DLonyon HENRY FROWDE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE 7 PATERNOSTER ROWICELANDIC-ENGLISH DICTIONARY BASED ON THE MS. COLLECTIONS oF THE LATE RICHARD CLEASBY ENLARGED AND COMPLETED GUDBRAND VIGFUSSON, M.A. WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND LIFE OF RICHARD CLEASBY BY GEORGE WEBBE DASENT, D.C.L. Oxford AT THE CLARENDON PRESS M. DCCC. LXXIV,PREFACE. THIS work is a Dictionary of the Old Icelandic Language, or (as it may be called) the Classical Language of the Scandinavian race. The history of the preservation of this language in its ancient form is remarkable. The Icelandic language, in old writers also called the Norse or the Danish (Vorena or Donsk tunga), was spoken by the four great branches of the Scandinavian race who peopled the countries abutting on the Baltic, the Norsemen or Northmen, Swedes, Danes, and Goths (Nordmenn, Sviar, Danir, and Gautar), as well as by the inhabitants of those parts of Northern Russia which were then known by the name of Gardar*. At the beginning of the gth century the growing population of these countries, together with political changes and the naturally enterprising character of the people, caused a great outward movement of the race. Under the leading of their chieftains they set forth to seek for homes in other lands; and thus the 9th century came to be known by the name of the Age of the Vikings (#éinga-Old). The stream of emigra- tion increased in volume, as tidings of the successes of the first adventurers reached the northern shores. The Swedes continued to press eastward into the countries beyond the Baltic, while the Danes and Norsemen steered boldly to the south and west, and chiefly to the shores of the British Isles. Two main currents of this emigration by sea may be traced. First, the Danish, which directed its course to the north-east of England, and at length occupied that district so completely that it received the name of the Dena-lagu. The Saxon Chronicle is the chief authority for this part of the subjectf; the only old Icelandic works which touch on it being the Egils Saga, which says that in the reign of Athelstan almost every family of note in Northern England was Danish by the father’s or the mother’s side; and the Ragnars Saga, which professes to give an historical account of the great Danish invasion, but is almost as mythical as the Iliad. The second migration was Norse. These settlers gradually peopled the coasts of Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Orkneys and Shetland, and the northern counties of Scotland, Ross, Moray, and especially Caithness. In the year 852 a.p. the Norse sea-king Olave the White reached Ireland with a large fleet, and founded a Norse principality at Dublin: the foremost man among the Norsemen in Scotland was Earl Sigurd, uncle of Géngu-Hrolf. It is probable that to this same emigration must be referred the conquest and occupation of Normandy. * See the word Gardar in the Dictionary. + The Saxon Chronicle under the year 787 states that in that year Danish ships first came to England. ‘The Annales Cambriae record the same fact with regard to Ireland under the year 795: so also the Irish Annals, see Dr. Todd’s Introduction to ‘The War of the Gaedhill with the Gaill’ p. xxxii (Rolls’ Ed.)iv PREFACE, With this stream of Norsemen the colonisation of Iceland also is closely connected. That island had already been discovered by a Viking named Naddodd, who called it Snowland (Sxeland); it was next seen by Gardar, a Swede, after whom it was named Gardarsholm ; and lastly, the Viking FIski gave it the name of Iceland, from seeing the Isafjérd covered with polar ice. But the first settlers were Ingolf, son of Orn, and his foster-brother Leif, who set sail about a.p. 870, and reached Iceland; they soon however passed on to Ireland, whence after a few years they returned to Iceland, taking with them some Irish slaves. The year 874 is fixed by the chroniclers as the date of this final settlement. Leif was soon after murdered by his unwilling Irish colonists; Ingolf remained alone and is regarded as the first settler in the island. About the same time Harold Fair-hair had seized the throne of Norway, and, by the establishment of despotic power, had become unbearable to the high-spirited and independent chiefs ; and therefore the newly-discovered island, bleak and desolate as it was, offered a wel- come home to men who had hitherto lived in the possession of equal and undisputed rights. Again, the Norsemen in the British Isles became unsettled after the death of King Thorstein, Olave the White's son (the Oistin Mac Amlabh of the Irish Annals), in the year 874 a.p.; and they seem from that time to have begun to migrate to Iceland. Conspicuous among these emigrants was Queen Au’r Djipau%ga, King Olave’s widow, who set forth with almost all her kinsfolk and followers. It is probable that the number of Norsemen who sailed from Ireland to Iceland was about equal to that of those who had gone thither from Norway. They carried with them their families and such cultiva- tion as they possessed. They spoke that form of the Scandinavian tongue which prevailed on the western coast of Norway; and as time went on, while new dialects formed themselves throughout Scandinavia, in Iceland the old tongue rose to the dignity of a literary language, and thereby retained its original form. _It has thus been preserved to our days *. ‘The first settlers formed an independent aristocracy, or republic, which continued for nearly four hundred years. Up to the end of the roth century they held the heathen faith and practised the rites of heathen worship: Christianity was accepted as the faith of the island in the year 1000 A.D. Two centuries and a half after this change of faith (a.p, 1262) the Icelanders made willing submission to the king of Norway, that is, as has been said, about four hundred years after the first discovery of the island. It was during this period that the Laws and Sagas of Iceland were written. Some idea of the extent and variety of this literature may be formed from the compendious account which is subjoined to this Preface. Tales of an historical and mythological character were committed to writing, being for the most part narratives of the feats of heroes abroad and at home, and belonging to the times before the year 1030 4.D., which may fairly be called the patriarchal age of Icelandic history; and in these tales, with poems, laws, and documents of various kinds, the old Scandinavian tongue, as spoken and written by the Icelanders in the period ranging from 900 to 1262 A.p., has been handed * See the Landndma, the Laxdala Saga, and the Irish Annals; and, for details, Mr. Dasent’s Paper in the Oxford Essays for 1858, pp. 76 sqq., and his Introduction to ‘‘The Story of Burnt Njal, Edinburgh 1861.PREFACE. v down to us in a form which may justly be called classical. In Sweden and Norway the old Scandinavian tongue is preserved in writing only on the scanty Runic monuments, The earliest Danish and Swedish written laws are believed not to be earlier than the middle and end of the 13th century, by which time the common language in these lands had already undergone great changes, although the modern Danish and Swedish were not yet formed. In Norway, however, a considerable literature of the 13th century survives; and the old language lasted longer there than in the sister countries. This literature consists of laws, diplomas, homilies, and translations of French romances; and these works are quoted in this Dictionary together with the Icelandic. These documents belong to the period embraced by the reign of King Hakon, a.p. 1216-1263 ; but, though valuable, they do not make an original literature. Only in Iceland did a living literature spring up and flourish; there alone the language has been handed down to us with unbroken tradition and monuments, from the first settlement of the island to the present day. It is believed that the present Dictionary will furnish not only a complete glossary of the words used in this old classical literature, but also a full account of the forms and inflexions of the verbs, with copious citations of passages in which each word occurs, with references carefully verified, and explanations given whenever they seem to be required; and, at the same time, though the Dictionary is mainly intended for the old authors, both in prose and poetry, it endeavours to embrace an account of the whole language, old and new. A few words must be added to explain the origin and history of the work. Many years ago, Ricard Cieaspy projected a General Dictionary of the Old Scandinavian Language; and in 1840 he left England to settle in Copenhagen, the chief seat and centre of Scandinavian learning and the home of the best collection of Icelandic MSS., for the purpose of preparing himself for his work and of obtaining the assistance of Icelandic students in collecting materials; among these Mr. Konrad Gislason’s name ought especially to be mentioned. Mr. Cleasby was a man of inde- pendent means, an excellent scholar, held in high esteem by foreign scholars, devoted to his work, and shunning no labour to make it perfect. He reserved for himself the old prose literature ; while Dr. Egilsson was engaged on the poetical vocabulary, towards the expenses of which Mr. Cleasby promised to contribute, so that he may be said to have been the chief promoter of that work also. The MS. of the Poetical Dic- tionary was ready for publication in the year 1846. In the following year Mr. Cleasby caused five words—éragd, bia, at (conjunction), af (preposition), and 0% (conjunction) —to be set up in type as specimens of the projected Prose Dictionary. These he sent to several foreign friends, and among others to Jacob Grimm, who returned a most kind and friendly answer, warmly approving of the plan as indicated in the specimens, and adding many good wishes that Mr. Cleasby might have health and life to complete the work, Unhappily these wishes were not to be realised, In thevi PREFACE. autumn of the same year he was taken ill, but was in a fair way to recovery, when, by resuming work too soon, he suffered a relapse. His illness took the form of typhus fever, and he died insensible, without being able to make arrangements respecting his papers and collections. Desirous to continue the work which he had begun, and in which he was so deeply interested, Cleasby’s heirs decided to bear the expense of continuing it. The task of doing this was entrusted to Konrad Gislason, a son of Gisli Konradsson who for half a century was a prolific and popular Icelandic author. Konrad had assisted Cleasby in his study of Icelandic from November 1839, and had, along with other Icelanders, been employed on the dictionary from April 1840. From 1846 onwards he made many important contributions to Icelandic studies, and was professor of Icelandic in the Uni- versity of Copenhagen from 1853 to 1886. With so eminent a scholar, whose special studies were in the early Icelandic language and literature, the dictionary was in good hands, all the moreas he also had capable assistants, among whom were Gisli Magnusson, Benedikt Gréndal, Eirikur Jonsson, and Gunnlaugur Bordarson. By their combined work the material collected for the dictionary had been so far dealt with that by 1854 it had been put into dictionary form for the whole alphabet and made available for general use by the meaning of the words being correctly rendered in English, although for the editor and his colleagues this was an acquired language. At this stage, however, Cleasby’s heirs had misgivings as to the time that might still be required to complete the work, and decided to have the manuscript immediately sent to England, where it was placed at the disposal of Mr. (afterwards Sir) G. Webbe Dasent, who had shown his interest in, and knowledge of, Icelandic by his translations of the Prose Edda (1842) and Rask’s grammar (1843). In the year 1855 Dasent proposed to the Delegates of the Clarendon Press to under- take the publication of the dictionary. The matter, however, remained in abeyance till 1864, when Dasent again brought it before the Delegates. They were persuaded to renew their engagement with him to undertake the publication of the work. He stated, however, to the Delegates that the papers were left in an imperfect state, and asked them to grant a sum of money for the purpose of securing the services of an Icelandic scholar in completing the work. This was also agreed to; and Dasent, in the course of the same year, secured the services of Gudbrand Vigfusson, an Icelander born, already well known for his learning, and for his labours in the field of his native literature. Vigfusson, like Gislason, had been a student in Copenhagen, and from 1860 on- wards had established his reputation as an Icelandic scholar by editing some important sagas and other works as well as by his articles on various subjects. In entering the field of lexicography he was undertaking something new, for which, however, the way had already been prepared for him. The manuscript dictionary compiled in Copen- hagen has fortunately been preserved, so that Vigfusson’s share in producing the printed work can readily be made out. For many of the words it was only necessaryvi PREFACE. autumn of the same year he was taken ill, but was in a fair way to recovery, when, by resuming work too soon, he suffered a relapse. His illness took the form of typhus fever, and he died insensible, without being able to make arrangements respecting his papers and collections. Desirous to continue the work which he had begun, and in which he was so deeply interested, Cleasby’s heirs decided to bear the expense of continuing it. The task of doing this was entrusted to Konrad Gislason, a son of Gisli Konradsson who for half a century was a prolific and popular Icelandic author. Konrad had assisted Cleasby in his study of Icelandic from November 1839, and had, along with other Icelanders, been employed on the dictionary from April 1840. From 1846 onwards he made many important contributions to Icelandic studies, and was professor of Icelandic in the Uni- versity of Copenhagen from 1853 to 1886. With so eminent a scholar, whose special studies were in the early Icelandic language and literature, the dictionary was in good hands, all the more as he also had capable assistants, among whom were Gisli Magnusson, Benedikt Gréndal, Eirikur Jonsson, and Gunnlaugur Pordarson. By their combined work the material collected for the dictionary had been so far dealt with that by 1854 it had been put into dictionary form for the whole alphabet and made available for general use by the meaning of the words being correctly rendered in English, although for the editor and his colleagues this was an acquired language. At this stage, however, Cleasby’s heirs had misgivings as to the time that might still be required to complete the work, and decided to have the manuscript immediately sent to England, where it was placed at the disposal of Mr. (afterwards Sir) G. Webbe Dasent, who had shown his interest in, and knowledge of, Icelandic by his translations of the Prose Edda (1842) and Rask’s grammar (1843). In the year 1855 Dasent proposed to the Delegates of the Clarendon Press to under- take the publication of the dictionary. The matter, however, remained in abeyance till 1864, when Dasent again brought it before the Delegates. They were persuaded to renew their engagement with him to undertake the publication of the work. He stated, however, to the Delegates that the papers were left in an imperfect state, and asked them to grant a sum of money for the purpose of securing the services of an Icelandic scholar in completing the work. This was also agreed to; and Dasent, in the course of the same year, secured the services of Gudbrand Vigfusson, an Icelander born, already well known for his learning, and for his labours in the field of his native literature. Vigfusson, like Gislason, had been a student in Copenhagen, and from 1860 on- wards had established his reputation as an Icelandic scholar by editing some important sagas and other works as well as by his articles on various subjects. In entering the field of lexicography he was undertaking something new, for which, however, the way had already been prepared for him. The manuscript dictionary compiled in Copen- hagen has fortunately been preserved, so that Vigfusson’s share in producing the printed work can readily be made out. For many of the words it was only necessaryThe sources for the Icelandic part of this work are the following. 1. Mr. Cleasby’s collections, which have in words, phrases, and references supplied about one-half of the ‘materials for the present work. 2. The Lexicon Poéticum, by Dr. Sveinbjém Egilsson, born 1791, died 1852, a most excellent work, which has served as a chief guide in references from the old poetical language. 3. Fritaner’s Dictionary, by Johan Fritzner, a Norse clergyman, begun shortly after the year 1830, and completed in 1867. “It is a very rich and good collection, entirely independent of Mr. Cleasby, and has afforded much valuable assistance throughout. 4- Bjém Halldérsson’s Dictionary, Icelandic and Latin. The author, an excellent Icelandic clergyman, was born about 1715, and died 1794, and his work was published in 1814 by Rask, who also translated the original renderings into Danish: it is well known from the fact that Grimm in his Grammar has taken from it almost all his collection of the vocabulary of the Icelandic language. 5. Alt-Nordisches Glossar, by Theodor Mibius, 1866, a limited but independent collection, which has afforded many happy references, 6. The Dictionary published in Copenhagen in 1860 (Old-Nordisk Ordbog). This book has evidently been compiled from Cleasby’s papers in Copenhagen: it omits all references. It has been of some use, as it has here and there shewn where words have been omitted in the transcripts now at Oxford. 7. Earlier Glossaries: a, Specimen Lexici Islandici, by Magnis Olafsson, an Icelandic clergyman, died 1636, published under the name Specimen Lexici Runici in 1650 by the Danish scholar Ole Worm, who also wrote it in the Runic character. This is the first Icelandic Glossary alphabetically arranged, and contains from 1200 to 1300 words with references. Hence the word ‘Runick,’ as applied to Icelandic, in Hickes and Johnson, __B. Lexicon Islandicum, by Gudmundus Andreae, an Icelander, died 1654, published by Resen in 1683; it derives all words from Hebrew: not very interesting and without references. _y. Monosyllaba Islandica, by Rugman, an Icelander, 1676 it contains about 1400 such words. _8. Index Linguae Veteris Scytho-Scandicae sive Gothicae, by Olaf Verelius, a Swedish scholar, died 1682, published by Rudbeck in r691; a fairly done work, containing about 12,000 words with references from MSS. __«. Lexicon Islandicum, a large collection made by Jén Olafsson, bom 1705, died 1779; it has not been published but is preserved in MS, in Copenhagen and has therefore not been within reach, but illustrations from it are now and then given from memory. Skyringar, by P4l Vidalin, died 1727 a commentary on obsolete law terms, published at Reykjavik in 1854. 8, Indexes along with Editions, etc., e.g. the 12th volume of Fornmanna Sigur: Lexicon Mythologicum, by Finn Magnusen, affixed to the large edition of Semundar Edda: Indexes to Njéla, Gragis, Annélar, etc.: Indexes along with Chrestomathies, e. g. Dieterich, a German scholar; as also Dieterich’s Runic Glossary (Runen-schatz), 1844: Physical Index in the Itinerary or Travels of Eggert Olafsson, Copenhagen 1772: Index on Medical Terms in Félags-rit, 1789, 1790: Botanical Index in Hialtalin’s Icelandic Botany, 1830: Indexes of Proper Names in Landnima, 1843; in Fornmanna Ségur, vol. xii, and Flateyjar-bok, vol. iii; in Munch's Beskrivelse over Norge (Geography of Norway), 1849. 9. Mr. Vigfusson’s own collections and such additions and illustrations as he has been enabled to make through his knowledge of his own mother-tongue, The sources for the etymological part ave chiefly the following. Jacob Grimm, Deutsche Grammatik, a work which embraces all Teutonic languages. For Gothic, the Glossary to Ulfilas, by Gabelenz and Loebe, 1843. For Anglo-Saxon, Dr. Bosworth’s Anglo-Saxon Dictionary; as also Grein’s Poetical Glossary (Sprach- schatz), 1861 and 1864. For Early English, the Ormulum, an old gospel paraphrase by Orm or Ormin (a Scandinavian name), published by Dr. White in 1852; it affords many illustrations of Scandinavian words, but it is chiefly curious for philological purposes because of the careful distinction it makes between short and long vowels. For Northern English and Scottish, Jamieson’s Dictionary. For Old Saxon, Schmeller’s Glossary to Heliand, an Old Saxon gospel harmony, 1840. For Old and Middle High German, Grafl’s Sprach-schatz, and Mittelhoch-Deutsches Wérterbuch, 1834 qq.CLASSIFICATION OF WORKS AND AUTHORS CITED IN THIS DICTIONARY. N.B—The authors of most of the Icelandic Sagas are unknown; the works are therefore cited, not the authors, even where they are known, A, POETRY.—Kvida generally denotes a narrative poem; mil a poem in dialogue or didactic; 13, singe a lay, song tal a genealogical, dripa a laudatory heroie poem; rima a rhyme or rhapsody. J, Mrnaicat Porss:—Volu-spé, Héva-mél (mythical-didactic), Grimnis-mél, Vafpridnis-mél, Skirnis-mél, Alvis-mél, ‘Loka-senna, Harbards-ii63, Vegtams-kvids, pryms-kvida, Hymis-kvida, Hyndlu-li68, Forspjalls-1j63 (mod) 2. Poems in the form of a *dripa,’ but upon mythical subjects:—Haustlong, Hus-drépa, pérs-drépa, Ragnars-kvids, IT, Henotcws:—F@fnis-mél, Sigrdrifa-mél, Hamdis-mél, Sigurdar-kvids (in three poems), GudrGnar-kvida (in three poems), Brynhildar-kvida, Atla-kvide, Atla-mél, Volundar-kvida, Rigs-mél, Helga-kvida Hjérvards-sonar, Hele: kevida Hundings-bana (in two poems), Helreid Brynhildar, Oddrinar-gratr, Gudriinar-hefna, Grotta-songry Gré-galdr, Fidlsvinns-mél, Ynglinga-tal, Héleygja-tal, Bjarka-mél, Getspeki Heidreks, and other poems in Hervarar Saga, Darradar-1}63.”_ Most of these pocms (in I I) ate contained in the old collection commonly called Semundar Eada: the various editions difer in the distribution of the verses; in this Dictionary references are made to the edition of Mobius, Leipzig 1860; that of Sophus Bugge, Christiania 1867, has now superseded all former editions, and is cited in special instances. IL, Hisronicat:—Hofud-lausn, Sona-torrek, Arinbjarnar-drépe (all published in the Egils Saga), Hékonar-mél (published in kr. ), Vell-ekla, Darradar-1j68, Rekstefja. 2, Poems later than the middle of the rth century :—Kréku-mél (published in Fas. i, Hugavinns-mal (paraphrase of Cato's Disticha), S6lar-1)68 (published aloug with Semundar Edda), H&tta-tal (published along with the Hulda), Jémsvikings-drépa, Islendinga-drépa, Merlinus-sp6 (an Icelandic metrical paraphrase of Geofirey of Monmouth), Malshétta-kveedi (collection of proverbs in a MS. Cod. Reg, of Edda), Konunga-tal (published in Flateyjar-bék ii, 20 599.), Placidus-drépa, Harm-s6l, Leidar-visan, Lfknar-braut (religious poems, edited by Dr. Egilsson, published 1833 and 1844). Geisli (published in Fb j. beginning), Gudmundar-drépa (published in Bs. i. 187 sq9.). Lilja or the Lily (published in H.E- ii. 398 sqq.), both poems of the 14th century. 8. Olafa-rima (published in Fb. i, 8 39q,), Skéld-Helga-rimur (published in Grini, Hist. Mind, ii), Prymlur, VOlsungs-rimur (edited by Mobius), 8k ima (a satirical poem of the 14th or 15th century), ete. IV. Porxs cirep:—Bragi (9th century); Hornklofi, pj680lfr Hvinverski (gth or 1oth century); Bgill, Kormakr, Eyvindr Skélda-spillir (ail ofthe soth century); HallfreBr (born 968, died 1008); Sighvatr, Arnorr (both of the 11th century); Binarr Skiilason (12th century), etc LAWS,—The Icelanders and Norsemen fitst began to write their laws at the end of the 11th and the beginning of the 12th century ‘before that time all laws were oral. I. Laws oF rie Icezaxpic Comsoxwrattit:—Grigis (vide that word), a collection of the laws of the Commonwealth, published in two vohumes by the Ama-Magnacan Legate, Copenhagen 1829. Parts or sections of the law are, Kristinna-laga-Déttr, Pingskapa-péttr, Vig-sl68i, Bauga-tal, Tiundar-ldg, Landbrigda-pattr, Arfa-péttr, Omaga-bélkr, Pesta-péttr, Logréttn-péttr, Logadgumanns-pittr, cic. These laws are chiefly contained in two private collections or MSS. of the 12th ‘century, called Konungs-bok (marked Grig. Kb.) and StaBarhéls-bék (marked Grigg. Sb.); the new edition (Copenhagen 1853) is a copy of the Konungs-bike; but the Araa-Magn, edition, which is cited in this Dictionary, is a compilation from both ‘MSS., having however Stadarhils-bik as its groundwork, ‘The Kristin-réttr porléks ok Ketils (K.p.K.) is cited from a separate edition (Copenhagen 1775). XL. Laws op Nosway contained in a collection in three volumes, called Norges Gamle Love (published by Munch and Keyser, Christiania 1846, 1847). ‘The 1st vol. is most frequently cited, and contains the laws of Norway previous to A.D. 1263; the 3rd vol. contains Réttar-betr or Royal Writs cited by the number. The Gulabings-lég or Lands-log,=the Code of King Magnus (died 1281), is contained in the 2nd vol, of this collection, but is cited from a separate edition (Copenhagen 1817). IIL, Icevaxpic Laws, given after the union with Norway:—Kristin-réttr Arna biskups (published at Copenhagen in 1777); ‘Térn-siBa (Copenhagen 1847), the Law of Iceland from A.D. 1272-1280; Jéns-bok (Hélum 1709) is the Icelandic Code of Laws of A.D. 1280 (still in use in Iceland), ©. HISTORIES OR TALES OF A MYTHICAL CHARACTER. I. Eppa on Sona Eppa:—In this Dictionary only the prose work of Snorti Sturluson (bom 1178, died 1241) is cited under this name; the poems of the so-called Seniundar Edda are all cited separately by their nates (vide A). ‘The Edda consists of three parts, the Gylfa-ginning or Mythical Tales (pp. 1-44), Sk@ldskapar-mél or the Poetical Arts and Diction (pp. 48-110). ‘Hatia-tal (marked Edéa Ht.) «a poem on the metres, and lastly, Pulur or Rhymed Glossary of Synonymes (marked Hada Gi.) ‘The edition cited is that of Dr. Fgilsson, Reykjavik (1848) ia one vol.; the Arna-Magn. (1848 sq) in two vols. (the thitd is still in the press) is now and then referred to, The Edda is chiefly preserved in three vellum MSS., the Konungs-bik (Kb.), the Orms-bik (Ob), and. the Uppsala-bik (Ub.), which is published in the Arna-Magn, Ed. il. 250-396. ‘2. The prose parts of the Seemundar Edda (here marked Sm.) IL, Mrrmicat Sacas on Hisrontes:—Fornaldar Sogttr, a collection published in three volumes by Rafa, Copenhagen 1829, 1830: the 1st vol. contains Hrélfs Saga Kraka (rp. 1-109), Volsunga Sage (pp. 115-234, again published by Bugge, Christiania 1865), Ragnars Saga (pp. 235-269 and 345-360), Sdgu-brot or Skjoldunge Saga (a fragment, pp. 363-368), Hervarar Sage (pp. 411-533), Norna-Gosts Sega (pp. 319-342): the 2nd vol. contains Hilts Saga (pp. 25-60), Fridbiofs Saga (pp. 63-190 and 488-303), Orvar-Odds Saga (almost wholly fabulous): the 3rd vol., Gautroks Saga (pp. 1-53): the rest are mere fables, and belong to G below. _Hemings-béttr, from the Flateyjar-buk, ard vo., partly cited from MSS.; this tale contains a myth parallel to that of William Tell, 2. Ynglinga Saga by Snorti Sturluson, containing lives of the mythical ‘kings of Sweden from Odin down to the historical time, cited from Heimskringla, 1 vol. D. ISLENDINGA SOGUR OR HISTORIES refrng to the ICELANDIC COMMONWEALTH and the time lowing the sion with Shoas on Hisrontrs oF se GrveRat History oF Icrtaxp:—Zandnéma or Landnéma-bék, History ofthe Discovery and Settlement of Teeland, orginally written by Ari FroBi(Hotn 1067, died 1148), but worked out into its prevent form by Storia érdarion (born 1214, died 1284); this important work is cited from the Copeahagen Ed. of 1843, where the Aigares arex CLASSIFICATION OF WORKS AND AUTHORS separated with a (); the first figure marks ‘a part" (pitt), the second a chapter, Landnima (Hb) denotes the text of the vellum M3. Hauks-bok, Landnéma Mantissa means an appendix affixed to the boole in the printed editions, alendinge-bék. by Ani Frobi, from the Ed. of 1843 (published along with Landnima). Kristi Baga (Introduction of Christianity), cited from Biskupa Ségur, vide below. Sturlunga Sage or Islondinga Sage hin mikla by Sturla pérBarson, relates the history of leeland, especially of the 13th century up to the union with Norway, cited from the Ed, of 1817-1820, in four volumes; the Last volume however, containing the Arna biskups Saga, is quoted from the Biskupa Sogur below. The chief MS. of this work fein the British Museum, 11,1273 the letter C after the figures denotes the vellum MS. Amna-Magn, 122, fase. A. TZ, Sacas on Lives or Mex on Faummes referring to the Icelandic ‘Siga tine, i.e, the roth century down to about A.D. 1030 or ToB0, propery called Islendinga Sogur. 1. The Larger Sagas ja o; Ndls Sage, published at Copenhagen in 1772 the Latin translation by Johasonius, Copenhagen 1809 with Icelandic vatious readings, is eited now and then; cp. Burnt Njal by Mr. Dasent. Laxdela Saga, Copenhagen 1826; the later part of Laxdela also exists ina better form in a vellam MS. ‘Arna-Magn. 309, but isnot as yet published. giles Saga or Hela, Copenhagen 1809. Byrbyggja Saga or Eyrbygsia, Ed. 1787, and Leipzig 1864, where the pages of the old Ed. are marked in the margin. "The Smaller Saga Liéavetnings Saga, Valla-Liéts Sage, Svarfdela Saga, Reykdwla Saga, Vige-Clims Sage, all five cited from the ‘octavo volume called Islendinga Sogur, and vel, Copenhagen 1830: HarBar Saga pp, 1-118), Hiense- ris Saga pp. 121-186), Gunalauge Sage (pp. 189-276), HeiBarviga Sage (pp. 320-392) all four cited from the collection called slendinga Sogut, and vol, Copenhagen 1847? Gisla Saga Surssonar, Bjarnar Saga Hitdmle-kappa, Hratnkels Sage, Droplaugar- Bons Sage, Vépniirdings Saga, Porsteins Saga hvita, Porsteins-péttr Stangar-hOggs, all seven ited from the small itions, 1847, 1848; the chapters in Gisla Saga, when quoted, refer to the old edition, Hélum 1736: Kormaks Saga, edited separately, Copenhagen 1832: Vatnsdwla Saga (pp. 1-80), Fléamanna Saga (pp. 117-161), Hallfredar Saga (pp. 83-118). all these three Sagas are published and cited from a collection called Porn-sOgur, Leipzig 1860: Bandamanna Saga, ‘Havardar Saga, Grottis Saga (an A after the figures denotes the vellum MS. Amna-Magn. $56 A), Oikkofrar attr, all these four Sagas are cited from the quarto volume Margitsdir Sigu-ettr, Halumn 1756 (of Grettis Saga 2 ew edition appeared in 1853, and of Havarbar Saga in 1860; of Bandamanna Saga an eater and better text is preserved ina vellum MS. 2845 Royal Libr. Copenhagen, cited Band. (MS), but is not published): Porfinna Baga Karle-cofnis, cited from Grouland’s Hinoriske Mindesmarker i. 352-442, a part is also published in Antguitates Americanae: Porateine Saga 6(Bu-Hallssonar, cited from Analoota, by Mobius, Leipzig 1860, pp. 169-186: Gull-péris Saga by Maurer, Leipzig 1857, cited by the pages of the MS. which are marked in the margin of the Ed.: Féstbredra Saga, Ed, 1822, new Ed, 1852: NjarOvikings Sage or Gunnare-péttr Pidranda-bans, published atthe end of Laxdela, pp. 363-384: borvalds Saga VibfOrla, published in Biskupa Sogur i. 33-50. Many of these Sagas were undoubtedly written in the 13th century, although preserved i later MSS. some, although eld, have been worked out into their present shape by historians of the 13th century (e.g. Eyrbyggja, Laxdzla, and Njéla); some few of them have only reached usin the more modern and artificial style of the 13th of x4th ceutury LL, Sacas on Lives oF tux Icetanpic Bisuors from A.D. 1056-1330, collected and edited under the title of Biskupa Sogur Vol. i, Copenhagen 1858, contains Kristi Sage, pp. 1-32, vide above; Hungrevaka or Lives of the First Five Bishops of Skalholt, pp. 59-86; Porléks Saga, pp. 8-124, 263-332; Tons Sega, pp. 151-260; Péls Saga, pp. 127-148; Gud- maundat Saga, pp. 407-618; Arna Saga, pp. 679-786 (bishop Arne died 1298); Laurentius Sage by Einar Hafidason, the last Icelandic historian of the olden time, bora 1307, died 1393, pp. 789-914 (bishop Laurentius died 1330); Rafas Saga and Axons Sage are printed as an appendix, vol. i, pp. 639-676, 619-638. Vol. i, pp. 1-230, contains anather recension of Gubmundar Saga, written by Abbot Arngrim, who died 1361: the following pages (3. 230 399.) are lives of the bishops of the Reformation period. TV. Anwais:—falenskir Annélar or Annals of leland, containing Konunge-annéll or Ana. Regii, an important vellum in Gamle Kongel. Sant, 2087, 4t0, published in Langebek’s Script. rer. Dan. voli: ep. also the Hauks-anndll, H6la-annéll, Flateyjar~ annéll, Logmanns-ennéll, etc. A collection of Annals embracing the time {rom the settlement of Iceland up to A.D. 1430 ‘was published at Copenhagen in 1845, and is cited by years. ‘V. Sexix-Siaun ox Fasvious Sxons:—Bérbar Sage, from Ed. Hélum 1756, new Ed, 1860; Viglundar Saga, Ed, 1756, new Ea. 1860; Pordar Saga hredu, Ed. 1756, new Ed. 1848, and 1860 (partly); Kjalnesinga Saga, cited from Islendinga Signe, Ed. 1847 ; Kroka-Refs Sage, Ed. 1756; Finnboga Saga, Ed. 1812, long with the old Ed. of Vatasdala ‘porateins-pattr uxafSts, Orms-péttr St6rélfssonar, Porleifs-béttr FarlaskAlds, all three in Fb. i. and in Favs ii: Brandkrossa-péttr, Ed. 1847: Bolla-péttr, published along with the Laxdzla: Stj6rau-Odda Draumr, Ed. 1780, new Ed. 1860. BB. KONUNGA SOGUR OR LIVES OF KINGS, PRINCES, AND EARLS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES, etc. , Sacas on Lives oF tae Kuvas oF Nonway axo Dixaarx, contained in a great collection published in twelve volumes, Copeuhagen 1825-1837, under the title of Fornmanna Sogur :—Vols. i-v contain the lives of the kings of Norway from the end of the {gth century to A.D, 1030; vol. vi contains Magntis Saga Géda and Haraldar Saga HarbréBa (died 1066) vol. vii goes down to A.D. 1176; the best text of both vols. vi and vii are contained in a great Icelandic MS. called Hulda (cited now and then): vol. vii contains the Svorris Sega by Karl Absti (Abbot Carle), who died 1213; the king Svernit died 1303 vol ix, pp. 239-835, and vol. x, pp. 1-154, contain Hékonar Saga by Sturla purdarson, king Hacon died 12631 vol. x contains the lives of the kings of Denmark, viz. Jémavikinga Saga (pp. 1-162, a shorter recension of the Saga is preserved an Icelandic MS. at Stockholm, and cited from the Ed. 1824); Knytlinga Saga (pp. 179-402) =lives of the Danish kings fom king Canute down to the end of the 12th century: in the roth vol. there are besides, Agrip (pp. 377-421), a com- pendium of the lives of the kings of Norway; Olafs Gaga ‘Trygevasonar by Odde Munkr, who lived in the ath century (pp. 216-376), another recension of the same work is edited by Munch, Christiania 1833 (and here marked O.'T,): vol. xi contains registers, etc. _Heims-Kringla, vols, mii, cited from the folio edition, Copenhagen 1777-1783, contains the lives of the kings of Norway in a text mostly identical with Fornmanna Sigur vol. vii, and ie therefore sparingly cited; but the Heimskringla alone gives the Ynglinga Saga, vide C. Il: a new edition by Unger has been published, Christiania 1868. Codex Bristanus, a vellum MS, of the Heimskringla, fase. 1, Christiania 1869. Olafs Saga Helga by Snorri Sturluson, who died 1241, cited 0. H., Christiania 1853, is identical with Fornmanna Sigur vols iv. v, and Heimskringla vol. i, but contains the best text of this Saga,” Pagrakinna, Christiania 1847, contains a short history of the kings of Norway down to the end of the 12th century. “Morkinskinna, an old vellum containing the lives of king Harald Har®riQi and the following kings, by C. R. Unger, Chiistiania 1867. Ingvars Sage by Brocman, Stockholm 1762. ymundar Saga, cited from Fb. ii. and Fis. vi the Saga is given in Antiquités Russes. Olaf Sage Helge (O.H.L.), legendary life of St, Olave, Christiania 1849. Plateyjar-b6k, edited in three volumes, Chnstiania 1860-1868, contains the text of Fornmatna Sigur, besides many other things, and is often cited (Fb.) "Here may’also be mentioned Skélda-tal or Catalogue of Afcient Poets and Kings, published by Mobius in his Catalogu, Leipzig 1856; but again edited by Jén Sigurdsson in Edda iil, pp. 21-286 (still in the pres) LIL, Saaas refering to other countries:—Orknoyinga Sage, aso called Jarla Saga, the Lives ofthe Earl of Orkney from the eatliest time down to the end of the rath century, cited from the new edition of Mr. Dasent, not yet issued, the old Ed. A.D. 1780; the whole Saga is given in the Flateyjar-bok. Magnis Saga Byje-jarls, the Life of St. Magnus, Ed. 1780. Pereyinga Baga, the History of the Faro Islands, Copenhagen 1832, from the Flateyjar-bok. Grenlendinga-péitr or Einars-péttrCITED IN THIS DICTIONARY, x Sokke-sonar, cited from Flateyjar-bok i. 445-454. ‘TétvarBar Saga, the Life of Edward the Confessor, Ed, 1852, also Contained in Flateyjat-bok fil 463-472, Osvalds Saga, the Life of King Oswald, Ed. 1854. ‘Thomas Saga Erkibiakups the Life of Thomas & Becket, eted from a MS. 5311 in the British Muscum, a transcript of an Icelandic vellum MS. called ‘Thomas-skinna;_ another recension ofthis Saga isin an Icelandic MS, at Stockholm: itis now in the press under the care of Unger, Christiania, whose edition is now and then cited (Thom. Ed.) vide e.g. gjafmildi, Rémverja Sogur, edited in raver, pp. 108-386, is paraphrase of Salles Bellum Jugort and Lucan’s Pharsala. Veraldar Saga, a short Universal History, "Sex Aetates Mundi, cited from Prover, pp. 64-103. - We may also here ecord the porfinns Saga (vide above, D. II. 2) and Vinlands-péttr, from Flateyjar-bok vol. y wrongly inserted in the editions of the HeimsKringla vol. i, published’ by Ref in Antiguitates Americanse, Copenhagen, pp. 7-78: these two Sagas refer to the discovery of America at the end of the roth and the beginning of the 11th centuries. F. SACRED OR LEGENDARY LORE. T. Sryoaw on A Biuticat PaRaPHRAst of the Historical Books of the Old Testament by bishop Brand (died 1264), edited by Unger, Christiania 1862; also sometimes called GyBinga SOgur. The frst part, pp. 1-319, isa scholastic compilation from Genesis, Exodus, Petrus Comestor, and the Speculum Historiale, and was composed ‘about A. D. 1300, but the whole work is now called by the name of Stir, IL, Howes, ctc-—'Phe Homilies and Sermons of St. Gregory, marked Greg. Homiliu-b6k or Book of Homilies, by Unger, Christiania 1864, marked Hom,; the figures refer to the pages of the MS. Arna-Magn. 619, which are marked in the edition + another old vellum MS, of Homilies at Stockholm (marked Hom. St.) is not published, Hlucidarius, Ed. in Ann. for Nord, ‘Oldk. 1858 the figures mark the pages of the MS. noted in the edition TLL, Hexorascanwa Sigur on Lives of Sanvrs, etc.:—Barlaams Saga (by Joh. Damasc.), Unger’ Bi Clemens Saga (Clement Alexandr.): Martinus Saga (St. Martin of Tours), from vellum MS. Arna-h 45: Blasius Sega (Gt. Blaise), from vellam MS, Arna-Mage. 623: Mariu Saga (Virgin Mary), from MS. Arma-Magn, 636 A. and other MSS., is how edited by C. R, Unger, Christiania, and often cited both in the Grammar and Dictionary: Nidrstigningar Saga or History of the Descent to Hell, a rendering of the later part of the Apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus, from MSS. Arna-Magn. 645, pp. 102-110, and 623, pp. 1-10: Andreas Saga, MS, Arna-Magn. 625: Johannes Saga baptistae, MS. Arna-Mago. 623: Postula Sdgur, from various MSS., Arna-Magn, 645, 656 C, etc.; a printed copy (Videy 1836) is now and then used : ‘Theophilus, edited by Mr. Dasent, 1842, now again published as part of the Mar. Saga. Antonius Saga, Augustinus Saga, Pals Saga Postula, cited from Arma-Magn. 234 fol. Many other small legendary stories are besides cited (without namie) from the Arna-Magn, MSS, nos. 656, Roman numerals denote parts or fasciculi), 623, 645, 677. Many of these tales and homilies ate preserved in very old MSS., and belong to the carlost stage of Icelandic literature. G, ROMANCES OR FABLES, rendered mostly from French and Latin. I, Hivronicat Romaxcrs '— Alexanders Saga (irom the Alexandreis of Philip Gautier, by Unger, Christiania 1848: Karla-Magntis ‘Saga (Charlemagne), by Unger, Christiania 1860: pidreks Saga af Bern (Dieterich), by Unger, Christiania 1853: Brota- Sogur, the first part also called Trojumanna Ségur, chiefly founded upon Geoffrey ‘of Monmouth’s Hist. Brit. and Dares Phiygivs, edited in Ann, for Nord, Oldk., Copenhagen 1848, 1849, II. Mvriicat:—Artus-kappa Ségur, containing Parcovals Saga, Ivents Saga, Valvents Saga, Méttuls Saga, Erreks ‘Saga, cited from MS. 4839 in the British Muscum: Elis Saga, Barings Saga, Flovent Saga, Magus Saga, all fout cited from vellum MS. Arua-Maga, g80; the last is also at times quoted from an edition: TTristams Saga, in MS. Arsa-Magn. 443. but only cited from Fritzner’s Dictionary: Mirmants Saga, cited from MS. 4859 in the British Museum: Bevus Baga; Clarus Saga, B. Strengleikar or Lays of the Britons, edited by Unger, Christiania 1850. ILL, Lyca-Siiaun on Sroxiss fabricated in Iceland :—The greater part of Pornaldar Sogur, 2nd and 3rd vols, vide above; Pjalar- Jons Sage, Konréde Saga Keisara Sonar, and many others HH. WORKS OF A LEARNED OR SCHOLASTIC CHARACTER. I. Pamotooteat :—Skélda, a collection of three or four Icelandic philofogical treatises of the 12th to the 14th centory, preserved in ‘one of the MSS. of the Edda (Orms-bok), and therefore usually published as an appendix to that book, and in many modern orks quoted under the name of Edda; it is lere cited under the name of Skilda. Skilda is a traditionary name in leeland, although it is sometimes applied to the Skaldskapar-mal, vide C; the earliest and by far the most interesting—perhaps the earliest Philological treatise in any Teutonic language—is that by Thorodd; it is contained in p. 160, 1,27 to p. 169, 1,18 in the edition of Dr, Egilsson, Reykjavile 1849 (where these treatises are published under the name of Ritgjordie Tilheyrandi Snorra Edda), but jn the Ed, Arna-Magn, (Copenhagen 1852) ii, 10-43; the secoud treatise, probably from. the later part of the 12th century, 6173, Ara Mag 44-60: the hd eatin, a Hiation of Donat and Pca 173-200 i wey By aie Hivitaskcild (died 1239), cp. Bd, AruaeMaga, ii, 62-189; the fourth treatise, yp. 200-24 2, is simply a continuation of the third. 2. The Skiléskapar mal of Snorr, the rhymed glossaries, and the metrical poem Hista-tal with the commentary in prose (vide C), may be reckoned in this clas. IZ. Skugg-s}é or Konungs Skugg-s)4, ic. Speculum Regale, didactic scholastic work ; the Copenbas ‘4 new edition appeated at Christiania in 1848. Aneedoton, 1 polemical treatise on ecclesia Werlauif, Copenhagen 1815, and again in 1848, aloug with the Skugg-sji. TIE, Anrrunericat :—Rim-begla, a large collection of arithmetical treatises, etc, published at Copenhagen in 1780; the name Rimbegla, however, refers properly only to the first part, viz, pp. 1-114 in this edition this treatise is preserved in au Lcelandic MS. of the rath century (n0, 1812 Royal Libr. Copenhagen), aud is 30 called by the author, whose nme is unknown, Algorismus, 3 treatise on Arithmetic by Hauk Erlendsson (died 1334), contained in the vellom MS, Havks-bék, and edited by Muneh in Ann, for Nord. Oldks., Copenhagen 1848, pp. 353-375 IV. Geoonarnicat;—A small collection is published vider the ttle of Symbolae ad Geographiam Medi aevi, edited by Werlautt iw 182t, expecially containing a geographical sketch by the leelandic abbot Nicholas (died 1161) called Leidarvisir og Borga-skipan some things are also published in Antiquitds Resscs and Orientales, 1852 ; various fragments of this kind are contaited in the Hauke-bék. Some parts of the hymied glossary in the Fdda (C. 1), e-g. names of river, islands, etc. belong to this class V. Menicat.:—Leekninga-bék, a MS, in the Ama-Magn. collection 434, 12mi03 a small part published in Priver, pp. 471, chief source for medical citations, however ia list af Teclundie names of diseases contained in the gtb and Toth volumes: 1789 and 1790, written by Svein Pilsson (died 1840), aud drawn from various old treatises ou medical matters, J. MALDAGAR, SKJOL, etc, i.e. DEEDS AND DIPLO} I. Iet.anoic :—Historia Heclosiastica Islandiae by bishop Finn Jonsson, Finnus Johannacns 1772-1778, contains a great mmuber of writs aid deeds referring to Icelandic chuteh-bistory, which are cited in this Dictiowagy ax fir'ae down to A.D.1400; Diplomatarium Islandieum hy Jon Sigordsson, Copenhagen 1857 sq. contains deeds and Taibri Datici of the churches down to the union with Norway (bout A.D, 1203), but is not finished: deeds of the 14th century are therefore Ed. of 1768 is cited here jcal matters, published by published in four volumes, Copenhagenxii CLASSIFICATION OF WORKS AND AUTHOR: cited from MSS. n the Ama-Maga. collection marked Dipl, the Roman numerals denoting fasciuli: there are alo cite collections ‘of Libri Datici of the 14th eentury, viz Pétre-méldagi, Audunnar-méldagi, Jons-méldagi, and Vilkins-méldegi, all bearing the name of the bishops of the 14th century who niade the collection, and cited from MSS. in the Arna-Mago. IL, Nonse:—Diplomatarium Worvagicum, in many volumes, by Unger and Lange, Christiania 1849 «qq. but at the language of ‘Norway was no longer in a pure state in the 14th and r5th centuries, this large collection is sparingly cited: Bjoreynjar Kalfokinn, Boldts Jordebog, and Munkalif are all segistcts of properties of the Norse cloister, rarely cited, XK, RUNIC INSCRIPTIONS. I. Gorme Ruwss, called by some Old Scandinavian Runes; they are identical with the Anglo-Saxon Runes, but older, and are found only on the very oldest monuments:—The Golden Horn, dug up in Schleswig A.D. 1734, contains an inscription probably of the 3rd or 4th century, explained by Munch and finally by Bugge; The Runie Stone at ‘Tune in Norway, edited ‘and explained by Munch, Christiania 1857, specially cited now and then in the introductions to the letter. TL. Cosaox Scaxpmaviax Rumic Inscaiprions:—The Swenisn Stones, collected in Bautil, vide s.v. bautasteinn the figures mark ‘the number: Brocman’s treatise upon the Runes at the end of Ingvars Saga, Stockholm 1762, The Dasisx Runic Stones, edited by Thorsen, De Danske Rune-Mindes-merker, Copenhagen 1864; Rafn's collection, Copenhagen 1856. ‘The Mavcx Stones are edited by Munch along with his edition of the Chronicon Mannize, , ETC. 87 As to the authorship of these works, we can only briefly note that most of them are Icelandic, but parts Norwegian or Norse. Parts of A, the whole of B. I, and part of B. III are Norse; F and G are partly Norse and partly Icelandic; H. Il and J. Il are Norse; K Scandi- havian; the rest Icelandic, Some few MSS. under the other letters are Norse, e.g. Fagrskinna; but the works are undoubtedly of Icelandic origin, Again, many of the Norse laws are preserved in Icelandic MSS., and only oue of the many MSS, of the Skugg-sjé is Norse. BY MODERN WORKS are understood the works from the Reformation to the present time, as opposed to the old literature, which may be said to end about A.D. 1400; the following 100 or 10 years are almost blank, at least as far as prose is concerned. The fst specimen of modern Icelandic literature is the translation of the New Testament, A.D. 1540, then the rendering of hymns and psalms into Icelandic, and the version of the whole Bible: the middle and latter ‘part of the 16th century was entirely taken up with these subjects. A fresh historical literature, annals and the like, frst dawns at the end of that century. ‘The 17th century is, especially rich in religious poetry ; the Sermons of Jén Vidalin belong to the beginning of the 18th; essays of an economical or political character begin at the middle or end of that century, and periodicals from A.D. 1780, As for this Dictionary, it may be briefly stated that, as to the old literature, every passage is 25 far as possible given with references; while words and phrases from the living Icelandic tongue, popular sayings, ete. are freely given, but generally without references. No lcelandic Dictionary ean be said to de complete that does not pay attention to the present language: the old Kiteratute, however rich, does not give the whole Tanguage, but must be supplemented and illustrated by the living tongue, ‘The differences in grammar ate slight, and the transition ‘of forms regular and gradual, so the change is mostly visible in the vocabulary. But it should be noted that when a word or phrase is given without reference, this means that no ancient reference was at hand: but it does not follow that it is modem ; this ccan only be seen from the beating of the word, e. g. whether it conveys a notion known to the ancients or not, Of modern works Cited the following may be noted: I. Im Porrny, fist, the flower of Icelandic poetry, old as well as modern, the Passiu-Sélmar or Fifty Passion Hymns by Hallgrim Petrsson (born 1614, died 1674), finished 1660, published 1666, and since that time reprinted in thirty editions; the former figure marks the hymn, the latter the verse. The Hymns and Psalms of the Reformation are now and then cited from the Hymn-book of 1619 (called Héla-bok, cited by its leaves), of the collection of 1742. 2. Of secular poems, BtinaDar-balik (marked Bb), composed 1764, by Fagert Olaison (born 1726, died 1768); this poem has always been a geeat favourite with the people in Teeland: the frst figure matks the divisions of the poem. A small collection, A.D. 1852, clled Sn6t, containing small but choice poems of diferent poets. B. Of rimur or modem thapsodies, the Uifaraerfamur are cited as the choicest specime composed by porlak’ Gudbrandsion, who died in 1707; ‘Mima-rima, satirical pocin of the beginning of the 18th centar Neima-rimur by Sigurd Breiafjord.y, Njéla, a philosophical poem by Bjorn Gunnlavgsion, published 1844; Hdstafla, a pedagogical poem by Jin Magnusson (born 1601), cited from the Bd, of 1774. 8. The Ballads or Fornsvedi, 1854 10. Vide s.¥. dant. «Ditties and Songs, never published, but all the better recollected—the choicest among them are those tributed to Pal Vidalin (born 1666, died 1727), ete. ete. 3. The chief Poets are ——Hallgrimr Pétrssonj Stefin Olaison Gied 1688); Eggert Olatssons Jon porlakston (born 1744, died 1819), his poems are collected in two volumes, 18423 Benedikt Grondal (born 1762, died 1825), his poems in a small collection, 1833; Sigurdr Pétrson (died 1827), his poems collected in 18445 Blarni Thorarinsson (born 1787, died 1841), his poems published 1847; Jonas Hallgrimsson (boin 1807, died 1846), his poems published 1847; Sigurdr Breibtjird (died 1846). IL. Inv Prose we must first mention, L. N¥ja Testamenti, the New Testament, cited from the text of 1644, in Edd. of 1807 and 1813 (in no cae is the new version, London 1866, cited, it being merely a paraphrase, and inaccurate); the text of 1644 here ited is mainly founded on the original version of 1840, which has been duly reckoned among the noblest specimens of Tedlandie prose, especially in the Gospels; it is therefore frequently cited, Gamla ‘Testamenti, the OK Testament, s cited more sparingly. The earliest edition of the Bible (Hola 1584) i called Gudbrands-Biblia, i.e. the Bible of bishop Gudbrand: the next edition (Hlum 1644) is called Borléks-Biblia, ie. the Bible of bishop Thotaky and is a slightly emended text of that fof bishop Gudbrand, he porlaks-iblia may be called the Icelandic textos receptus} the edition of 1746, called Watsenbtise Biblia, is a reprint of it; as is alo the edition of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1813. . Whenever the Old Testament is cited and when Stjém is not meant), the reference is to one of these three editions of the same version, B. Next we hare to notice the Sermons of bishop Ja Vidalin (bor 1606, died 1730), called JOns-b6x (uot the Jons-bik adore ‘mentioned, B. I) or Vidalins Postilla, x highly esteenied work the frst edition is of 1718, and ten or eleven editions have since been published: perhaps no Ieelandfe book isso stocked with popular sayings and phrases of every Kind, , Of seculat Iieratore we have frst to mention Zalenskear J6dsogur or Iclandie Stories and Legends by Jon Artason, Leipzig 1862, 1864, in two volumes; some of them rendered into English by Mewes. Powell and Magosson, the Icelandic text, however, is always Gited. 'B. KvbldvOkur, a popular book for children, ia two vols, 1794 aud 1796, by Hannes Fignson. y, The publications of the Icelandic Literary Society, Békmenta-félag, founded A.D. 1816: Abekr or Anvls of Tecland by Jon Espolin (died 1836), published 1831 agg, Saf or Contributions towards the History of Teen, ct 8, Piltr og Stille, 2 novel, 1850." The beautiful translation of the Odysey by Sveiuhjors Egltson, published tinder the name of Odysseife-kved, it small parts, to serve as school books during the yeats 1829-1844. Periodicals: -Félagecrit, a periodical in fifteen volumes 1780-1798, contains mitch that is valuable in Icelandic philology’; ep. also NY Félage-rit, a periodical of 1841 599. Avmann GaNpingt, periodical of 18ay-1832. BJOBOlte, a newspaper, Reykjavik 1848-1860, Ample thanks are due to the excellent reader at the Clarendon Press, Mr. Petubrey, for his watchful attention to consistency in spelling and accuracy in punctuation, especialy in the Icelandic part of this Dictionary. GY.OUTLINES OF GRAMMAR. ps also haf-du, gir-3u, kom-du (kon-du) come thou! vil-tu, statt-n stand thou! bitt-u bind ibou ! pres. bodar-du, brennt-du, ris-tu, bydr- du, ... er-tu, dtt-u, kannt-u, munt-n, veizt-u, etc,: pret. bodadir-du, ... dugdir-du, brannt-u, bautt-n (baudst-u), reist-u, grétst-u, hijopt-u, hijépst-u, etc.: subj, bodadir-du, ... pleddir-Ou, ete.: this usage is freq. XXVI in old prose, and already occurs in even the oldest poems, but it has gained ground in mod. usage, and esp. in speech it has quite super- seded the detached pu; the vowel is ambiguous, being sometimes pronounced long (viltu), but usually short (viltu), in which latter case it has become a full suffix. ADVERBS, PARTICLES, ere, ADVERBS. With Degrees of Comparison: I, the neut, sing. is freq. used as positive, e.g. pung-t, beavily; skjot-t, suddenly; fljst-t, brat-t, dt-t, dr-t, stor-t, har-t, mjuk-t, ljot-t, fagr-t, ete. 2. from adjectives in -ligr is formed an adverb in -lzga, skjét-liga, nd-liga, etc. : in a few cases, especially in poetry, they are contracted -ia, thus skjat- la, 6d-la, brdl-la, etc.; in prose in var-la, bardly, Lat. vix, but var-liga, warily; hard-la or har-la, very, but hard-la, barsbly ; ar-la, early; but from var-la, har-la, ar-la no degrees of comparison are formed. 3. a few end in-a, vid-a, far and wide; suemm-a, early; ill-a, ill, badly ; gorva, quite. 4. special forms, leng-i, Lat, diu, but lang-t, locally; fjar-, far; vel, well; sjaldan, seldom; sid, late; opt, often; mijok, much; ltt, little; inn, ia; ut, out; fram, onwards; aptr, backwards ; nidr, down; upp, wp; heim, home: of the quarters, austr, nordr, sudr, vestr, Ii. the formation of degrees of comparison is like that of the adjectives, only that the inflexive -i, -a, -r is dropped; as skjét-t, compar. skjdt-ar, superl, skjét-ast; Ajot-t, fijot-ar, fjot-ast ; fagr-t, fegr, fegr-st; skjdtlig-a, skjdtlig-ar, skjétlig-ast; vid-a, vid-ar, vid-ast; leng-i, leng-r, leng-st ; skamm-t, skem-r, skem-st ; (fjar), fir-r, first; vel, bet-r (melius), bezt; ill-a, ver-r, ver-st; gorva, gor-r (more fully), gr-st; sjald-an, sjaldn-ar, sjaldn-ast; snemm-a, snem-r, snem- st; sid-r (Jess), sizt (least), but sid-ar (/ater), sid-ast (dates?) ; opt, opt- ar, opt-ast ; mjik, mei-r, me-st ; lit-t, mid-r or mina-r (Jess, Lat. minus), minn-st; inn, inn-ar, inn-st; it, it-ar, wt-ast or yzt; upp, of-ar, ef-st ; nidr, ned-ar (farther down), ned-st ; aptr, apt-ar ( farther bebind), apt- ast or ept-st; austr, aust-ar, aust-ast ; nordr, norxé-ar, noré-ast or nyré- st; suér, sunn-ar, sunn-ast, syun-st or syb-st ; vestr, vest-ar, vest-ast : without positive are, skd-r (better), ska-st; hand-ar (witerius), hand- ast; held-r (rather), helzt; fyr-r (prius), fyt-st; hand-ar (wlterins), hand- ast; superl, hinn-st (bindermost). #7" Old writers usually spell -arr, thus opt-arr, sid-arr, vid-arr, etc.,as also fyr-r, gor-r, in mod. usage opt-ar, vid-ar, fyr, gor. 2. the full adjectival comparative is frequently made to serve as adverbia] comparative, e.g. ha-ra, bigher; leg-ra, dower ; leng-ra in local sense, but leng-r in temp, sense ; skem-ra (local), but skem-r (temp.) :—or both forms are used indiscriminately, as vid-ar and vid-ara, skjdt-ar and skjét-ara, haré-ar and hard-ara, 3. if following after the article the superlative conforms to the neut. sing. of the weak declension, ¢. g. rida hit hardasta, ¢o ride one’s hardest; hit skjotasta, fyrsta, sidasta, etc. Without Degrees of Comparison: I. adverbs with inflexions, 1. formed as genitive in -s, or is, or-ar; ollungis, guile ; einungis, oxly; lok-s, af last, or loks-ins, id.; all-s, in all: formed from nouns, as leid, dagr; heim-leidis, bomewards; simu-leidis, fike- wise; A-leidis, onwards; tak-leidis, straight; ar-degis, early in the day ; framveg-is, furthermore ; utbytd-is, overboard; innbysd-is, inwardly ; ékeyp-is, gratis; erlend-is, abroad; matgsinn-is, optsinn-is, many a time; umbverv-is or umberg-is, all around; jafn-foetis, on equal footing ; and-scelis, against the sun; for-streymis, for-brekkis, for- vidris; tvi-vegis, fwice, etc.:—~in -ar, from staér, allstad-ar, every- where; sumstad-at, somewbere; annars-staé-ar, elsewhere; einhvers- stad-ar, anywhere; nokkurs-stad-ar, id.; marg-staé-ar, in many places : from konar (generis), kind; eins-konar, annars-konar, of another kind; nokkurs-konar, of any kind; alls-konar, hvers-konar, margs- konar: alls-kostar=alis-konar: so, many other words, innan-huss, in-doors; utan-huss, ouf-doors; utan-lands, abroad; and inn-fiarda, innan-lands, etc. 2. the acc. sing. masc. is often used adverbially, as hard-an, swiftly; bréé-an, suddenly; rida mikinn, fo ride fast ; this is properly an elliptical use, a noun being understood. 3. in -um, properly a dative form, eink-um, especially; fycr-um, for- merly; long-um, all along ; tid-um, offen; stund-um, sometimes ; ford-um, of yore; fikj-um, eagerly; 6a-um, rapidly; bréd-um, bye and bye; endrum og sinnum, xow and then ; hoppum og gloppum, by haps and gaps; smam saman, by little and litile: also from nouns, hronn- um and unnvirp-um (Lat. uadatim). 4. in -eg, from vegr, a way; thus pann-ig, pann-og, dbus and ¢bitber ; hinn-ig, the otber way, bitber ; hvern-ig, bow; cinn-ig, afso; the ancients often spell pann- og, ete.; in mod. usage pann-inn, hvern-inn, einn-inn; hins-eg-inn (the other way), qs. bann-iginn or pann-veginn, etc., from the noun along with the article: the adverbs, badum-egin, on bosb sides; hvarum-egin, on what side; hinum-eginn, on che other side; dllum- eginn, on ali sides; hérna-megin, ov this side; formed from dat. plur. and vegr, the oldest form is probably bédu-megum, both forms being in dat.; Gdru-visi, otberwise. 5. in -an, denoting motion from 2 place; héd-an, bence; pab-an, thence; hvad-an, whence; sid-an, since; und-an, before; fram-an, q.v.; hand-an, from beyond; ned- an, from beneath; of-an, from above; heim-an, from home; inn-an, from the inner part; tt-an, from outwards; nor’-an, from the norib ; aust-an, sunn-an, vest-an, etc,: without the notion of motion, 4a-an, shortly, a little while ago; jafn-an, ‘ evenly,’ frequently; sam-an, to~ gether. B. in -at, denoting motion ¢o the place, hing-at or heg-at, bither ; pang-at, thither, hver-t, whither. y. terminations denoting rest in dhe place, hér, bere; pat, there; hvar, where; hvar-gi, nowbere ; heim-a, at home: old poét. forms are hédra, bere; padra, there. 5. mod. forms suffixing a demonstrative particle -na, hét-na, par-na, tar- na, this here (qs, pat par-na): in -é, framm-i (q. v.), upp-i, mdr-i. 6. numeral adverbs, tvisvar, fwice; brysvar, thrice, (spelt with y in good old MSS.) II. special adverbs, ar, early; ar-la, id.; pegar, aé once, Lat. jam; svi, so, thus, and svo-na, id.; ger, yesterday; pa, then; ni, now, and nui-na, just now; ner, wher; hve-nzr, id.; enn, still; senn, soon; ella, else; unz, weutil; ja, yes; nei, no; aldrigi, never; m, ever; wtid, id.; ei and ey, id.; si, Lat. semper, only in compounds and in the phrase, si og @, for ever and ever; hvi, why; hve, bow; hversu, id.; allténd (mod.), always; avalt,id.; alla-jafna, id.; einatt, repeatedly; of, too; van, fon Little, used singly only in the phrase, of ok van; samt, foge¢ber; sundr, asunder; & mis, amiss; ymist, indiscriminately ; iOula, repeatedly, etc. Adverbial Prefixes: 1. in positive and intensive sense, especially with adjectives, al-, quzte, al-, see Dictionary, p. 11 sqq.; all-, very; aud-, easy; afar-, greadly; fjOl-, frequently; of-, too (very freq.); ofr-, very, greatly: temp. si-, semper: 18-, often, again ; ey- or ei-, ever-; einka-, especially ; endr-, again; fram-, origin- ally, 2. in special sense, d4-, very; full-, quite; half-, bal/; jafn-, equally, in many words, etc.: only as prefixes, sam~, together, Lat. cor-, in many words; er-, gs. el- (cp. Lat. adi-us), in er-lendr and compds; and-, against; gagn-,id.; gor-, quite, altogether. 3. in negative sense, W- oT 6-, = Lat, in-, Engl. wa-, in a great many words ; the mod. form is d-, e.g. b-fagr, wafair, ugly; ua- is the ctymologi- cally true form, which is preserved in German and English, as well as in mod. Danish, Swedish, and Norse; but that the Icel., even in the rath century, had already changed ti- into’ d- is shewn by the spelling of the earliest MSS., and from the statement in Skilda by the second grammarian, who says that ‘¢- or ai- changes the sense of a word, as in satt (sooéb), or é-satt (unfrue),’ Skalda 171; but in the bulk of. MSS. of a later date, after the union with Norway, the 2- prevailed, and was henceforth adopted in the Editions, although the Icel. people all along pronounced 6-, which also is the spelling in all modern books, and might well be adopted in Editions too: mis- (cp. Engl. amiss), differenily, and also badly, in many compds: var, searcely, insuffi- ciently; svi-, cp. svei, p. XxVIi: Van-, deficiency, ‘wane: tor-,= Gr. bus-, with difficulty, opp. to avd-: Gr-,= Lat. ex-, thus 6r-skipta =expers, Or-endr = exanimus, etc. for-, in a few words, cp. p. 182. @e" Words denoting wonder, aive are often used as adverbial prefixes in an intensive sense, as geysi-, 2di-, undra-, fjarska-, furdu-, dskapa-, aufilly, wonderfully ; see Dictionary. PREPOSITIONS, With dat. aud acc., at, Lat. ad, only exceptionally with acc.; &, Lat. in, Engl. on; fyrir, for, before; eptir, afer; 1, in; undir, under, beneath; yt, over, above; vid, with,=Lat. cum; med, td. 2. with dat., af, off of; frd, from: Gr, mod. tir, Lat, ex, out of: hjas Lat. juata, = besides; mot, against; gegen, id. 3. with acc., gegnum, ébrough; fram, on, onwards; upp, up; nidr, down; ofan, id.; wm, Lat. de, per, old form of. 4. with gen., til, ail, to; an, without; milli or medal, between. a The pre-xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. SIGNS, ETC. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. absol, = absolute, abso- | dat, =dative. Pris, loc.=Iocal, locally. Sansk., =Sanskrit. Jutely, deci, = declined. Gael mor maie,=mascu- Scandin. = Scandina- def. = defnite | gen. line. opp. Scandinavian. defect. — defective. | gener. generally. | medic. ~medicine,me- | Ormul. or Orm, = Or-| Scot, ~ Scottish ‘A.D.=Anno Domini.| dep.=deponent. | Germ.= ically, mulom, signif. signification, adj. adjective. DeProfesser =DeHerr | gl. or gloss. glossary. | metaph. = metaphori- participle. singular. adv, adverb. Professer by August|Goth.=Gothic. | cal, metaphorically. adverb, = adverbially Gr. =Greek. | metath, = metathesis. allt, alliteration, ab gramm.= grammar, | meton, = metonomy, spec. =specally. iterative | ayn « Havniensis metonomically. | pers. = perso, 58.49. = following, anatom. = anatomi- Hel. =Heliand. metric. =metrically, | pl. or plur.=-plural. | subj. subjunctive. cally. dimin. Teel, = Iceland, Ice-| mid. H. G. = middle poctically. | subst. substantive. dix dey. = dirog deybe| diss. Jander, Ieclanders,| Migh German, | Pol, = Polish, suff. = sufi ‘aero. [DLR A= Deutsche] _Ieeandic. mid. Lat. middle | poste postive. | Supeasupine AS.cAngloSaxon, | Rechts-alterthiimer| id. idem, efecring to| Latin. Pr. or prop.= proper, | superl.= superlative. astron, = astronomy, | by Grimm, ‘the pastage quoted. | mult, ~ military. ‘properly. 5. ¥essub voce. astronomicaliy. | dub. ~ dubious ia mien refering to | M, Lat. = Medieval | pret. preface Swed. = Swedish. begins beginning. | eccl ecclesiastical, | the translation, iain. Prep. prepp. preps temp, temporal Boul, —Bodletan, | Ed,, Edd. ~ edition, | i.e. =id ext, nod tiom, prepositions, | teri. termination. Bohem.=Bohemian. | editions, edited. | imperat. imperative, | monosy pres. = present ‘Teut. = Teutoni. botan. botanical. | E, Engl. Spec. Early] impets.inpersonal. | hie pret-opretecte, | heal = theoogica, Brit, ‘Mus. — Hrtish | ngish Specimens. | indecl, indelible. | MS..” MSS, = manu-| priv. prvatve theologically. Je.g.=exempli gratia. | inde script, manuscripts, | pr.n.= itive. proper name, | trans. | ellipt. = elliptical, ellip-| indie. iythel. = mythology, | prob. = probably transl. = translation, class. = classical. tically | ini. ‘mythologieally. | pron. = pronot, tisyl, = trisyllabie, Cod, or Cd. =Codex. Engl. = English, | inflex.intiexive. [nor nent, =neuter. | proned. =» pronounced. | Ulf.=-Ulfls, cognom. —cognomten, | esp. especially. intens. intensive. | naut, nautical, proverb.