Chap 18 Solution

18
Two-Port Circuits
Assessment Problems
AP 18.1 With port 2 short-circuited, we have
I
1
=
V
1
20
+
V
1
5
;
I
1
V
1
= y
11
= 0.25 S; I
2
=
_
20
25
_
I
1
= 0.8I
1
When V
2
= 0, we have I
1
= y
11
V
1
and I
2
= y
21
V
1
Therefore I
2
= 0.8(y
11
V
1
) = 0.8y
11
V
1
Thus y
21
= 0.8y
11
= 0.2 S
With port 1 short-circuited, we have
I
2
=
V
2
15
+
V
2
5
;
I
2
V
2
= y
22
=
_
4
15
_
S
I
1
=
_
15
20
_
I
2
= 0.75I
2
= 0.75y
22
V
2
181
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182 CHAPTER 18. Two-Port Circuits
Therefore y
12
= (0.75)
4
15
= 0.2 S
AP 18.2
h
11
=
_
V
1
I
1
_
V
2
=0
= 205 = 4
h
21
=
_
I
2
I
1
_
V
2
=0
=
(20/25)I
1
I
1
= 0.8
h
12
=
_
V
1
V
2
_
I
1
=0
=
(20/25)V
2
V
2
= 0.8
h
22
=
_
I
2
V
2
_
I
1
=0
=
1
15
+
1
25
=
8
75
S
g
11
=
_
I
1
V
1
_
I
2
=0
=
1
20
+
1
20
= 0.1 S
g
21
=
_
V
2
V
1
_
I
2
=0
=
(15/20)V
1
V
1
= 0.75
g
12
=
_
I
1
I
2
_
V
1
=0
=
(15/20)I
2
I
2
= 0.75
g
22
=
_
V
2
I
2
_
V
1
=0
= 155 =
75
20
= 3.75
AP 18.3
g
11
=
I
1
V
1
I
2
=0
=
5 10
6
50 10
3
= 0.1 mS
g
21
=
V
2
V
1
I
2
=0
=
200 10
3
50 10
3
= 4
g
12
=
I
1
I
2
V
1
=0
=
2 10
6
0.5 10
6
= 4
g
22
=
V
2
I
2
V
1
=0
=
10 10
3
0.5 10
6
= 20 k
Problems 183
AP 18.4 First calculate the b-parameters:
b
11
=
V
2
V
1
I
1
=0
=
15
10
= 1.5 ; b
21
=
I
2
V
1
I
1
=0
=
30
10
= 3 S
b
12
=
V
2
I
1
V
1
=0
=
10
5
= 2 ; b
22
=
I
2
I
1
V
1
=0
=
4
5
= 0.8
Now the z-parameters are calculated:
z
11
=
b
22
b
21
=
0.8
3
=
4
15
; z
12
=
1
b
21
=
1
3

z
21
=
b
b
21
=
(1.5)(0.8) 6
3
= 1.6 ; z
22
=
b
11
b
21
=
1.5
3
=
1
2

AP 18.5
z
11
= z
22
, z
12
= z
21
, 95 = z
11
(5) + z
12
(0)
Therefore, z
11
= z
22
= 95/5 = 19
11.52 = 19I
1
z
12
(2.72)
0 = z
12
I
1
19(2.72)
Solving these simultaneous equations for z
12
yields the quadratic equation
z
2
12
+
_
72
17
_
z
12
6137
17
= 0
For a purely resistive network, it follows that z
12
= z
21
= 17 .
AP 18.6 [a] I
2
=
V
g
a
11
Z
L
+ a
12
+ a
21
Z
g
Z
L
+ a
22
Z
g
=
50 10
3
(5 10
4
)(5 10
3
) + 10 + (10
6
)(100)(5 10
3
) + (3 10
2
)(100)
=
50 10
3
10
= 5 mA
P
L
=
1
2
(5 10
3
)
2
(5 10
3
) = 62.5 mW
[b] Z
Th
=
a
12
+ a
22
Z
g
a
11
+ a
21
Z
g
=
10 + (3 10
2
)(100)
5 10
4
+ (10
6
)(100)
=
7
6 10
4
=
70
6
k
[c] V
Th
=
V
g
a
11
+ a
21
Z
g
=
50 10
3
6 10
4
=
500
6
V
Therefore V
2
=
250
6
V; P
max
=
(1/2)(250/6)
2
(70/6) 10
3
= 74.4 mW
AP 18.7 [a] For the given bridged-tee circuit, we have
a
11
= a
22
= 1.25, a
21
=
1
20
S, a
12
= 11.25
The a-parameters of the cascaded networks are
a
11
= (1.25)
2
+ (11.25)(0.05) = 2.125
a
12
= (1.25)(11.25) + (11.25)(1.25) = 28.125
a
21
= (0.05)(1.25) + (1.25)(0.05) = 0.125 S
a
22
= a
11
= 2.125, R
Th
= (45.125/3.125) = 14.44
[b] V
t
=
100
3.125
= 32 V; therefore V
2
= 16 V
[c] P =
16
2
14.44
= 17.73 W
Problems 185
Problems
P 18.1 h
11
=
_
V
1
I
1
_
V
2
=0
= 205 = 4
h
21
=
_
I
2
I
1
_
V
2
=0
=
(20/25)I
1
I
1
= 0.8
h
12
=
_
V
1
V
2
_
I
1
=0
=
(20/25)V
2
V
2
= 0.8
h
22
=
_
I
2
V
2
_
I
1
=0
=
1
15
+
1
25
=
8
75
S
g
11
=
_
I
1
V
1
_
I
2
=0
=
1
20
+
1
20
= 0.1 S
g
21
=
_
V
2
V
1
_
I
2
=0
=
(15/20)V
1
V
1
= 0.75
g
12
=
_
I
1
I
2
_
V
1
=0
=
(15/20)I
2
I
2
= 0.75
g
22
=
_
V
2
I
2
_
V
1
=0
= 155 =
75
20
= 3.75
P 18.2 y
11
=
I
1
V
1
V
2
=0
; y
21
=
I
2
V
1
V
2
=0
V 1
20
+
V
10
+
V
4
= 0; so V = 0.125 V
. . I
1
=
1 0.125
20
+
1 0
8
= 168.75 mA; I
2
=
0 0.125
4
+
0 1
8
= 156.25 mA
y
11
=
I
1
V
1
V
2
=0
= 168.75 mS; y
21
=
I
2
V
1
V
2
=0
= 156.25 mS
y
12
=
I
1
V
2
V
1
=0
; y
22
=
I
2
V
2
V
1
=0
V
20
+
V
10
+
V 1
4
= 0; so V = 0.625 V
. . I
1
=
0 0.625
20
+
0 1
8
= 156.25 mA; I
2
=
1 0.625
4
+
1 0
8
= 218.75 mA
y
12
=
I
1
V
2
V
1
=0
= 156.25 mS; y
22
=
I
2
V
2
V
1
=0
= 218.75 mS
Summary:
y
11
= 168.75 mS y
12
= 156.25 mS y
21
= 156.25 mS y
22
= 218.75 mS
P 18.3
z
11
=
V
1
I
1
I
2
=0
= 1 + 12 = 13
z
21
=
V
2
I
1
I
2
=0
= 12
z
22
=
V
2
I
2
I
1
=0
= 4 + 12 = 16
z
21
=
V
1
I
2
I
1
=0
= 12
Problems 187
P 18.4 z = (13)(16) (12)(12) = 64
y
11
=
z
22
z
=
16
64
= 0.25 S
y
12
=
z
12
z
=
12
64
= 0.1875 S
y
21
=
z
21
z
=
12
64
= 0.1875 S
y
22
=
z
11
z
=
13
64
= 0.203125 S
P 18.5 h
11
=
V
1
I
1
V
2
=0
; h
21
=
I
2
I
1
V
2
=0
V
1
I
1
= 80[10 + 2020] = 8020 = 16

. . h
11
= 16
I
6
=
80
80 + 20
I
1
= 0.8I
1
I
2
=
20
20 + 20
I
6
= 0.5I
6
= 0.5(0.8)I
1
= 0.4I
1

. . h
21
= 0.4
h
12
=
V
1
V
2
I
1
=0
; h
22
=
I
2
V
2
I
1
=0
V
2
I
2
= 80[20 + 2090] = 25

. . h
22
=
1
25
= 40 mS
V
x
=
2090
20 + 2090
V
2
V
1
=
80
80 + 10
V
x
=
80(2090)
90(20 + 2090)
V
2
= 0.4V
2
. . h
12
= 0.4
Summary:
h
11
= 16 ; h
12
= 0.4; h
21
= 0.4; h
22
= 40 mS
P 18.6 V
2
= b
11
V
1
b
12
I
1
I
2
= b
21
V
1
b
22
I
1
b
12
=
V
2
I
1
V
1
=0
; b
22
=
I
2
I
1
V
1
=0
515 = (15/4) ; 1020 = (20/3)
I
2
=
V
2
(15/4) + (20/3)
=
12V
2
125
; I
1
= I
b
I
a
Problems 189
I
a
=
15
20
I
2
; I
b
=
20
30
I
2
I
1
=
_
20
30

15
20
_
I
2
=
5
60
I
2
=
1
12
I
2
b
22
=
I
2
I
1
= 12
b
12
=
V
2
I
1
=
V
2
I
2
_
I
2
I
1
_
=
125
12
(12) = 125
b
11
=
V
2
V
1
I
1
=0
; b
21
=
I
2
V
1
I
1
=0
V
1
= V
a
V
b
; V
a
=
10
15
V
2
; V
b
=
20
35
V
2
V
1
=
10
15
V
2
20
35
V
2
=
2
21
V
2
b
11
=
V
2
V
1
=
21
2
= 10.5
V
2
= (10 + 5)(20 + 15)I
2
= 10.5I
2
b
21
=
I
2
V
1
=
_
I
2
V
2
__
V
2
V
1
_
=
_
1
10.5
_
(10.5) = 1 S
P 18.7 h
11
=
V
1
I
1
V
2
=0
= R
1
R
2
= 4

. .
R
1
R
2
R
1
+ R
2
= 4
h
21
=
I
2
I
1
V
2
=0
=
R
2
R
1
+ R
2
= 0.8
. . R
2
= 0.8R
1
+ 0.8R
2
so R
1
=
R
2
4
Substituting,
(R
2
/4)R
2
(R
2
/4) + R
2
= 4 so R
2
= 20 and R
1
= 5
h
22
=
I
2
V
2
I
1
=0
=
1
R
3
(R
1
+ R
2
)
=
1
R
3
25
= 0.14
. . R
3
= 10
Summary:
R
1
= 5 ; R
2
= 20 ; R
3
= 10
P 18.8 V
1
= a
11
V
2
a
12
I
2
I
1
= a
21
V
2
a
22
I
2
a
11
=
V
1
V
2
I
2
=0
; a
21
=
I
1
V
2
I
2
=0
V
1
= 10
3
I
1
+ 10
4
V
2
= 10
3
(0.5 10
6
)V
2
+ 10
4
V
2
. . a
11
= 5 10
4
+ 10
4
= 4 10
4
V
2
= (50I
1
)(40 10
3
);

. . a
21
=
1
2 10
6
= 0.5 S
Problems 1811
a
12
=
V
1
I
2
V
2
=0
; a
22
=
I
1
I
2
V
2
=0
I
2
= 50I
1
;

. . a
22
=
I
1
I
2
=
1
50
V
1
= 1000I
1
;

. . a
12
=
V
1
I
2
=
V
1
I
1
I
1
I
2
= (1000)(1/50) = 20
Summary
a
11
= 4 10
4
; a
12
= 20 ; a
21
= 0.5 S; a
22
= 0.02
P 18.9 g
11
=
a
21
a
11
=
0.5 10
6
4 10
4
= 1.25 mS
g
12
=
a
a
11
=
(4 10
4
)(1/50) (0.5 10
6
)(20)
4 10
4
= 0.005
g
21
=
1
a
11
=
1
4 10
4
= 2500
g
22
=
a
12
a
11
=
(20)
400 10
6
= 5 10
4
P 18.10 For V
2
= 0:
I
a
=
50I
2
200
=
1
4
I
2
= I
2
;

. . I
2
= 0
h
21
=
I
2
I
1
V
2
=0
= 0
V
1
= (10 + j20)I
1

. . h
11
=
V
1
I
1
V
2
=0
= 10 + j20
For I
1
= 0:
V
1
= 50I
2
; I
2
=
V
2
j100
+
V
2
50I
2
200
200I
2
= j2V
2
+ V
2
50i
2
250I
2
= V
2
(1 + j2)
50I
2
= V
2
_
1 + j2
5
_
= (0.2 + j0.4)V
2
. . V
1
= (0.2 + j0.4)V
2
h
12
=
V
1
V
2
I
1
=0
= 0.2 + j0.4
h
22
=
I
2
V
2
I
1
=0
=
1 + j2
250
= 4 + j8 mS
Summary:
h
11
= 10 + j20 ; h
12
= 0.2 + j0.4; h
21
= 0; h
22
= 4 + j8 mS
Problems 1813
P 18.11 For I
2
= 0:
50I
1
40I
2
= 1
40I
1
+ 48I
2
3(40)(I
1
I
2
) = 0 so 160I
1
+ 168I
2
= 0
Solving,
I
1
= 84 mA; I
2
= 80 mA
V
2
= 3I
2
3(40)(I
1
I
2
) = 0.24 V
g
11
=
I
1
V
1
I
2
=0
=
84 m
1
= 84 mS
g
21
=
V
2
V
1
I
2
=0
=
0.24
1
= 0.24
For V
1
= 0:
50I
1
40I
2
= 0
40I
1
+ 48I
2
+ 3 3(40)(I
1
I
2
) = 0 so 160I
1
+ 168I
2
= 3
Solving,
I
1
= 60 mA; I
2
= 75 mA
V
2
= 3(I
2
+ 1) 3(40)(I
1
I
2
) = 0.975 V
g
12
=
I
1
I
2
V
1
=0
=
60 m
1
= 0.06
g
22
=
V
2
I
2
V
1
=0
=
0.975
1
= 0.975
P 18.12 For V
2
= 0:
V
1
= (400 + 1200)I
1
h
11
=
V
1
I
1
V
2
=0
=
1600
1
= 1600
V
p
= 1200(1 A) = 1200 V = V
n
At V
n
,
1200
500
+
1200 V
o
1000
= 0 so V
o
= 3600 V
. . I
2
=
3600
200
= 18 A
h
21
=
I
2
I
1
I
1
=0
=
18
1
= 18
Problems 1815
For I
1
= 0:
V
1
= 0
h
12
=
V
1
V
2
I
1
=0
=
0
1
= 0
At V
n
,
V
n
500
+
V
n
V
o
100
= 0
But V
n
= V
p
= 0 so V
o
= 0; therefore,
I
2
=
1 V
200
= 5 mS
h
22
=
I
2
V
2
I
1
=0
=
5 m
1
= 5 mS
P 18.13 I
1
= g
11
V
1
+ g
12
I
2
; V
2
= g
21
V
1
+ g
22
I
2
g
11
=
I
1
V
1
I
2
=0
=
0.25 10
6
20 10
3
= 12.5 10
6
= 12.5 S
g
21
=
V
2
V
1
I
2
=0
=
5
20
10
3
= 250
0 = 250(10) + g
22
(50 10
6
)
g
22
=
2500
50 10
6
= 50 M
200 10
6
= 12.5 10
6
(10) + g
12
(50 10
6
)
(200 125)10
6
= g
12
(50 10
6
)
g
12
=
75
50
= 1.5
P 18.14 [a] I
1
= y
11
V
1
+ y
12
V
2
; I
2
= y
21
V
1
+ y
22
V
2
y
21
=
I
2
V
1
V
2
=0
=
50 10
6
10
= 5 S
0 = y
21
(20 10
3
) + y
22
(5)
. . y
22
=
1
5
y
21
(20 10
3
) = 20 nS
200 10
6
= y
11
(10) so y
11
= 20 S
0.25 10
6
= 20 10
6
(20 10
3
) + y
12
(5)
y
12
=
0.25 10
6
0.4 10
6
5
= 30 nS
Summary:
y
11
= 20 S; y
12
= 30 nS; y
21
= 5 S; y
22
= 20 nS
[b] y
11
=
g
g
22
; y
12
=
g
12
g
22
; y
21
=
g
21
g
22
; y
22
=
1
g
22
g = g
11
g
22
g
12
g
21
= (12.5 10
6
)(50 10
6
) 1.5(250)
= 625 + 375 = 1000
y
11
=
1000
50 10
6
= 20 S; y
21
=
250
5 10
6
= 5 S
y
12
=
1.5
50 10
6
= 30 nS; y
22
=
1
5 10
6
= 20 nS
These values are the same as those in part (a).
P 18.15 I
1
= g
11
V
1
+ g
12
I
2
V
2
= g
21
V
1
+ g
22
I
2
V
1
=
I
1
g
11
g
12
g
11
I
2
and I
2
=
V
2
g
22
g
21
g
22
V
1
Substituting,
V
1
=
I
1
g
11
g
12
g
11
_
V
2
g
22
g
21
g
22
V
1
_
V
1
=
_
1
g
12
g
21
g
11
g
22
_
=
I
1
g
11
g
12
g
11
g
22
V
2
Problems 1817
V
1
=
g
22
g
11
g
22
g
12
g
21
I
1
g
12
g
11
g
22
g
12
g
21
V
2
V
1
= h
11
I
1
+ h
12
V
2
Therefore,
h
11
=
g
22
g
; h
12
=
g
12
g
where g = g
11
g
22
g
12
g
21
I
2
=
V
2
g
22
g
21
g
22
_
I
1
g
11
g
12
g
11
I
2
_
I
2
=
_
1
g
12
g
21
g
11
g
22
_
=
V
2
g
22
g
21
g
11
g
22
I
1
I
2
=
g
11
g
V
2
g
21
g
I
1
I
2
= h
21
I
1
+ h
22
V
2
Therefore,
h
21
=
g
21
g
; h
22
=
g
11
g
P 18.16 V
1
= h
11
I
1
+ h
12
V
2
; I
2
= h
21
I
1
+ h
22
V
2
Rearranging the rst equation,
V
2
=
1
h
12
V
1
h
11
h
12
I
1
V
2
= b
11
V
1
b
12
I
1
Therefore,
b
11
=
1
h
12
; b
12
=
h
11
h
12
Solving the second h-parameter equation for I
2
:
I
2
= h
21
I
1
+ h
22
_
1
h
12
V
1
h
11
h
12
I
1
_
= I
1
_
h
21
h
22
h
11
h
12
_
+
h
22
h
12
V
1
=
h
h
12
I
1
+
h
22
h
12
V
1
I
2
= b
21
V
1
b
22
I
1
Therefore,
b
21
=
h
22
h
12
; b
22
=
h
h
12
where h = h
11
h
22
h
12
h
21
P 18.17 I
1
= g
11
V
1
+ g
12
I
2
; V
2
= g
21
V
1
+ g
22
I
2
V
1
= z
11
I
1
+ z
12
I
2
; V
2
= z
21
I
1
+ z
22
I
2
I
1
=
V
1
z
11
z
12
z
11
I
2
. . g
11
=
1
z
11
; g
12
=
z
12
z
11
V
2
= z
21
_
V
1
z
11
z
12
z
11
I
2
_
+ z
22
I
2
=
z
21
z
11
V
1
+
_
z
11
z
22
z
12
z
21
z
11
_
I
2
. . g
21
=
z
21
z
11
; g
22
=
z
z
11
where z = z
11
z
22
z
12
z
21
P 18.18 For I
2
= 0:
V
2
=
V
1
4 + (1/s)
(4) =
4sV
1
4s + 1
a
11
=
V
1
V
2
I
2
=0
=
4s + 1
4s
=
s + 0.25
s
I
1
=
V
1
4 + (1/s)
=
sV
1
4s + 1
so V
2
= 4I
1
=
4sV
1
4s + 1
a
21
=
I
1
V
2
I
2
=0
=
1
4
= 0.25
Problems 1819
For V
2
= 0:
I
2
=
I
1
(4)
s + 4
a
22
=
I
1
I
2
V
2
=0
=
s + 4
4
V
1
=
1
s
I
1
+
4s
s + 4
I
1
=
_
1
s
+
4s
s + 4
_
I
1
=
_
1
s
+
4s
s + 4
_
_
(s + 4)
4
I
2
_
=
_
s + 4
4s
+ s
_
I
2
=
4s
2
+ s + 4
4s
I
2
a
12
=
V
1
I
2
V
2
=0
=
s
2
+ 0.25s + 1
s
P 18.19 z
11
=
V
1
I
1
I
2
=0
=
(1 + 1/s)(1)
2 + 1/s
+ s =
s + 1
2s + 1
+ s
=
s + 1 + 2s
2
+ 2
2s + 1
=
2s
2
+ 2s + 1
2s + 1
z
22
= z
11
(the circuit is reciprocal and symmetrical)
z
21
=
V
2
I
1
I
2
=0
V
2
= I
1
1
2 + 1/s
(1) + sI
1
;
V
2
I
1
=
s
2s + 1
+ s =
s + 2s
2
+ s
2s + 1
z
21
=
2s
2
+ 2s
2s + 1
=
2s(s + 1)
2s + 1
z
12
= z
21
(the circuit is reciprocal and symmetrical)
P 18.20 For I
2
= 0:
V
2
V
1
20
+ 0.025V
1
+
V
2
40
= 0
2V
2
2V
1
+ V
1
+ V
2
= 0 so 3V
2
= V
1
. . a
11
=
V
1
V
2
I
2
=0
= 3
I
1
=
V
1
j50
+
V
1
5V
2
100
+
V
1
V
2
20
= V
1
_
j
50
+
1
100
+
1
20
_
V
2
_
5
100
+
1
20
_
= V
1
_
6 + j2
100
_
V
2
_
1
10
_
But V
1
= 3V
2
so
I
1
=
_
18 + j6 10
100
_
V
2
= (0.08 + j0.06)V
2
a
21
=
I
1
V
2
I
2
=0
= 0.08 + j0.06 S = 80 + j60 mS
Problems 1821
For V
2
= 0:
I
1
=
V
1
j50
+
V
1
100
+
V
1
20
= V
1
(6 + j2)
100
I
2
= 0.025V
1
V
1
20
= 0.025V
1
a
12
=
V
1
I
2
V
2
=0
=
1
0.025
= 40
a
22
=
I
1
I
2
V
2
=0
=
2V
1
(3 + j1)
100(0.025)V
1
= 2.4 + j0.8
Summary:
a
11
= 3; a
12
= 40 ; a
21
= 80 + j60 mS; a
22
= 2.4 + j0.8
P 18.21 h
11
=
a
12
a
22
=
40
(0.8)(3 + j1)
= 15 j5
h
12
=
a
a
22
a = 3(2.4 + j0.8) 40(0.08 + j0.06) = 7.2 + j2.4 3.2 j2.4 = 4
h
12
=
4
(0.8)(3 + j1)
= 1.5 j0.50
h
21
=
1
a
22
=
1
(0.8)(3 + j1)
= 0.375 + j0.125
h
22
=
a
21
a
22
=
0.08 + j0.06
(0.8)(3 + j1)
= 0.0375 + j0.0125 = 37.5 + j12.5 mS
P 18.22 [a] h
11
=
V
1
I
1
V
2
=0
; h
21
=
I
2
I
1
V
2
=0
V
1
= (R + sL)I
1
sMI
2
0 = sMI
1
+ (R + sL)I
2
=
(R + sL) sM
sM (R + sL)
= (R + sL)
2
s
2
M
2
N
1
=
V
1
sM
0 (R + sL)
= (R + sL)V
1
I
1
=
N
1
=
(R + sL)V
1
(R + sL)
2
s
2
M
2
; h
11
=
V
1
I
1
=
(R + sL)
2
s
2
M
2
R + sL
0 = sMI
1
+ (R + sL)I
2
;

. . h
21
=
I
2
I
1
=
sM
R + sL
h
12
=
V
1
V
2
I
1
=0
; h
22
=
I
2
V
2
I
1
=0
V
1
= sMI
2
; I
2
=
V
2
R + sL
V
1
=
sMV
2
R + sL
; h
12
=
V
1
V
2
=
sM
R + sL
h
22
=
I
2
V
2
=
1
R + sL
Problems 1823
[b] h
12
= h
21
(reciprocal)
h
11
h
22
h
12
h
21
= 1 (symmetrical, reciprocal)
h
12
=
sM
R + sL
; h
21
=
sM
R + sL
(checks)
h
11
h
22
h
12
h
21
=
(R + sL)
2
s
2
M
2
R + sL

1
R + sL

(sM)(sM)
(R + sL)
2
=
(R + sL)
2
s
2
M
2
+ s
2
M
2
(R + sL)
2
= 1 (checks)
P 18.23 First we note that
z
11
=
(Z
b
+ Z
c
)(Z
a
+ Z
b
)
Z
a
+ 2Z
b
+ Z
c
and z
22
=
(Z
a
+ Z
b
)(Z
b
+ Z
c
)
Z
a
+ 2Z
b
+ Z
c
Therefore z
11
= z
22
.
z
12
=
V
1
I
2
I
1
=0
; Use the circuit below:
V
1
= Z
b
I
x
Z
c
I
y
= Z
b
I
x
Z
c
(I
2
I
x
) = (Z
b
+ Z
c
)I
x
Z
c
I
2
I
x
=
Z
b
+ Z
c
Z
a
+ 2Z
b
+ Z
c
I
2
so V
1
=
(Z
b
+ Z
c
)
2
Z
a
+ 2Z
b
+ Z
c
I
2
Z
c
I
2
. . Z
12
=
V
1
I
2
=
(Z
b
+ Z
c
)
2
Z
a
+ 2Z
b
+ Z
c
Z
c
=
Z
2
b
Z
a
Z
c
Z
a
+ 2Z
b
+ Z
c
z
21
=
V
2
I
1
I
2
=0
; Use the circuit below:
V
2
= Z
b
I
x
Z
c
I
y
= Z
b
I
x
Z
c
(I
1
I
x
) = (Z
b
+ Z
c
)I
x
Z
c
I
1
I
x
=
Z
b
+ Z
c
Z
a
+ 2Z
b
+ Z
c
I
1
so V
2
=
(Z
b
+ Z
c
)
2
Z
a
+ 2Z
b
+ Z
c
I
1
Z
c
I
1
. . z
21
=
V
2
I
1
=
(Z
b
+ Z
c
)
2
Z
a
+ 2Z
b
+ Z
c
Z
c
=
Z
2
b
Z
a
Z
c
Z
a
+ 2Z
b
+ Z
c
= z
12
Thus the network is symmetrical and reciprocal.
P 18.24 I
1
= y
11
V
1
+ y
12
V
2
; V
1
= V
g
Z
g
I
1
I
2
= y
21
V
1
+ y
22
V
2
; V
2
= Z
L
I
2
V
2
Z
L
= y
21
V
1
+ y
22
V
2
. . y
21
V
1
=
_
1
Z
L
+ y
22
_
V
2
; y
21
Z
L
V
1
= (1 + y
22
Z
L
)V
2
. .
V
2
V
1
=
y
21
Z
L
1 + y
22
Z
L
P 18.25
V
2
= b
11
V
1
b
12
I
1
; V
1
= V
g
I
1
Z
g
I
2
= b
21
V
1
b
22
I
1
; V
2
= Z
L
I
2
Problems 1825
I
2
=
V
2
Z
L
=
b
11
V
1
+ b
12
I
1
Z
L
b
11
V
1
+ b
12
I
1
Z
L
= b
21
V
1
b
22
I
1
. . V
1
_
b
11
Z
L
+ b
21
_
=
_
b
22
+
b
12
Z
L
_
I
1
V
1
I
1
=
b
22
Z
L
+ b
12
b
21
Z
L
+ b
11
= Z
in
P 18.26 V
1
= h
11
I
1
+ h
12
V
2
; V
1
= V
g
Z
g
I
1
I
2
= h
21
I
1
+ h
22
V
2
; V
2
= Z
L
I
2
. . V
g
Z
g
I
1
= h
11
I
1
+ h
12
V
2
; V
g
= (h
11
+ Z
g
)I
1
+ h
12
V
2
. . I
1
=
V
g
h
12
V
2
h
11
+ Z
g
. .
V
2
Z
L
= h
21
_
V
g
h
12
V
2
h
11
+ Z
g
_
+ h
22
V
2
V
2
(h
11
+ Z
g
)
Z
L
= h
21
V
g
h
12
h
21
V
2
+ h
22
(h
11
+ Z
g
)V
2
V
2
(h
11
+ Z
g
) = h
21
Z
L
V
g
h
12
h
21
Z
L
V
2
+ h
22
Z
L
(h
11
+ Z
g
)V
2
h
21
Z
L
V
g
= (h
11
+ Z
g
) [V
2
+ h
22
Z
L
V
2
] h
12
h
21
Z
L
V
2
. .
V
2
V
g
=
h
21
Z
L
(h
11
+ Z
g
)(1 + h
22
Z
L
) h
12
h
21
Z
L
P 18.27 I
1
= g
11
V
1
+ g
12
I
2
; V
1
= V
g
Z
g
I
1
V
2
= g
21
V
1
+ g
22
I
2
; V
2
= Z
L
I
2
Z
L
I
2
= g
21
V
1
+ g
22
I
2
; V
1
=
I
1
g
12
I
2
g
11
. . Z
L
I
2
=
g
21
g
11
(I
1
g
12
I
2
) + g
22
I
2
. . Z
L
I
2
+
g
12
g
21
g
11
I
2
g
22
I
2
=
g
21
g
11
I
1
. . (Z
L
g
11
+ g)I
2
= g
21
I
1
;

. .
I
2
I
1
=
g
21
g
11
Z
L
+ g
P 18.28 V
1
= z
11
I
1
+ z
12
I
2
; V
1
= V
g
Z
g
I
1
V
2
= z
21
I
1
+ z
22
I
2
; V
2
= Z
L
I
2
V
Th
= V
2
I
2
=0
; V
2
= z
21
I
1
; I
1
=
V
1
z
11
=
V
g
I
1
Z
g
z
11
. . I
1
=
V
g
z
11
+ Z
g
;

. . V
2
=
z
21
V
g
z
11
+ Z
g
= V
Th
Z
Th
=
V
2
I
2
Vg=0
; V
2
= z
21
I
1
+ z
22
I
2
I
1
Z
g
= z
11
I
1
+ z
12
I
2
; I
1
=
z
12
I
2
z
11
+ Z
g
. . V
2
= z
21
_
z
12
I
2
z
11
+ Z
g
_
+ z
22
I
2
. .
V
2
I
2
= z
22
z
12
z
21
z
11
+ Z
g
= Z
Th
P 18.29
V
2
V
g
=
bZ
L
b
12
+ b
11
Z
g
+ b
22
Z
L
+ b
21
Z
g
Z
L
b = b
11
b
22
b
12
b
21
= (25)(40) (1000)(1.25) = 250
. .
V
2
V
g
=
250(100)
1000 + 25(20) 40(100) 1.25(2000)
= 5
V
2
= 5(120/0
) = 600/180
V(rms)
I
2
=
V
2
100
=
600/180
100
= 6 A(rms)
I
2
I
1
=
b
b
11
+ b
21
Z
L
=
250
25 1.25(100)
= 2.5
. . I
1
=
I
2
2.5
=
6
2.5
= 2.4 A(rms)
. . P
g
= (120)(2.4) = 288 W; P
o
= 36(100) = 3600 W
. .
P
o
P
g
=
3600
288
= 12.5
Problems 1827
P 18.30 [a]
V
2
V
g
=
y
21
Z
L
y
12
y
21
Z
g
Z
L
(1 + y
11
Z
g
)(1 + y
22
Z
L
)
y
12
y
21
Z
g
Z
L
= (2 10
6
)(100 10
3
)(2500)(70,000) = 35
1 + y
11
Z
g
= 1 + (2 10
3
)(2500) = 6
1 + y
22
Z
L
= 1 + (50 10
6
)(70 10
3
) = 2.5
y
21
Z
L
= (100 10
3
)(70 10
3
) = 7000
V
2
V
g
=
7000
35 (6)(2.5)
=
7000
20
= 350
V
2
= 350V
g
= 350(80) 10
3
= 28 V(rms)
V
2
= 28 V(rms)
[b] P =
|V
2
|
2
70,000
= 11.2 10
3
= 11.20 mW
[c] I
2
=
28/180
70,000
= 0.4 10
3
/180
= 400/0
A
I
2
I
1
=
y
21
y
11
+ yZ
L
y = (2 10
3
)(50 10
6
) (2 10
6
)(100 10
3
)
= 100 10
9
yZ
L
= (100)(70) 10
3
10
9
= 7 10
3
y
11
+ yZ
L
= 2 10
3
+ 7 10
3
= 9 10
3
I
2
I
1
=
100 10
3
9 10
3
=
100
9
. . 100I
1
= 9I
2
; I
1
=
9(400 10
6
)
100
= 36 A(rms)
P
g
= (80)10
3
(36) 10
6
= 2.88 W
P 18.31 [a] Z
Th
=
1 + y
11
Z
g
y
22
+ yZ
g
From the solution to Problem 18.30
1 + y
11
Z
g
= 1 + (2 10
3
)(2500) = 6
y
22
+ yZ
g
= 50 10
6
+ 10
7
(2500) = 200 10
6
Z
Th
=
6
200
10
6
= 30,000
Z
L
= Z
Th
= 30,000
[b] y
21
Z
L
= (100 10
3
)(30,000) = 3000
y
12
y
21
Z
g
Z
L
= (2 10
6
)(100 10
3
)(2500)(30,000) = 15
1 + y
11
Z
g
= 6
1 + y
22
Z
L
= 1 + (50 10
6
)(30 10
3
) = 0.5
V
2
V
g
=
3000
15 6(0.5)
=
3000
12
= 250
V
2
= 250(80 10
3
) = 20 = 20/180
V(rms)
P =
|V
2
|
2
30,000
=
400
30
10
3
= 13.33 mW
[c] I
2
=
V
2
30,000
=
20/0
30,000
=
2
3
mA
I
2
I
1
=
100 10
3
2 10
3
+ 10
7
(30,000)
=
100 10
3
5 10
3
= 20
I
1
=
I
2
20
=
2 10
3
3(20)
=
1
30
mA(rms)
P
g
(developed) = (80 10
3
)
_
1
30
10
3
_
=
8
3
W
P 18.32 [a] For I
2
= 0:
V
2
= j150I
1
= j150
V
1
50 + j50
=
j3V
1
1 + j1
a
11
=
V
1
V
2
I
2
=0
=
1 + j1
j3
=
1 + j1
3
a
21
=
I
1
V
2
I
2
=0
=
1
j150
=
j
150
S
Problems 1829
For V
2
= 0:
V
1
= (50 + j50)I
1
j150I
2
0 = j150I
1
+ (400 + j800)I
2
=
50 + j50 j150
j150 400 + j800
= 2500(1 + j24)
N
2
=
50 + j50 V
1
j150 0
= j150V
1
I
2
=
N
2
=
j150V
1
2500(1 + j24)
a
12
=
V
1
I
2
V
2
=0
=
50
3
(24 j1)
j150I
1
= (400 + j800)I
2
a
22
=
I
1
I
2
V
2
=0
=
8
3
(2 j1)
[b] V
Th
=
V
g
a
11
+ a
21
Z
g
=
260/0
(1 + j1)/3 + j25/150
=
(260/0
)6
2 + j2 + j1
=
1560/0
2 + j3
= 120(2 j3) = 432.47/ 123.69
V
Z
Th
=
a
12
+ a
22
Z
g
a
11
+ a
21
Z
g
=
[(50/3)(24 j1)] + [(8/3)(2 j1)(25)]
[(1 + j1)/3] + [(j/150)(25)]
=
100(24 j1) 16(2 j1)(25)
2 + j2 + j1
=
3200 + j500
2 + j3
= 607.69 + j661.54
[c] V
2
=
1000
1607.69 + j661.54
(432.67/123.69
) = 248.88/ 146.06
v
2
(t) = 248.88 cos(4000t 146.06
) V
P 18.33 [a] Z
Th
= g
22
g
12
g
21
Z
g
1 + g
11
Z
g
g
12
g
21
=
_
1
2
+ j
1
2
__
1
2
j
1
2
_
= j
1
2
1 + g
11
Z
g
= 1 + 1 j1 = 2 j1
. . Z
Th
= 1.5 + j2.5
j3
2 j1
= 2.1 + j1.3
. . Z
L
= 2.1 j1.3
V
2
V
g
=
g
21
Z
L
(1 + g
11
Z
g
)(g
22
+ Z
L
) g
12
g
21
Z
g
g
21
Z
L
=
_
1
2
j
1
2
_
(2.1 j1.3) = 0.4 j1.7
1 + g
11
Z
g
= 1 + 1 j1 = 2 j1
g
22
+ Z
L
= 1.5 + j2.5 + 2.1 j1.3 = 3.6 + j1.2
g
12
g
21
Z
g
= j3
V
2
V
g
=
0.4 j1.7
(2 j1)(3.6 + j1.2) j3
=
0.4 j1.7
8.4 j4.2
V
2
=
0.4 j1.7
8.4 j4.2
(42/0
) = 5 j6 V(rms) = 7.81/50.19
V(rms)
The rms value of V
2
is 7.81 V.
[b] I
2
=
V
2
Z
L
=
5 + j6
2.1 j1.3
= 3 + j1 A(rms)
P = |I
2
|
2
(2.1) = 21 W
Problems 1831
[c]
I
2
I
1
=
g
21
g
11
Z
L
+ g
g =
_
1
6
j
1
6
__
3
2
+ j
5
2
_
_
1
2
j
1
2
__
1
2
+ j
1
2
_
=
3
12
+ j
5
12
j
3
12
+
5
12
j
1
2
=
2
3
j
1
3
g
11
Z
L
=
_
1
6
j
1
6
_
(2.1 j1.3) =
0.8
6
j
3.4
6
. . g
11
Z
L
+ g =
0.8
6
j
3.4
6
+
4
6
j
2
6
= 0.8 j0.9
I
2
I
1
=
[(1/2) j(1/2)]
0.8 j0.9
. . I
1
=
(0.8 j0.9)I
2
0.5 + j0.5
=
_
1.6 j1.8
1 + j1
_
I
2
= (1.7 + j0.1)(3 + j1) = 5 j2 A(rms)
. . P
g
(developed) = (42)(5) = 210 W
% delivered =
21
210
(100) = 10%
P 18.34 V
1
= h
11
I
1
+ h
12
V
2
I
2
= h
21
I
1
+ h
22
V
2
From the rst measurement:
h
11
=
V
1
I
1
=
4
5
10
3
= 800
h
21
=
200
5
= 40
. . V
1
= 800I
1
+ h
12
V
2
; I
2
= 40I
1
+ h
22
V
2
From the second measurement:
h
22
V
2
= 40I
1
h
22
=
40(20 10
6
)
40
= 20 S
20 10
3
= 800(20 10
6
) + 40h
12
. . h
12
=
4 10
3
40
= 10
4
Summary:
h
11
= 800 ; h
12
= 10
4
; h
21
= 40; h
22
= 20 S
From the circuit,
Z
g
= 250 ; V
g
= 5.25 mV
Z
Th
=
h
11
+ Z
g
h
22
Z
g
+ h
h = 800(20 10
6
) + 40 10
4
= 20 10
3
Z
Th
=
800 + 250
20 10
6
(250) + 20 10
3
= 42 k
V
Th
=
h
21
V
g
h
22
Z
g
+ h
=
40(5.25 10
3
)
25 10
3
= 8.4 V
i =
8.4
84,000
= 0.10 mA
P = (0.10 10
3
)
2
(42,000) = 420 W
P 18.35 When V
2
= 0
V
1
= 20 V, I
1
= 1 A, I
2
= 1 A
When I
1
= 0
V
2
= 80 V, V
1
= 400 V, I
2
= 3 A
Problems 1833
h
11
=
V
1
I
1
V
2
=0
=
20
1
= 20
h
12
=
V
1
V
2
I
1
=0
=
400
80
= 5
h
21
=
I
2
I
1
V
2
=0
=
1
1
= 1
h
22
=
I
2
V
2
I
1
=0
=
3
80
= 37.5 mS
Z
Th
=
Z
g
+ h
11
h
22
Z
g
+ h
= 10
Source-transform the current source and parallel resistance to get V
g
= 240 V.
Then,
I
2
=
h
21
V
g
(1 + h
22
Z
L
)(h
11
+ Z
g
) h
12
h
21
Z
L
= 1.5 A
P = (1.5)
2
(10) = 22.5 W
P 18.36 [a] g
11
=
I
1
V
1
I
2
=0
; g
21
=
V
2
V
1
I
2
=0
V
1
I
1
=
1
sC
_
sL +
1
sC
_
=
[sL + (1/sC)](1/sC)
sL + (2/sC)
=
sL + (1/sC)
s
2
LC + 2
=
s
2
LC + 1
sC(s
2
LC + 2)
=
(1/C)[s
2
+ (1/LC)]
s[s
2
+ (2/LC)]
. . g
11
=
Cs[s
2
+ (2/LC)])
s
2
+ (1/LC)
V
2
=
(1/sC)
sL + (1/sC)
V
1
so
V
2
V
1
=
(1/sC)
sL + (1/sC)
=
1
s
2
LC + 1
=
(1/LC)
s
2
+ (1/LC)
. . g
21
=
(1/LC)
s
2
+ (1/LC)
g
12
=
I
1
I
2
V
1
=0
; g
22
=
V
2
I
2
V
1
=0
I
1
=
(1/sC)
sL + (1/sC)
I
2
so g
12
=
(1/LC)
s
2
+ (1/LC)
g
22
= sL(1/sC) =
sL/sC
sL + (1/sC)
=
sL
s
2
LC + 1
=
(1/C)s
s
2
+ (1/LC)
Summary:
g
11
=
Cs[s
2
+ (2/LC)])
s
2
+ (1/LC)
; g
12
=
(1/LC)
s
2
+ (1/LC)
g
21
=
(1/LC)
s
2
+ (1/LC)
; g
22
=
(1/C)s
s
2
+ (1/LC)
[b]
1
LC
=
10
9
(0.2)(200)
= 25 10
6
g
11
=
2 10
7
s(s
2
+ 50 10
6
)
s
2
+ 25 10
6
g
12
=
25 10
6
s
2
+ 25 10
6
g
21
=
25 10
6
s
2
+ 25 10
6
g
22
=
5 10
6
s
s
2
+ 25 10
6
V
2
V
1
=
g
21
Z
L
g
22
+ Z
L
=
_
2510
6
s
2
+2510
6
_
400
510
6
s
(s
2
+2510
6
)
+ 400
V
2
V
1
=
25 10
6
s
2
+ 12,500s + 25 10
6
=
25 10
6
(s + 2500)(s + 10,000)
V
1
=
30
s
V
2
=
750 10
6
s(s + 2500)(s + 10,000)
=
30
s

40
s + 2500
+
10
s + 10,000
v
2
= [30 40e
2500t
+ 10e
10,000t
]u(t) V
Problems 1835
P 18.37 [a] y
11
=
I
1
V
1
V
2
=0
; y
21
=
I
2
V
1
V
2
=0
V
1
=
_
s +
_
1
s
s
__
I
1
=
s(s
2
+ 1) + s
s
2
+ 1
I
1
. . y
11
=
I
1
V
1
=
s
2
+ 1
s(s
2
+ 2)
I
2
=
(1/s)
s + (1/s)
I
1
=
1
s
2
+ 1

s
2
+ 1
s(s
2
+ 2)
V
1
=
1
s(s
2
+ 2)
V
1
. . y
21
=
1
s(s
2
+ 2)
Because the two-port circuit is symmetric,
y
12
= y
21
=
1
s(s
2
+ 2)
and y
22
= y
11
=
s
2
+ 1
s(s
2
+ 2)
[b]
V
2
V
g
=
y
21
Z
g
y
12
y
21
Z
g
Z
L
(1 + y
11
Z
g
)(1 + Y
22
Z
L
)
=
y
21
y
12
y
21
(1 + y
11
)(1 + y
22
)
=
1
s(s
2
+ 2)
1
s
2
(s
2
+ 2)
2

_
1 +
s
2
+ 1
s(s
2
+ 2)
__
1 +
s
2
+ 1
s(s
2
+ 2)
_
=
s(s
2
+ 2)
1 (s
3
+ s
2
+ 2s + 1)
2
=
1
s
3
+ 2s
2
+ 3s + 2
=
1
(s + 1)(s
2
+ s + 2)
. . V
2
=
50
s(s + 1)(s
2
+ s + 2)
s
1,2
=
1
2
j
7
2
V
2
=
K
1
s
+
K
2
s + 1
+
K
3
s +
1
2
j
7
2
+
K
3
s +
1
2
+ j
7
2
K
1
= 25; K
2
= 25; K
3
= 9.45/90
. . v
2
(t) = [25 25e
t
+ 18.90e
0.5t
cos(1.32t + 90
)]u(t) V
P 18.38 The a parameters of the rst two port are
a
11
=
h
h
21
=
5 10
3
40
= 125 10
6
a
12
=
h
11
h
21
=
1000
40
= 25
a
21
=
h
22
h
21
=
25
40
10
6
= 625 10
9
S
a
22
=
1
h
21
=
1
40
= 25 10
3
The a parameters of the second two port are
a
11
=
5
4
; a
12
=
3R
4
; a
21
=
3
4R
; a
22
=
5
4
or a
11
= 1.25; a
12
= 54 k; a
21
=
1
96
mS; a
22
= 1.25
The a parameters of the cascade connection are
a
11
= 125 10
6
(1.25) + (25)(10
3
/96) =
10
2
24
a
12
= 125 10
6
(54 10
3
) + (25)(1.25) = 38
a
21
= 625 10
9
(1.25) + (25 10
3
)(10
3
/96) =
10
4
96
S
a
22
= 625 10
9
(54 10
3
) + (25 10
3
)(1.25) = 65 10
3
V
o
V
g
=
Z
L
(a
11
+ a
21
Z
g
)Z
L
+ a
12
+ a
22
Z
g
a
21
Z
g
=
10
4
96
(800) =
10
2
12
Problems 1837
a
11
+ a
21
Z
g
=
10
2
24
+
10
2
12
=
10
2
8
(a
11
+ a
21
Z
g
)Z
L
=
10
2
8
(72,000) = 90
a
22
Z
g
= 65 10
3
(800) = 52
V
o
V
g
=
72,000
90 38 52
= 400
v
o
= V
o
= 400V
g
= 3.6 V
P 18.39 [a] From reciprocity and symmetry
a
11
= a
22
, a
= 1;

. . 5
2
24a
21
= 1, a
21
= 1 S
For network B
a
11
=
V
1
V
2
I
2
=0
V
1
= (5 + j15 j10)I
1
= (5 + j5)I
1
V
2
= (j10 + j5)I
1
= j5I
1
a
11
=
5 + j5
j5
= 1 + j1
a
21
=
I
1
V
2
I
2
=0
=
1
j5
= j0.2 S
a
22
= a
11
= 1 + j1
a
= 1 = (1 + j1)(1 + j1) j0.2a
12
. . a
12
= 10 + j5
Summary:
a
11
= 5 a
11
= 1 + j1
a
12
= 24 a
12
= 10 + j5
a
21
= 1 S a
21
= j0.2 S
a
22
= 5 a
22
= 1 + j1
[b] a
11
= a
11
a
11
+ a
12
a
21
= 5 + j9.8
a
12
= a
11
a
12
+ a
12
a
22
= 74 + j49
a
21
= a
21
a
11
+ a
22
a
21
= 1 + j2 S
a
22
= a
21
a
12
+ a
22
a
22
= 15 + j10
I
2
=
V
g
a
11
Z
L
+ a
12
+ a
21
Z
g
Z
L
= 0.295 + j0.279 A
V
2
= 10I
2
= 2.95 j2.79 V
P 18.40 a
11
=
z
11
z
21
=
35/3
4000/3
= 8.75 10
3
12
=
z
z
21
=
25 10
4
/3
4000/3
= 62.5
a
21
=
1
z
21
=
1
4000/3
= 0.75 10
3
22
=
z
22
z
21
=
10,000/3
4000/3
= 2.5
a
11
=
y
22
y
21
=
40 10
6
800 10
6
= 0.05 S
a
12
=
1
y
21
=
1
800 10
6
= 1250 S
a
21
=
y
y
21
=
4 10
8
800 10
6
= 50 10
6
S
a
22
=
y
11
y
21
=
200 10
6
800 10
6
= 0.25 S
a
11
= a
11
a
11
+ a
12
a
21
= (8.75 10
3
)(0.05) + (62.5)(50 10
6
) = 3.5625 10
3
a
12
= a
11
a
12
+ a
12
a
22
= (8.75 10
3
)(1250) + (62.5)(0.25) = 26.5625
a
21
= a
21
a
11
+ a
22
a
21
= (0.75 10
3
)(0.05) + (2.5)(50 10
6
) = 162.5 10
6
a
22
= a
21
a
12
+ a
22
a
22
= (0.75 10
3
)(1250) + (2.5)(0.25) = 1.5625
V
2
=
Z
L
V
g
(a
11
+ a
21
Z
g
)Z
L
+ a
12
+ a
22
Z
g
=
(15,000)(0.03)
[3.5625 10
3
+ (162.5 10
6
)(10)](15,000) + 26.5625 + (1.5625)(10)
= 3.75 V
Problems 1839
P 18.41 [a] At the input port: V
1
= h
11
I
1
+ h
12
V
2
;
At the output port: I
2
= h
21
I
1
+ h
22
V
2
[b]
V
2
10
4
+ (100 10
6
V
2
) + 100I
1
= 0
therefore I
1
= 2 10
6
V
2
V

2
= 1000I
1
+ 15 10
4
V
2
= 5 10
4
V
2
100I
1
+ 10
4
V

2
+ (2 10
6
)V
2
= 0
therefore I
1
= 205 10
10
V
2
V
g
= 1500I
1
+ 15 10
4
V

2
= 3000 10
8
V
2
V
2
V
g
=
10
5
3
= 33,333
P 18.42 [a] V
1
= I
2
(z
12
z
21
) + I
1
(z
11
z
21
) + z
21
(I
1
+ I
2
)
= I
2
z
12
I
2
z
21
+ I
1
z
11
I
1
z
21
+ z
21
I
1
+ z
21
I
2
= z
11
I
1
+ z
12
I
2
V
2
= I
2
(z
22
z
21
) + z
21
(I
1
+ I
2
) = z
21
I
1
+ z
22
I
2
[b] Short circuit V
g
and apply a test current source to port 2 as shown. Note
that I
T
= I
2
. We have
V
z
21
I
T
+
V + I
T
(z
12
z
21
)
Z
g
+ z
11
z
21
= 0
Therefore
V =
_
z
21
(Z
g
+ z
11
z
12
)
Z
g
+ z
11
_
I
T
and V
T
= V + I
T
(z
22
z
21
)
Thus
V
T
I
T
= Z
Th
= z
22
_
z
12
z
21
Z
g
+ z
11
_
For V
Th
note that V
oc
=
z
21
Z
g
+ z
11
V
g
since I
2
= 0.
P 18.43 [a] V
1
= (z
11
z
12
)I
1
+ z
12
(I
1
+ I
2
) = z
11
I
1
+ z
12
I
2
V
2
= (z
21
z
12
)I
1
+ (z
22
z
12
)I
2
+ z
12
(I
2
+ I
1
) = z
21
I
1
+ z
22
I
2
[b] With port 2 terminated in an impedance Z
L
, the two mesh equations are
V
1
= (z
11
z
12
)I
1
+ z
12
(I
1
+ I
2
)
0 = Z
L
I
2
+ (z
21
z
12
)I
1
+ (z
22
z
12
)I
2
+ z
12
(I
1
+ I
2
)
Solving for I
1
:
I
1
=
V
1
(z
22
+ Z
L
)
z
11
(Z
L
+ z
22
) z
12
z
21
Therefore
Z
in
=
V
1
I
1
= z
11
z
12
z
21
z
22
+ Z
L
P 18.44 [a] I
1
= y
11
V
1
+ y
21
V
2
+ (y
12
y
21
)V
2
; I
2
= y
21
V
1
+ y
22
V
2
I
1
= y
11
V
1
+ y
12
V
2
; I
2
= y
12
V
1
+ y
22
V
2
+ (y
21
y
12
)V
1
Problems 1841
[b] Using the second circuit derived in part [a], we have
where y
a
= (y
11
+ y
12
) and y
b
= (y
22
+ y
12
)
At the input port we have
I
1
= y
a
V
1
y
12
(V
1
V
2
) = y
11
V
1
+ y
12
V
2
At the output port we have
V
2
Z
L
+ (y
21
y
12
)V
1
+ y
b
V
2
y
12
(V
2
V
1
) = 0
Solving for V
1
gives
V
1
=
_
1 + y
22
Z
L
y
21
Z
L
_
V
2
Substituting Eq. (18.2) into (18.1) and at the same time using
V
2
= Z
L
I
2
, we get
I
2
I
1
=
y
21
y
11
+ yZ
L
P 18.45 [a] The g-parameter equations are I
1
= g
11
V
1
+ g
12
I
2
and V
2
= g
21
V
1
+ g
22
I
2
.
These equations are satised by the following circuit:
[b] The g parameters for the rst two port in Fig P 18.38(a) are
g
11
=
h
22
h
=
25 10
6
5 10
3
= 5 10
3
S
g
12
=
h
12
h
=
5 10
4
5 10
3
= 0.10
g
21
=
h
21
h
=
40
5 10
3
= 8000
g
22
=
h
11
h
=
1000
5 10
3
= 200 k
From Problem 3.65 R
ef
= 72 k, hence our circuit reduces to
V
2
=
8000V
1
(72)
272
I
2
=
V
2
72,000
=
8V
1
272
v
g
= 9 mV
. .
V
1
9 10
3
800
+ V
1
(5 10
3
) 0.1
8V
1
272
= 0
V
1
9 10
3
+ 4V
1
80V
1
34
= 0
. . V
1
= 3.4 10
3
V
2
=
8000(72)
272
3.4 10
3
= 7.2 V
From Problem 3.65
V
o
V
2
= 0.5;

. . V
o
= 3.6 V
This result matches the solution to Problem 18.38.
P 18.46 [a] To determine b
11
and b
21
create an open circuit at port 1. Apply a voltage
at port 2 and measure the voltage at port 1 and the current at port 2. To
determine b
12
and b
22
create a short circuit at port 1. Apply a voltage at
port 2 and measure the currents at ports 1 and 2.
[b] The equivalent b-parameters for the black-box amplier can be calculated
as follows:
b
11
=
1
h
12
=
1
10
3
= 1000
b
12
=
h
11
h
12
=
500
10
3
= 500 k
b
21
=
h
22
h
12
=
0.05
10
3
= 50 S
Problems 1843
b
22
=
h
h
12
=
23.5
10
3
= 23,500
Create an open circuit a port 1. Apply 1 V at port 2. Then,
b
11
=
V
2
V
1
I
1
=0
=
1
V
1
= 1000 so V
1
= 1 mV measured
b
21
=
I
2
V
1
I
1
=0
=
I
2
10
3
= 50 S so I
2
= 50 mA measured
Create a short circuit a port 1. Apply 1 V at port 2. Then,
b
12
=
V
2
I
1
V
1
=0
=
1
I
1
= 500 k so I
1
= 2 A measured
b
22
=
I
2
I
1
V
1
=0
=
I
2
2 10
6
= 23,500 so I
2
= 47 mA measured
P 18.47 [a] To determine z
11
and z
21
create an open circuit at port 2. Apply a current
at port 1 and measure the voltages at ports 1 and 2. To determine z
12
and z
22
create an open circuit at port 1. Apply a current at port 2 and
measure the voltages at ports 1 and 2.
[b] The equivalent z-parameters for the black-box amplier can be calculated
as follows:
z
11
=
h
h
22
=
23.5
0.05
= 470
z
12
=
h
12
h
22
=
10
3
0.05
= 0.02
z
21
=
h
21
h
22
=
1500
0.05
= 30 k
z
22
=
1
h
22
=
1
0.05
= 20
Create an open circuit a port 2. Apply 1 mA at port 1. Then,
z
11
=
V
1
I
1
I
2
=0
=
V
1
0.001
= 470 so V
1
= 470 mV measured
z
21
=
V
2
I
1
I
2
=0
=
V
2
0.001
= 30,000 so V
2
= 30 V measured
Create an open circuit a port 1. Apply 1 A at port 2. Then,
z
12
=
V
1
I
2
I
1
=0
=
V
1
1
= 0.02 so V
1
= 0.02 V measured
z
22
=
V
2
I
2
I
1
=0
=
V
2
1
= 20 so V
2
= 20 V measured

Chap 18 Solution

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Chap 18 Solution

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18

= 1 = (1 + j1)(1 + j1) j0.2a

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