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TABLE 4.6 Atom Radii and Effective Ionic Radii of Elements

Effective ionic radii, pm

Element
Actinium
Aluminum
Americium

Antimony

Arsenic

Atom
radius,
pm
187.8
143.1
173

145

124.8

Astatine

Barium
Berkelium

217.3

Beryllium

111.3

Bismuth

154.7

Boron

86

Bromine

Cadmium
Calcium
Californium

148.9
197
186(2)

Carbon
Cerium

181.8

Cesium
Chlorine

265

Chromium

128

Coordination number
Ion
charge
3
3
2
3
4
5
6
3
1
3
5
3
3
5
1
5
7
2
2
3
4
1
2
3
3
5
1
3
1
3
5
7
2
2
2
3
4
4
4
3
4
1
1
5
7
1
2
3

* CN 3

39

76

33.5

195
27

35
11
59
31*
78

260
15

34
8
81

12

111
53.5
97.5
89
86
80
245
89
76
60
222
58
46
227
57
62
136
118
98
87
45
213
103
76

126
109
95

142

160

93

111

27
196
47
25
95
100
117
95
82.1
16
102
87
167
181

110
112

131
135

114.3
97
174

134
114
188

27
73 LS
80 HS
61.5

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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADICALS, AND BONDS

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TABLE 4.6 Atom Radii and Effective Ionic Radii of Elements (Continued)
Effective ionic radii, pm

Element

Atom
radius,
pm

Ion
charge

125

4
5
6
2

Chromium
(continued)
Cobalt

Coordination number
4
41
34.5
26
38

Copper

128

Curium

174

Dysprosium

178.1

Einsteinium
Erbium
Europium

186(2)
176.1
208.4

Fluorine

71.7

Francium
Gadolinium
Gallium

270
180.4
135

Germanium

128

Gold

144

Hafnium
Holmium
Hydrogen
Indium

159
176.2
167

Iodine

Iridium

135.5

Iron

126

4
1
2
3
3
4
2
3
3
3
2
3
1
7
1
3
2
3
2
4
1
3
4
3
1
1
3
1
5
7
3
4
5
2

40
60
57

131

47
39.0
68
58

62

42

63 HS
3
49 HS

Lanthanum
* CN 10

183

4
6
3

6
55
49
44
65 LS
74.5 HS
54.5 LS
61 HS
53 HS
77
73
54 LS
97
85
107
91.2
98
89.0
117
94.7
133
8
180
93.8
120
62.0
73
53.0
137
85
71
90.1
154
140
80.0
220
95
53
68
62.5
57
61 LS
78 HS
55 LS
64.5 HS
58.5

12

57
90

95
119
102.7
100.4
125
106.6

135

105.3

83
101.5*

112

92

92 HS
78 HS

25
103.2

116.0

136

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TABLE 4.6 Atom Radii and Effective Ionic Radii of Elements (Continued)
Effective ionic radii, pm

Element

Atom
radius,
pm

Lead

175

Lithium
Lutetium
Magnesium
Manganese

152
173.8
160
127

Coordination number
Ion
charge
2
4
1
3
2
2

57
66 HS

119
78
76
86.1
72.0
67 LS
83 HS
58 LS
64.5 HS
53

98
59

Mercury

151

Molybdenum

139

Neodymium

181.4

Neptunium

155

Nickel

124

Niobium

146

Nitrogen

Nobelium
Osmium

Oxygen
Palladium

* CN 3
CN 7

135

137

4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
2
3
2
3
4
5
6
7
2
3
4
3
4
5
3
1
3
5
2
4
5
6
7
8
2
2
3
4

39
33
25.5
25
111*
96

46
41

55

48
146
25

46
119
102
69
65.0
61
59
98.3
110
101
87
75
72
71
69.0
56 LS
60 HS
48 LS
72
68
64

12

129
94

149

97.7
89
96

114

73
129
110.9

127

98

79
74

16
13
110
63.0
57.5
54.5
52.5
39
138
64

140
86
76
61.5

142

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PROPERTIES OF ATOMS, RADICALS, AND BONDS

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TABLE 4.6 Atom Radii and Effective Ionic Radii of Elements (Continued)
Effective ionic radii, pm

Element

Atom
radius,
pm

Phosphorus

108

Platinum

138.5

Plutonium

159

Polonium

164

Potassium
Praseodymium

232
182.4

Promethium
Protoactinium

183.4
163

Radium
Rhenium

(220)
137

Rhodium

134

Rubidium
Ruthenium

248
134

Samarium

180.4

Scandium
Selenium

162
116

Silicon
Silver

118
144

Sodium
Strontium
Sulfur

186
215
106

Tantalum

146

Coordination number
Ion
charge
3
3
5
2
4
5
3
4
5
6
2
4
6
1
3
4
3
3
4
5
2
4
5
6
7
3
4
5
1
3
4
5
7
8
2
3
3
2
4
6
4
1
2
3
1
2
2
4
6
3

17

137

38

6
212
44
38
80
62.5
57
100
86
74
71
(230)
94
67
138
99
85
97
104
90
78
63
58
55
53
66.5
60
55
152
68
62.0
56.5

12

96

108
151
112.6
96
109.3

164

101
91
148

170

161

172

127
107.9
87.0

124

38
36

26
100
79
67
99

12

95.8
74.5
198
50
42
40.0
115
94
75
102
118
184
37
29
72

130

118
126

139
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TABLE 4.6 Atom Radii and Effective Ionic Radii of Elements (Continued)
Effective ionic radii, pm

Element

Atom
radius,
pm

Tantalum
(continued)
Technetium

136

Tellurium

142

Terbium

177.3

Thallium

170

Thorium
Thullium

179
175.9

Tin

151

Titanium

147

Tungsten

139

Uranium

156

Vanadium

134

Xenon
Ytterbium

193.3

Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium

180
134
160

Coordination number
Ion
charge
4
5
4
5
7
2
4
6
3
4
1
3
4
2
3
2
4
2
3
4
4
5
6
3
4
5
6
2
3
4
5
8
2
3
3
2
4

37
66
43

75

55

42

42

52

35.5
40

60
59

6
68
64
64.5
60
56
221
97
56
92.3
76
150
88.5
94
103
88.0
118
69.0
86
67.0
60.5
66
62
60
102.5
89
76
73
79
64.0
58
54
48
102
86.8
90.0
74.0
72

12

74

104.0
88
159
98
105

170

99.4

105*

121

81

74

100

117

86

72

114
98.5
101.9
90
84

104*
108*
89*

* CN 11

4.5.2

Ionic Radii

One of the major factors in determining the structures of the substances that can be thought of as
made up of cations and anions packed together is ionic size. It is obvious from the nature of wave
functions that no ion has a precisely dened radius. However, with the insight afforded by electron

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density maps and with a large base of data, new efforts to establish tables of ionic radii have been
made, the most successful being those of Shannon and Prewitt. Pertinent references: R. D. Shannon
and C. T. Prewitt, Acta Crystallographica B25:925 (1969); B26:1046 (1970) and R. D. Shannon,
Acta Crystallographica A32:751 (1976).
Shannon and Prewitt base their effective ionic radii on the assumption that the ionic radius of
O2 (CN 6) is 140 pm and that of F (CN 6) is 133 pm. Also taken into consideration is the
coordination number (CN) and electronic spin state (HS and LS, high spin and low spin) of rstrow transition metal ions. These radii are empirical and include effects of covalence in specic
metal-oxygen or metal-uorine bonds. Older crystal ionic radii were based on the radius of F
(CN 6) equal to 119 pm; these radii are 1418 percent larger than the effective ionic radii.

4.5.3

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Covalent Radii

Covalent radii (Table 4.7) are the distance between two kinds of atoms connected by a covalent
bond of a given type (single, double, etc.).

TABLE 4.7 Covalent Radii for Atoms

Element
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Carbon
Chlorine
Copper
Fluorine
Gallium
Germanium
Hydrogen
Indium
Iodine
Magnesium
Mercury
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Silicon
Selenium
Silver
Sulfur
Tellurium
Tin
Zinc

Single-bond
radius, pm*
126
141
121
106
88
114
148
77.2
99
135
64
126
122
30
144
133
140
148
70
66
110
117
117
152
104
137
140
131

Double-bond
radius, pm

Triple-bond
radius, pm

131
111

104
66.7
89

60.3

54
112

123

60
55
100
107
107
94
127
130

55
93
100

87

* Single-bond radii are for a tetrahedral (CN 4) structure.

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