MEL 110: GRAPHIC SCIENCE

Harish Hirani Associate Professor Block II/354. Dept of Mech. Eng. I.I.T Delhi
2-0-4 Learn by Doing

Mon, Thurs Minor I, 3.0 Minor II, 2.0 Last two weeks no lecture

MEL 110: GRAPHIC SCIENCE

r
R r P
C

R r P

GRAPHICS: Art or Science of drawing

Systematic knowledge-base practice capable of resulting in predictable type of outcome.

GRAPHICS: Art or Science of drawing

Systematic knowledge-base practice capable of resulting in predictable type of outcome.

Why to learn drawing when 3-D modeling is easier ?

Bi-directional associativity

Graphic images are more powerful than simple text

A fixture, having overall length 150 mm, consists of a rectangular block 75mm high, 44mm long and 100mm wide. The rectangular block has a Vee shaped slot symmetrically through the top surface in a longitudinal direction. It is 38mm each side of the center at the top surface and is 45 to this surface. The bottom of the Vee slot is removed by a rectangular slot 19mm wide with its bottom face 10mm above the top face of the flange. It has a 25mm thick by 100mm wide flange protruding from the 100mm face of the block with the lower surfaces aligned. Conclusion: Technical drawing compared to Written Description, The free end of the flange isabout rounded with a offers far better idea the Shape, Size & Appearance of any 50mm radius and at the center ofthat that radius machine/structure, too inis quite a less time. a hole 8mm diameter through the flange with a 20mm diameter counter bore 10mm deep in the top surface of the flange.

Importance of Text !!!!

Lettering

http://web.iitd.ac.in/~hirani/courses2.html

Height of letter (2.5 to 20mm). Width of letter Spacing between letters Gap between words Gap between lines. ABC

72 points = 1 inch.. Condensed..Expanded

Sheet Size
A4 Tracing sheets for Sketching. A2 Sheets for Drawing

210 * 297 297* 420

420* 594

594* 841

Thick Lines Thin Lines

841 * 1189

Various Lines
Center Hidden Construction Outline

Outlines are made thicker than all other lines. Center line represents the center of object.

Various Lines
Outline, Hidden, Center, Construction,
Dimension, Cutting plane, Phantom, break.

Center line:
Where center lines cross, the short dashes should intersect symmetrically. Center lines should not end at object lines.

Line precedence: Outlines take precedence over all other lines, Hidden lines take precedence over centre lines.

How Do I Start
Learn Pro-E. Think few simple shapes.

Simple Shapes

Systematic Procedure to Sketch

Systematic way to Sketch

Dimension smallest to largest length.

Two stage extrusion

Two stage extrusion

Primitive Shapes: basic shapes that can be

used to make more complex structures. Extrusion Revolve

Prism

Primitive Shapes: basic shapes that can be

used to make more complex structures.

Orthographic Projections

Object in I quadrant = I angle Object in III quadrant = III angle Object in II or IV quadrant ??

Orthographic Projections

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
DIFFERENT VIEWS of an OBJECT are PROJECTED on DIFFERENT REFERENCE PLANES OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR to RESPECTIVE REFERENCE PLANE

Reference Planes:

Horizontal/Top Plane (HP / TP) Vertical/Front Plane ( VP /VP ) Side Or Profile Plane ( SP / PP)

Different Views:

Front View (FV) Top View (TV) Side View (SV) FV TV SV HP VP PP

FV is a view projected on VP. TV is a view projected on HP. SV is a view projected on PP.

PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)

3 planes in one plane ???

PROCEDURE :TO MAKE All Plane VISIBLE, A) HP IS ROTATED 900 DOWNWARD B) PP, 900 IN RIGHT SIDE DIRECTION. THIS WAY BOTH PLANES ARE BROUGHT IN THE SAME PLANE CONTAINING VP. ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS DRAWN IN FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS

Y X X

VP FV LSV

PP

Y
TV HP

HP IS ROTATED DOWNWARD 900 & BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP.

PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE 900 & BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP.

Orthographic Projection
Greek word Orthos (=Straight) + Graphe (=Drawing). Technical method to represent 3D object in 2D (plane).
Parallel projection
All projection lines are orthogonal to the projection plane.

FOR T.V.

First Angle projection

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

x Pictorial Presentation IS GIVEN

Once F.V. (principal view) chosen, other views need to be arranged w. r. t. FV.
TOP VIEW

I angle III angle

THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION

OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT ( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )

FOR T.V.

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT AND IN BETWEEN OBSERVER & OBJECT.

TV

X
LSV FV

ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS OF THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS

FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION

OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT.

FOR T.V.

OBJECT IS IN BETWEEN OBSERVER & PLANE.

PP FV LSV

VP

X
TV HP
ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS IN FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS

Summarizing methods of Drawing Orthographic Projections

Rotate H.P. & P.P. in V.P.

First Angle Projections Method object placement

Third Angle Projections Method object placement

in 1st Quadrant
( Fv above X-y, Tv below X-y )
SYMBOLIC PRESENTATION OF BOTH METHODS WITH AN OBJECT STANDING ON HP/GROUND ON ITS BASE. Y

in 3rd Quadrant.
( Tv above X-y, Fv below X-y )

FV

TV

X
TV

X
FV G

Most informative view of an object shall be used as the front view.

First angle projection method

View in direction above FV, is placed underneath FV. View in direction below FV, is placed above FV. View seen from the right of FV, is placed on the left of FV. View seen from the left of FV, is placed on the right of FV.

Third angle projection method

Selection of Views
Only those views that are necessary for a clear & complete description should be selected.
Simple objects such as cylinder, bushing, etc. require only two views (FV & SV/TV).
Avoid (unnecessary) repetition of detail.

Choose view which provide desired explanation with minimum number of hidden lines.
Invisible lines are represented with short dashes. Such line always starts with a dash in contact with the object line from which it starts, unless it forms a continuation of a visible line.

Tracing sheet pad, one graph paper, HB/H pencils, eraser.

Books: 1. Fundamentals of Engineering Drawing by Luzadder & Duff. Prentice-Hall of India. 2. Engineering Drawing, N D Bhatt

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
OF POINTS & LINES.

OBJECT ITS TOP VIEW ITS FRONT VIEW ITS SIDE VIEW

POINT A a (aT) a (aF) a (asv)

LINE AB a b (aT bT) a b (aF bF) a b (asv bsv)

31

POINT A ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP

For Tv

PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN FIRST QUADRANT.

POINT A ABOVE HP & IN VP
For Tv PICTORIAL PRESENTATION

POINT A IN HP & INFRONT OF VP

For Tv

a A
Y

A
Y Y

a a
X X

a a A

ORTHOGRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS OF ALL ABOVE CASES.

VP a
X Y X

VP a a
Y X

VP

a HP HP HP

a 32

POINT A ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP

For Tv

PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN FIRST QUADRANT.

POINT A ABOVE HP & IN VP
For Tv PICTORIAL PRESENTATION

POINT A IN HP & INFRONT OF VP

For Tv

aF A
Y

aF

A
Y Y

aF aT aT
X X

aT

ORTHOGRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS OF ALL ABOVE CASES.

aF
F T F T

aF
F

aF

aT

aT HP HP HP

aT 33

PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN SECOND QUADRANT.

VP
2nd Quad. A
Y

1ST Quad.

a' a X Y a Observer HP

3rd Quad.

4th Quad.

PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN THIRD QUADRANT.

VP
2nd Quad.

1ST Quad.

a a X Y A
X

HP
Observer

A 3rd Quad.

a' 4th Quad.

POINT A IN ND 2 QUADRANT A

VP a a

VP a

1ST A

POINT A IN QUADRANT

HP HP
OBSERVER

OBSERVER

a HP
OBSERVER

HP

OBSERVER

A POINT A IN RD QUADRANT 3

a a A POINT A IN 4TH QUADRANT 36

VP

VP

Projections of points in four quadrants

PROJECTIONS (FV & TV) of straight lines. SIMPLE CASES

1. A vertical line ( LINE PERPENDICULAR TO HP & // TO VP) 2. Line parallel to both HP & VP. 3. Line inclined to HP & PARALLEL TO VP. 4. Line inclined to VP & PARALLEL TO HP. 5. Line inclined to both HP & VP (oblique line).

37

(Pictorial Presentation)
a

For Tv

1.

A FV b

A Line perpendicular to Hp & // to Vp

Note: Fv is a vertical line Showing True Length & Tv is a point. X

V.P.
Fv

b Y

Y B TV a b

Orthographic Pattern
Note: Fv & Tv both are // to xy & both show T. L. X
b

Tv a b

H.P. V.P.
a Fv b

(Pictorial Presentation)
2.
b

For Tv

A Line // to Hp & // to Vp

B a A Y

Y a Tv

X a

H.P.

38

3.

b B a A

Fv inclined to xy Tv parallel to xy.

V.P.
b Y a
T.V.

A Line inclined to Hp and parallel to Vp (Pictorial presentation)

X

a
Y b

X b

H.P.
Orthographic Projections

4.

Tv inclined to xy Fv parallel to xy.

b a A

V.P.
a Fv b

A Line inclined to Vp and parallel to Hp (Pictorial presentation)

X a

Tv

H.P.

b 39

For Tv
5.

For Tv A Line inclined to both Hp and Vp (Pictorial presentation) B B

On removal of object i.e. Line AB Fv as a image on Vp. Tv as a image on Hp,
X Y

a A
X

a A

T.V.

b V.P.
b FV a X Y

T.V.

Oblique lines.

TV

Note These Facts:Both Fv & Tv are inclined to xy. (No view is parallel to xy) Both Fv & Tv are reduced lengths. (No view shows True Length) 40

H.P.

PROJECTION OF RECTANGLE
SURFACE PARALLEL TO HP
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION

Oblique plane
ONE SMALL SIDE INCLINED TO VP
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION

SURFACE INCLINED TO HP
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION

ORTHOGRAPHIC TV-True Shape FV- Line // to xy

VP

ORTHOGRAPHIC FV- Inclined to XY TV- Reduced Shape

VP

ORTHOGRAPHIC FV- Apparent Shape TV-Previous Shape

VP d1 a1 b1 c1

a b a b HP

d c d c HP a1 b1 d1 c1 HP

FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

F T

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

Mistakes ??

FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

F T

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

FRONT VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

F T

TOP VIEW

FRONT VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

F T

TOP VIEW

FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

F T

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

FRONT VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

TOP VIEW

Block View
Space for: FV: 90, 50 TV: 90, 40 Space between FV & TV SV: 40, 50 Space between FV & TV (90+10+40) * (50+10+40)

All orthographic views must fit on the same sheet.

Summarizing previous lectures

Block view Fold line Projection Front, Top and side views

Dimensioning
Lines, numerals, symbols, notes:
Dimension line: Thin continuous line. Terminated by arrowheads. Extension line: Thin continuous line. to feature Arrowhead: Closed/Open. Length = 3* Width. Note: Specific info about feature. Leader: Pointer connecting feature & note.

Dimensioning Symbols
: Diameter S : Spherical diameter : Square R : Radius SR : Spherical radius : Arc length

Dimensioning of Chamfers & Multi-features

Pitch circle diameter

Dimensioning by Coordinates (Tabulation)

13.5 15.5 13.5 11.0 26.0

3 mm?

All dimensions in inches

break part down into a series of geometric features (hole, projection, etc.) apply dimensions to size each of the features (Functional dimensions), apply dimensions to control the location of the features (Non-functional dimensions).

Procedure:

Common mistakes

Dimensions 25, 40, and 12 are functional dimensions. Dimensions 20 and 12.5 are non-functional dimensions.

Common mistakes

Dimension lines should not end at object lines

Common mistakes

Each feature shall be dimensioned only once on a drawing. Each drawing shall use the same unit (i.e. mm) Centerline may be used in place of extension line.

Common mistakes

Ex. Of NOTE

Common mistakes
Use for dia. Leaders horizontal or vertical.

Placing dimensions
Aligned system Unidirectional system
Use metric system.

All dimensions in Inches

Aligned

Unidirectional

Dimension can be read from bottom edge/ right hand edge of drawing

All dimensions can be read from bottom edge of drawing.

Scales

Scale shall be large enough to permit easy and clear interpretation of the information .

Ratio of the linear dimension of an element of an object as represented in the drawing to the real linear dimension of the same element of the object itself.
Full size: 1:1 Enlargement scale: 50:1; 20:1; 10:1; 5:1; 2:1. Reduction scale: 1:2; 1:5; 1:10; 1:20; 1:50.

X: 1

1: X

FV
30 10 30

SV

30

10 30

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

TV

ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL!!!

35

FV

35 10

10 10 40 70

20

30

TV

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

Mistakes !!!!!

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

30

R 10

FV

50 35

30

R 15
10 X 10

10 R 30 50

R 10

35

TV

10

R 30 R 15 TOP VIEW

LABORATORY 4: Draw Isometric Views

Q1:- of a pentagonal pyramid having a base with a 30 mm side and height 50 mm long, when its axis is vertical, and when the axis is horizontal. Q2:- A square pyramid rests centrally over a cylindrical block, which is resting centrally on top of a Square block (fig 1). Q3:- of solids shown in orthographic projections (fig 2,3,4,5 and 6).

2-D versus 3-D drawings

2-D: A concept of displaying realworld objects on a flat surface showing only two dimensions (height and width; width and depth; height and depth). This system uses only the X and Y axes.

3-D: A way of displaying real-world

object in a more natural way by adding depth to the height and width. This system uses the X Y and Z axes.
Isometric projections help to understand the essential features.

Axonometric projection
Difference?

Plane
Possibility of a number of axonometric

Axonometric Projection

Dimetric: Angles between two of axes are same. Two scale factors. Trimetric: Three scale factors. Isometric: ISO MEANS SAME, SIMILAR OR EQUAL. X, Y, Z are projected on three dimensional axes maintained at equal inclinations with each other (120). Size is reduced. Single scale factor.

Isometric Planes

Grid Sheet

Isometric Scale
a b d c

cos 45 Scale = cos 30

h e f d h g

0.707 Scale = = 0.816 0.866

Foreshortening is ignored Isometric drawing. Otherwise projection.
Angle cbp > angle obp Length bc > bo p

g c o f b

Importance of Isometric Drawing

Understand overall shape, size & appearance of an object prior to its production.
Vertical + 30 to HP - 30 to HP

Isometric drawing combined with orthographic projections provide complete Description.

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS:

ISOMETRIC AXES and LINES:

Three lines AL, AD and AH, meeting at point A and making 1200 angles with each other are termed Isometric Axes.
Representation of three planes

Lines parallel to isometric axes are called Isometric Lines.

Isometric graph

Lines for hidden edges are generally not shown.

Lines for hidden edges are generally not shown

FRONT VIEW of FIGURE requires H & L AXES. Vertical line will be drawn vertical, while horizontal line will be drawn inclined at 30 to horizontal. TOP VIEW of FIGURE require D & L.
A

H
SHAPE
H RECTANGLE A D A C A B C B B C

Isometric view if the Shape is F.V. or T.V.

D D

Shapes containing Inclined lines cannot be drawn parallel to any isometric axes. Angle do not increase or decrease in any fixed proportion. Enclose in a rectangle First draw isom. of that rectangle and then inscribe that shape as it is.

Inclined Lines ???? SHAPE Isometric view if the Shape is F.V. or T.V.

B H TRIANGLE 1 B 3 2 PENTAGON 1
A E

3 1 A 1 2 4 H 4
D E D E A

B 3 A

4
D

1 3
C A B C

Drawing circles ??
GIVEN: A circle in FV REQUIRED: Isometric view.
FIRST ENCLOSE IT IN A SQUARE. USE H & L AXES.

Ellipse is made of four arcs.

Four-centre Method: Ends of Small diagonal provides two Centers. Locate two centers on longer Diagonal Easier for free hand sketching.

DRAW ISOMETRIC VIEW of the figure shown considering it first as FV and then TV.
25 R

50 MM

IF FRONT VIEW
100 MM

IF TOP VIEW

Summary on ISOMETRIC DRAWING OF PLANE FIGURES

SHAPE
HEXAGON

IF F.V.

IF T.V.

CIRCLE

SEMI CIRCLE

Making Isometric Drawing of Rectangular Object

F.V.
L

T.V.
Concept of block views

Nonisometric Lines
Inclined lines (not parallel to isometric axes).
Distorted (cannot be measured directly) line. Position & Projected length must be established by locating end points.
C TV D

A FV B

C A B

ISOMETRIC VIEW OF

HEXAGONAL PRISM STANDING ON H.P.

For hexagonal, angle is 120

Edge a Length (0.5+1+0.5) a Height (0.866 + 0.866) a

CYLINDER, when Axis is Vertical

CYLINDER, When Axis is Horizontal

ISOMETRIC Drawing
60

FV

Draw isometric lines, then non-isometric

40

20

TV

ISOMETRIC Drawing

60

FV

X 20

40

TV

First angle orthographic projections O

10

ISOMETRIC Drawing
FV
30 10 30

30

50

50

TV

F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.

10

20 40

FV

40 X

TV
50 30

F T

F.V., T.V. and S.V.of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL FV SV

x
10

40

60

40 60

TV

F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.

50

F T
20

25

25

20

F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw its isometric view. Block of 60*10*30
20 40

30

F T

10

10

30 10 30 80

O Block of 80*40*10

F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.

40

F T
30 25

10

25 10 50

80

Block of 80*50*10 Block of 25*25*40 Four center method to draw ellipse

F.V. and S.V.of an object are given in I angle projection . Draw its isometric view.

SQ 30 10 40 20

50

10

20 30

O F.V. O

60

S.V.

F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.

FV X

40

O
100 10 10 30 10

10

25 25 30 R R 10

TV

Cuboid of 100*50*10 Draw parallel lines at 30 mm Cuboid of 50*25*40

15

15

First angle projection O

F.V. and S.V.of an object are given in I angle projection. Draw its isometric view.

Mistake ??

F.V. Sq 20
20 40 30

40

20

10 30 50 60

O
100

40

40

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
10 10

25

25

O
FV

15

50

10

LSV

Oblique projection/view It is a method of drawing a 3-D view of an object (similar to isometric view)

Drawing an oblique projection

y This face will have features with true shape z

Cavalier projection Cabinet projection

Full size, Half length. 30, 45, 60.

Receding line x Oblique view of a cuboid Receding angle

taken as 45o Draw essential contours (circles, curves etc.) on this face

Cavalier & Cabinet projections

Cavalier & Cabinet projections

R 25

Oblique view
Features on the front face can be drawn with the actual dimensions and shape Receding axis is 45o to the horizontal

This image cannot currently be display ed.

Receding axis z

45o x Third Angle projection

Oblique Projection
40

T F

22
10

Title Block

Within the drawing space. In the right hand corner.

Mandatory to make borders and the title block in Laboratory sheets 5,6, and 8-13. Name & entry number must be in ink by following standard lettering practice (One mark will be deducted from the total marks in case it is not made.)

Distance between borders and the edges of the sheet: 10 mm Size of title block: 170mm60mm Object lines by H Guidelines in 2 H.
FV

NAME
Y

X
TV

ENTRY NO. LAB NO.

G.NO Sign with date

NAME ENTRY NO. LAB NO. G.NO Sign with date

Mini-Drafter

Solids of Revolution
The cylinder, cone and sphere are called Solids of Revolution.
Cylinder is obtained by rotation of a rectangle about axis. Cone is obtained by rotation of a right angled triangle about axis Sphere is obtained by rotation of a semicircle about axis.

Dimensional parameters of different solids.

Square Prism
Top Rectangular Face Longer Edge Corner of base

Square Pyramid
Apex Slant Edge

Cylinder

Cone
Apex

Base

Base Edge of Base

Triangular Base Face

Base

Edge of Base

Corner of base

Generators Imaginary lines generating curved surface of cylinder & cone.

Sections of solids( top & base not parallel)

Frustum of cone & pyramids. ( top & base parallel to each other)

60 mm long, has a triangular face on the ground and the plane containing the axis makes an angle of 450 with the VP. Draw its projections. Take apex nearer to VP.

Problem. A square pyramid, 40 mm base sides and axis

1st. Angle oF
a1 b1

F aFbF T aT o bT

cFdF dT
d1 a1 o1

d1 a1

c1

o1

cT

c1

b1

(APEX NEARER TO V.P).

115

STEPS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS Related to Projection of SOLIDS STEP 1: Assume solid STANDING on the PLANE with which it is making INCLINATION. ( If INCLINED to HP, ASSUME it standing ON HP) ( If INCLINED to VP, ASSUME it standing on VP) STEP 2: CONSIDERING SOLIDS INCLINATION ( AXIS POSITION ), draw its FV & TV. STEP 3: IN LAST STEP, consider remaining inclination, DRAW ITS FINAL FV & TV.
GENERAL PATTERN ( THREE STEPS ) OF SOLUTION:

AXIS AXIS VERTICAL INCLINED HP

AXIS AXIS VERTICAL INCLINED HP

AXIS INCLINED HP

AXIS INCLINED HP

AXIS INCLINED VP

AXIS INCLINED VP

AXIS

er

TO VP

AXIS INCLINED VP

AXIS

er

TO VP

AXIS INCLINED VP

Hints
If axis of given solid is inclined to HP (VP)
1. Assume axis is perpendicular to HP (VP)
Draw top view(FV) and then corresponding front view (TV) .

2. Change position of front view (TV)to the given inclination.

Draw corresponding new top view (FV) Change position of new top view (FV) if inclination with other principal plane is given.

Problem: A cone 40 mm diameter and 50 mm axis is resting on one generator on Hp which makes 300 inclination with Vp. Draw its projections. More number of generators Better approximation.
Replace a,b,.. With aT, bT Drawing ellipse?

h1 F
a hb c g g f d e g1 f o b c d f1 e e1 d1 c1 h1 a1 b1 o1 e1 d1 o

a1 b1

g1 f1 c1 d 1 e1
g1 f1 a h1 a1 b1 c1 118 o1

30

o1

1st.

Angle

How to draw an Ellipse

Major and minor axes.
Arcs of circle method Concentric circles method

Problem. Major axis AB & minor axis CD are 100 & 70mm long respectively. Draw ellipse.
STEPS: 1.Draw two axes at 90. Name ends & intersecting point. 2.Taking AO distance, i.e. half major axis, from C, mark F1 & F2 on AB (focus 1 and 2). 3.On line F1- O taking any distance, mark points 1,2,3, & 4 4.Taking F1 center, with distance A1 draw an arc above AB and taking F2 center, with B-1 distance cut this A arc. Name the point p1 5.Repeat this step with same centers but taking now A-2 & B-2 distances for drawing arcs. Name the point p2 6.Similarly get all other P points. With same steps positions of P can be located below AB. 7. Join all points by smooth curve to get an ellipse.

ARCS OF CIRCLE METHOD

As per the definition Ellipse is locus of point P moving in a plane such that the SUM of its distances from two fixed points (F1 & F2) remains constant and equals to the length of major axis AB.(Note A .1+ B .1=A . 2 + B. 2 = AB) p3 p2 p1 p4

F1

B F2

CONCENTRIC CIRCLE METHOD Problem :- Major axis 100 mm and minor axis 70 mm long.
3 2 4 C 1 2 1 A 3 5 4 5 B 10 10 9 8 D 9 8 7

Steps:

1. Draw two axes as bisectors of each other. 2. Taking their intersecting point as a center, draw two concentric circles of 70 mm and 100 mm diameters. 3. Divide both circles in 12 equal parts. 4. From all points of outer circle draw vertical lines downwards and upwards respectively. 5.From all points of inner circle draw horizontal lines to intersect those vertical lines. 6. Mark all intersecting points. 7. Join all these points to get the required ellipse.

6 6

To divide a circle into 12 equal parts

Draw the two diameters 17 and 410, perpendicular to each other. With 1 as a centre and radius = R (= radius of the circle), cut two arcs at 3 and 11 on the circle. Similarly, with 4, 7 and 10 as the centres and the same radius, cut arcs on the circle respectively at 2 and 6, 5 and 9, and 8 and 12. The points 1, 2, 3, etc., give 12 equal divisions of the circle.

PROBLEM: Line AB is 75 mm long and it is 300 & 400 Inclined to HP & VP respectively. End A is 12mm above Hp and 10 mm in front of VP. Draw projections. Line is in 1st quadrant.

bF
TL

b1

F aF T aT

Front View LFV

TL Top View

bT

b1

PROBLEM: Line AB 75mm long makes 450 inclination with VP while its FV makes 550. End A is 10 mm above HP and 15 mm in front of VP. If line is in 1st quadrant draw its projections and find its inclination with HP.
bF b1 LOCUS OF b1

550

F T

aF

Front View

aT

LFV

Top View
LOCUS OF b

bT

b1

Problem: A cylinder 40 mm diameter and 50 mm axis is resting on one point of a base circle on Vp while its axis makes 450 with Vp and Fv of the axis makes 350 with Hp. Draw 1st angle projections.
4d 3 c a d 4

1 a

F T

2 b a bd c 450

350 c1 d1 a1 4 b1 3

24

3 1

Geometry with straight lines

Triangle 180 60 Rectangle/Square 360 90 Pentagon 540 108 Hexagon 720 120 Heptagon 900 128.57 Octagon 1080 135
2 1
3

1 + 2 + 3 = 180

= 135o

Can we draw geometries without measuring angles ?

With any point O as centre and radius = OA, draw a circle.
B

From A draw a cord of length OA, which intersects circle at B. Length OB will be ???? Equilateral triangle??? Angle CAB = 120 Method to make a hexagonal of side = AB.

O E

E is middle point of line DB.

How to locate point 5: Bisecting Line 4-6

8 7 6 5 4 P

E 5

Line
128

Problem: A cube of 50 mm long edges is so placed on Vp on one corner that a body diagonal is parallel to Vp and perpendicular to Hp. Draw its 3rd angle projections.
Replace a,b,.. With aT, bT

11 21 41 a1 31 d1
2,4 3
a

Ta F
a,1

b,d

b, d d,4

b1 4
' 1

' 1

c1
' a1

c,3

' 1

' 1

' 1

' 1

' b1

' 11 ' c1

' d1

' 21

' 41 ' 31

b,2

' b1

' 21

Problem: A square pyramid 30 mm base side and 50 mm long axis is resting on its apex on Hp, such that its one slant edge is vertical and a triangular face through it is perpendicular to Vp. Draw its 1st angle projections.

bd

a1 d1

b1 c1
Hidden lines in Projections of solid !

F T a

o d b o b
1 c a o1

o1 d1 c1 b1

Summary of Topics

Hidden Lines

Treatment of Tangent Surfaces

FREELY SUSPENDED SOLIDS:

Positions of CG, on axis, from base, for different solids are shown below.

CG

H
CG

H/2

H/4 GROUP A SOLIDS ( Cylinder & Prisms) GROUP B SOLIDS ( Cone & Pyramids)

Problem: A pentagonal pyramid 30 mm base sides & 60 mm long axis, is freely suspended from one corner of base so that a plane containing its axis remains parallel to Vp. Draw its orthographic projections.
LINE

o
FOR SIDE VIEW

dg VERTICAL d ce

H g o c e e a o b c do 1 d1 d

ab F e1 a1 T

IMPORTANT:
When a solid is freely suspended from a corner, then line joining point of contact & C.G. remains vertical. ( Here axis shows inclination with Hp.) So in all such cases, assume solid standing on Hp initially.)

H/4

a b

b1 c1

F.V. and S.V.of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.

30

20 10

10

20

15

15

15 15

O
50 30

Y F.V. LEFT S.V.

F.V., T.V. and S.V.of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

F. V.

L.H.S.
20 20

x
20 30

20

50

20

20

20

T. V.

Dimensioning Oblique Drawing

Dimension should be made to read from the bottom and right hand side of the sheet. dimensions, Dimension lines, extension lines and arrowheads must lie in the same oblique plane to which they apply. As far as possible, the dimensions should be placed in the front face. As far as possible, the dimensions should be placed outside the outlines of the.
50

50