) - top of beam,
SK 2/56 Section through
midspan Be.
Step 11 Design for moment - flanged warn
Not required,
Step 12 Maximum shear stress
1 2
V "" bd "" 2.716N/mm < 5Nfmm
Step /J Design for shear
Maximum shear"" 370kN "" V
BA
V 370xHP
V"" - =
bd 300 x 454
"" 2.716N/mm
2
< 0.8 v/cu = 5N/mm
2
OK
Check shear stress al d from face of column,
V A ' B = 250kN
d = 468.5mm
250 x lW

300 x 468.5
= 1.78N/mm
2
for span AB
lOOA
s
100 x 3394
P = /;;f = 300 x 468.5
"" 2.41
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 79
V, ::: 0.85 x 1.17 from Fig. 11 .5
::: 0.99 N/ mm2
V""", = (v,+O.4)bd
= 195 kN
v > Ve + 0.4 :::: 1. 39N/mm
2
bSv(v - v
e
)
A.
v
= 0.87/
y
(assumc 5
v
= 15O mm)
300 x ISO x (1.18 - 0.99)
=
0.87 x 460
= 89 mm
2
Use 8 mm dia. links= lOOmm
2
(two legs) at ISO centre-to-centre up to
the point where shear falls 10 195 kN. Hi gh yield rei nforcement
(fy = 460N/ mm2),
. O.4bS.
Nominal A.v "" --,-
O.87
J y
= 0.4 x 300 x J<X) = 90 mm1
0.87 x 460
Use Smm dia. links = lOO mm
2
(two legs) at 300 centre-to-centre as
nominal links (fy = 460N/mm
2
).
VB' A = 320 kN
320 x 10'
v = J<X) x 454 (d = 454 mm at B)
= 2.35N/mm
2
= lOOA. =- 100 x 4435 = 3.25
p bd 300 x 454
II, == 0.91 x 1. 17 = I.065N/mm
2
from Fig. 11 .5
bS
v
( v - v
e
)
A.
v
= 0.S7/
y
=
300 x ISO x (2.35 - 1.063)
0.S7 x 460
= 144.5 mm
2
Use S mm dia. links = 150 mm
2
(3 legs) at 150 cenlre to centre up to the
poi nt where shear falls to 195 kN.
Sup 14 Aiternali)le ihsign for shear
Omitted.
Step IS Minimum tension reinforument
80 Reinforced Concrete
Flo.nged beam
b
w
300
- = - = 0. 176 < 0.4
b 1700
For web in tension
As > O.OOIBbwh "" 297 mm
2
For flange in tension
A, > O.OO26bwh = 429 mm
2
Both conditions satisfied.
Step 16 Minimum compression reinforcement
~ > O.OO2bwh "" 330mm
2
Provided A; = 2412 mm
2
Condition satisfied .
Step 17 Transverse reinforcement in flonge
Minimum transverse reinforcement in flange = 1.5ll
f
mm
2
/ m
= 1.5 x 150 mm
2
/ m
= 225 mm
2
l m
Reinforcement in the slab over the beam will be a lot morc than this
quantit y.
Step 18 Reinforcement in sitk face of beam
For a 550 mm overall depth of beam with 150 mm slab, side reinforcement
will not be required.
Step 19 Check deflection
Ie 10(0)
- = -- = 21.3
d 468.5
d = 468.5 mm
b.
- = 0.176 < 0.3
b
for span AB
Basic span/effective depth ratio from Table 11. 3 = 20.8
Since the ultimate moment at midspan is greater after redist ribution than
the ultimat e clastic momcnt , the service elastic stress may be laken as
(518)1,.
Service stress, f. = ~ f y (assumed)
5
=-x 460
8
= 288N/ mm
2
Design of Rei nforced Concrete Beams 81
M
-=
bd'
600 x to<'
= 1.6
1700 x 468.5
2
Modification factor = 1. 19 from Chart 11 .5
Modified span/effective depth ratio = 20.8 x 1.19
Step 20 Maximum areas of reinforcement
A. :5 O.04b
w
h _ 66OO mm
2
=24.75>21.3 OK
Maximum tensile reinforcement used = 4824 mm
2
OK
Step 21 COnlainment of compression
Minimum dia. or links = 0.25 x max. dia. of bar
=O.25x 32 =8 mm OK
Maximum spacing of links = 12 x di a. of bar
= 12x32 mm =384 mm OK
At least one link at the centre of columns Band C will be requi red for
cont ainment.
Step 21 bearing stress jnsUle bend
Not required.
Step 13 of ban
0.151 = 1500 mm
0. 101 = lOOOmm
0.25/ = 2500 mm
Span AB
Continue 3 no. 32dia. + 2 no. 32 dia. up to lOOOmm from A (end support ).
Stop I no. 32 di a. and 2 no. 32dia. at IOOOmm from A.
(See Step 26: reinrorcement in span AB increased.)
Over support B (lop bars)
Continue 6 no. 32 di a. bar top up to lSOOmm on either side of B.
Stop 2 no. 32dia. bar at 1500 from B.
Stop 2 no. 32dia. bar at 2500 from B.
Cont inue 2 no. 32dia. through span.
Step 24 Spacing of bon
Minimum clear spacing = MSA + 5 =25 mm
82 Reinforced Concrete
Oear spacing of bars in tcnsion = 54 mm > 25 mm
47(0) 47(0)
Maximum clear spacing:: -- = -- = 163 mm
f. 288
(See Step 19 for Il)
At span BC lop tension reinforcement
Clear spaci ng of bars (2 no. 32dia.) = 140 mm OK
Nou: Under normal circumstances this step will deem to satisfy the 0.3 crack
width limitation criteria. but, as Step 26 will prove, when crack width
calculations are actually carried out this may not be the casco In span AB
the maximum clear spacing criterion is sati sfied but the calculations show
that the crack widths may be exceeded.
Step 25 Check wrsionaJ shear stress
Not required.
Step 26 Crack widJh calcuJations
Span AB
Maximum service moment = 400 kNm
e min = 48 mm d = 468.5mm
b = 1700mm
A. = 3394mm
2
~ "" 1608mm
2
(ignored in the computation)
E.
m=-=lO
E,
x = J[ ('n: .)' + 2m:.d]
_ mA,
= 118 mm < h
r
(= 150mm)
x
z = d - - = 429mm
3
400 x 111
h = = 274N/mm
2
s 429 x 3394
b
Eo = II = 274 = 1.37 x 10- 3
E, 200 x I!I'
Eh = (h - d) ... = ( 550 - 118) x 1.37 X 10- 3
d - :x 468.5 - 118
= 1.69 x 10-
3
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 8J
b(h - X ) 2
Emh = Eh - 3EsA.(d _ x )
"" 1.69 X 10- 3 _ 300 X 432
2
3 x 200 x 103 x 350.5 x 3394
"" 1.61 X 10-
3
a.:! :::I V(64
2
+ 64
2
) - 16 = 74.5 mm
ael = y(64
2
+ 43
2
) - 16 = 61.1 mm
a.:r = 74.5 mm at the corner of the beam
__ : 3 x 74. 5 x t .61 X 10-
3
Wcr =
1 + 2("" - ' m;. ) 2(74.5 - 48)
( h x) 1 + (550 118)
"" O.32 mm > O.3 mm
The calculated crack width is greater than all owable. Increase reinforcement
to 5 no. 32dia. bar instead of 3 no. 32 dia. plus 2 no. 25dia. No more
checks are necessary.
SK US7 Arrangement of bars over
support .
At face of column,
maximum service moment = 390 kNm
d = 454 mm
b = 3(X) mm
As = 4824mm
1
A; = 2412 mm
2
d' = 64 mm
_ . .. r-

1.80.1. '" 1-,oJ
84 Reinforced Concrete
C
min
= 48mm
m=1O
See Step 26 of Example 2.l for explanation of symbols and the equations.
x = 225mm
K2 = 0.2068
KJ = 6.44
M
{. = = 20.69 N/mm
2
c K2bd2 + KJA;(d - d')
f. = 2ll.6N/ mm
1
E,. "" 1.058 X 10-
3
Eh "" l .S02 X 10-
3
aCt = 74.5 mm at the top corner
Wcr ;; O.297 mm < O.3mm OK
SUp 17 Design of connections 10 olher elemenls
See Chapter 10.
A
' so.
T.nsioo
I
""'.,. C-
12
"'"
-
I
I
.-
l l- .32
.,.
I !81ink$(1800)
2-+12(sc
.1 150e/C
SK 21SSA Detail of beam at A.
22SO
<! 3- +32 2250
l-t 32tsono:! ~
2- +
32
1 1 2 - . ~
,-
+"
1 I I
I ..
,-
_t8t o,ksfJlcQsll
l
r
H12
,
_ f .B links 50 _,
l_tBlinks I3t.QS) tl Unks
~ 300 de ;1\ I50clC ilt ISO cit .. JOOelc
SK 2fS88 Detail of beam al B.
Design of Reinforced Concrele Beams 8S
Example 2.3 Design of beam with torsion
SK 2/ 59 Two-span edge beam with
nib.
Edge beam to carry precast floor slabs on ni bs.
Clear gap between beams = 4.5 m
Effective span of beam = 9.0 m
,
9.
.!.
9.
See Example 5.2 for details of precast floor slabs and nib geometry
computations.
Two-span beam is fully restrai ned at the rigid supports.
SUp 1 AnlJ/Y$;$ of beam
Properties of section
SK 2160 Section of beam with
ni b5.
Area of section = 500 x 290 + 2 x 110 x 105
= 168 I00 mm
2
110
Self-weight of beam = 0. 1681 x 24 kNfm
3
= 4 kNfm
x=
500 x 290 x 145 + 2 x 110 x 105 x (290 + 55)
168100
= 172.5 mm
1 1
J "" - x 400 X 500
3
- - x 110 x 29(Y
xx 12 12
= 3.943 X 10
9
mm" (gross section)

0
0

29'
86 Reinforced Concrete
x
p'
Assume - :: 0
p
Assume p :: 1 %
E,
Assume m :: - :: 10
Eo
From Fig. 11.1.
F"" 6 X 10-
2
Cracked moment of inertia:: Fbd
3
:= 6 X 10-
1
x (400 x 5OC.P - 110 x 29(f)
== 2.839 X lOll mm
4
Average moment of inertia. Ixx = 0.5(3.943 + 2.839) x 10
9
mm
4
= 3.391 x 1O
II
mm4
- '--
X .r:
b = 400 - 145 = 255
SK 2161 Beam geometry to fi nd
shcllr centre e.
h = 500 - 105 = 395 t = lOS
255
2
X 395
2
x 105
e = 4 x 3.391 X 109 = 78.5 mm
Loading
Dead load from slab = 5 kNfm2 x 2.25 m = 11.25 kN/ m.
Self-weight of beam "" 0. 1681 x 24 kN/m) = 4.OkN/ m
Total dead load on beam including self-weight ::: 15.25 kN/m
Live load from slab @ 5 kN/m2 = 5 x 2.25 = 11.25 kN/m
Sleps 1 and 3
Boundary
condition
A and C fully
restrained
Plastic hinge
at A, C fully
restrained
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 87
Ultimate limit state,
LC
I
= 1.4DL + 1.6LL"", 1.4 x 15.25 + 1.6 x 11.25 = 22kN/m + 18kN/m
LC
2
"'" 1.0DL = 15.25kN/m
load both spans with Lei 10 get maximum support moment at B.
load span AB with LC
I
and spall BC with LC
2
10 get maximum support
moment A and maximum span moment at AB.
Draw mOfTU!nl and shear envelope
Non-linear analysis with 10% redistribution.
Loading Fo= Support Span Support Span Support
A AB B BC C
Lei on both BM - 270 +135 +270 +135 -270 kNm
spans Shear 180 180 180 180 kN
I.4DL on AB BM -159.8 +79.9 - 125.9 +46.0 -92.0 kNm
l.ODL on BC Shear 102.8 95.2 72.6 65.1 kN
Lei on AB BM -311.7 +155.9 - 186.7 +28.0 - 70.6 kNm
Le
2
on BC Shear 193.9 166.1 kN
1.0kN/m LL BM -8.44 +4.22 -3.38 - 1.0 +1.19 kNm
on AB Shear 5.06 3.94 kN
1.0kN/m LL BM 0 +7.23 -5.78 - 1.45 +2.89 kNm
on AB Shear 3.86 5.14 kN
Assume 10% redistribution. Support moment at A is fixed at 0.9 x 311.7 =
280kNm. The support moment at A reaches 280kNm elastically with live
load on span AB equal to (280 - 159.8)/8.44 = 14.24 kNm. At that point a
plastic hinge forms at A and the boundary condition of the structure
changes. The remaining live load to go on the span with changed boundary
condition is (18kN/m - 14.24kNfm) = 3.76kN/m.
Design bending moment al support A = 280 kNm
Design bending moment at midspan AB at centre of span = 79.9 + 14.24 x
4.22 +3.76 x 7.23 = 167.2 kNm
A conservative design span moment = 175 kNm
allowing for the maximum span moment to occur away from the centre of
span.
Design bending moment at support B=270kNm
(Lei on both spans)
from elastic analysis
Design shear at support A = 102.8 + 5.06 x 14.24 + 3.86 x 3.76
= 189.5kN say 190kN
88 Reinforced Concrete
Design shear at support B"" ISO kN ( LeI on both spans)
Step 4 Determine axial loadJ
Nol required.
Step 5 Iktermine torsion
Ultimate load from slab = 1.4 x 11.25 + 1.6 x 11.25
= 34kN/ m
Load assumed 10 act on edge of nib.
Eccentricity of load from shear centre of beam"" 110 - 15(chamfer)
Torsion per unit lenglh
Ultimate self-weight of beam
Eccentricity of self-weight from sll ear centre
Torsion per unit length
Total ult imate torsion in beam
Step 6 Corer 10 reinforcement
Maximum size of aggregatc = 20mm
Maximum size of bar"" 25 mm assumed
Maximum size of link = 10 mm
Exposure condition = mild
Fire resistance requircd ::;: I hour
Grade of concrete = C40
Minimum cement content ::: 325 kg/m
3
Maximum free water/cement ratio = 0.55
Nominal cover = 20 mm
290
+ 2' + 78.5
(e "" 78.5 "" shear
centre)
"" 318.5 mm
"" 34 x 0.3185
"" 10.83 kNm/ m
"" 5.6kN/m
290
"" i - - + ,
2
"" 172.5 - 145 + 78.5
"" l06 mm
"" 5.6 x 0.106
"" 0.59kNm/m
: (10.83 + 0.59) x 4.5
= 51.4kNm at the
supports restrai ning
rOlalion
Effective depth, d = 500 - 20 - 10 - 12.5 = 457.5 mm
Step 7 Effective span
Effeclive span = 9.0 m
Sup 8 Effective widJh of flange
Not required.
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 89
Step 9 Slendeml!lS ratio
1= 8.5 m = clear span
be = 400 mm 60b
e
= 60 X 400 = 24 000 mm > 8500 mm
d = ( M )1 = ( 280 X 10' )1 = 335 mm
O.l56fcub 0. 156 X 40 X 400
250 X 4(Kf
-- = :::: 119402 mm > 8500 mm
d 335
Slenderness check is satisfied.
Step 10 Design for flexure
L
"\
SK 2162 Calculation of tensi le
steel al support.
Support bending moments at A or C=280 kNm
M
K=--
fcu
bd2
280 X It1'
=
= 0.0836 < 0.156
No eompres. .. ive reinforcement required.
2 = d[05 + J(O.25 - 1
= 457.5[0.5 + J (0.25 - 0.::6)]
= 4IOmm
d - 2
x =--
0.45
457.5 - 410
=
0.45
I.
As
"



0
-
..


- --,
m
b " 400mm
.1



v
..
u
90 Reinforced Concrete
= 105mm = hr
:. Neutral axis is in the ftange .
M
As = - - -
o.m!"
280 x 10'
; : - ; = , : - : : ; ; ~ - - , , : ; ; "" 1706 mm
2
0.87 x 460 x 410
Use 4 no. 25 mm dia. bars (1964 mm' ).
Midspan bending moment = 175 kNm
M
K =--
f cybd
2
175 x Iff'
40 x 400 x 457.5
2
= 0.052
z = 0.94d
= 430mm
d - ,
x = - -
0.45
= 61mm < 105mm = hr
M
A. = - --
0.87/
y
z.
175 x 1<1'
= = =-:-:::=--=
0.87 x 460 x 430
= 1017mm
2
Use 2 no. 25 mm di a. bars (982 mm
2
) + I no. 12 mm dia. bar (113 mm' ).
SUp 11 Flanged beam
Not required.
Step 12 Check. maximum shear strelS at support
V
v =-
bd
190 x HP
290 x 457.5
= 1.43 N/ mm2
O.8V/cu = 0. 8 x '140 = 5 N/ mm
2
Step 13 Check. flexural shear stress
d = 457.5 mm
VA := 190 - 40 x 0.457
:= InkN at effective depth away from support
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 91
v
v =-
bd
In x llY

290 x 457.5
= 1.30N/mm
2
lOOA$

bd
100 x 1964
:
290 x 457.5
= 1.48
vc = 0.72 x 1.7 = O.B4 N/mm2
Vnom = (vc + O.4)bd
From Fig. 11.5
= (0.84 + 0.4) x 290 x 457.5 x 10-
3
= 164.5kN
v > Vc + 0.4
- v,)
As .. = O.87{y
290 x 200 x (1.30 - 0.84)
:
0.87 x 460
at 200 mm dc (2 legs)
A.
v
66.7
-5-
v
= 200 x 2 = 0. 17 for each leg
. As.. 0.4b
Nommal s: = O.87/
y
0.4 x 290
:
0.87 x 460
: 0.29 (2 Jegs)
= 0. 145 (for each leg)
Area of tension reinforcement required 10 carry weight of slab on the nib
34kN/m
0.87 x 460
= 85 mm
2
1m
As = = 0.085 for each leg
5 1000
14 design for
Not required since design shear is calculated at d from suppon.
15 Minimum tension reinforumenJ
Assume channel section as L-beam.
92 Reinforced Concrete
A. > O.OO2Oh ... h == 0.0020 x 290 x 500
= 21JO mm
2
< 1964 mm
2
provided
Step 16 Minimum compression reinforcement
Not required.
Step 17 Transverse reinforcement in fklnge
As = 1.5h
r
mmPm
= 1.5 x 105 ::: 158 mm
2
/ m minimum
(See Example 5.2.)
Reinforcement in nib = 201 mm
2
/ m provi ded.
Step 18 Minimum reinforcement in side face of lHams
Nol required.
Step 19 Check deflection
b
w
= 290 = 0.725 > 0.3
b 400
From Table 11.3,
Basic span/effecti ve depth rat io
for rectangular secti on ::: 26
for fl anged beams = 20.8
(or b",l b::: 1.0
for b..,/b = 0.3
Interpolated basic rati o::: 20.8 +
(
26 - ZO.S) x (0.725 _ 0.3) = 24
0.7
II>, = M = 167.2
M' 155.9
Mi dspan service stress =

y p<OV
= G) x x 460 x (
1017)
1095
= 249N/mm
2
M 175 x 1If'
- = =2.09
bd
2
400 x 457.5
2
Modification factor for tcnsion reinforcement from Table Il .5"" 1.20
Modified span/depth ratio = 24 x 1.20'" 28.8
I, 9000
-=--
d 457.5
::: 19.67 < 28.80 OK
Step 20 Maximum areas of reinforcement
A. < O.04b",11 ",. 5800 mm
2
Satisfied.
(i)
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 93
Step 21 Containment of compression reinforcement
Not required.
Step 22 Check bearing stress inside bend
Not required.
Step 23 Curtailment of bars
45xbar dia. = 45x25 = 1125mm
0.15/ = 0.15 X 9000 = 1350mm
0.25/=0.25 X 9000 = 2250mm
2 no. 25 mm dia. top and bottom throughout .
2 no. 25 m dia. extra top at A, Band C - 5000 long at B, 2500 mm into
span at A and C and properly anchored at A and C.
1 no. 12mm dia. bottom in spans AS and Be.
Follow simplified detailing rules for beams as in Fig. 2.2.
Step 24 Spacing of bars
Minimum clear spacing = MSA + 5 = 20 + 5 = 25 mm
Actual minimum clear spacing used = 43 mm (support)
Actual maximum clear spacing used = 84 mm (midspan)
4700:1 4700:1
Maximum clear spacing allowed = Is "" 249 =
where f. = 249N/mm
2
Step 25 Check torsional shear stress
Ultimate torsion = 51.4 kNm
(see Step 19.)
(see Step 5)
189mm > 84mm
Divide section imo 3 rectangles of maximum total torsional stiffness.
First choice
IL---,_ (i)_' __ _
'1--'- ----
o
FIRST CHOICE SECOND CHOICE
SK 2163 Calculation of torsional
shear stress.
SK 2/64 Calculation of torsional
shear stress.
94 Reinforced Concrete
500 x 290 - stiffness = = 29IY x S{X) = 1.22 x 10
m
2 X 110 x 105 - stiffness = 2 x 105
3
X 110 = 0.025 x lOw
TOTAL = 1.245 x lOw
Second choice
290 x 290 - stiffness = 29W x 290 ;: 0.707 x tOm
2 X 400 x lOS - stiffness = 2 x 105
3
X 400 = 0.0926 X lOll)
TOTAL;: 0.7996 x lOw
Hence the first choice is critical.
Proportion or torsional moment carri ed by the web :::
T x 1.22 X lO"!
1.24S x 10141
S1.4 x 1.22
1.245
= 50.4kNm
Torsion carried by flanges = 0.S(SI.4 - SO.4) = O.5kNm
2T
Torsional shear stress V, in web = ( h . )
,
" " ..
Imin 'mu -""3
2 x 50.4 x 1(1)
:
290'(500 _
= 2.97N/mm
2
2x0.5x Uf
Torsional shear stress VI in flange = ( 105)
105
2
110 --
3
VI.min = O.067V/cu
: 0.061\140
= 0.4N/mm2
Vcu = O.8v/cu "" 5N/mm
2
VluYl 5 x 450
--:
550 550
= 4.1 N/mm
2
= L. 21 N/ mm
2
VI > VI. min. torsional reinforcement required.
Torsional shear stress + Hexural shear stress = 2.97 + 1.30 (sec Step 13)
= 4.27N/mm2
< 5N/ mm
2
OK
Torsional rei nforcement in web (vertical)
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 95
A,y T
Sy O.8x1Yl0.87 fy

0.8 x 238 x 448 x 0.87 x 460
:: 1.48 (for 2 legs)
== 0.74 (for each leg)
Longitudinal reinforcement for (orsion-
A, = + y,)
= 1.48 x I x (238 + 448)
= 1012mm
2
Use 10 no. bars at 101 mm
2
each in the longitudinal direction
placed on the pcrimeter of web (fy = 460N/mm
2
).
evenly
SK 2f6S A"IS. diagram for
Example 2.3.
0-0
0-"
'"


-

0
.,.
Q
12.tll0
:10
660
"'-svlsv" 0145 (fLEXURAl SHEAR)
AsvAv"0085 INIB OIReCT TENSION)
!TORSION) A'iY/5V
-, 010
{COMBINED) AS'I/'iY
0-3-;1023
12 at 130
12 at 175
081 061;.
12
1300 17""
Torsional reinforcement in flange
Asv T
s: = 0.8xLY10.87fy
I
,
,
,
,
96 Reinforced Concrete
0.5 x 1<1'

= 0.078
Maximum spacing = XI' or 2IXlmm
= 57mm
Use 8 mm dia. at 50 mm ce ntres (1006 mm
2
/ m) (ly = 460 N/mm2)
Could also use 6mm dia. mild steel links at SOmm centres (566mm2/ m)
(fy =
See Example 5.2, Step 4.
As = 131 mm
2
/ m
(ror flexu re) = 241 mm
2
1m
(460 grade steel)
(mild steel Grade 250)
= 0.078 for torsion (Grade 460)
A.
v
= 0.078 x

1000 x-
250
(Grade 250)
= 144 mm
2
/ m (for 2 legs of mild steel)
= 72 mm
2
/ m (for each leg - hori7.0ntal)
Total requirement = 241 + 72::::: 313mm
2
/ m < S66 mm
2
/ m
Longitudinal reinforcement for in
(
A ) (I,, )
s: fr (XI + y,)
460
= 0.078 x 250 x (57 + 352)
= 59 mm
2
See Step 10.
(4 no. 6mm dia. mild steel: If = 250N/mm
2
)
At support. A. required = 1706mm
2
Torsional A. required at corners (2 bars) = 202 mm
2
(SlOp 25)
Total top rei nforcement required ::::: 1706 + 202 ::::: 1908 mm
2
Provided = 4 no. 25 mm dia. = 1964 mm
2
OK
Step 26 Flexural t:rat:k width t:alt:ulations
By elastic anal ysis: no redistribution.
Maximum support moment at A or C = 201 kNm (serviceability limit
state)
d = 500 - 20 - 12 - 12.5 = 455.5
b = 400mm
AI = 1964mm
2
p = 0.0108
, .
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams Ir1
SK lI66 Typi cal section .. t
support . . SOmnlc/c
A; = 982 mm!
m o;; l0
h
f
"", 105 mm
h = SOOmm
b
l
= 290mm
d' = 42.5 mm
2- 111 25
p' = 0.0054
x = dU (m
p
+ (m - I)p')' + 2 (m
p
+ (m - I)
- (mp + (m - I )p' ) }
= 156.3 mm > h
t
= 105 mm
Using Reference 10, Table 117.
mdA5 + O.5b11 r
x =
mAs + bhr
10 X 455.5 x 1964 + 0.5 X 400 X 105
2
to X 1964 + 400 X 105
= 181 mm
1. = d _
3(2x - h,)
= 455.5 _ 105(3 x 181 - 2 X 105)
3(2 x 181 - 105)
= 410mm
98 Reinforced Concrele
M
[, = -
Asz
201 x Iff'
=
1964 x 410
= 250N/ mm
2
lOs = f. = 250 = 1.25 X 10-
3
E. 200 x JlY
(
h - x)
Eh = -- "
d -x
(
500 - 181 )
= 455.5 _ 181 x 1.25 x 10-
3
=- 1.45 X 10-
3
bl(h - xf
E - E -
mh - h 3EsAs(d _ x)
=- 1. 45 X 10-3 _ 290 x (500 - 18 1)2
3 x 200 x 16' x 1964 x (455.5 - 181)
= 1.36 X 10-
3
a ~ = V(44.5
1
+ 44.5
2
) - 12.5 = 50.4 mm
_
_ -;;3",a""-,',,m,,' _.,.
~ V ~ < =
:::2(", a,,"_-'" m",'"")
1+-
(h - x)
3 x 50.4 x 1.36 x 10-
3
2(50.4 - 32)
I + (500 _ 181)
= O. 18 mm < O.3mm
Slep 27 Design of connections to other components
Follow ChapleT to.
Design of Rei nforced Concrete Beams 99
2.S FlGURES FOR CHAPTER 2
\ \ \ \ 1 \
. 1
1
\ \ \
bIb . i bit 1
\ .\ \ \
, bib 3
"-.
11
, \
\ \ e--
/ bI'
--
1\\\ \ \-
'"
V ,lb
,
,,\:

,/'

:'- blb" 6
'(
' '''
,-/ / b/b ?


'\. V Y


10
iIiiiij;
.-

1
0." 0.0' !b O.Db O.
. 0
0.09 0 . 10 O.
o. "
1] 0.1. 0 , 1::>
" F'tg. 2.1 Values of
100 Reinforced Concrele
0101. 0151 0-151
I, ,1-'"
'n ""') I
". I 100"1, '1'1 [ 20"1,
i

lOO'I,J
10.151
I
''''1
l 1OO'I,
O15l
OlOl for
mOsupporl
i
(ffli .... SD ..... l EIfIM: S , l
CQNTlNUO!JS 8fAM . CURTAilMENT Of REINfORCEMENT
""",
SIMPlY SI,JPPQRT(O BUM: CURTAILMENT Of REINFORCEMENT
1
051.;!: 45+
r 1OO'I.
I
I
,

CANTILEVER BEAM: ClfiTAI\J'!ENT !,F REINfORCEMENT
Fig. 2.2 Simplifi ed dctailing rulcs for beams.