The Central Luzon languages are a group of languages spoken in the Philippines.

One of them, Kapampangan, is the major language of theMount Pinatubo area. However, despite having three million speakers, it is threatened by the diaspora of its speakers after the 1991 eruption of that volcano.

Map where Central Luzon languages are spoken The Central Luzon languages are,

Kapampangan (Pampangan) Sambalic languages (spoken by the Aeta and related peoples) Sinauna

The Kapampangan language, (Kulitan script: ) is one of the major languages of the Philippines. It is the language spoken in the province ofPampanga, the southern half of the province of Tarlac and the northern portion of the province of Bataan. Kapampangan is also understood in some barangays of Bulacan and Nueva Ecija and by the Aitas or Aeta of Zambales. The language is spelled Capampagan and is also calledPampango, and in the Kapampangan language: Amnung Ssuan, meaning "the mother language". History[edit] The word Kapampangan is derived from the rootword pampng which means "river bank." Historically, this language was used in what was before the Kingdom of Luzon, ruled by the Lakans. In the 18th century, two books were written by Fr. Diego Bergao about Kapampangan. He authored Vocabulario de la lengua Pampanga[3] and Arte de la lengua Pampanga. The Kapampangan Language produced two literary giants in the 19th century. Father Anselmo Fajardo was noted for his works Gonzalo de Crdova and Comedia Herica de la Conquista de Granada. Another writer, Juan Crisstomo Soto, was noted for writing many plays. He authored Alang Dios in 1901. The Kapampangan poetical joust "Crissotan" was coined by his fellow literary genius Nobel Prize nominee for peace and literature in the 50's, Amado Yuzon to immortalize his contribution to Pampanga's Literature.[4] Classification[edit] Kapampangan is one of the Central Luzon languages within the Austronesian language family. Its closest relatives are the Sambal languagesof Zambales province and the Bolinao language spoken in the town of Bolinao, Pangasinan. These languages share the same reflex /j/ of the Proto-Austronesian consonant *R. Geographic distribution[edit] Kapampangan is primarily spoken in the provinces of Pampanga and in the southern towns of the province of Tarlac (Bamban, Capas,Concepcion, San Jose, Gerona, La Paz, Victoria,and Tarlac City). It is also spoken in isolated communities within the provinces of Bataan(Abucay, Dinalupihan, Hermosa, and Samal), Bulacan (Baliwag, San Miguel, San Ildefonso, Hagonoy, Plaridel, Pulilan, and Calumpit), Nueva Ecija (Cabiao, San Isidro, Gapan City and Cabanatuan City), and Zambales (Olongapo City and Subic). The Philippine Census of 2000 stated that a total of 2,312,870 out of 76,332,470 people spoke Kapampangan as their native language. Phonology[edit]

This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. Standard Kapampangan has 21 phonemes: 15 consonants and five vowels. Some western dialects of Kapampangan have six vowels. Syllable structure is relatively simple. Each syllable contains at least a consonant and a vowel. Vowels[edit] Kapampangan is complete in vowel phonemes; they are:

/a/ an open front unrounded vowel similar to English "father" // an open-mid front unrounded vowel similar to English "bed" /i/ a close front unrounded vowel similar to English "machine" /o/ a close-mid back rounded vowel similar to English "forty" /u/ a close back rounded vowel similar to English "flute"

In addition to those, some dialects also had //. In some western accents, there is a sixth monophthong phoneme //, a close back unrounded vowel, found in for example [atp] "roof" and [lalm] "deep". However, this sound has merged with /a/ for most Kapampangan speakers. There are four main diphthongs; /a/, /o/, /a/, and /i/. However, in most dialects, including standard Kapampangan, /a/ and /a/ are reduced to // and /o/, respectively. The monophthongs have allophones in unstressed and syllable-final positions:

/a/ is raised slightly in unstressed positions except final syllables Unstressed /i u/ are usually pronounced [ ] as in English "bit" and "book" respectively, except final syllables. At the final syllables, /i/ can be pronounced [, i], and /u/ can be pronounced [o, u].

deni/reni (meaning "these") can be pronounced [dn]/[n] or [dni]/[ni], seli (meaning "bought") can be pronounced [sl] or [sli], kekami (meaning "to us" [except you]) can be pronounced [kkm] or [kkmi], suerti can be pronounced [swt] or [swti], sisilim (meaning "dusk") can be pronounced [ssilm] or [ssilim].

kanu (meaning "he said, she said, they said, it was said, allegedly, reportedly, supposedly") can be pronounced [kano] or [kanu], libru (meaning "book") can be

pronounced [libo] or [libu], ninu (meaning "who") can be pronounced [nino] or [ninu], kaku (meaning "to me") can be pronounced [kako] or [kaku], kamaru (meaning "cricket") can be pronounced [kamo] or [kamu].

Unstressed /e, o/ are usually pronounced [, ] respectively, except final syllables.

Consonants[edit] Below is a chart of Kapampangan consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word. Unlike other Philippine languages, Kapampangan lacks the phoneme /h/. Dental / Palatal Velar Glottal Alveolar

Bilabial

Nasal

voiceless

Stop
voiced

Fricative

Flap

Approximant

/k/ has a tendency to lenite to [x] between vowels. [d] and [] are allophones in Kapampangan, and thus sometimes interchangeable. So, Nukarin la ring libru? can be Nukarin la ding libru? (Translation: Where are the books?) A glottal stop that occurs at the end of a word is often omitted when it's in the middle of a sentence.

Basic words[edit]

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Some words in the dominant dialect of the Kapampangan language, as spoken in key towns in Pampanga: Numbers 1 - isa (used when reciting the numbers); metung (used for counting) 2 - addua 3 - atlu 4 - apat 5 - lima 6 - anam 7 - pitu 8 - walu 9 - s'yam 10 - apulu Sentences: My name is John. - Juan ya ing lagyu ku. I am here! - Atyu ku keni! Where are you? - Nukarin ka? I love you. - Kaluguran daka. What do you want? - Nanu ya ing buri mu? I will go home. - Muli ku. They don't want to eat. - Ali la bisang mangan. He bought rice. - Sinali yang nasi. She likes that. - Buri ne ita. May I go out? - Malyari kung lumwal? I can't sleep. - Ali ku mipapatudtud. We are afraid. - Tatakut kami. My pet died yesterday. - Mete ya ing sese ku napun. How old are you? - Pilan na kang banua?

How did you do that? - Makananu meng gewa ita? How big is it? - Makananu ya karagul? / Nu anti ya karagul?

Words: I - yaku You - ika You and I - ikata we - ikami us - itamu/ikatamu all of us - itamu ngan/ikatamu ngan love - lugud anger - mua beautiful - malagu (for female); masanting (for male, and usually for inanimate objects) beauty - lagu sun - aldo moon - bulan star - batuin sky - banua morning - abak noon - ugtu afternoon - gatpanapun dusk - sisilim night - bengi midnight - kapitangang bengi path - dalan food - pamangan dog - asu cat - pusa mouse - dagis ant - panas plant - tanaman house - bale town - balen child - anak parent - pengari Stress[edit] Stress is phonemic in Kapampangan. Primary stress occurs on either the last or the next-to-last syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress except when

stress occurs at the end of a word. Stress shift can occur and it may shift to the right or the left to differentiate between nominal or verbal use, as in the following examples.[5]

dpat 'should, ought to' dapt 'deed, concern, business' dapg 'gather, burn trash' dpug 'trash pile'

Stress shift can also occur when one word is derived from another through affixation. Again, stress can shift to the right or the left.[5]

be abyan 'company' lso laswan 'melt, digest'

Historical sound changes[edit] In Kapampangan, the Proto-Philippine schwa vowel * has merged to /a/ in most dialects of Kapampangan. It is preserved in some western dialects. For example, ProtoPhilippine *tanm is tanam(to plant) in Kapampangan, compared with Tagalog tanim and Cebuano tanom and Ilocano tanem (grave). Proto-Philippine *R merged with /j/. For example, the Kapampangan word for "new" is bayu, while it is bago in Tagalog, baro in Ilocano, and baru in Indonesian. Grammar[edit] Nouns[edit] While Kapampangan nouns are not inflected, they are usually preceded by case markers. There are three types of case markers: absolutive (nominative), ergative (genitive), and oblique. Unlike English and Spanish which are nominativeaccusative languages, Kapampangan is an ergativeabsolutive language. It's a common misconception that Kapampangan is frequently spoken in the passive voice. Absolutive or nominative markers mark the actor of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb. Ergative or genitive markers mark the object (usually indefinite) of an intransitive verb and the actor of a transitive one. It also marks possession. Oblique markers are similar to prepositions in English. It marks things such as location and direction. Furthermore, noun markers are divided into two classes: one for names of people (personal) and the second for everything else (common). Below is a chart of case markers. Absolutive Ergative Oblique

Common singular ing Common plural ding ring

-ng, ning ring -ng ri

king

karing kang kari

Personal singular i Personal plural Examples: Dintang ya ing lalaki. "The man arrived." Ikit neng Juan i Maria. "Juan saw Maria." di ri

Munta ya i Elena ampo i Robertu king bale nang Miguel. "Elena and Roberto will go to Miguel's house." Nukarin la ring libro? "Where are the books?" Ibie ke ing susi kang Carmen. I will give the key to Carmen. Pronouns[edit] Kapampangan pronouns are categorized by case: absolutive, ergative, and oblique. Absolutive
(Independent)

Absolutive
(Enclitic)

Ergative ku mu na ta

Oblique kanaku, kaku keka keya, kaya kekata

1st person singular 2nd person singular 3rd person singular 1st person dual

yaku, aku ika iya, ya ikata

ku ka ya kata, ta

1st person plural inclusive ikatamu, itamu katamu, tamu tamu, ta kekatamu, kekata 1st person plural exclusive ikami, ike 2nd person plural 3rd person plural Examples[edit] ikayu, iko ila kami, ke kayu, ko la mi yu da ra kekami, keke kekayu, keko karela

Sinulat ku. "I wrote." Silatanan na ku. "(He or She) wrote me." Dintang ya. "(He or She) has arrived." [Note: Dintang ya = "He arrived" or "He arrives"; He has arrived = Dintang ne] Sabian me kaku. "Tell it to me" Ninu ing minaus keka? "Who called you? Mamasa la. "They are reading." Mamangan la ring babi? "Are the pigs eating?" Genitive pronouns follow the word they modify. Oblique pronouns can take the place of the genitive pronoun but they precede the word they modify. Ing bale ku. Ing kakung bale. / Ing kanakung bale. "My house." The dual pronoun ikata refers to only the first and second person. The inclusive pronoun ikatamu refers to the first and second persons. The exclusive pronoun ikam refers to the first and third persons but excludes the second. Ala katang nasi. "We (you and I) do not have rice." [the word "you" here is singular] Ala tamung nasi. "We (you and I and everyone else in our group) do not have rice." Ala keng nasi. / Ala kaming nasi. "We (someone else and I, but not you) do not have rice." [the third person maybe singular or plural, that is, "we" may refer to "He/She and I" or "They and I"] Furthermore, Kapampangan stands out among many Philippine languages in requiring the presence of the pronoun even if the noun it represents, or the grammatical antecedent, is present.

Dintang ya i Erning. (not *dintang i Erning) "Ernie arrived." Mamasa la ri Maria at Juan. (not *mamasa ri Maria at Juan) "Maria and Juan are reading." Silatanan na kang Jos. (not *silatanan kang Jos) "Jos wrote you." As a comparison, it would be akin to saying *dumating siya si Erning, *bumabasa sila sina Maria at Juan and *sinulatan ka niya ni Jos in Tagalog. Special forms[edit] The pronouns ya and la have special forms when they are used in conjunction with the words ati (there is/are) and ala (there is/are not). Ati yu king Pampanga. (not *Ati ya king Pampanga) "He is in Pampanga." Ala lu ring doktor keni./Ala lu ding doktor keni. (not *ala la ring doktor keni/ala la ding doktor keni) The doctors are no longer here. Note: for some speakers of Kapampangan (possibly certain dialects), all of the above forms can be used: Both "ati yu" and "ati ya" are equally right. Plural form ("they are") is "atilu" and "atila". Both "ala la" and "ala lu" are correct in the plural form. Singular form is "ala ya" and "ala yu" Pronoun combinations[edit] The order and forms in which Kapampangan pronouns appear in sentences are outlined in the following chart. Kapampangan pronouns follow a certain order following verbs or particles like negation words. The enclitic pronoun is always first followed by another pronoun or discourse marker. Ikit da ka. "I saw you." Silatanan na ku. "He wrote to me." However, the following constructions are incorrect: *ikit ka da and *silatanan ku na Also, pronouns combine to form one portmanteau pronoun. Ikit ke. (instead of Ikit ku ya) "I saw her."

Dinan kong pera. (instead of Dinan ku lang pera.) "I will give them money." Portmanteau pronouns are not usually used in questions and while using the word naman. Furthermore, Akakit me? (instead of akakit mu ya?) Do you see him? Buri nya naman yan/buri ne murin yan. (instead of buri ne naman yan) He likes that, too The chart below outlines the permitted combinations of pronouns. There are blank entries to denote combinations which are deemed impossible. The column headings (i.e., yaku, ika, etc.) in bold denote pronouns in the absolutive case while the row headings (i.e., ku, mu, etc.) denote pronouns in the ergative case. yaku
1s

ika
2s

ya
3s

ikata
1 dual

ikatamu
1 p inc.

ikami
1 p exc.

ikayo
2p

ila
3p

ku
1s

(ing sarili ku)

da ka ra ka
(ing sarili mu)

ke keya me mya ne nya

(ing sarili na)

da ko (ra ko) da kayu (ra kayu)

ko ku la mo mu la

mu
2s

mu ku

mu ke mu kami

na
3s

na ku

na ka

na kata

na katamu

na ke na kami

na ko na kayu

no nu la

ta
1 dual

te tya ta ya

(ing sarili ta)

(ing sarili tamu)

da ko (ra ko) da kayu (ra kayu)

(ing sarili yu)

to ta la ta la

tamu
1 p inc.

mi
1p exc.

da ka ra ka da ka ra ka

mi ya ye ya de (re) dya

(ing sarili mi)

mi la yo yu la do (ro) da la (ra

yu
2p

yu ku da ku ra ku

yu ke yu kami da ke (ra ke) da kami (ra

da
3p

da kata da ra kata katamu

da ko(ra ko) da kayu (ra

ra katamu kami) Demonstrative pronouns[edit]

kayu)

la)
(ing sarili da)

Kapampangan's demonstrative pronouns are outlined in the chart below. This particular system of demonstrative pronouns differs with other Philippine languages by having separate forms for the singular and plural. Absolutive Ergative Oblique Locative Existential Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Nearest to speaker (this, here) deni reni

ini

nini

dareni canini

careni oyni

oreni queni

Near speaker & addressee iti (this, here) Nearest addressee (that, there) Remote (yon, yonder)

deti reti

niti

dareti caniti

careti oyti

oreti

queti

iyan

den ren deta reta

niyan

daren canyan caren oyan

oren

quen

ita

nita

dareta canita

careta oyta

oreta queta

The demonstrative pronouns ini and iti (as well as their respective forms) both mean "this" but each have distinct uses. Iti usually refers to something abstract but may also refer to concrete nouns. For example, iting musika (this music), iti ing gagawan mi (this is what we do). Ini is always concrete and never abstract. For example ining libru (this book), ini ing asu nang Juan (this is Juan's dog). Furthermore, in their locative forms, keni is used when the person spoken to is not near the subject spoken of. Keti, on the other hand, when the person spoken to is near the subject spoken of. For example, two people in the same country will refer to their country as keti however, they will refer to their respective towns as keni. Both mean here. The plural forms of demonstrative pronouns and its existential form for nearest addressee are exceptions. The plural form of iyan is den/ren, not *deyan/reyan; the plural form of niyan is daren, not *dareyan; the plural form of canyan is caren, not *careyan; the plural form of oyan is oren, not *oreyan; the existential form of iyan is quen, not *queyan.

Nanu ini? "What's this?" Mangabanglu la rening sampaga./Mangabanglu la dening sampaga. "These flowers smell good." Ninu ing lalaking ita? "Who is that man/guy?" Me keni/munta ka keni. "Come here." Ati ku keti/atsu ku keni/atyu ku keni. "I am here." Mangan la keta. "They will eat there." Ninu ing anak a yan? "Who is that child?" Uyta/Oyta ya pala ing salamin mo/mu! "So that's where your glasses are!" E ku pa menakit makanyan/makanini. "I haven't seen one of these before" Manyaman la ren./Manyaman la den. Those are delicious. Ayni/Areni/Oreni la reng adwang regalo para keka. "Here are the two gifts for you." Buri daka! "I like You" Kaluguran daka! " I Love You" Mangan Tana! "Let's Eat" Edaka buring mawala! "I don't want to lose you!" Verbs[edit] Kapampangan verbs are morphologically complex and take on a variety of affixes reflecting focus, aspect, mode, and others. Ambiguities and irregularities[edit] Speakers of other Philippine languages find Kapampangan verbs to be more difficult than their own languages' verbs due to some verbs belonging to unpredictable verb classes as well as ambiguity with certain verb forms.

To illustrate this, let's take the rootword sulat (write) which exists in both Tagalog and Kapampangan. For example:

susulat means "is writing" in Kapampangan but "will write" in Tagalog. sumulat means "will write" in Kapampangan but "wrote" in Tagalog. This form is also the infinitive in both languages. sinulat means "wrote" in both languages. However in Kapampangan it's in the actor focus but object focus in Tagalog

The object-focus suffix -an represents two types of focuses. However, the only difference between the two is that one of the conjugations preserves -an in the completed aspect while it is dropped in the other conjugation. Take the two verbs below: bayaran (to pay someone): bayaran (will pay someone), babayaran (is paying someone), beyaran (paid someone) bayaran (to pay for something): bayaran (will pay for something), babayaran (is paying for something), binayad (paid for something) Note that other Philippine languages have separate forms. For example, there is in and -an in Tagalog, -on and -an in Bikol and in most of the Visayan languages, and en and -an in Ilokano. This is due to historical sound changes concerning ProtoPhilippine /*e/ mentioned above. There are a number of actor-focus verbs which do not use the infix -um- but are usually conjugated like other verbs that do. For example, gawa (to do), bulus (to immerse), terak (to dance), lukas (to take off), sindi (to smoke), saklu (to fetch), takbang (to step), tuki (to accompany), etc. are used instead of *gumawa, *bumulus, *tumerak, *lumukas, *sumindi, *sumaklu, *tumakbang, *tumuki, Many of the verbs mentioned in the previous paragraph undergo a change of their vowel rather than use the infix -in- (completed aspect). In the actor focus (i.e., -um- verbs), this happens only to verbs having the vowel /u/ in the first syllable. For example, the verb lukas (to take off) is conjugated lukas (will take off), lulukas (is taking off), and likas (took off) (rather than *linukas). This change of vowel also applies to certain object-focus verbs in the completed aspect. In addition to /u/ becoming /i/, /a/ becomes /e/ in certain cases. For example, dela (brought something) and not *dinala, semal (worked on something) and not *sinamal, and seli (bought) and not *sinali. Furthermore, there is no written distinction between the two mag- affixes in writing. Magsalita can either mean is speaking or will speak. There is an audible

difference, however. [msalita] means "will speak" while [masalita] means "is speaking". Conjugation chart[edit] Below is a chart of the basic Kapampangan verbal affixes. Infinitive & Progressive Completed Contemplative Actor Focus1a Actor Focus1b Actor Focus1c Actor Focus2 Actor Focus3 Actor Focus4
1

-um mmagmamaN-

CVCV-

-in-in-iminmemig-, megnemeN-in-i-ei- -ini- -ii- -e-in- ... -an -i- ... -an -e- ... -an piN-, peN ke-

mVmmgmmN-

Object Focus

-an

CV- ... -an

Object Focus2 iBenefactive Focus Object Focus3 Locative Focus

iCV-

-an

CV- ... -an

Instrument Focus ipaNReason Focus Enclitics[edit] ka-

pNk-

1. war: used optionally in yes-and-no questions and other types of questions. 2. agyaman, man: even, even if, even though. 3. nung: condition particle that expresses unexpected event; if. 4. kanu: reporting or hearsay particle that expresses that the information is secondhand; he said, she said, they said, it was said, allegedly, reportedly, supposedly. 5. din/rin: inclusive particle that adds something to what was said before; also, too. 6. ik: expresses hope, unrealized condition (with verb in completed aspected), used in conditional aspects.

7. it: expresses uncertainty and unrealized idea; perhaps, probably, seems. 8. mu: limiting particle; only, just. 9. na and pa

na: now, already, yet, anymore. pa: still, else.

10. namn: used in making contrasts and softens requests and emphasis. 11. nanu ita: expresses cause; because, because of. 12. pin: used in affirmations or emphasis and also softens imperatives; indeed. 13. pal: realization particle that expresses that the speaker has realized and/or suddenly remembered something. 14. pu/opu: politeness particle. Swerti kanu iti kanaku. It was said that it is lucky to me. Edukado ya rin ing nobyu mu./Edukado ya din ing nobyu mu. Your boyfriend is also educated. Existential[edit] To express existence (there is/are) and possession (to have), the word at is used. At la namang konsyensya. They also have conscience. Negation[edit] There are two negation words: al and al. Al negates verbs and equations. It means no and/or not. Al ya sinali. He did not buy. Al is the opposite of at. Al na mo kanung lugud. They say that there is no more love. But in several statements, e is used instead of "ali." E ke seli. I did not buy it. Interrogative Words[edit] Komust is used to inquire how something is (are). It is frequently used as a greeting meaning How are you? It is derived from the Spanish cmo est?

Komust na ka? How are you? Komust ya ing pasyente? How is the patient? Nanu means what. Nanu ya ing gagawan mu? What are you doing? Ninu means who. Ninu la reng lalaki?/Ninu la deng lalaki? Who are those men? Ninu i Jennifer? Who is Jennifer? Nukarin means where but is used to inquire about the location of an object and not used with verbs. Nukarin ya ing drayber? Where is the driver? Note: Drayber is the Kapampangan phonetic spelling of driver. Nukarin ya i Henry? Where is Henry? Loan words[edit] Kapampangan borrowed many words from Chinese especially from Cantonese and Hokkien. Examples are:

p "(maternal) grandmother" imp "(paternal) grandmother' ingkung "(paternal) grandfather" atchi "eldest sister" koya "eldest brother" susi "key" pansit "noodles" (lit."instant meal") buisit "bad luck" (lit."without clothes and food")

Due to the influence of Buddhism and Hinduism, Kapampangan also acquired words from Sanskrit. A few examples are:

alaya "home" from Sanskrit alaya kalma "fate" from Sanskrit karma dharma mantra upaya svara rupa sarva rahu garuda dakshin lakshmana damla "divine law" from Sanskrit

mantala "magic formulas" from Sanskrit upaya "power" from Sanskrit siuala "voice" from Sanskrit lupa "face" from Sanskrit sabla "every" from Sanskrit lawu "eclipse" from Sanskrit

galura "giant eagle" (a surname) from Sanskrit laksina "south" (a surname) from Sanskrit laksamana "admiral" (a surname) from Sanskrit

Also, there are many Spanish loan words present today, given its more than three hundred years of occupation. Among a few examples are suerti from Spanish suerte (luck), curus from cruz (cross),carni from carne (meat), corsunada from corazonada (crush), casapego and casa fuego (matchbox)

==Examples==
Some Common Phrases & Sentences[edit]

Kumusta na ka? How are you? Masalese ku pu. I'm fine. Mayap ku pu. I'm good. Nanung lagyu mu? What is your name? Malagu ka talaga! You are really beautiful. Kasanting mo! You are so handsome! Wa Yes Ali No Ume ka keni Come here. Bisa kung maglolo keka. "I want to court you." Tabalu keka- literally "I don't know with you." (expression) Eku balu.- I don't know. Mako na ku. I am going. Mangan ta na, mangan tamu. Let us eat now, let us eat. Kanyaman na ning lutu mo! Your cooking is good!

Numbers[edit]

Number

Kapampangan

Metung/Isa

Adua

Atlu

Apat

Lima

Anam

Pitu

Walu

Siyam

10

Apulu

11

Labing metung

12

Labing adua

13

Labing atlu

14

Labing apat

15

Labing lima

20

Adwang pulu

21

Adwang pulu't metung

22

Adwang pulu't adua

30

Atlung pulu

100

Hanggatus / Dinalan / Metung Dalan

200

Aduang dalan

1,000

Libu / Metung Libu / Metung a Libu

2,000

Aduang Libu

10,000

Lacsa

100,000

Gatus

200,000

Adwang Dalan Libu / Adwang Dalan A Libu

1,000,000

Milyun

2,000,000

Aduang Milyun (Modern)

1,000,000,000 Bilyun / Metung Bilyun / Metung a Bilyun (Modern) Orthographical Issues[edit]

Amnung Ssuan (native name for mother language; literallybreastfed language) in Kulitan, the indigenous writing system of Kapampangan The three sets of Romanised attitudinal procedures: 1. SLAT BACLUD (Bacolor Script), commonly known as C&Q orthography, is the first Romanised orthography introduced by the Spaniards during the colonial period. It is called SLAT BACLUD because for a long time it has been identified with the literary giants like Crissot, Galura and Pabalan who all hail from the town of Baculud. Many Kapampangan believed this to be the original orthography and call it TUTNG CAPAMPNGAN (genuine Kapampangan) because it has been identified with the orthography used in the Kapampangan "pasion" that is still being used today, believed by many to be the oldest living Kapampangan literature to date. 2. SLAT WW (Guagua Script), commonly known as K orthography. The name is derived from the town of Ww (Guagua), Bacolor's economic and literary rival, because it was first introduced by Ww nationalist writers Don Monico Mercado and Aurelio Tolentino, who were following Jos Rizal's example to indigenise Philippine writing. In the 20th century, there were three phenomena that further popularised this orthography: the legal imposition of Tagalog as national language with its ABAKADA

orthography, the creation of the Akademyang Kapampangan by Zoilo Hilario and the prolific writings of Poet Laureate Jose Gallardo. 3. MUNG SAMSON'S HYBRID ORTHOGRAPHY. This orthography was created by former Catholic priest Venancio Samson in the 1970s prior to the official translation of the Bible into the Kapampangan language. His orthography was meant to resolve the conflict between the proponents of the C&Q and K orthography. Samson adopted the K in place of the conventional QUE and QUI but retained the C for CA, CE, CI, CO and CU. He also eliminated the and LL and replaced them with NY and LY respectively. An expert in Kapampangan, Latin and Spanish, Samson was the official translator of the Kapampangan Bible as well as the translator of Diego Bergano's Vocabulario. (article from [6]) Traditional Kapampangan Songs[edit] Atin Cu Pung Singsing Atin cu pung singsing Metung yang timpucan Amana que iti Qng indung ibatan [Better = "Kang..."] Sangcan queng sininup Qng metung a caban Mewala ya iti, E cu camalayan. Ing sukal ning lub cu Susucdul qng banua Picurus cung gamat[or the active "Mikurus..."] Babo ning lamesa Ninu mang manaquit Qng singsing cung mana Calulung pusu cu Manginu ya caya. English Translation: I once had a ring With a beautiful gem I inherited this From my mother I stored it as well as I could In a hopebox

But it just suddenly disappeared I didn't notice. The heartache inside me Is as high as the sky My crossed hands (as I pray) Are upon the table Whoever would find That inherited ring [Better: My inherited ring] My poor heart (that's aching) Shall forever worship him/her. Aldo ning Quequeng Quasal Pengacu ning sintang cacung liguran Queng Domingo aldo na ning quequeng casal Mipalucsu ya'ing pusu cu queng tula't ligaya Micaul que pang adua bayu memun caya Aniang miras ing aldo ning tipanan Migayac at misulud cung pangcasal Bigung calma aniang miras cu lele altar ning pisamban Cacasal de ring aliwa'y Sintang Irang. (2X w/ ref.) Refrain: Sintang Irang ning bie co Ica ing mal canacu Nung miwale ca siping cu Ay mate cu! Ica ing sampaga, acu ing maging ambun Acung babie tula qng pusu paragul Potang bigla cang magticum Ing tanque malanat Ing tanque malagas! Mabaldug qng gabun! O Caca, O Caca O Caca, o Caca Cabalat papaya, Sabian mu nang patas Nung e na ca bisa

Refrain: Queta man quecami Dacal lang baluga Mangayap la queca Biasa lang mamana! Catholic Prayers[edit] The Sign of the Cross Traditional Spanish Way Uli ning tanda ning Santa Cruz, caring masam quecami, icabus Mu cami, Guinu ming Dios. Qg laguiu ning +Ibpa, ampon ning Anac, ampon ning Espiritu Santo. Amen. The Creed Sasalpantaya cu qg Dios, Ibpang mayupayang tutu, linalang qg banua't yatu. At cang Jesucristong Anac nang Bugtung a [sic] Guinu tamu. Pengagli Ya qg upaya ning Banal a Espiritu, mibayit Ya cang Santa Mariang Virgen. Linasa Ya lalam nang upaya nang Poncio Pilato. Mipacu ya qg cruz, mete Ya't micutcut. Tinipa Ya caring mete. Qg catlung aldo, sinubli yang mebie. Pepaitas Ya banua, macalucluc uanan ning Dios Ibpang mayupayang tutu. Ibat carin, magbalic Ya naman queti ban mucum caring mabie ampon mengamate. Sasalpantaya cu qg Banal a [sic] Espiritu, qg Santa Iglesia Catolica, qg pamisamac ding Santos, qg pangapatauadda ring casalanan, qg pangasubli rang mie ring mete, at qg bie alang angga. Amen. The Lord's Prayer Ibpa mi, a atiu banua. Misamban ya ing lagyu Mu. Datang quecami ing cayarian Mu. Mipamintuan ing lub Mu, queti sulip anti banua. Ing cacanan mi qg aldo-aldo ibie Mu quecami qg aldo ngeni. Ampon ipatauad Mo quecami ring sala mi Queca, anti ing pamamatauad mi caring micasala quecami.

E Mu que ipaisaul qg tucsu, nune icabus Mu cami caring sablang maroc. Amen. Angelic Salutation (Hail, Mary!) Bapu, Maria! Mitmu ca qg gracia. Ing Guinung Dios atiu queca. Nuan ca caring sablang babayi, at nuan ya pa naman ing bunga ning atian mu, y Jess. Santa Maria, Indu ning Dios. Ipanalangin mu queng macasalanan, ngeni, ampon qg oras ning camatayan mi. Amen. The Gloria Patri Ligaya qg Ibpa, at qg Anac, at qg Espiritu Santo. Antimo ing sadia nang ligaya ibat qg camumulan, ngeni't capilan man, mangga man qg alang angga. Amen. The Salve Regina Bapu Reyna, Indung Mamacalulu, bie ampon yumu, manga panaligan mi, Bapu Reyna, icang ausan mi, iqueng pepalacuan a anac nang Eva; icang pangisnawan ming malalam, daralung que manga tatangis queni qg carinan ning lua. Ngamu na Reyna, Patulunan mi, balicdan mu cami caring mata mung mapamakalulu, ampon nung mapupus, pangalako mu queti sulip, paquit me quecami i Jesus, a bungang masampat ning atian mu. O malugud ! O mapamacalulu! O Santa Maria Birhen a mayumu! V:Ipanalangin mu cami, O Santang Indu ning Dios. R: Baqueng sucat maquinabang caring pengacu nang Jesucristong Guinu tamu. The Sambalic languages are a part of the Central Luzon language family spoken by the Sambals, an ethnolinguistic group on the western coastal areas of Central Luzon and the Zambales mountain ranges. The largest Sambalic languages are Sambal, Bolinao, and Botolan with approximately 200,000, 105,000 and 72,000 speakers respectively based on the 2007 population statistics from the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB).[1] These figures are the combined population of the municipalities where the language is spoken. For the Sambali or Sambal ethnolinguistic subgrouping, the estimated number of speakers is based on the total population of Santa Cruz, Candelaria, Masinloc, Palauig, and Iba municipalities of Zambales. For the Sambal Bolinao subgrouping, a projected number of speakers is taken from the combined populations of Anda and Bolinao municipalities of Pangasinan. The Sambal Botolan subgroup, on the other hand, takes the aggregated population of Botolan and Cabangan municipalities. The rest are smaller languages spoken almost exclusively within various Aeta communities. In total, there are approximately 390,000

speakers of Sambalic languages. Speakers can also be found in other towns of Zambales not mentioned above: Olongapo City, Bataan, Tarlac, and Metro Manila. An estimated 6000 speakers can also be found in Panitian, Quezon, Palawan and Puerto Princesa City. The language is also spoken by many Filipino immigrants in the U.S. and Canada. In Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, for instance, the language is spoken by a clan of Zambals. In Casino Nova Scotia in the Maritimes city of Halifax, a group of Sambals can be found running the card games. Community organizations of Sambal-speaking FilipinoAmericans are found in San Diego and San Francisco, California as well as in Hawaii. The Sambalic languages are most closely related to Kapampangan and to an archaic form of Tagalog still spoken in Tanay in the province ofRizal. This has been interpreted to mean that Sambal-speakers had once inhabited that area, later being displaced by migrating Tagalogspeakers, pushing the original inhabitants northward to what is now the province of Zambales,[2] in turn, displacing the Aetas. There is also a possible relationship between these Sambalic language speakers and the population of the island provinces of Marinduque and Romblon based on commonalities in some traditions and practices. Contents [hide]

1 Table of speakers 2 Sample text: Philippine national proverb 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Table of speakers[

edit]

Sambal (Spanish: Zambal) is the common collective name for all Sambalic languages speakers. It is also the term referring to the Sambalic language subgrouping in northern municipalities of Zambales, which comprises the majority of Sambals or more than 50 percent (200,000) of all Sambalic languages speakers (390,000). Sambal may also refer to the inhabitants of Zambales as a whole and the residents of Bolinao and Anda in Pangasinan. Language Abellen Ambala Speakers 3,500 (Stone 2005) 2,000 (Ramos 2004)

Bolinao Botolan

105,000 72,000

Mag-antsi 4,200 (Stock 2005) Mag-indi 5,000 (SIL 1998)

Mariveleo 500 (Wurm 2000) Sambal Total 200,000 392,200

Sample text: Philippine national proverb[

edit]

Below are translations in Sambal, Bolinao, and Botolan of the Philippine national proverb[3] He who does not acknowledge his beginnings will not reach his destination, followed by the original in Tagalog.

Sambal: Hiyay kay tanda mamanomtom ha pinag'ibatan, kay 'ya maka'lato ha ampako'tawan. Bolinao: Si [tawon] kai magtanda lumingap sa ibwatan [na], kai ya mirate sa keen [na]. Botolan: Hay ahe nin nanlek ha pinag-ibatan, ay ahe makarateng ha lalakwen. Tagalog: Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa paroroonan.

The Sambal (Castilian: zambales, sg. zambal) are a Filipino ethnolinguistic group living primarily in the province of Zambales and thePangasinense municipalities of Bolinao and Anda. The term may also refer to the general inhabitants of Zambales. In 1950s, hundreds of Sambal from the northern municipalities of Zambales, migrated to and established a settlement in Quezon, Palawan; this settlement was named Panitian. The residents call themselves Palawenyong Sambal (Castilian: zambales palaweos) or simply Sambal. Contents [hide]

1 History 2 Language

3 See also 4 References History[

edit]

The Sambal are the original Austronesian inhabitants of the province of Zambales in the Philippines. They speak Sambal, Bolinao, or Botolan, all of which are Sambalic languages. The Sambalic languages are most closely related to Pampagan and to an archaic form of Tagalog still spoken in Tanay in the province of Rizal. This has been interpreted to mean that the Sambal originated from that area, later being displaced by migrating Tagalogs, pushing the original inhabitants northward to what is now the province of Zambales, in turn, displacing the Negritos. The Spanish, in their first encounters with the Sambal, supposedly found them to be highly superstitious and who worshipped the spirits of their ancestors. To this day, most Sambal still believe in superstitions and mysteries. This is said to be the origin of the name Sambalthe Spanish who first encountered them called them the sambali, coined from the Malay word sembah, which means "to worship." The term was later castilianized as zambal.[1] Like the Moros, the culture and customs of the Sambal are different from that of neighboring groups. This is evident in their traditional dress, which consists of a single-shoulder shortsleeved shirt, paired with short trousers. Usually worn at the chest and shoulder areas of the shirt are badges that resemble multicolored crosses.[2] The Sambal were known to be fierce warriors,[3][4] notorious for their bloody raids on Christian settlements.[5] They have been occasionally recruited by Indio commanders (indio was the term used for the Austronesian natives) in campaigns against the Spanish, who then governed the islands. The Sambal were also once known to have captured and enslaved Diego Silang as a child, eventually being ransomed by a Recollect missionary in Zambales.[6][7] It was recorded as customary for the Sambal to perform an execution as punishment for those who have taken another persons life. Their manner of execution was to bore a hole at the top of the skull and then scrape out the brains.[2] During the first hundred years of Spanish rule, the Sambal, like most other non-Spanish groups in the Philippines during the colonial era, had their village structures reorganized and were forced into reducciones in order to assimilate them into Spanish cultural norms.[2] During the 1950s, hundreds of Sambals coming from Candelaria, Santa Cruz and Masinloc in Zambales migrated to an undeveloped and forested area in southern Palawan. They established a settlement which was later on named Panitian.[8] Like in Masinloc, many residents of Panitian have their last names start with the letter E. Most common last names are Eclarino,

Elefane, Echaluse, Echague,Espaol,Ebuen,Edquid,Edquilang,Ebueng,Ebuenga,Ebalo,Elfa,Eliaso, Elgincolin, Edquibal, Ednalino, Edora, Espinoza, Ecaldre and Ecle. Those who came from Santa Cruz have their last names usually begin with the letter M, foremost of which are Misa, Mora,Moraa Moralde and Meredor. Other common last names of Sambali people are ngeles, Atrero,Agagas, Hebron, Hitchon, Hermoso, Hermosa, Hermana, and Hermogino. There are now approximately 6,000 Sambals residing in Palawan. Many of the Palawan Sambals have since moved to the provincial capital, Puerto Princesa, settling in Mandaragat and New Buncag, in particular, although a majority still resides in Panitian. Language[

edit]

See also: Sambalic languages Three Sambalic languages are spoken by the Sambal: Sambali, Bolinao and Botolan, with approximately 200,000, 105,000 and 72,000 speakers, respectively, based on their 2007 population.[9] The Sambali speakers are the residents of the municipalities of Santa Cruz, Candelaria, Masinloc, Palauig, and the capital town Iba of the province of Zambales. The Bolinao subgroup is located inAnda and Bolinao municipalities of Pangasinan, while the Botolan subgroup is found in Botolan and Cabangan municipalities of Zambales. An estimated 6,000 Sambali speakers can also be found in Panitian in Quezon, Palawan and in Puerto Princesa.[10] The Sambalic languages are also spoken by many Filipino immigrants in the United States and Canada. In Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, for instance, the language is spoken by a clan of Sambals consisting at least five families. It is interesting to note that in Casino Nova Scotia in the maritimes city of Halifax, a group of Sambals can be found running the card games. Community organizations of Sambal-speaking Filipino Americans are found in San Diego and San Francisco, California as well as in Hawaii.

The Bolinao language (Bolinao: Binu-Bolinao) is spoken primarily in the Pangasinense municipality of Anda and the town of Bolinao. It has approximately 50,000 speakers (Ethnologue 1990), making it the second most widely spoken Sambalic language. Contents [hide]

1 Phonology
o o o

1.1 Vowels 1.2 Consonants 1.3 Language Comparison

2 See also 3 References 4 External links Phonology[

edit]
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters.

Bolinao has 21 phonemes: 16 consonants and five vowels. Syllable structure is relatively simple. Each syllable contains at least a consonant and a vowel. Vowels[edit] Bolinao has five vowels. They are:

/a/ an open front unrounded vowel similar to English father // (written as <e>) a mid central vowel pronounced as in English telephone /i/ a close front unrounded vowel similar to English machine /o/ a close-mid back rounded vowel similar to English forty /u/ a close back rounded vowel similar to English flute

There are six main diphthongs: /a/, //, /o/, /u/, /a/, and /i/. Consonants[edit] Below is a chart of Bolinao consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word. Bilabial Dental Palatal Velar Glottal

Nasal

(ny) // ng //

Plosive

Voiceless

//

Voiced

Voiceless

(ts)

(ty) /t/

Affricate
Voiced

(dy) /d/

Fricative

(sy) //

Flap

Approximant

Lateral

(ly) //

Language Comparison[edit] A common proverb[2] from Philippine national hero Jose Rizal in English, He who does not acknowledge his beginnings will not reach his destination, is translated into Bolinao and followed byPangasinan, the dominant indigenous language of Pangasinan province and the original in Tagalog for comparison: Si [tawon] kai magtanda lumingap sa nangibwatan [na], kai ya mirate sa keen [na].

Bolinao

Pangasinan "Say toon agga onlingao ed pinanlapuan to, agga makasabi'd laen to."

Tagalog

Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa paroroonan.

Botolan is a Sambalic language spoken by 32,867 (SIL 2000) Sambal, primarily in the Zambal municipalities of Botolan and Cabangan in thePhilippines. Contents

[hide]

1 Phonology
o o o o

1.1 Vowels 1.2 Consonants 1.3 Stress 1.4 Historical sound changes 2.1 The Lords Prayer

2 Sample texts
o

2.1.1 Version from Matthew

2.2 Philippine national proverb

3 See also 4 References 5 External links Phonology[

edit]
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters.

Botolan has 20 phonemes: 16 consonants and four vowels. Syllable structure is relatively simple. Each syllable contains at least a consonant and a vowel. Vowels[edit] Botolan has four vowels. They are:

/a/ an open front unrounded vowel similar to English father /e/ an close-mid front unrounded vowel similar to German Elefant /i/ a close front unrounded vowel similar to English machine /u/ (written as o) a close back unrounded vowel similar to English flute

There are five main diphthongs: /a/, /u/, /a/, /ij/, and /i/. Consonants[edit]

Below is a chart of Botolan consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word. Bilabial Dental Palatal Velar Glottal

Voiceless p Stops Voiced b

- []

Voiceless Affricates Voiced

(ts, ty) [t]

(dy) [d]

Fricatives

(sy) []

Nasals

(ny) []

ng []

Laterals

(ly) [lj]

Flaps

Semivowels

Note: Consonants /d/ and // can sometimes interchange as they were once allophones. Stress[edit] Stress is phonemic in Botolan. Stress on words is very important, they differentiate words with the same spellings, but with different meanings, e.g. hik (I) and hko (elbow). Historical sound changes[edit] Many words pronounced with /s/ and // in Filipino have /h/ and /j/, respectively, in their cognates in Botolan. Compare hiko and bayo with the Filipino siko and bago.

Sample texts[

edit]

The Lords Prayer[edit] Version from Matthew[edit] Tatay nawen ya anti ha katatag-ayan, Hay ngalan mo ay igalang dayi nin kaganawan. Andawaten nawen ya tampol kayna dayin mag-ar. Mangyari dayi ya kalabayan mo bayri ha babon lot Bilang ombayro ha katatag-ayan. Hapa-eg ay biyan mo kayin pamamangan ya angka-ilanganen nawen. Patawaren mo kayi ha kawkasalanan nawen bilang pamatawad nawen ha nakapagkasalanan konnawen. Agmo kayi biyan ma-irap ya pagsobok boy ipakaray mo kayi koni Satanas.[2] Philippine national proverb[edit] Below is a translation in Botolan of the Philippine national proverb[3] He who does not acknowledge his beginnings will not reach his destination, followed by the original in Filipino.

Botolan: Hay ahe tanda nin nanlek ha pinangibatan, ay ahe makalateng ha lalakwen.

Filipino: Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa paroroonan. Mag-antsi or Mag-anchi is a Sambalic language. It has around 4,200 speakers (Stock 2005) and is spoken within Aeta communities in theZambal municipalities of Botolan, San Marcelino, and Castillejos; in the Tarlaqueo municipalities of Capas and Bamban; in Mabalacat, Pampanga; and in the city of Angeles. Mag-indi or Baloga is a Sambalic language. It has around 5,000 speakers (SIL 1998) and is spoken within Aeta communities in San Marcelino, Zambales, and in the Pampango municipalities of Floridablanca and Porac. Mariveleo, also known as Bataan Ayta and Magbukun Ayta, is a Sambalic language. It has around 500 speakers (Wurm 2000) and is spoken within an Aeta community in Mariveles in the Philippines. Sambali (Spanish: zambal) is a Sambalic language spoken primarily in the Zambal municipalities of Santa Cruz, Candelaria, Masinloc,Palauig, and Iba, and in the Pangasinense municipality of Infanta in the Philippines; speakers can also be found in Panitian, Quezon, Palawan and Barangay Mandaragat or Buncag of Puerto Princesa.

Sambal is also termed Tina in some references. However, the term is considered offensive to the language's speakers. The pejorative term Tinawas first used in around the period 1976 to 1979 by researchers under the name of Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL).[2] Contents [hide]

1 Name 2 Phonology
o o o o

2.1 Vowels 2.2 Consonants 2.3 Stress 2.4 Historical sound changes

3 Grammar
o o

3.1 Nouns 3.2 Zambal Pronouns

3.2.1 Common singular pronouns 3.2.2 Common plural pronouns 3.2.3 Personal singular pronouns 3.2.4 Personal plural 3.2.5 Plural nominal article 3.2.6 Pronouns (Panghalip)

o o o o

3.3 Demonstrative Pronouns 3.4 Enclitic Particles 3.5 Existential 3.6 Interrogative Words

4 Sample texts
o o

4.1 Philippine national proverb 4.2 The Lords Prayer

4.2.1 Version from Matthew 4.2.2 Version from Luke

5 Examples
o o o

5.1 Loan words 5.2 Numbers 5.3 Common expressions

6 See also 7 References 8 External links Name[

edit]

The name Tina or Tina Sambal was used by Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL) researchers 19761979.[3] It is considered pejorative by manySambals as it means 'bleach', a pun in Sambal Botolan.[4][5] Sambals would not normally recognize the reference.[6] Phonology[

edit]
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters.

Sambali has 19 phonemes: 16 consonants and three vowels. Syllable structure is relatively simple. Vowels[edit] Sambali has three vowels. They are:

/a/ an open front unrounded vowel similar to English father /i/ a close front unrounded vowel similar to English machine /u/ (written as o) a close back unrounded vowel similar to English flute

There are five main diphthongs: /a/, /u/, /a/, /ij/, and /i/. Consonants[edit] Below is a chart of Tina consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word. Bilabial Dental Palatal Velar Glottal

Stops

Voiceless p

(-) []

Voiced

Voiceless Affricates Voiced

(ts) [t]

Fricatives

Nasals

ng []

Laterals

Flaps

Semivowels

y [j]

Note: Consonants [d] and [] sometimes interchange, as they were once allophones. Dy is pronounced [d], ny [], sy [], and ty [t]. Stress[edit] Stress is phonemic in Sambal. Stress on words is very important, they differentiate words with the same spellings, but with different meanings, e.g. hik (I) and hko (elbow). Historical sound changes[edit] Many words pronounced with /s/ and // in Cebuano ang Tagalog are pronounced with /h/ and /j/, respectively, in their cognates in Tina. Compare hiko and ba-yo with the Tagalog siko and bago. Grammar[

edit]

Nouns[edit] Zambal Pronouns[edit] Common singular pronouns[edit]

ang, 'yung (iyong) yay hikon-mong, ya-rin hikon-moy ng, n'ung (niyong) nin kon-moyo Sa ha Nasa Ison ha (near), Itaw ha (far) Common plural pronouns[edit] ang mg, 'yung mg (iyong mg) yay + first letter of plural word + aw (e.g. yay bawbabayi ang mga babae; yay lawlalaki ang mga lalaki) ng mg, n'ung mg (niyong mg) nin yay + first letter of plural word + aw (e.g. nin bawbabayi ng mga babae, nin lawlalaki ng mga lalaki) sa mg ha first letter of plural word + aw (e.g. habawbabayi sa mga babae, halawlalaki sa mga ki) Nasa mga Iti, ison, itaw + pronoun Personal singular pronouns[edit] Si hi Ni Ni Kay Kun ni na kay hikun Personal plural[edit] Sina Hila Nina ni Kina Kun li Nakina Hikunla Note: In a general conversation, hi is usually omitted or contracted from the pronoun. E.g. Hikunla tana hiya rin (sa kanila na lang iyan) is simply kunla tana ya-rin or even shorter as kunlay na rin. Example: The man arrived. Dumating ang lalaki: 1) Nakalato hiyay lalaki or nakalato yay lalaki or yay tawo . 2) Linu-mato hiyay lalaki; or 3) Linmato yay lalaki or yay tawo. Yay (referring to object) Hiyay (singular person) Hikamon (plural second person) Hilay (plural third person) Nakita ni Juan si Maria Na-kit ni Juan hi Maria. "John saw Mary." Note that in Philippine languages, even the names of people require an article. Plural nominal article[edit] Pupunta sina Elena at Roberto sa bahay ni Miguel. Maku-ko hila Elena tan Roberto ha bali ni Miguel. Pupunta maku-ko Papunta ma-mako Punta mako Pumupunta ampako Pupuntahan ampaku-tawan "Helen and Robert will go to Miguel's house." Nasaan ang mga aklat? Ayti yay lawlibro? Na kay Tatay ang mga susi. Hikun niTatay yay sawsusi or Kunni Tatay yay sawsusi. "Father has the keys." Malusog ang sanggol. Maganda yay lalaman nya-nin makating/makalog. "That baby is healthy." Pronouns (Panghalip)[edit] Personal pronouns are categorized by case. The indirect forms also function as the genitive.

1st person singular Ako hiko Ko ko Akin hikunko (shortened to kunko) 1st person dual Kita ta, kunta 1st person plural inclusive Tayo hitamo or tamo Natin hikuntamo or kuntamo Atin hikuntamo or kuntamo 1st person plural exclusive Kami hikami or kami Namin mi Amin hikunmi or kunmi 2nd person singular ikw hika mo mo iy hikunmo or kunmo 2nd person plural Kayo hikamo or kamo Ninyo moyo Inyo hikunmoyo or kunmoyo 3rd person singular Siya hiya Niya naya Kaniya hikunnaya or kunnaya 3rd person plural Sil hila Nil la Kanil hikunla or kunla Examples: Sulat is hulat (Masinloc) or sulat (Sta. Cruz) Sumulat ako. Humulat ko or Sumulat ko. "I wrote." Sinulatan ako ng liham. Hinulatan nya hiko or hinulatan nya ko. "He/She wrote me a letter." Hinomulat ya kunko, nanulat ya kunko, or hinulatan mya ko. Ibibigay ko sa kaniy. Ebi ko kunna (hikuna). "I will give it to him/her." Genitive pronouns follow the word they modify. Oblique pronouns can take the place of the genitive pronoun but they precede the word they modify. Ang bahay ko. Yay bali ko. Ang aking bahay. Yay kunkon bali. "My house." Demonstrative Pronouns[edit] Enclitic Particles[edit] Existential[edit] Interrogative Words[edit] Sambal Tagalog English Ayti Saan Where Ania - Ano - What Anongkot - Bakit - Why Sample texts[

edit]

Philippine national proverb[edit] Below is a translation in Sambal of the Philippine national proverb[7] He who does not acknowledge his beginnings will not reach his destination, followed by the original in Tagalog.

Sambal: Hay kay tanda mamanomtom ha pinangibatan, kay maka-lato ha ampako-taw-an. Tagalog: Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa paroroonan.

The Lords Prayer[edit]

Version from Matthew[edit] Ama mi a ison ha langit, sambawon a ngalan mo. Ma-kit mi na komon a pa-mag-ari mo. Ma-honol komon a kalabayan mo iti ha lota a bilang anamaot ison ha langit. Biyan mo kami komon nin pa-mangan mi para konan yadtin awlo; tan patawaron mo kami komon ha kawkasalanan mi a bilang anamaot ha pa-matawad mi konlan ampagkasalanan komi. Tan komon ando mo aboloyan a matokso kami, nokay masbali ipa-lilih mo kamin kay makagawa doka, ta ikon moy kaarian, kapangyarian tan karangalan a homin panganggawan. Amen.[8] Version from Luke[edit] Ama mi, maipatnag komon a banal mon kapangyarian. Lomato ana komon a awlon sikay mag-ari. Biyan mo kamin pa-mangan mi sa inawlo-awlo. Inga-rowan mo kami sa kawkasalanan mi bilang pa-nginganga-ro mi konlan nagkasalanan komi tan ando mo kami aboloyan manabo sa tokso. Wamoyo.[8]