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Hot-Wire Anemometer
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An anemometer is a weather instrument for measuring wind speed. There are many styles of anemometers including windmill, cup, and sonic, but this Project is based on the concept of a hot-wire anemometer. In a standard hot-wire anemometer, a thin wire is heated to a temperature above ambient by running an electrical current through it. After a short period of time, the wire will reach an equilibrium temperature such that the heat energy coming into the system from electricity will be matched by the loss of heat energy to the environment. The rate of heat loss depends on the wind speed of the surrounding environment. An increase in wind speed causes an increase in heat loss. In a hot-wire anemometer, wind flowing across the thin wire causes the temperature of the wire to decrease the faster the wind moves, the more the wire cools. By measuring the temperature of the hot wire, you can indirectly determine wind speed.
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Vernier Software & Technology
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Project 4
MATERIALS
SensorDAQ, LabQuest, or LabQuest Mini LabVIEW computer USB cable Vernier Surface Temperature Sensor Vernier Digital Control Unit (DCU) LabQuest or LabPro power supply red LED 100 resistor 220 resistor adhesive heat-shrink tubing (optional)
PROJECT SETUP
Construct a hot-wire anemometer
1. Wire the LED and resistors to the DCU cable as shown in the diagram below. Note that the flat side of (or the short wire on) the LED should be connected to GND.
Figure 1 Hot-wire anemometer wiring diagram 2. Secure the tip of the Surface Temperature Sensor against the heating resistor. If you have heat-conducting Epoxy cement available, use it. If not, use a small dab of any adhesive.
Figure 2 Hot-wire anemometer 3. Optional: Use short lengths of heat shrink tubing to cover your electrical connections, but make sure not to cause a short. The Surface Temperature Sensor and heating resistor should remain exposed to the open air. P4 - 2
Hot-Wire Anemometer
Connect the Surface Temperature Sensor and DCU to the interface
1. Connect the DCU to the DIG port of the interface. 2. Connect a power supply to the DCU. 3. Connect the Temperature Sensor to Channel 1 of the interface. 4. Connect the interface to the computer.
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Project 4 You need to individually control the LED and the resistor acting as a heater with your DCU. The power to the heating resistor should remain on continuously, but the LED will turn on and off depending on the reading from the Surface Temperature Sensor. Once your device is constructed, you must do some preliminary testing to determine a good threshold temperature. You will be using your own breath as the wind for your anemometer. When the device is first activated, the air temperature around the sensor will increase as current flows through the resistor. The LED should illuminate when a pre-defined temperature (commonly called the set point) is reached. At this point when you gently blow on the heating resistor, the LED should stay lit. You want to set a threshold temperature that requires you to blow somewhat vigorously (much like you would blow out the candles on a birthday cake) in order to cool the resistor wire to a point that the LED goes off. Normally, when you blow out a candle, the flame is completely extinguished; but your Project will be more interesting and amusing if you treat your device as a trick candle. If you leave DCU line D2 on continuously, the current through the heating resistor will never stop. The wire will reheat to the threshold temperature when you stop blowing on it, and the LED will illuminate again waiting for you to blow it out again.
PROJECT TIPS
1. LEDs are light emitting diodes. Like all diodes, an LED will only conduct an electrical current in one direction. The short wire or flat side of the lens should be connected to ground. 2. The tip of the Vernier Surface Temperature Sensor should be near or touching the resistor. 3. Since you are using a resistor instead of a very fine wire, your anemometer may be slow to respond. Be patient in waiting for the temperature reading to stabilize. 4. Avoid using the Abort Execution button to stop your VI, because some of the DCU lines may remain on. 5. A good data collection rate for the Surface Temperature Sensor is 10 samples per second. 6. The Analog Express VI collects data for a fixed amount of time. For an indefinite data collection length, check the Repeat option in the Analog Express VIs Set Timing configuration window. 7. Refer to Appendix E for additional information about the Vernier Surface Temperature Sensor and DCU.
PROJECT TROUBLESHOOTING
1. Make sure the DCU is receiving power. The green LED in the top of the DCU box will be lit when the DCU is powered on. 2. Double-check the DCU cable connections against the color-coded label attached to the cable. 3. Make sure you are sending the proper output pattern to turn on one or more digital lines. 4. Both the stop (F) and stopped terminals on the Vernier Analog and Digital Express VIs must be wired in order for the program to execute and shut down properly. P4 - 4
Hot-Wire Anemometer
CHALLENGE TIPS
1. The Play Sound File subVI has a timeout input. A timeout value of 0 allows the While Loop to continue without pause. 2. Play the sound file when the temperature is above the set point and the user has pressed the button. A Case Structure is a good structure for this type of logic.
CHALLENGE TROUBLESHOOTING
Make sure the volume on your computer is turned on and set to an acceptable level.
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Project 4
ADDITIONAL MATERIALS
small fan
Figure 4 DC fan wiring diagram 2. Position the fan so that it blows on the heating resistor in your anemometer.
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Hot-Wire Anemometer
Output 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Binary 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 X X X X X X X X D6 X X X X X X X X
+ +
+ +
+ + + +
Table 1 Digital output patterns for the DCU for use in this Challenge
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