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Introduction to Petroleum
Definitions
Chemistry
History Formation Accumulation Traps Conventional and Non-Conventional oil reservoirs Petroleum Industry
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A hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon and other bonded compounds. Petroleum is a mix of naturally occurring, flammable liquid found in rock formations in the Earth consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, plus other organic compounds.
When petroleum comes straight out of the ground as a
liquid it is called crude oil if dark and viscous, and condensate if clear and volatile.
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with straight or branched chains which contain only carbon and hydrogen and have the general formula CnH2n+2. hydrocarbons which have one or more carbon rings to which hydrogen atoms are attached according to the formula CnH2n.
have one or more planar six-carbon rings called benzene rings, to which hydrogen atoms are attached with the formula CnHn.
and sulfur, as well as trace amounts of vanadium and nickel. The C:H ratio is approximately 1:1.2, depending on the asphalting source.
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The story of oil and natural gas begins far back in time as long as 500 million years ago. Over the 4.5 billion years of it's lifetime the earth has been in an extremely slow but constant process of change.
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Formation of petroleum occurs from hydrocarbon pyrolysis, in a variety of mostly endothermic reactions at high temperature and/or pressure.
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When they died they sank to the bottom of the sea where they
usually became a source of food for scavengers and decomposers. oxygen, the remains of the dead organisms did not fully decay and the accumulated material became mixed with silt and clay, to form a sedimentary deposit. zooplankton and algae, which had settled to a sea or lake bottom in large quantities under anoxic conditions (the remains of prehistoric terrestrial plants, on the other hand, tended to form coal).
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Over geological time the organic matter mixed with mud, and was buried under heavy layers of sediment resulting in high levels of heat and pressure (known as diagenesis). This caused the organic matter to chemically change, first into a waxy material, known as kerogen, which is found in various oil shales around the world, and then with more heat into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons in a process known as catagenesis.
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FORMING HYDROCARBONS
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unless prevented by an impermeable layer of rock (cap rock). migration of fluids is to the highest contained part of a geological structure, known as a trap.
The rock in which the oil or gas lies is called the reservoir,
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Structural Traps
Formed by a deformation in the rock layer that contains the hydrocarbons. Main Types: Domes, anticlines, and fault traps. Tectonic forces created these structures after sedimentation and lithification.
Stratigraphic Traps
Formed when other beds seal a reservoir bed or when the permeability changes (facies change) within the reservoir bed itself. A stratigraphic trap accumulates oil due to changes of rock character rather than faulting or folding of the rock. The term "stratigraphy" basically means "the study of the rocks and their variations".
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A source rock rich in hydrocarbon material buried deep enough for subterranean heat to cook it into oil.
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Oil shales are source rocks that have not been exposed to
heat or pressure long enough to convert their trapped hydrocarbons into crude oil. Technically speaking, oil shales are not really shales and do not really contain oil, but are usually relatively hard rocks called marls containing a waxy substance called kerogen.
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exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often with oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing petroleum products. (petrol). Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics. upstream, midstream and downstream. Midstream operations are usually included in the downstream category. maintenance of industrialized civilization itself, and thus is critical concern to many nations.
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The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline
Petroleum engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with the subsurface activities related to the production of hydrocarbons, which can be either crude oil or natural gas.
Petroleum engineering has become a technical
profession that involves extracting oil in increasingly difficult situations as the "low hanging fruit" of the world's oil fields are found and depleted.
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Petroleum engineering requires a good knowledge of many other related disciplines, such as:
Reservoir simulation Well engineering Artificial lift systems Oil & gas facilities engineering
Petroleum engineering focuses on estimation of the recoverable volume of hydrocarbon resource using a detailed understanding of the physical behavior of oil, water and gas within porous rock at very high pressure.
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Drilling engineers manage the technical aspects of drilling exploratory, production and injection wells. Production engineers manage the interface between the reservoir and the well, including perforations, sand control, downhole flow control, and downhole monitoring equipment; evaluate artificial lift methods; and also select surface equipment that separates the produced fluids (oil, natural gas, and water).
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Reservoir engineering is a branch of petroleum engineering, that applies scientific principles to the drainage problems arising during the development and production of oil and gas reservoirs so as to obtain a high economic recovery.
The working tools of the reservoir engineer are: Subsurface geology Applied mathematics The basic laws of physics and chemistry governing the behavior of liquid and vapor phases of crude oil, natural gas, and water in reservoir rock.
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Make the best predictions possible to help determine the recovery potential and commerciality of a field.
Can become involved during the exploration phase or after the field has
been discovered and delineated to determine the reserves and plan development.
Analyze cash flow projections - based on hydrocarbon recovery estimations for the
field over time, price hydrocarbon will sell for & upfront field development investment.
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Reservoir engineers play a central role in field development planning, recommending appropriate and cost effective reservoir depletion schemes to maximize hydrocarbon recovery.
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Simulation modeling:
- Conducting reservoir simulation studies to determine optimal development plans for oil and gas reservoirs.
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E&P
Safety & Environment
North Europe
Africa
Middle East
Americas
Geosciences
R&D
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Geosciences
Administration and Cost Control Information Systems Assistance
.
New Business PN
Geoscience Technologies TG
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Multi-Branch Player
Chemicals
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Oil
Multi-Energy Player
Electricity
Renewable Energy
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downstream and chemicals and using our different specialities logic of others, respecting others, understanding the needs of our interlocutors, the countries in which we work, finding solutions that satisfy their needs relationship with contractors and investors. Courage is daring to propose, to imagine, to invent, to arbitrate and to ACT. criticized. We must have a team spirit. Solidarity means sharing this project and its values.
This TOTAL behaviour will differentiate us from our competitors and allow our successful growth in a new environment
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