EXPERIMENT MITOSIS INTRODUCTION Mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus

into two identical sets, in two separate nuclei. It is generally followed immediately by cytokinesis, which divides the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cyclethe division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell. Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different species. For example, animals undergo an "open" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a "closed" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a process called binary fission. The process of mitosis is fast and highly complex. The sequence of events is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. During mitosis the pairs of chromatids condense and attach to fibers that pull the sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell. The cell then divides in cytokinesis, to produce two identical daughter cells which are still diploid cells. Because cytokinesis usually occurs in conjunction with mitosis, "mitosis" is often used interchangeably with "mitotic phase". However, there are many cells where mitosis and cytokinesis occur separately, forming single cells with multiple nuclei. This occurs most notably among the fungi and slime moulds, but is found in various groups. Even in animals, cytokinesis and mitosis may occur independently, for instance during certain stages of fruit fly embryonic development.. Errors in mitosis can either kill a cell through apoptosis or cause mutations that may lead to certain types of cancer. OBJECTIVE To enable student to identify the different stages of mitosis in a cell cycle.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

APPARATUS Conical flask Scalpel Fine needles Forceps Petri dish Clean slides 1% aceto orcein 45% acetic acid 1M hydrochloric acid Compound microscope Bunsen burner Onion roots Coverslip Watch glass

PROCEDURE 1) Two or three strands of onion roots was selected. Each root was cutted into 2-3 mm sections from the tip. 2) The root tips was placed into a watch glass containing 2 drops of 1M hydrochloric acid and 18 drops of 1% aceto orcein. 3) The roots was gently heated for 30 seconds using a weak flame. Do not allowed to boil.

4) The roots was covered with another watch glass and was leaved to settle for 15 minutes. 5) A single root was placed on a slide containing a drop of 45% acetic acid and was added a coverslip. 6) The slaid was turned over on afew pieces of blotting paper and was pressed down firmly using the ball of my thumb. Do not allowed to move the coverslip sideways. This technique was called a squash. 7) The slide was examined under low magnification (10x). If the root cells are scattered, changed to high magnification (100x) and the different phases of mitosis was identified. 8) The nuclei was draw and labelled to show the various phases.

RESAULT No observation.

DISCUSSION PROPHASE

The chromatin is condesing and the nucleolus is beginning to disappear. The mitotic spindle is starting to form

PROMETAPHASE

Discrete chromosomes are visible each consist of two aligned, identical sister chromatids. The nuclear envelope will fragment.

METAPHASE

The spindle fibre is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all at the metaphase plate.

ANAPHASE

The chromatids of each chromosome have separated, and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the ends of the cell as their kinetochore microtubules shorten.

TELOPHASE

Daughter nuclei are forming. Cytokinesis has started. The cell plate, which will divide the cytoplasm in two, is growing toward the perimeter of the parent cell.

SOURCE OF ERROR 1) When select strands of onion roots, I cut root that have been cut. 2) The onion roots was cutted to small. Do not have enough length. 3) Use a big flame and heat the roots more than 30 seconds. 4) Late cover the roots with another watch glass. 5) When leave the roots, the time for root to settle does not enough 15 minutes. 6) When press down the onion roots, the coverslip was moved sideways. 7) Do not press down firmly and still have water inside onion roots.

LIMITATION 1) Insufficient of time to identify the different stages of mitosis. 2) The Bunsen burner does not function properly. 3) The watch glass does not enough to cover the roots after heat the roots gently. 4) Does not have enough onion roots and cause the onion roots that I cut was cutted by other person. 5) Does not have stopwatch so that, I cannot get accurate time for heat the roots.

CONCLUSION

FURTHER WORK

REFERENCE Internet http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/mitosis.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis