Bengkel Kajian Kualitatif & Pengenalan Atlas.

ti (Nota Ringkas)*

1.0 Contoh Kajian Kualitatif A Time Between: The Full-Time Adult Undergraduate (sumber: http://www-distance.syr.edu/qualproposal.html) Background: The number of adults beginning or returning to college will continue to increase (xxx, 2009; yyy, 2011). For colleges seeking to meet the needs of a growing population of adults, there is much yet to be learned! Problems: Reports in the literature suggested that universities still have not really come to terms with these older learners. Although some institutions have added special counselling and orientation programs and have offered varied course schedules and formats, other important areas have been largely ignored. Almost none of the support services and structural changes which have been added for adult learners affect those adults who enter regular day" full-time undergraduate programs. Objective: The intent of the proposed study is to learn about adult full-time learners, to look beyond their demographic characteristics, to see these individuals, their perceptions, social worlds, and experiences from their own perspectives and the nature of their social world. The focus will be on selected adult undergraduates who are enrolled full time at Central College. Questions: This study examines basic issues, such as: the nature and purpose of higher education the role of educational institutions within the community and society. This study examines the differences between full-time and part-time adult learners. 1. Who are these adult students? 2. Why are they in college? 3. What has been the impact of being a full-time undergraduate upon their lives, and upon their interactions on and off campus with friends and family and with the people they meet on campus? 4. How has their relationships with family and friends affected their decision to go to and stay in college and their experiences as full-time students? 5. What support do they have from family and friends? 6. What types of groups or social networks have they developed during their time as an adult undergraduate?

* Sebahagian bahan dalam nota ini dipetik dari sumber Internet

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Research Design and Procedures: A qualitative study of full-time adult undergraduates is conducted using semi-structured interviews as the primary research approach. They will begin with unstructured questions such as the following: "What has it been like to be a full-time student at Central College?" All interviews will be tape-recorded and, based on four pilot interviews already conducted, are expected to vary in length from 45 minutes to one hour, carried out in a conversational style. I will write field notes in conjunction with the interviews, follow-up interviews and observations. Memo also will be written while listening to taped interviews, typing transcripts, and reflecting upon a particular interview. In addition, I expect to obtain other data throughout the study, such as comments from administrative and teaching colleagues. I will use The ATLAS.TI, a software program that uses a coding system organized around different topics and themes found in these files. Connections between categories and themes will be used to further my understanding of the adult full-time students world and to shape the organization of the data for portrayal in my final document. Data analysis: The data consist of interview transcripts, field notes from observations, records and documents, and memoranda, which are treated to rigorous ongoing analysis. Network diagram is used to show the relationship between categories or how the categories can be related to one another to find patterns and make sense of the data 2.0 Introduction to QR QR - finding out subjective information such as thinking, feeling, opinion, perspective of people in their natural settings and try to make sense of, or interpret and give meaning to the phenomena. collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data what people do and say What, How and Why data includes interviews, field notes, photographs, video, personal documents, memos etc to understand human behavior which is little known to identify critical variables and generate theory to the phenomenon under study flexible & evolving design researcher as instrument data are mediated through researcher emphasis on VALIDITY rather than reliability 3.0 Approaches i. Deductive Approach (General to specific) Theory Data Confirmation (TDC) use theoretical framework to develop categories for coding (use theory to analyse data) prior to data collection predicting a pattern of outcomes based on theory to explain what you expect to find build an explanation while collecting and analysing the data

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ii. Inductive Approach (Specific to general) Date Pattern Theory (DPT) analyse data to build theory design coding scheme from data collection through interview etc find frequent of significant themes in raw data establish links between objectives and findings develop a model or theory about underlying evident in the raw data 4.0 Sampling No rule for sample size, depends on what you want to know- informant Non-random purposive, convenience or snowball selection To understand phenomena (not to represent population) esp for sensitive issues like sex, drugs etc Typically the samples are small, and not "random" 5.0 Data collection i. Depth interview Data derived from interviews are rich, in-depth descriptions that explain and give meaning to peoples lives on important issues. Extensive probing and open-ended questions (unstructured @ semi-structured @ structured openended) List the important topics to be explored Write a sub themes for each topics Make a draft of possible questions based on conceptual framework Interviewer knowledge about the topics, good listener a. Conducting interview Self introduction Explain general purpose Impress the respondent that his opinions are important Seek privacy Consent for the interview and recording Natural and conversational style to obtain detailed insights and personal thoughts Know the objective of each question (make sure the answers satisfy it) Probe, follow-up questions tell me more about it ? Explain why you think that way? Confused situation OK let me conclude that Flexible and unstructured, relaxed, open environment but usually with an interview guide Purpose: to probe informants motivations, feelings, beliefs Interview transcripts are analyzed for themes and connections between themes

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b. Types of interview
Type Unstructured Format Checklist, interview guide Responses Less controlled; exploratory and flexible; informants are encouraged to tell their stories Data Can be tape recorded or recorded in field notes Use Quality of data depends interviewers skill; generates a large amount of rich, detailed data; very effective for uncovering new information With adequate training and practice, can be used successfully with less experienced interviewers; easier to compare answers Question Example Can you tell me about your first date in college?

Semi structured

Written interview script; all questions written down; script includes interviewer instructions

Controlled; more detailed; comparable responses; little room for exploration beyond interview script

Same as above, though usually produces narrower range and quantity of data

Structured

Most common format is open ended survey questions; short answers; often include interviewer directions on specific probes

Highly controlled and specific; limited detail; most easily comparable since each person interviewed has been exposed to exact same group of questions

Usually recorded on survey instrument; can be easily transformed into numerical data

Can verify information from in-depth interviews; easily integrated into surveys; effective with large study populations; generally easiest type of interviewing to train up staff to conduct

Can you tell me about the first time you and your partner talked about condoms? Who first suggested condoms? What did you/he say? How did you/he react?] Over the last month, in what locations did you buy drugs?

(source: www.go2itech.org/resources/technical-implementation)

c. Inventori Protokol Temubual: 1. Pada pendapat anda, apakah factor yang mendorong anda. Senarai semak penyelidik: Factor diri Factor keluarga Faktor rakan Lain-lain (minta penjelasan) 2. Bolehkan anda jelaskan bagaimana factor XX mempengaruhi anda dalam. Peringkat awal Peringkat akhir Proses Lain-lain (minta penjelasan)

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ii. Focus group A loosely structured interview conducted by a trained moderator among a small number of informants simultaneously. 8 - 12 members (usually paid) homogeneous in terms of demographics and socioeconomic factors but heterogeneous views experience related to product or issue being discussed 1 1/2 2 hour session 1-way mirror/client may sit behind qualified moderator conversation may be video and/or audiotaped OR notes may be taken to find out the how and why narrow topic of discussion set the objective conducting analyse and interpret o transcribe o mark transcripts using codes o sort codes o writing.The majority of the patients said that. Only a few of them realized that . iii. Observation Systematic view of a specific phenomenon for a specific purposes of gathering data for a particular study Direct observation of behaviour with the purpose to describe it Include seeing, hearing and perceiving To discover the relationship between knowledge, attitude and practice Selective criteria to be observed Sediakan helaian nota pemerhatian Tarikh: Tempat: Hari dan waktu Penyelidik sampai ke kelas dan mendapati guru belum memasuki kelas.. Pada pukul 8.00 am barulah guru masuk dengan membawa beberapa peralatan ABM. 6.0 General steps in data analysis Read and read to get the whole picture Coding identify emergent themes Code categorization Develop themes Get big picture and interpretation

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i. Pengesahan kod oleh pakar (validation)

Kod Peribadi baik Tema Keperibadian guru Petikan Saya suka sebab cikgu tu tak pernah tengking2 tanpa sebab.. Best cikgu tu... pakaian sentiasa kemas Tak sesuai pakai baju kurung nak ajar sukan Ada ke masa mengajar boleh hantar sms lagi... Komen Pakar

Peribadi kurang baik

ii. Pengesahan temu bual Saya dengan ini mengesahkan data teks perbualan seperti yang diserahkan kepada saya untuk disemak adalah: Sila Tick Benar tanpa pembetulan Benar dengan tambahan Benar dengan pemadaman Yang benar: (Nama) Tarikh Example:

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7.0 ATLASTI: Langkah demi langkah i. Buka dan masukkan document

ii. Import semua Prime Documents (P-Docs) ke dalam ATLAS.TI

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iii. Create Free Codes

iv. Auto Coding

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v. Coding File Photo

vi. Coding File Video dan File Audio

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vii. Semak Objects P-Docs, Quotes, Codes, Memo

P-Doc #1 ada 21 codes

Quotes: P-Doc #1

viii. Bina Memo

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ix: Word Cruncher

x: Output - Family Network (Jenis Kenderaan) dan Theme Network (Carta Kenderaan)

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