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INTRODUCTION TG A$f;Gs
1.1 Typesof ASICs

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Problems Bibtiography References

1.2 \ Design Flow 1.3 1.4

1.5

C a s eS t u d y Economics of ASICs
ASIC Cell Libraries

An ASIC (pronouncecr "a-sick";botd r.r.peraie defines a new rerm)rs an apprication_ at the acrcrnynr standsfor- Before wr, answerthe question of rvhatlltal rn*. first look at the evolurion .f'the silicoir chipor intcgrated circuit(IC). Figurel.l(a) showsan IC packare(rhis.i.s a pin-grittarrav,or pGA. shorvn upsidedo*,n; rhepins. will toles in u print.,t_".;r.uir boartl).peopleotrcrr ry rhrough call the paci<age a chip buti as you can see..in Filure t.l(b), the siliconchip irsclf (rnoreproperlycaileda tjic) is mounred in the cavity underrhe seared li(r. A pcA packageis u.sually made from a cerarnicmatcrial, but plestic packapes are also cC)mmon,

F I G U R E1 . 1 A n i n r e g r a r e d (lc). (a) A pin-grio array 9l9rjl (PGA) package. (b)Thesiticon dieor chipis under thepackage
ild.

silicon

0.i inch

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',:'cltApTER 1'liviiioDudiroit.EKffi J1,,

Thc ph-v.sic-a-l size.o[a s{ggXg" varies frorn.a rs:y^oullimcrenon_a.glq1g11cr bur initeaa w"Tfr",, measuEl-hc ljtt-tLon-s-sidc.t; oi;t by rhc nurnbcrot. logicgares or rrrc number of rransisr'rs rhaur,"rc .oiir;;r. il; unitof measurc . gatc-e_qg1r;a|gnt corrc{eldltr] a Iwo-inpuI.fr,nlf O*," (u]"ffi logicfuncrion. F = Tj'lrorrcn *clusr u*c rhcrcil-l,grqc.r inst.ad o,-g:rrc equiv:r. lents whcn wc arc

t.

rncas-uring chip siz-e-not to bc confused with the tate ternrirr:rlol a trattsislorI : o r c x a r n p l c .a l f i ) k - g a t c t C c o n r : r i n s t h c e q u i v a l c n to f , l ( x ) . ( x x ) t w . o _ i n p u tN A N D r : a r c s .

::,:

lcns of u lransisrors. d f r ) r s r u r s . Thc I nc e era ra o of l rhed-iifrl

:,

'l"^n.',l"''r' '*,1rr, s.c.re inres' i:j ;1:11f,',':1':1t^.:::" l - c w( | ro l0) logic sarcst9j. NOR grr"t. and t

The senriconductor in'Justry has cvorvccr frorn thc first rcs of (lltj: c w r thc carrr, :au l\ rt)7()s

f:tilrnrl 11

r;.ron-anlounting to r lcrr

I1",:: "r

lll1"1*l

rilngc tog'c avaitabtc ro_rou1llcn-r_ard sirnilar.trrg", s *.:,,| culc.logic furrctions

ked cven rargcr ,"r,.?#**i,,ji,'ll

(vLSt) now offcX 6a_bir-ni

cra of t:I_vl3lg9-scaleintegrarion

qoating-poinr arirt'-ffi

ro rnanulaqturc because of pr.btenrs wirh rheoxicte intert-acc. ::t,j.:'",:rlll:1,1.r,, As thcse problents weie

;*.?:.i],,|Y.Ltand IC.shtlld moref":lii..1"",:*r and morc trun.i.i,rr.. S.'rc pc..plc, tespcci.1l,";;;;; ;T,ll:.': lerm ullralarg. t.rl" rnt"grrtio,n.(ULS nl,rr,p"opi" ,,np o, lhe term.VLSI: otherw rds. Thc earliesrlCs usedbipotar tect eirhcrtransistor-transirlo Ltt logic ) . A l t h o t uglr invcnredbeforcl ar transisror. rhe metal-oxiae-siticonl rrrsrar-rr.\t(r-sutcon
(Ivl(r5) transislor

nr iIIi.n,r;r*,ffi irnpr'r.cs. rransisrors conrinue ro gersn'r||er

fe*'er misking steps.wasdenser. antsc,rn.unred rcsspower thanequivarent bipotar i ICs' This mearr( thar.t'ora given perfomrance, an MoS rc wascheaper ftian a bipolar lC and led lo invesrmbnr f andgrowth of the MOS lC market. I : Bytheearll'lgS0srhealuminumgl(esol'thc-rralsistorsu,erereplacedbl,pol-r._, silicongates,'bur rhe nameMos remained. The inrro<Jucri.n of:porysiricon as :r s:rrc materiatwas a ntajor improvement in cMoS t..r,nutog1.. it easier to nrilke two types of transistors. ","Li"g n-chlnnel Mos and 7r-charri"r lros tr'nsislors. ., thc sSmeIC-a comprementary MoS (cr{os. ne'er cMoSl iJnotogy. The princi_ pal. advantage of CMOS ovei NMOS is lc devicesro be scaled {gwnll-sizg. There rt. r*,o-,,,0r *,o_inpur @,,r so ro.conv.nu.t*"il@una" rrii,.irruiliiiirutriply Ygs--_"t). rhe nunr[_rc_r or gates b -smallest featuresizeqrn,g " h oite.* islor)inrprinled .:;

graduatty sotved. rnerat-sare ,,-.n"nn.i'ir"d, iJ-l?i!li; NMOS) tegfuology devetoped in irrergl0s.oi in"i1l"l ."u

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thc IC. Tran.sisr.r dirnensi'rrs u,-",r,.,,r,,.].cr irr nricr.ns," ,r,..,,".'';i,;l']':1"::;1,;;'l

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dravfrngs in rlris kiok risb a a scalebn d'map. su CMOS

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same reasonsi,eplace

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volumt thh'iiany other 'cost the of CMOS'fcs

MOS'ICs traub'bstauiiJn-il?doiti iriiinr

Bjpg!3l nology bipolii so on'.'

for examplel':iri ati iiddrd i i

-, cars, tclephone'circuits', and

. 2 !

svsteinS'(sfst'6hrsrtratusdmiciodldciiorricsbrlCs)-,,' .,: . ,,, ,. i..;t:

ffi;ffiL'X; iiil'.o ."ld designers iari;dse theSiirtre'siindeid''parr iii'!,varieiyriLlii.Jrti'tt-,;.,t.tlltld;;

to,"irniiuie;."d;;;.aiilil,

drie ffiiu*"rr,

.corivbnErsl (anAlog/digii*t j idiiddidtci : Yoriia'n' se ,'oi S teci st'#oardICb. fro,ii

sr,'te*

..,;,,::...,ri:

tion ratherthdir iising'siandard rcs alone.'t,tiiroeteirronitlsrri.r;:o.rig"'ih-: becomes a ma(rer of defining rhefunctions rhatyouibii ir"pj*"n, xi"g,t't;;Crf; ICs and then implemenring rheremaining rogicfunctions isometimes cailed gtue logic)with oneor morecustom ICs.As vt-st ug9am9 po.riut" ycu._courd buird_a system from a smaller nuffii?f6iiponentsty i6niui.,inftnarw.sraridard IC$info a few custom-ICs. Buitding-a'microerecnonic.s-vstem-wirhlfe*"r\d;il;;;;;;

in iHe'|980s inffi'ri began rcireatizcrthe,advanragis ^r,^:'jl,llu:1:1.,,"i,iLSI of desigriin[ ah'rc:rhat vai:ciistomi"Eaortairordd

reducef,ost.andimprore,reliability. ,. .: . :;; ;: , ;.,, ...:,:,,.: ;..:.. r i.-.i,..,r,,, ..,r:- f, ,,,:,;Of;rcourse;.;drere..are:manyisituationsr,in,tvhichtit is,nof,"pprOpriate..t9,.ir$e::8 custom,IGfor:cach and_ev9r):part of an,microptec.tronic system.,it,ynq needu..larg" amounbgfinie,mory;,for_,example,i it is:sti[ iestifo.,use,sraadOrd_rnemg,r',ilCs,,eitber

M (S*4M;pr
f.vr..w.ur,Lswruir\,rr':rr..:l..itl.:!i:.;ri;,Jt.tj!..,i;.t.,.r,_::.r:-:,.:i::,\r:l.i.ii::;i

ment.of,customJCs: As.differcntjypes,of cusrotn.ICs,t*g"n ," rr;f"e.fo'.;;;;'.il

-n.p theproGeedipgs theproGeedipgsofrthisi qqnfeienceio.rrn,a of rthisiinnrial, innudlrqonfeience useful :referenoe ,refe rd ?ha.lrri;r^_ ,a.trsefql tO the,d,cV,elop

bc rrti y,lmerg s,rap ior segrqent tug, *f ,3: :.3: I :: : :.:*:::S, a fevotcd.to the:IG'iindusrrywasy!rer,coirtmiraagrarad:circuiitians";#r?d'.ff;:;;

. :*::::' :f1 l ::ry weshari ioorar;.,"; i."i:,::,:t,::j::.._i; lirncurt, rvhatpeoplein the IC industry ";;il';;";;,#;; undersrand by the term.

n1'":the rfrffi t n reraqi iqtar ai ri C *i[r rr;;, ;fr 1j.1_u]9, 1 f ly :I., t9: *tbrY ;frd m Dt

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CHAPIER 1

lNrRoDucrCIilE;:rrG
Examples of IC ,. noi ASiCs cr.ps sold , ", "o*t-'li!.e{e

CPU: and togcrhcr , .r1rT'ili;r[:mffi* wirh orhcr,;;::.'""

; cXCcPItons. bc^consioerea Forexarnptc, nstir""':ttc ;;;1iffi,
somerimeiE

Proccssor fo. a *ork.,

'''u"^:il1.fl?[f f,l'Jii*i;xT"" il#niT###$if:],"'ff ro, r"rr ;;';, roy ",u ir"; be

"";,;rJ;!;:: Xrr*j[li1 ^:.1*
ir ina dara "ur nncl asa cerr ;:" ,r"processor rs probably
to re

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nor an n nrc,: I *".U ;ijJ:::']I [ : H"Ih:ir:I'i:.ii, T. fon,,d.*d -t :,u

a standard

tr 1#ti-tt"',H':t"i:'li*ff;{. I";#..l;trd*fr ,::j:^:, "9,;;;;il:','":ffi *tt****,ffi+*., # .;i,":l;:Jlnli,'u*,suchracrors-;,";:[I *jrc ffi :Ti'l:',"fl'ltf jTrff ff lt,[
pnysicalcharacreristi

,'J:L1!;iTg[1.;T#ffi * * ^io5lii",,?llJillll tfi',l1::::^l':";;;;i";lRguca'lion-spe nor. describe ,r," a.riil'"i1".,"J.'#.ri::::':"

3o ASICbv rr,uri roor.Trrttrtrs

*n'"n "n' :::"il;-",-".iii',';:

Tr-ving to 699;

---rx-tr'\

categorize rhetc'famii1,. ri.'"11,j.","[]l,t:::*.

1.1

T--

I ypesof ASICs
-&v-!gdrsa mr
ic&, circular silicon wai

-._1-g1 gli#

*" *"

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*i*. betr wires u.iio" T"gr T"9l

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0

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reatures in
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ofmicroproc"::1. m6i*, :i'icron lo'J;;;.0"*zing the "i"r.#H "n,o tothe incrude rC

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exampre. r"ffi

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1 . 1 TYPES OFASrc-

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'v'| aspecIric app'i

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rtre -p.o'e'"i, and.,r," fi e ra n" *J,-,n; ilffi ;:ffi vice iln il.T$ffi
1.1.1 Fufl-CustomASlCs
slc an.ngin..,a"r. tn," &!=g{g._

i"t'"ffi

ff:':"7

',*^_lt*,* rechnotogy hashisroricallv I jl"^': are somefundarnenrar,;;;; jor precisir analog or @mponentchara f;.ffn,_u:* functions' tn att'inteJrai;:'" cnaracrerisri", u",*Jl.rir,,"r-*ii,".;":**::'

'i;:ffi;t*Ur:ittffi *un,*. *",,, r*:Fl*:;;ff "'u

th T::i a t,o,. :: " : ".i f if*#;l lt'*;l'in .,."11. aslc i' 'o sp"'i'il '"*"''"0 fe ;:,flni{}:*fl*:::ltii:'ffi"'1=1s""d;

ns ce rrribrar"'^' "' ;;;-";;;H "'' i::, "i ""' "illiu fi:ij;,]#;l'li':," ",. o^ *,.l i;X. ized.

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**i1*Hm
<-

lm;r;'::;lTldl1ii"lrT;i"r:'rr"r'i'inli,.nTisansistorsareairttre
depending ;;#:';I;:

r*tween

,1*rTi;?:::

cannconrarn renlor hurrdreds or chips

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CHAPTER1

,NTRODUCTTONJO=;SIG

If we were (o and 13 *" ;;;;j;:.ke

measuremenrs of the characteristics ,n. ,ori"*i"*i"rs gf trans.;rors,Trl T2, . Transisrootjl

rc.ivc,;;,1i,;:":,T,]#i,1,:1":::::r characrerisrics _ . . v . J , v ,, Jr a ( c n ro12bnihe same wellor thc tracking exccllent.

.

. T.ransisro. rlff

Tran.sisror T3 witt match transistorsTl a_,r.'-_ not as closel.

b.t*."n O"u"i*:;:.

the rr n'ur.r,"l'il:"Jil'.:l'"11"" same $,eil,,,bur lCug.y

13on a o"'"I:It;jnd 13 will nrat fairlvwellu'irlt tra^^'-' '-' uL;;;'tl apan rhc,*"":: 19""
afersin the same wafer

---'-7

;''a-';'i;#; a r " ry p rec r'!-qe{s ise,, ]ljlT..o: : :ri srh #*,i#"J1r:.il: I;

lor *iU not *ut.h . Transisrors on lCs f.n^ clifferent s:c" lcs from r'aferlors witi manyanarog marchverypooiry. . . ti ^^^_o:. rhc crosema operarion. For rhcse;,:::1.*ir ol-rransistors i a;1;s"tn"i"''atchin8 each other' Device "i:::ll -'-iiqji'l

;:ff i *;.;:;.,,"?,Ti

rc rrh c';;; il ffi::lfii: ;';T:

'

I
';::,;."fr:nilj crever "" anaros cMos circuirs rhar can ilTJ:::J:J;,l,J,l:JCl?;lldqt "po.o*i
1.1.2 ni *rat t."l'. accsnle4,!t'et, ns as tandard_cet tandard-cet t-. f_*;; j A t-based ii i,""1 '.uisfi iE 1""t : ', ",i.qt ffi-i;ffi f
processors, i --' -gg9g$fil[. cu.stomblocr..

f-kgeglc("'ir uses

iE; .' ."j-.., , ;t *Ti'lt::lt.re"r r"iiiluedflexibre hrn^Lr ,_ ^*,,,, ,ig,E,

.a-

;il:}.I:ll i.i#;F*:.ffi.JI,

Me-eacells

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1.1 TypEsorasics

15

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o,o ociooEEooooo

t . , t

progra mmabte tosic device (pLD)die il9 _t"A I ne Yl5^1 macrocells typioally_consist ol frogrammable array bya,ftip-ftop o,rarcnlrn-e nrr"rocerrs l1s]! l"]lpry"d connected usinq a large programmable "re inlerconnecl trlock.

macrocell

by'using,aiiorher;it;;;l age (an electrically glasable _"ilhtr PRoM;-or E*BpjoMt orbv or. _ - - -by , :exfcising: eiiiricih;:rhr;_.:*^ _ ^ t , v J r r r t a 11.,. ) . a r t c dev u cvlc e ^ ultraviole( __i1e [o

-'t'r't applying a high volrage youcan . you "'t>q canerase crase "'|." vu*agc. anEpR uligy in
lighr (UV-irasablepROt"t, o,

rr art)tJt\Jl

t:tl:(rcs are alrcredby

friffi

.i;ffi' Hff*,*F ll,:^:i_l;i,*,i*" *o il ;;;

t

Wy ! B q M l i l . " ' r j :

1;-;,.:,,r,;. .i

t e,llm!:piggranrma!1e'_t"btln-ffi f t^nt n ex;f lsi.lpi.g,r g., mmabIe #, By qqi!gih. pro 1 1.1u;,u n, N

parrerns. An iiibc?-ded m--

ljt-q9g'"",*"i fit":il ".i.r"I "i," med using "ili custommask

aced on any ASIC_a

eqi anllftl,"ipn 1ri.ffi ? e,atei

le Arrsv Ii;

i..i r-, i

rc

a difference between a

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t

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Fietd-pr

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''Sff'T:'lptisu*:m
rhebasictogic ceus, ---'r'Ptogrstnmabte Vo cels surround.j:j.::t*nds -:--6signturnaround is a few hours. Weshallexamine U,.r" fe"rurc,,"'r."* irfChapters +_g.
programmable

*. .no^ *.;,ilffi;;: ::1, ",n -:r"::;:lT;:ffi ;m**ff::i*&r;il,:"s"ra,canimp,

-)-2h" ."ore is a regurararray of pro"ic logic celts and the interconnect.

mm*ffrl'*"6r:-*"
' programmabte nrer@nnect

t
,8 t

1.2

DesignFlow
call this a d.esign to th'e labels

in

shoulC beablcro r Describea basic CPLD. . Exptain,h; p"rp"* of thclogic arrayblock(LAll) r Explain the purposc of rhcproglrarnr.bl:;r;;;nect aray (plA) r l)iscuss a basic rnacrocell r Describc rircMAiT000Cp.,s{__

After cornplerinq rhisscction, you

,\ Cl'Ll) basicall-v consisr:; of rnulriplc groups of pAUGAL_tike

l i r o u p t s c a l l c da

ffi

;:lini[il:il'3l;J1cft LDisbased on

rAB sor ;;; uc (inpu r/ousu t) ;jJ.*-"i l], : ::,I onnec,.'.yipr^.ii"lomn!1x_e_cornp*;;;,.'r"Hi:#:SrlJ ::::: +"T^:l ; orhcr
tur-!pnod*o]5-qDr"Ui*ri..

;fii?i#fil;ffia

i n FiCu rc-TF3 9-. EchTdDCA L

Logic &rray blocL (LAB)

,o ",r-.lj ' tl

l--:----t '#,:
blml

tlili, - l|**} i I

F -l'
rr i

ri
I

lngic lrra! lrltrt

(tnB)

;
block

| '*tt J-T 'i,;i1,

, ,,',; ff lO-,1
; r;griq-i
|\.rys11-.;.n11irj.-{riu,..(i jrrii\ {tl \,

; ' ! 1l 1 r

F T G U R t 2 _ 3 9 Earic diagram of a CpLD

Macrocelf s Each fogic ulll,trlock irr a CpLD conrains s.1,cm!n5g{EglllU_lbcy_rin Figurr llJO. cPLD architcc{urc v:rrics.riollr ()ne ,,rfiij , uoih.,r. hut.ecnerlily thcr.rrc fr.nr ,j2 to J,,cruI hUndrt-t|,,,,,.r.*@ r " l c . . t r i ) t 3 r s c c t i ( n . A s i r l r p | i r t c t | d i a t r - . r l t r r r i a t1'pical CI)LD nt.crt'cellis shtrrrn ;rr i;--"r'it-r. Nrrite ih:rr rhelogicis -simii:rr rrrrhc OL,\,1C logic irr:r pAL/Gr\l_ ur.r.lr,.

t FfGURE t2_.tO

Ejrk togic:rraTbbd;A

togic uny block (LAA;

*.,1

; lrlEocell n

,Hmt:mffiT.H:tlji;
Prodrrf<crm Erpcnjcr lnfxrfs GlohlOcat fnm othcr macroctlls Global Cfoct

CorubinarioorJ gutF{

Rq'isrcrud output

Ptoducrrcrm Erpaodcrourgl oorhcrncocclts

FrGunE tz_at
&rcCPIDmaqocefl

Each rnacrocell has

t.rol.^:,:i"*,-g, nipffi

1,"ru# "r"'*.o"offi

*rr,"r**.4UOS_{rffi '-,i,t;' r,H*Taqe-q4Np ;y;;.:"

nrf-t

* *G.

a fixed oumher ^r rrh

j*::

p^yl9trt ,u-sereeioo

tf l"t. '

gtobal ctock "r

ffi

ffilffiffi"::**;ffi :i:,'li':.*_tint"ffi ffi:i*ll'::l':-

macrocells inure LAB o.inot.i iiJr"## _ _" vrd .rre Drog.ram_ ut.thrurgh Proerar
il

ily.T-ffi

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.Ti?,ff'tr ty:iilj

=--.---*:=:=

(PLD') ' LoGICDEVICEs PRoGMMMABLE

535

prcvides brock select prosrammable :'*1,i:t::-1 :}"fl",";: :'"T:::t""rn'"K [j\'",f.

ouSul the flip-flop provides a regisere4

ilf.'i'.T*lffi"iilTiJl:Tt:.-::":*""f and [:T'ffi :::il'"*::$:ffi SoP t'"1y*rroutpus "Tjl:' ;il;J;ff;+-an Jffi ffff H'i'ffi ff ffi
"ff
and

In CPLDs, the term

in aCPI-Dcan

t",il',";ili#t

of *n"rrcffo "*,il".rnilU determination

made bY the Programmingsoftware'

nifn"p

8'rhe 5*-lchaPter flig'ftp or a gate-implemeuted is

;";:;;;;';""***Tv.e1l:"T::$5j:f ,HlT":Hfr '* die *"0 #ffillEffi';;#";;;*" to r-A'B, &T"':ffiffi|J same #'hl#f.1 wi&in macroce,s
ff:r"#T'nt#;ltrffinffi;';*"' the device'or to other VOl
in*,g]#l|o}ffiil aline .,onn""ting r"r"ticrr'it*
tr""r*"iirt.".
:r transistor between two lines is by *u"io""ff , in ottrer LABS in ^- ^fhpr elements o rq U a macrocellare accomplished to the AND gates or other "t"-"t ;;;;;il"t ingul[]|1 gate AND dn ro

(PtA) An-dy ProgrammableInterconnect

"rroy

EtMOS,

;ffi:[]ir#T"H;H
Figure 1242-

;rff;;il;il

in isirtustratcd ;;*tion method

h s'. aod

trtacroctll orIIO Err

YA\
t/,-

F-:cllf.)s
rrnsistix ON: .:0n:)efttr6 trt+an hrs

PII' line A FTGURE 72-42

PlAlitr:

techn<ilog Eatic Ezlvlos interconnecri?o

A SpecificCPLD
Several comPanies,i jwn Each-camPany hasjts

3i1o:

ao,ayJi,"i.ra=a thatareauuiuurl, devices "'rp"Jnrcn-o

c,ru."s* qn *$s Larice Xilinx, Artcra -t*tt allofthe sry "'" ry co"cr erampie' asa 'eprcsentatirrc
sbih mo'ntcd o a

* * rq* r'"i'i'"GtS'S*H=Hl .{ttera's

ffii}"l"tt*t'" tlar a cPU itspl' ISPmcans ;;p;g*t"-uut"

"'ffi t#r:ffi"'rfftil;r

a specrar'r rsvr;;;pr.gt-tr"d CPLDs must be progranmed ln

ilS',''jTJ"n"l

as welr as **' fIl'T j:1* -i *""r"i'i ffi;; progrannrng' l::-:E:iJ[l"iJ:"'::ffi,L?i'; ad devtoe anal)'sts rimios ;;il;; rrav software' compilation fmilv' rhe logic
orsixteen * the consist (uos each (LABs) )asd brocks i?Ji' a''pur/outp* ;i,iilfi 55fi$**Xrmm*r*
#;;Ftt"" shows Figure12-43 IJf*;; MAx ?000

'^. ,i -.^*"tt"

ransos epseg-491 variarions cpq i1loes;ycnr ** bc

tt.sgCPlilcal P'o8r.^'md'ir 3.i

;ti"::l*Ti inaier" lru oumil"s;;iH :lSiH|,? The arrowswith slashes macrocells.

following inPuts:

[t t Edi rnsot'ell hasth

ln"

) ]6

DIG'IAt

FUNDAMENTATJ

.i6 signrls liom thc PIA Clobal cr'trol signais (ckrt lrrpul.sienals from VO pins 'l}c

1 ctcar. oul*,t cnablesgo to all mrcrocells)

.. ;;ffi;:fi TffiIllJ,l"i' ;:] T 3i **,:T_1,[:, :f ;i"fi l : ffi [: "' "',#;

mzcroccll in rhe MAX 7tr0 is similrr to rhe ee

A F | G U R Et 2 _ 4 3 Efock diagramo( Nl.lJ/.1000CILDI

5ECT|ON t2_E REYIEW

l. Whatdoer CpLDfind for? 2- Name hvo maj,cr elemenb rh a CplD. 3. Dercnbe a fogrt trray biodc. {- Up'onwhatcommon architecture are
.,_q

.."-!r:r:r.-i.--.

:.

all CpLDIbaled?

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,:
F

p Ro G RAMMA T T:* roH!',|:r,,frT !#

,|NTRODUCTION TO

r ,,T"-Tlon i'lle;IQgic

FPGAS -.$Tl:Iclass

_.__
ofprogramma-

(P9_el is intnoaucea. '|(ecall that CptDs-&riii.R$ .,|;,,tSUyprog;;;;orlwr'rr'Jror*tokt"lgp,AL---Etogicblockithatare

devi*i, called ..ui 6e *, field fierd rrrm*;*,. :: ::-9i'Ycnces'

rogcrAr&cjurh r..*'j i1:tfy.:-fi1'$$.1* F"jAr,r,g"ihu,.r#*r"

*u.o on soP(slnof-product nof-produa)

3lr*gglg-ltqcki surroun

Although theie are many variationsof th basic architecture,dre tr?GA

with p.*-i"il'l*,*

rnr,,-- .-.^_ _otiglv interco*..ting-.ffii Tw ad colu{nn

gonsists

- mrttipl"^ro to g"n.rut. tod"

soP AND/onl-iplii".";,ffi "'."' n o"il^ffi ffi #* *"*r"o

.;jil
earlier in rhis ciaprer.

: ::ilE i-:A'a :teEt

F !

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f,
t

l
t
-:'..__*.r_

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! nl-,i1,1ri...11

:. FtcUR t2_t{ Saric btocft diagren ofan FpGA

tf 9''

5]E" T

DI6'TAL FUNDAMENTALS

The Logic Block E a c h l o g i c b t o c k i a a S c o c r i c F P G A c o n t a i D s s e v c r a l I o g i canother' c | e m cbut nts,asshown rgics fromiiffrildlEtuiEito f,g"* ii-OS. es .,.',rio."+ FPGAarchirect'rc chip' in a single logk clcnents tcnlhousand bccdl o\Gr *i?.*tit O*. can
> FIGURE l2-45 Bln bgk blod< in an FPGA

l '*-qr l

|;FI

@
I

I I ' l I

r-'--=.-1 t-ogic ctF-'' r

*.!t{'.*i*Y it coonins that ;s'* it-a No$cc

cacb logi

diagramrf tryi:1:ry" EtanentA simptificd Logic T'ne "

:: :l:T: t"n111l'fn:i:]iT3:,:':

'tF-":::T::t

as a logic function such as functions or genEli; It can be uscd to produceSOI -tun*ios allow out carrY in and -rry when comparators. ing with LUTs in an ex

ffi ;;;

rurrtions from Sc flipflop from rbeLUT oulgrt or registetcd

Carry in

i;;;.

ons funcri combinational either lo. TO;pr**r*"ore sef ls ry-.b:." outPut.

to rnterconnecl

Da&ft@t pqnmrn:blc incrconsts

Cm'

ou: out Cascs(1(-

r ' F T G U R El 2 - ' 1 6 A rimplified bypiol FPGAlogk elemnt

jt"'

PRUSKrrMrnltrLg

LtGr'

Oc"u-'

1' --'1

' ltl

The LLJT As mentioned

ice that can be

used'1qgf * i:::iIt':HK, tabre look-up

orrne n'i"w' tttrc functiotr;figure aoY wbeo any + ABC'iien ;; ffi;. 9'*.* + nC tf'" iOp ft"ai *n-C iis selecied produce to srammed ffiilonffiilrrerorywFsteringaf **";.;ii"*r * tbeSOP of on on-mtf,UTlntuts' part appears terms upp"* uct i", t"r*t urer arenot tEr,- ,0",
and the I (HIGID

fun"tion, the LUT ouFutis 0

fro*-Ct upt"t 6 rhat the

(LO$D' 'Recail j[::ffi LU I r) l vsr-:'* x ihispogrunnrcd,::fl',_::f:*Hr:if / lf 6 atr trf example, follows: another areas ;:"* As r* full-adder sumandcarry ontexPresslo

For any Proouct aPpars ou the-ouput

ABC'^ AEe'--+ ,: ,o + 8) + Ci"=AECt+-enC^+ + lnc^ + lncn AB + (A + BlCa= lnC^ + lnC^ Cour:

"

A B

A B ci"

OuSr

-tse +Aic+trc
r'fIGURE f 2-{t > F I G U R Et 2 - 4 7 . * tn ttgtrn<ned x a futl-adder

TecfurologY i f he Interco nnection

medted with 6t 6ffig1 ftem

;H;"'ffi..#@Ti11gy;i'J*-'*Htri#$ *ithEtMgsr]%Buraos'*rror"gy,
sffiinterconnecuotts :l: "' *

--oare, cspecially

y us-e wert-bnelly *T.:-jmmabte R&alt iEataiiffit interconneqjrqq,Tbe-,ig l: t$a pryg-Tlg"a: j:::::--;::;'*'r betgcen to drcfuse conqection a form to ;;;;, a connecuc rhe to create shorted piogr-ammedofl6aG t:,11l:H$;;;;;'" opcd is and ""tt".ilt which is normallvshorted

t:s@ee+

(a)' e I2-4 gure inFi ;:"""::ffi :?;i'H il J irr-"*""a

uctrAt fUNDAMMrAIJ

-j| I t
l,/

/ ,

.-

Logkctcnrrnr tior.
.-"?J:.r:iJ.rrL{.

Lo.'rc eicnrcrrt Itrtc

. . , I : , . . , , t . ( .

I
Rtu rt rr,lumn lirl. Inliilnlu-i

I
Roc tr colunrn ,otfluna\1 lirf,

(a) &rsic crctr

of nrifusc intscrnna.dn

l--r=-I op)

r t,.cre crcnrcnr rrnc

lry<-i,*";
Rn c column tnlflt\EtlCct [h-

I u T " " lI

(b) B:sic cqrctr of SRAM iorcrcoryrcctjoc A F ' G U R Et 2 - t 9 Antt6rc aod5RAM iot r@.,ncttoo ted).rolo$e:
i

Rox c co*umn rntcrcmnoct lin-

random acce sisror. conrou-ed uy oc'sratc oran oo-rlrochi; iililffi#* theprugrammabte

SRAM, asyo{l k ow,srands for sarrc

inercc'r"reci rines, as*;

trtffirh5
.4 SpecificFPGA

flLf

;; ;;t'"p'ffiiits ;""il*r rhis oohaneed can

; F,gur"til+l(bt ;;;ilM_controred

;:1"T.tr*T.l#;

ry[,iltr#,"m
in &ishnily has a routrareorr*ffi-199"_tPu"ity
cooteinc blocks of random acccss

.
FPGA
IOK series

an irprt/output clcment flOE). grx* The Logic Anav (Lail .Asnrenrioned, a LAB ir theFI-EX rOKcqrrains erefrEia ('EIJnfffifGE-tAB eight Iogic arso-tras aran-i"r.o"r"".r rhatis sepaiatefrom rhe andcolumninterconnects tu* row in Figure ri-si ',* ro""r in,.r**JJllio*, I nections rnr...on_ anrong theeightI Fs in anLAB *i,r""*ri"l, therow andcorumn inteiconnects. h'-!*-!!"^""t-l\) The LE is rhesmauest unit of rogicin rheFLEX I0K. conrarns Each LE a 4-inputLUT (took-up rabre) and associatedlo!i., u, *"tiu, u'iip_nop una 'associared logic.As discussed before, ther-ur is u fp" of memo.y p*r.;;; ro generare

ru' ffirw:blo"ks(EAB;j;;; ;'ffii:l'"'l,i:: F,,ffi ;:,mX* *i*ffi ffi; "T*, ::T,11q*:y,*i* "r-*.-n&lil ;sd into mws and corumns. fi # tr*T# mm.S,11naT rhe ffi #[:",11ffi tr;:*,ffi :ffiffi 3,:;,:ixx;;;ftH, #;
row andcolumninterconnect rhcrcis

t.. *

..

I- .r
:a:t ='

'':e

i--->

/,''; / , :

PROGRAM^rA8LI

TOGI( . D E Y I C T ) {pLDr/

5{l

trffi

r y i

Lffi

i-tr

$H$H E$ rH$F
=*'---ii't-*ffim,., i F : r!:j:B:iA:,;: !

:
_

i
r

lt+j
l

F
i

fid&&'
5impl6ed FLE(lO* U,"* O"'r-m

dre LE t** tff :,x "^ii,* *ce,ha, ;i1[!ii":;.:T,*TJ;

lhe select logic. rqt u' ure sEtlr r8trconoec$ (rorv and column) x.ith

panicutar LUr, rour input,. rn.basic T:** it has iqicil#,tffi;?#Hjltff"fJffJ :T::.ft

logic functions. This

s1z I

UGTf,AL fUNDAiIENTAIS

,Grr'

> F|6URE tZ-51 Sinpftficd dirgrarn of e bg;c blod ).rey (lr8) := RocEmrq

Column intsconncct

tl-

tl

ll

r!
I I
t t1

t-

I T

t
' I

I i L] I

&
/r FIGUREt2-52
5impli6ed bbcf dbgram of R.fi

Carq'crt

lOK log& elerE tt (l"f)

t i

i t
l

a i '

F= t

...,.ffi