CAIRO UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SCIENCE PHYSICS DEARTMENT

Multiplicity distribution of grey particles emitted from hadron-nucleus interactions at high energies
Phys 499 report

Prepared by
Abdullah Khalil Hassan & Eman Mahmoud AbdElrazek

The supervisor
Prof. Dr. Omar Mahmoud Osman

2011

Abstract: In this project we studied the distribution function of grey particles from hadron-nucleus interactions at high energies (> 1 GeV) according to a Geometric model by Andersson, Otterlund and Stenlund . We calculated the average number of hadron nucleon collisions inside the target nucleus interactions using the distribution function of the number of hadronnucleon collisions according to Glauber theory. The results are then compared with the experimental data obtained from proton-Emulsion interactions at high energies (200, 400 and 800 GeV). Good agreement was obtained with the data, which indicates that the model is energy independent. It seems also that the production of grey particles at high energies in hadron-nucleus interactions is insensitive to the incident energy within the energy used (200-800 GeV).Also the production of these particles seems to depend strongly on the target size.

1 Introduction
1.1 High energy nuclear detectors
1.1.1 Gas filled detectors[1, 2]

Radiation

passing through a gas can ionize the gas molecules,

provided the energy delivered by it is higher than the ionization potential of the gas. The charge pairs thus produced can be made to move in opposite directions by the application of an external electric field. The result is an electric pulse that can be measured by an associated measuring device. A typical gas filled detector would consist of a gas enclosure and positive and negative electrodes. The electrodes are raised to a high potential difference that can range from less than 100 volts to a few thousand volts depending on the design and mode of operation of the detector. The creation and movement of charge pairs due to passage of radiation in the gas perturbs the externally applied electric field producing a pulse at the electrodes. The resulting charge, current, or voltage at one of the electrodes can then be measured, which together with proper calibration gives information about the energy of the particle beam and/or its intensity. It is apparent that such a system would work efficiently if a large number of charge pairs are not only created but are also readily collected at the electrodes before they recombine to form neutral molecules. The choice of gas, the geometry of the detector, and the applied potential give us controlling power over the production of charge pairs and their kinematic behavior in the gas. Examples for filled gas detectors: bubble chambers, cloud chambers, streamer chambers, spark chambers and proportional tube.
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1.1.2 liquid filled detectors[1, 2] There is no reason why a liquid cannot be used as an ionizing medium for detection of radiation. When radiation passes through a liquid, it produces charge pairs, which can be directed towards electrodes for generation of a pulse. If the liquid assures good proportionality between the energy deposited and the number of charge pairs generated, the height of the pulse would give a good measure of the energy deposited. As it turns out, there are a number of liquids that have fairly good proportionality and therefore can be used as detection media. Now, one would expect the charge recombination probability in a liquid to be much higher than that in a typical gas. This is certainly true but we should also remember that the higher density ensures production of larger number of charge pairs as well. We will discuss these two competing factors later in the chapter, but the point to consider is that, in principle, liquids can be used as ionizing media to detect and measure radiation. Apart from a section on bubble chambers, in this chapter we will concentrate on different types of electronic detectors that use liquids as detection media. The bubble chambers, as we will see later, do not work like conventional electronic detectors in which the voltage or current is measured at the readout electrode. Instead, the particles passing through them produce bubbles that are photographed and hen visually inspected. There is also a class of detectors, called liquid scintillation detectors, in which the liquids produce light when their molecules are excited by incident radiation. Such devices will be discussed in the chapter on scintillation detectors. Examples for liquid filled detectors: liquid ionization chambers and liquid proportional counters.

1.1.3 Semiconductor detectors[3] In these detectors, radiation is measured by means of the number of charge carriers set free in the detector, which is arranged between two electrodes. Ionizing radiation produces free electrons and holes. The number of electron-hole pairs is proportional to the energy transmitted by the radiation to the semiconductor. As a result, a number of electrons are transferred from the valence band to the conduction band, and an equal number of holes are created in the valence band. Under the influence of an electric field, electrons and holes travel to the electrodes, where they result in a pulse that can be measured in an outer circuit, as described by the Shockley-Ramo Theorem. The holes travel in the opposite direction and can also be measured. As the amount of energy required to create an electron-hole pair is known, and is independent of the energy of the incident radiation, measuring the number of electron-hole pairs allows the energy of the incident radiation to be found. The energy required for production of electron-hole-pairs is very low compared to the energy required for production of paired ions in a gas detector. Consequently, in semiconductor detectors the statistical variation of the pulse height is smaller and the energy resolution is higher. As the electrons travel fast, the time resolution is also very good, and is dependent upon rise time. Compared with gaseous ionization detectors, the density of a semiconductor detector is very high, and charged particles of high energy can give off their energy in a semiconductor of relatively small dimensions. Examples for semiconductor detectors: PIN diode, diamond detectors, and Thermo luminescent Detectors.

1.1.4 Calorimeters[1, 4] Methods of particle energy measurement in modern high energy physics have to cover a large dynamical range of more than 20 orders of magnitude in energy. Detection of extremely small energies (millielectron-volts) is of great importance in astrophysics if one searches for the remnants of the Big Bang. At the other end of the spectrum, one measures cosmic ray particles with energies of up to 1020 eV, which are presumably of extragalactic origin. Calorimetric methods imply total absorption of the particle energy in a bulk of material followed by the measurement of the deposited energy. Let us take as an example a 10 GeV muon. Passing through material this particle loses its energy mainly by the ionization of atoms while other contributions are negligible. To absorb all the energy of the muon one needs about 9m of iron or about 8m of lead. It is quite a big bulk of material! On the other hand, highenergy photons, electrons and hadrons can interact with media producing secondary particles which lead to a shower development. Then the particle energy is deposited in the material much more efficiently. Thus calorimeters are most widely used in high energy physics to detect the electromagnetic and hadronic showers. At very high energies (1TeV), however, also muon calorimetry becomes possible because TeV muons in iron and lead undergo mainly interaction processes where the energy loss is proportional to the muon energy, thus allowing muon calorimetry. This technique will become relevant for very high-energy colliders ( 1TeV muon energy). Examples for calorimeters: Electromagnetic calorimeters and Hadron calorimeters.

1.1.5 Drift Tubes[4] The drift tube (DT) system measures positions of particles that have high velocity such as muons. Each wide tube contains a stretched wire within a gas volume. When a muon or any charged particle passes through the volume it knocks electrons off the atoms of the gas. These follow the electric field ending up at the positively-charged wire. By registering where along the wire electrons hit (in the diagram, the wires are going into the page) as well as by calculating the muon's original distance away from the wire (shown here as horizontal distance and calculated by multiplying the speed of an electron in the tube by the time taken) DTs give two coordinates for the muons position.

Figure [1-1]: Mechanism of detection by Drift tubes.

1.1.6 Cathode Strip Chambers [4] Cathode strip chambers (CSC) are used in experiments that in which the magnetic field is uneven and particle rates are high. CSCs consist of arrays of positively-charged anode wires crossed with negatively-charged copper cathode strips within a gas volume. When muons pass through, they knock electrons off the gas atoms, which flock to the anode wires creating an avalanche of electrons. Positive ions move away from the wire and towards the copper cathode, also inducing a charge pulse in the strips, at right angles to the wire direction. Because the strips and the wires are perpendicular, we get two position coordinates for each passing particle.

Figure [1-2]: Mechanism of detection by Cathode strip chamber.

1.1.7 Resistive Plate Chambers [4] The Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC's) consist of two parallel plates made out of Bakelite with a bulk resistivity of 109 - 1010 cm, separated by a gas gap of 2mm. The whole structure is made of gas tight. The outer surfaces of resistive material are coated with conductive graphite paint to form the high voltage and ground electrodes. The readout is performed by means of aluminum strips separated from the graphite coating by an insulating Polyethylene (PET) film. Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) are very important detectors, because of excellent time resolution which is crucial at Large Hadrons Collider (LHC) due to the beam crossing time of 25ns.When a muon passes through the chamber, electrons are knocked out of gas atoms. These electrons in turn hit other atoms causing an avalanche of electrons. The electrodes are transparent to the signal (the electrons), which are instead picked up by external metallic strips after a small but precise time delay.

Figure [1-3]: Resistive plate chamber

1.2 Nuclear Emulsion[5]

Nuclear emulsion is a 3-D tracking detector for charged particles having a special resolution of less than 1 m. it is a photographic plate where it is used to detect the tracks of charged particles. A photographic emulsion is consists of a large number of small crystals of silver halides, mostly bromide, where the silver halide has high sensitivity to light. Nuclear emulsion used as a target and as a detector, where the emulsion is a heterogeneous target because it contains different nuclei with different mass numbers (H, C, N, O, Ag, Br). Nuclear emulsion has been largely used in high energy physics, leading to the discovery of new particles and to the measurements of their properties. The high sensitivity and grain uniformity of nuclear emulsions make them capable of observing tracks of single particles with sub micrometric space resolution and therefore they are especially suitable for the observation of short-lived particles 1.2.1 Nuclear emulsion as a detector:The photographic emulsion is used in recording the nuclear reactions in the 4-space. It consists of a large number of small crystals of silver halide (usually AgBr) which are transparent embedded in gelatin medium. When a charged particle pass through the emulsion , some of the halide grains are modified but their modifications are invisible, this effect is described as "the latent image formation", that is an invisible image produced by the exposure of the film to light. Then by immersing the nuclear emulsion plate in reducing bath which is called "developer", the latent images are turned into grains of metallic silver which is black. So, along the charged particle path, we can see a trail of black grains of
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metallic silver under a microscope. That means we can obtain a 3dimension image of particle trajectory. Processing of the nuclear emulsion includes developing, fixing, washing and drying. Where after developing emulsion plate placed in a bath called "fixer" which dissolves the unaffected grains of silver, finally, the plate is washed and dried. The interaction with emulsion is shaped as a Star because the particles can be emitted in all directions and the star will be as in figure [1-4].

Figure [1-4] the shape of star (interaction with emulsion plate). 1.2.2 Advantages of nuclear emulsion:1. It can be used as a target and as a detector of 4-space geometry.

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2. It provides us with the possibilities of measuring energies and angles, where it detects and conserves the nuclear events for a long time (i.e. it Acts as a memory for reaction). 3. Used in studying the characteristics of new elementary particles and detection of unstable and neutral particles decay. 4. It allows us to study the projectile interactions with different targets, where the projectile can interact with free and quasi-free nuclei (H), light nuclei (C, N and O) and heavy nuclei (Ag and Br). 5. It is sensitive to study slow-energy particles which give appreciable information about the thermal excitation of the target nucleus. 6. Emulsion medium has high stopping power so, a large fraction of short-lived particles are brought to rest in it before decay and hence their ranges and half-life time can be measured accurately. The emulsion is a suitable tool for studying the interactions at high and ultra-high energies. Our project will concern mainly with this detector which is available at Dr. M. El-Nadi lab at Cairo University. 1.2.3 Specific ionization:When the charged particle goes through the photographic emulsion, it will slow down by losing its kinetic energy due to inelastic collisions with the emulsion atoms. It loses its energy by the ionization, elastic and inelastic scattering making a trail of silver grains along its path. If the grain density is I (number of the developed grains per unit path length of the track and depend on the velocity and charge of ionizing particle), it is necessary to
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determine where is the minimum ionization in the plateau region at the same depth at the emulsion. Specific ionization is the probability that at the passage of an ionizing particle through a grain of silver halide to produce a developed grain. The value of this probability depends on the energy dissipated in the grain so; it is a function of the specific energy loss of the particle. 1.2.4 Classification of emitted particles:By performing of the grain density measurements of the tracks of the primary beam at random depths and in different regions, the tracks of the emitted particles are classified according to into:1- Shower tracks: These are tracks with low ionization ( highly relativistic particles having ) and corresponding to . Most of them are pions

with energy > 60 Mev admixture with fast protons (E > 400 Mev), charged K-mesons, antiprotons and hyperons. The number of shower particles is denoted by , where its value gives a good estimation of the number of charged -mesons produced in the interaction.
2- Gray tracks:

These are tracks having a specific ionization in the range 1.4 < < 10 corresponding to the velocity range 0.3 < < 0.7 and ranges in the emulsion >3000 . They are mostly recoiling protons with energies (30

< E < 400 MeV) with small admixtures of deuterons, tritons and slow pions (E < 50 MeV). The number of gray particles is denoted by .
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3- Black tracks:

These are tracks having ranges

corresponding to

and their

. The black tracks are due to slow charged target per nucleon (protons, deuterons,

fragments with energies E tritons, ,

and small fraction of heavier targets fragments. The were left uncounted as they were

black tracks with ranges less than 5

assumed to be due to recoil nuclei. The number of black particles is denoted by .

Heavily ionizing particles:

They are the summation of grey and black particles with number of heavily ionized particles is denoted by .

. The

1.2.5 Interactions with light and heavy nuclei from emulsion:The projectile nucleus will interact with the individual components of the emulsion according to a certain cross section. The interaction with emulsion is divided into three main groups:1- Interaction with free nuclei (H). 2- Interaction with light nuclei (CNO group). 3- Interaction with heavy nuclei (AgBr group). Separating the interactions with (H), (CNO) and (AgBr) groups is quite difficult and the important parameter the helps in separating the interactions is the number of heavily ionized particles Events with hydrogen. Events with nuclei (CNO).
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where:-

are classified as collisions with

are classified as collisions with light

 Events with (AgBr). But in events with

are classified as collisions with heavy nuclei

there is an admixture of (CNO) target events

and peripheral collisions with (AgBr) target. We can justify the admixture by taking into account the following conditions:1- (AgBr) events must fulfill the following criteria:a) At least one track with range found. b) No tracks with should be found. in emulsion must be

2- The residual events belong to the interactions with (CNO). 1.2.6 Grey particles emitted from hadron nucleus interaction:In emulsion experiment the slow particles emitted from hadron nucleus interaction are divided into two categories according to their energies. The fast part (protons with energies about 30-400 Mev) is denoted grey particles and the rest part is denoted by black particles. The term grey and black are originated from emulsion experiments where visual appearance of the produced tracks is used for the classification. The grey tracks are strongly correlated to the number of hadronnucleon interactions the correlation between them is the Stenlund[9,10]. inside the nucleus. Many models had investigated and the number of grey particles Model" by
[6-8]

.One of and

"Geometric

Andersson,Otterlund

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Geometric model [9,10]

According to Andersson, Otterlund and Stenlund, grey particles

production can be described in the following way: each collision inside the nucleus gives an independent contribution to the grey particles and the distribution from each of these collisions is well described by a

geometric distribution: ( ) ( , where

So that each of the becomes (

is the average contribution to the grey particles from collisions inside the nucleus, A. for collisions the formula

)(

( we derive the total

And if this formula is summed over

distribution for a given target, A, and a given incident hadron, h, ( Since ) ( ( (

is independent of the impinging hadron, the will not depend on the hadron, so that the only

distributions for a fixed differences is the

distributions originate from summing over different

-values in the last equation. When nuclear emulsion is used as a target, a final step has to be added, namely to sum over the different target emulsion constituents, H, CNO and AgBr.

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Results and discussions:-

3.1 Effective mass and charge numbers for standard emulsion:- [5] Due to presence of different atomic number and atomic weight in the emulsion plate, we compute the effective mass number and charge number that can be calculated by; Where, is the effective mass number. is the effective atomic number. is the inelastic reaction cross section for the interaction of the projectile with emulsion nucleus. is the concentration of a given nucleus i (/cm3) is determined by [12], *

)+

is the projectile mass number.

We divide the nuclear emulsion into two main groups [light component (CNO) and heavy component (AgBr)]. So, the effective mass and charge numbers for both groups are;

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And And And

for Em. for (CNO) group. for (AgBr) group.

3.2 The average number of hadron nucleon collisions in hadron nucleus interactions:One of the main problems arising when hadron nucleus interactions are studied is how to distinguish between interactions where only one or few nucleons from the target nucleus have participated in the reaction with the incident hadron and interactions where several nucleons have taken part. This problem is equivalent to the problem of separating the peripheral from the more central interactions, since interactions where several nucleons are hit by the projectile imply that the projectile has penetrated the nucleus at rather small impact parameters. It has been suggested that slow particle production could be used to measure the number of collisions, , inside the nucleus. Most models dealing with hadron nucleus interactions use the interpretation that the incoming hadron interacts primarily with a certain number of nucleons, , in its way through the nucleus. From Glauber theory collisions: [ ( ]
(
[13, 14]

, one can obtain the following relation for

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Where T (b) is the thickness function and defined as: ( Where taken as, { ( Is the nuclear density normalized to the mass number A of the target nucleus andit is taken as follows: a) For light nuclei (A<40): The nuclear density is given by Gaussian distribution that given by (

the effective hadron nucleon cross section and its value is is

Where

for proton nucleus interaction is given by ( ( ) ) (

Where: fm. [15]. b) For heavy nuclei (A>40): The nuclear density is given by Fermi distribution that given by
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is the root mean square radius of the proton and its value is 0.81

is the root mean square radius of the target and are taken from

( Where:

is the normalization constant. Thus one can deduce the average number of collisions, as; Where (

is the inelastic hadron nucleus cross section and given by; [ [ ( ]

(

We calculate the average number of collisions according to eq. (3-3) for the interactions of pions and protons with some target nuclei. The results are summarized in table (3-1). Table [3-1]: The average number of collisions in h-A collisions hadron target C12 Cu63 Em70 AgBr94 Pb108 proton 1.755 2.956154 2.994075 3.360027 3.517130 Pion 1.591 2.163525 2.189037 2.400573 2.492983

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The table shows clearly that the average number of collisions increases sharply with increasing the target size A. Also, the ( distribution function is given by; [ ( ]
(

Calculations according to eq.(3-4) is displayed in fig.(3-1) for the interactions of protons with light (CNO) and heavy (AgBr) emulsion target nuclei.

Figure.[3-1]:

( distribution functions for P-CNO (as a light target nuclei) and

P-AgBr (as a heavy target nuclei) according to Eq.(3-4).

As shown in the fig., as the target size increases, the extends to values greater than 10.

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3.3 The distribution of grey particles according to Geometric model:In order to calculate the distribution of grey particles according to Geometric model [eq. (2-2)], we have to differentiate in our calculations between light nuclei (A<40) and heavy nuclei (A>40). a) For light nuclei (A<40):The density distribution is chosen as Gaussian [eq. (3-1)]. The thickness function T (b) is then given as; ( (
( )

( (

Then the inelastic hA cross section will be given by; [

(

The integration is calculated numerically using the Gauss-quadrature method [16]. Then, the distribution functions, eq. (3-4) can calculated.

The Ng-distribution, eq. (2-2) in hadron-nucleus interaction is finally calculated.

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Fig. (3-2) displays the Ng-distribution for p-CNO interactions.

Figure [3-3]: Calculated Ng-distribution for p-AgBr according to Eq.(2-2) b) For heavy nuclei (A>40);In this case the density distribution is given by Fermi distribution Eq. (32).The normalization constant is determined numerically using:

( The thickness function is calculated as: ( (

Where;

((

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( the target radius.

and Rm is taken as the maximum limiting value for

The inelastic hA cross section is thus: [

(

Hence, the

distribution function is; (

The Ng-distribution, eq. (2-2) in hadron-nucleus interaction is finally calculated. Figure (3-3) displays the Ng-distribution for p-AgBr interactions.

Figure [3-3]: Calculated Ng-distribution for p-AgBr according to Eq. (2-2)

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The calculated multiplicities for p-AgBr and p-CNO interactions have to be summed together to get the corresponding multiplicities for p-Em interactions according to the formula:

P (Ng ) p Em uP (Ng ) p CNO vP (Ng ) p AgBr

u and v are determined by [17]:

N CNO p CNO u N CNO p CNO N AgBr p AgBr N AgBr p AgBr N CNO p CNO N AgBr p AgBr
is determined

is the concentration of a given nucleus i (/cm3) and by [12], *

)+

The Ng distributions for p-Em are shown in figs. (3-4 to 3-6)

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Figure [3-4]: Multiplicity distribution of grey particles for P-Emulsion

interaction: at 200 GeV [18] as compared with the model, eq. (2-2).

Figure [3-4]: Multiplicity distribution of grey particles for P-Emulsion

interaction: at 400 GeV [18] as compared with the model, eq. (2-2).
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Figure [3-5]: Multiplicity distribution of grey particles for P-Emulsion

interaction: at 800 GeV [18] as compared with the model, eq. (2-2).

These figures show the good agreement between the model and the data. The average number of grey particles emitted from high energy p-A collisions are also calculated according to the geometric model and compared with the experiment in table (3-2) Table [3-2]: The average Ng for p-A interactions
Model CNO AgBr Em 200 (GeV) Experimentally 400 (GeV) 800 (GeV)

0.652

2.865

2.23937

2.97256

3.1643

3.1871

The table reflects that <Ng> is nearly energy independent.

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4.1 Conclusion In this project the production of grey particles are studied theoretically using the geometric model and the calculations are compared with proton-Em data at incident energies 200, 400 and 800 GeV. The conclusions are summarized as follow: 1) The independent number of collisions inside the target nucleus depends mainly on the target size-A. 2) The production of grey particles seems to be independent of the incident energy within the energy range studied values. 3) The <Ng> increases with increasing the target size-A.

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Appendix
FORTRAN code for calculating the distribution functions for grey particles according to Geometric model: This code is designed to obtain the distribution function of grey particles emitted from hadron-nucleus interactions at high energies (> 1 GeV) according to Geometric model using FORTRAN programming language as follow:
!MULTIPLICITY DISTRIBUTION OF FAST PROTONS ACCORDING TO ANDRESON DIMENSION W(20),Z(20),T(20),B(20),PJ(30),YM(30,0:25),PY(30,0:25),C(0:30,30) OPEN(UNIT=2,FILE='INPUTLIGHT.TXT') OPEN(UNIT=4,FILE='INPUTHEAVY.TXT') OPEN(UNIT=3,FILE='MULTIPLICITY.TXT') !============================================================= WRITE (*,*)'Enter the target size?' WRITE(*,*)'Light press "2" READ(*,*)JT READ(JT,*)(W(I),I=1,10) READ(JT,*)(Z(I),I=1,10) DO K=1,10 W(21-K)=W(K) Z(21-K)=-Z(K) ENDDO PI=3.141592654 WRITE(3,*) WRITE(3,*)'**************************************************' Heavy press "4"'

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WRITE(3,*) READ(JT,*)A,Q1,SHN !Q1 IS THE TARGET ATOMIC NUMBER Z IF(A.GT.40.) GOTO 700 !===================================================== !LIGHT TARGETS !===================================================== WRITE(*,*) 'rms= ?' READ(*,*)RSA RS2=RSA*RSA A2=(2./3.)*(RS2-.81*.81)/(1.-(1./A)) T0=A*SHN/(PI*A2) STT=0. DO J=1,20 T(J)=(T0/2.)*(1.+Z(J)) ET=(1.-EXP(-T(J)))/T(J) STT=STT+W(J)*ET ENDDO STT=(A*SHN/2.)*STT WRITE(3,*)'Inelastic hA cross section',STT,'','fm**2' X=1. SM=0. DO MU=1,10 X=X*MU PJ(MU)=0. DO J=1,20

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ET=(T(J)**(MU-1)/X)*EXP(-T(J)) PJ(MU)=PJ(MU)+W(J)*ET ENDDO PJ(MU)=(A*SHN/2.)*PJ(MU)/STT SM=SM+MU*PJ(MU) WRITE(3,*)MU,PJ(MU) ENDDO WRITE(3,*)'<Mu=>',SM GOTO 555 !======================================================= !HEAVY TARGETS !======================================================= 700 WRITE(*,*)'ro = ?' READ(*,*)R0 RU=R0*A**(1./3.) RM=2.*RU CR=RM/2. RM2=RM*RM !CC=1.12*A**(1./3.) WRITE(*,*)'CC=?' READ(*,*)CC WRITE(*,*)'D=?' READ(*,*)D SR=0. DO K=1,20 R=CR*(1.+Z(K))

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R2=R*R EF=(R-CC)/D SR=SR+W(K)*R2/(1.+EXP(EF)) ENDDO RW0=A/(4.*PI*CR*SR) WRITE(3,*) !WRITE(3,*)'**************************************************' WRITE(3,*) WRITE(3,*)'RW0=',RW0 SB=0. DO J=1,20 B(J)=(RM/2.)*(1.+Z(J)) B2=B(J)*B(J) SS=(SQRT(RM2-B2))/2. SZ=0. DO K=1,20 XK=(1.+Z(K))*SS XK2=XK*XK EZ=EXP((SQRT(XK2+B2)-CC)/D) SZ=SZ+W(K)/(1.+EZ) ENDDO T(J)=2.0*RW0*SHN*SS*SZ EB=1.-EXP(-T(J)) SB=SB+B(J)*EB*W(J) ENDDO STT=PI*RM*SB

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WRITE(3,*) WRITE(3,*)'INELASTIC hA CROSS SECTION=',STT,'fm^2' X=1. SM=0. DO MU=1,20 X=X*MU PJ(MU)=0. DO J=1,20 PJ(MU)=PJ(MU)+W(J)*B(J)*(T(J)**MU)*EXP(-T(J)) ENDDO PJ(MU)=PJ(MU)*PI*RM/(X*STT) SM=SM+MU*PJ(MU) WRITE(3,*)MU,PJ(MU) ENDDO WRITE(3,*)'<Mu=>',SM !***************************************************************** 555 CONTINUE WRITE(*,*) '<Ng>exp= ?' READ(*,*)GX AL=GX/SM XF=AL/(1.+AL) IF(A.LE.20.)THEN MUM=10 NFM=10 ELSE MUM=20

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NFM=20 ENDIF !calculation of Ng distribution WRITE(3,*)'*********************************************************' DO NG=0,NFM C(NG,1)=1.0 GS=0. DO M=1,MUM C(0,M)=1.0 C(NG,M+1)=(NG+M)*C(NG,M)/M PY(M,NG)=C(NG,M)*(XF)**NG*(1.-XF)**(M) GS=GS+PY(M,NG)*PJ(M) ENDDO WRITE(3,*)NG,GS ENDDO STOP END

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