What are the difference between hub and switch?

Hub is a layer 1 device. It will out the signal from all of its port except the one from where its insert. It is unable to detect the collision. It works on single collision and single broadcast domain. Switch is layer 2 device. It maintains a CAM table that store the MAC address of devices attached on its port. CAM table is used to make the forwarding decision. It works on per port collision and single broadcast domain.

What is layer?
ayer is a completely logical partition of !"# $protocol data unit% process. &hat define how the information is travel form one computer to other over the network.

What is TCP/IP?
It is combination of two protocols &C! and I!. It is used for reliable data transfer.

What is operating system?

An operating system $sometimes abbreviated as '()'% is the program that* after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program* manages all the other programs in a computer. It provides a platform to application software.

What is package software?

&he collection of mostly used software released in package +orm Company. +or ,xample Ms-(ffice that contain word* power point* ,xcel* etc.

Full form of co in! com

C"# - '.com' stands for 'commercial'. $%T - '.net' stands for 'network' "&' - '.org' stands for 'organi.ation' I$F" - '.info' stands for 'information' (I) - '.bi.' stands for 'business'. I$ - /I0/ stands for India. &he /I0/ is a 2-letter country code for India.

What is ring topology?

In a ring topology* device one connects to device two* device two connects to device three* and so on to the last device* which connects back to device one.

Which cable is used in *+$?

1enerally coaxial and &! media is used in A0 networking.

What are ,ifference between -TP and .TP?

STP cable is mostly used by I2M3 it has an extra cover over each pair. .TP cable is used in star topology. It has a single cover over all pair.

What is I%%%?
&he Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or I,,, $read eye-triple-e% is an international non-profit* professional organi.ation for the advancement of technology related to electricity. It has the most members of any technical professional organi.ation in the world* with more than 456*777 members in around 167 countries.

What is /01 2?
I%%% /01 2 is a collection of I,,, standards defining the physical layer and the media access control $MAC% of the data link layer of wired ,thernet. !hysical connections are made between nodes and infrastructure devices hubs* switches and routers by various types of copper or fiber cable.

Full form of ping

!I01 stand for Packet Internet Grouper

What are the minimum re3uirements for 4p installation?

58M2 9AM 1.612 free :"" space 244M:. minimum processor.

What are 50(ase1! 50(ase6 and 50(aseT %thernet *+$s?

10Base2 An ,thernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 17 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling* with a contiguous cable segment length of 177 meters and a maximum of 2 segments. 10Base An ,thernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 17 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling* with 6 continuous segments not exceeding 177 meters per segment. 10BaseTAn ,thernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 17 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling and twisted pair cabling.

What is the difference between an unspecified passi7e open and a fully specified passi7e open?
!n unspecified passi"e open has the server waiting for a connection re;uest from a client. ! full# specified passi"e open has the server waiting for a connection from a specific client.

%4plain the function of Transmission Control (lock

A &C2 is a complex data structure that contains a considerable amount of information about each connection.

What is a #anagement Information (ase 8#I(9?

A Management Information 2ase is part of every )0M!-managed device. ,ach )0M! agent has the MI2 database that contains information about the device/s status* its performance* connections* and configuration. &he MI2 is ;ueried by )0M!.

What is anonymous FTP and why would you use it?

Anonymous +&! enables users to connect to a host without using a valid login and password. #sually* anonymous +&! uses a login called anonymous or guest* with the password usually re;uesting the user/s I" for tracking purposes only. Anonymous +&! is used to enable a large number of users to access files on the host without having to go to the trouble of setting up logins for them all. Anonymous +&! systems usually have strict controls over the areas an anonymous user can access.

What is a pseudo tty?

A pseudo tty or false terminal enables external machines to connect through &elnet or rlogin. <ithout a pseudo tty* no connection can take place.

What does the #ount protocol do?

&he Mount protocol returns a file handle and the name of the file system in which a re;uested file resides. &he message is sent to the client from the server after reception of a client/s re;uest

What is %4ternal ,ata &epresentation?

,xternal "ata 9epresentation is a method of encoding data within an 9!C message* used to ensure that the data is not system-dependent.

What is Full form of +,-?

Active "irectory )tructure

How will you register and acti7ate windows?

If you have not activated windows =!* you can do so at any time by clicking the windows Activation icon in the system tray to initiate activation. (nce you have activated windows =!* this icon disappears from the system tray. +or registration )tart >>? 9un >>? regwi. @r

Where do we use cross and standard cable?

Computer to computer >>? cross )witch@hub to switch@hub >>?cross Computer to switch@hub >>?standard

How many pins do serial ports ha7e?

In computer itAs known as com port and could be available in Bpin or 26 pin. (n router it have 57 pins.

How will check ip address on :/?

)tart >>? 9un >>? command >>? winipcfg

How will you make partition after installing windows?

My computer >>? right click >>? manage >>? disk management >>? select free space >>? right click >>? 0ew partition

What is IP?
ItAs a uni;ue 42 bits software address of a node in a network.

What is pri7ate IP?

&hree ranges of I! addresses have been reserved for private address and they are not valid for use on the Internet. If you want to access internet with these address you must have to use proxy server or 0A& server $on normal cases the role of proxy server is played by your I)!.%.If you do decide to implement a private I! address range* you can use I! addresses from any of the following classesC Class A 17.7.7.7 17.266.266.266 Class 2 1D2.15.7.7 1D2.41.266.266 Class C 1B2.15E.7.7 1B2.15E.266.266

What is public IP address?

A public I! address is an address leased from an I)! that allows or enables direct Internet communication.

What;s the benefit of subnetting?

9educe the si.e of the routing tables. 9educe network traffic. 2roadcast traffic can be isolated within a single logical network. !rovide a way to secure network traffic by isolating it from the rest of the network.

What are the differences between static ip addressing and dynamic ip addressing?
<ith static I! addressing* a computer $or other device% is configured to always use the same I! address. <ith dynamic addressing* the I! address can change periodically and is managed by a centrali.ed network service

What is +PIP+?
Automatic private I! addressing $A!I!A% is a feature mainly found in Microsoft operating systems. A!I!A enables clients to still communicate with other computers on the same network segment until an I! address can be obtained from a ":C! server* allowing the machine to fully participate on the network. &he range of these I! address are the 15B.268.7.1 to 15B.268.266.268 with a default Class 2

subnet mask of 266.266.7.7.

What are the *#H"-T- files?

&he M:()&) file is a static method of resolving 0et2I() names to I! addresses in the same way that the :()&) file is a static method of resolving domain names into I! addresses. An M:()&) file is a text file that maps 0et2I() names to I! addresses3 it must be manually configured and updated.

What is ,HCP scope?

A scope is a range* or pool* of I! addresses that can be leased to ":C! clients on a given subnet.

What is F<,$?
An +F"0 contains $fully ;ualified domain name% both the hostname and a domain name. It uni;uely identifies a host within a "0) hierarchy

What is the ,$- forwarder?

"0) servers often must communicate with "0) servers outside of the local network. A forwarder is an entry that is used when a "0) server receives "0) ;ueries that it cannot resolve locally. It then forwards those re;uests to external "0) servers for resolution.

Which command will you use to find out the name of the pc in networks?
0) ((G#! H1B2.15E.7.1I HIp of target computerI

How will enable sound ser7ice in 1002?

2y default this service remain disable to enable this service )tart >>? administrative tools >>? service >>? windows audio >>? start up type >>? automatic

How will enable C, burning ser7ice in 1002?

2y default this service remain disable to enable this service )tart >>? administrative tools >>? service >>? IMA!I C" burning com service >>? start up type >>? automatic

What is +cti7e ,irectory?

Active "irectory is a network-based obJect store and service that locates and manages resources* and makes these resources available to authori.ed users and groups. An underlying principle of the Active "irectory is that everything is considered an obJectKpeople* servers* workstations* printers* documents* and devices. ,ach obJect has certain attributes and its own security access control list $AC %.

,escribe /01 2 standards

I,,, E72 K A0@MA0 I,,, E72.1- )tandards for A0@MA0 bridging and management and remote media access control bridging. I,,, E72.2 K )tandards for ogical ink Control $ C% standards for connectivity. I,,, E72.4 K ,thernet )tandards for Carrier )ense Multiple Access with Collision "etection $C)MA@C"%. I,,, E72.8 K )tandards for token passing bus access. I,,, E72.6 K )tandards for token ring access and for communications between A0s and MA0s I,,, E72.5 K )tandards for information exchange between systems. I,,, E72.D K )tandards for broadband A0 cabling. I,,, E72.E K +iber optic connection. I,,, E72.B K )tandards for integrated services* like voice and data. I,,, E72.17 K )tandards for A0@MA0 security implementations. I,,, E72.11 K <ireless 0etworking L '<i+i'. I,,, E72.12 K )tandards for demand priority access method. I,,, E72.18 K )tandards for cable television broadband communications. I,,, E72.16.1 K 2luetooth I,,, E72.16.8 K <ireless )ensor@Control 0etworks L 'Mig2ee' I,,, E72.15 K <ireless 0etworking L '<iMA='

What is meshing?
#eshing generically describes how devices are connected together. It is also the part of topology. &here are two types of meshed topologiesC partial and full. In a partially meshed environment * every device is not connected to every other device. In a fully meshed environment* every device is connected to every other device. <ireless is the good example of meshing. <an $ internet is also a good example of meshing where a computer have connectivity with all internet network.%

,escribe =arious $etwork Type

*ocal +rea $etworks ocal area networks $ A0s% are used to connect networking devices that are in a very close geographic area* such as a floor of a building* a building itself* or a campus environment. Wide +rea $etworks <ide area networks $<A0s% are used to connect A0s together. &ypically* <A0s are used when the A0s that must be connected are separated by a large distance. #etropolitan +rea $etworks A metropolitan area network $MA0% is a hybrid between a A0 and a <A0. Content $etworks Content networks $C0s% were developed to ease usersA access to Internet resources. Companies deploy basically two types of C0sC 1.Caching downloaded Internet information 2."istributing Internet traffic loads across multiple servers -torage +rea $etworks )torage area networks $)A0s% provide a high-speed infrastructure to move data between storage devices and file servers.

Advantage !erformance is fast. Availability is high because of the redundancy features available. "istances can span up to 17 kilometers. Management is easy because of the centrali.ation of data resources. (verhead is low $uses a thin protocol%. "isadvantage of )A0s is their cost. Intranet An intranet is basically a network that is local to a company. In other words* users from within this company can find all of their resources without having to go outside of the company. An intranet can include A0s* private <A0s and MA0s* %4tranet An extranet is an extended intranet* where certain internal services are made available to known external users or external business partners at remote locations. Internet An internet is used when unknown external users need to access internal resources in your network. In other words* your company might have a web site that sells various products* and you want any external user to be able to access this service. =P$ A virtual private network $N!0% is a special type of secured network. A N!0 is used to provide a secure connection across a public network* such as an internet. ,xtranets typically use a N!0 to provide a secure connection between a company and its known external users or offices. Authentication is provided to validate the identities of the two peers. Confidentiality provides encryption of the data to keep it private from prying eyes. Integrity is used to ensure that the data sent between the two devices or sites has not been tampered with.

What is a ,$- resource record?

resource record is an entry in a name server/s database. &here are several types of resource records used* including name-to-address resolution information. 9esource records are maintained as A)CII files.

What protocol is used by ,$- name ser7ers?

"0) uses #"! for communication between servers. It is a better choice than &C! because of the improved speed a connectionless protocol offers. (f course* transmission reliability suffers with #"!.

What is the difference between interior and e4terior neighbor gateways?

Interior gateways connect A0s of one organi.ation* whereas exterior gateways connect the organi.ation to the outside world.

What is the H%**" protocol used for?

&he :, ( protocol uses time instead of distance to determine optimal routing. It is an alternative to the 9outing Information !rotocol.

What are the three type of routing tables and What are the ad7antages and disad7antages of these?
&he three types of routing tables are fixed* dynamic* and fixed central. A fixed table must be manually modified every time there is a change. A dynamic table changes its information based on network traffic* reducing the amount of manual maintenance. A fixed central table lets a manager modify only one table* which is then read by other devices. &he fixed central table reduces the need to update each machine/s table* as with the fixed table. #sually a dynamic table causes the fewest problems for a network administrator* although the table/s contents can change without the administrator being aware of the change.

What is source route?

It is a se;uence of I! addresses identifying the route a datagram must follow. A source route may optionally be included in an I! datagram header.

What is &IP 8&outing Information Protocol9?

It is a simple protocol used to exchange information between the routers.

What is -*IP 8-erial *ine Interface Protocol9?

It is a simple protocol used for transmission of I! datagrams across a serial line.

What is Pro4y +&P?

It is using a router to answer A9! re;uests. &his will be done when the originating host believes that a destination is local* when in fact is lies beyond router.

What is "-PF?
It is an Internet routing protocol that scales well* can route traffic along multiple paths* and uses knowledge of an Internet/s topology to make accurate routing decisions.

What is >erberos?
It is an authentication service developed at the Massachusetts Institute of &echnology. Gerberos uses encryption to prevent intruders from discovering passwords and gaining unauthori.ed access to files.

What is a #ulti?homed Host?

It is a host that has a multiple network interfaces and that re;uires multiple I! addresses is called as a Multihomed :ost.

What is $=T 8$etwork =irtual Terminal9?

It is a set of rules defining a very simple virtual terminal interaction. &he 0N& is used in the start of a &elnet session.

What is 'ateway?to?'ateway protocol?

It is a protocol formerly used to exchange routing information between Internet core routers.

What is ('P 8(order 'ateway Protocol9?

It is a protocol used to advertise the set of networks that can be reached with in an autonomous system. 21! enables this information to be shared with the autonomous system. &his is newer than ,1! $,xterior 1ateway !rotocol%.

What is autonomous system?

It is a collection of routers under the control of a single administrative authority and that uses a common Interior 1ateway !rotocol.

What is %'P 8%4terior 'ateway Protocol9?

t is the protocol the routers in neighboring autonomous systems use to identify the set of networks that can be reached within or via each autonomous system.

What is I'P 8Interior 'ateway Protocol9?

It is any routing protocol used within an autonomous system.

What is #ail 'ateway?

It is a system that performs a protocol translation between different electronic mail delivery protocols.

What is wide?mouth frog?

<ide-mouth frog is the simplest known key distribution center $G"C% authentication protocol.

What is silly window syndrome?

It is a problem that can ruin &C! performance. &his problem occurs when data are passed to the sending &C! entity in large blocks* but an interactive application on the receiving side reads 1 byte at a time.

What is region?
<hen hierarchical routing is used* the routers are divided into what we call regions* with each router knowing all the details about how to route packets to destinations within its own region* but knowing nothing about the internal structure of other regions.

What is multicast routing?

)ending a message to a group is called multicasting* and its routing algorithm is called multicast routing.

What is traffic shaping?

(ne of the main causes of congestion is that traffic is often busy. If hosts could be made to transmit at a uniform rate* congestion would be less common. Another open loop method to help manage congestion is forcing the packet to be transmitted at a more predictable rate. &his is called traffic shaping.

What is packet filter?

!acket filter is a standard router e;uipped with some extra functionality. &he extra functionality allows every incoming or outgoing packet to be inspected. !ackets meeting some criterion are forwarded normally. &hose that fail the test are dropped.