TEACHING ELECTRODYNAMICS TO THE

HARD-NOSED
D C Dan Censor,
Ben Gurion University of the Negev,
Department of Electrical andComputer Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Beer Sheva, Israel 84105,
censor@ee.bgu.ac.il,
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teaching-electrodynamics-skopje-2010.ppt
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Based on:
INTEGRATIVE ENGINEERING ELECTRODYNAMICS INTEGRATIVE ENGINEERING ELECTRODYNAMICS
http://www.ee.bgu.ac.il/~censor/integrative.pdf (password: course)
APPLICATION-ORIENTED RELATIVISTIC
ELECTRODYNAMICS (2) ELECTRODYNAMICS (2)
http://www.ee.bgu.ac.il/~censor/relativity-directory/relativ2-paper.pdf

d ki h i l t h lf t f t hi and many many workinghours in almost half a century of teaching
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F C B th ld R S Th f t
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Fresco, CasaBartholdy, Rome. Scene: The sevenfat years
Arthur Reginald. Title:J osephInterpretingPharaoh'sDream, 1894
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Arthur Reginald. Title:J oseph Interpreting Pharaohs Dream, 1894
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After seven bad years, sad cows
will laugh again!
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S t i Oh id
7
Sunset in Ohrid
ABSTRACTThis presentation brings together the personal
experience (acquired over a span of almost half a century, in
various countries and institutions) of teaching one-semester
coursesinElectromagneticFieldTheoryandinAdvanced courses in Electromagnetic Field Theory and in Advanced
Electrodynamics, to students, both under and post graduate, whose
priority is not theoretical subjects, like engineers and applied
physicists Theultimatechallengeistoengagethembydevising physicists. The ultimate challenge is to engage them by devising
curricular packages that are succinct and self contained but still of
high level. We wish to equip our students with precise concepts,
while keeping the mathematics at a level that they are skilled to
handle. Moreover, we wish to instill in them the intuitive thinking
needed to tackle problems related to their future specializations. p p
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*Why is the theory so important for application-
oriented Students?
*How can we convince them they need it?
*What teaching methods should we use to achieve
skills, without getting bogged down by the
detailed proofs of mathematical theorems? detailed proofs of mathematical theorems?

Laplace equation for potential field
2
0 c =
r
,
r
applies to temperature in simple source free domains.

22
0 T c =
r

9
THE EXTREMAL VALUE THEOREM
A closed surface S encloses a volume V. Given a potential field
2
0 c =
r
,
with the minimal and maximal equipotential surfaces indicated. If V is q p
chargeless, then the extremal potential values within V occur on S too.
max

T
V
min

T
U
V
S

The proof is by reductio ad absurdum). Suppose there exists
within V a closed equipotential surface T , which does not cut or touch S,
whosepotential ishigher than themaximumoccurringonS
10
whose potential is higher than
max
, the maximum occurring on S.
max

min

T
U
V
S
There is a potential gradient, and in close proximity to T there will exist
another closed equipotential surface U, whose potential is incrementally
lower than that on T. Hence there exists a field D, everywhere pointing
outwards from T to U, in the direction of the outward normal. Integrate
Q dV d
} }
S D ontheclosedsurfaceT All D fieldvectorspoint Q dV d
V S
= =
} }
S D on the closed surface T. All D field vectors point
outwards therefore the integrand has always the same sign--the integral
isnonvanishing Thereforetheremust exist achargeQ withinT But this is nonvanishing. Therefore there must exist a charge Q within T. But this
violates the initial assumption that there are no charges within V, hence
equipotential surfaces within V not cutting or touching S, cannot exist,
andthetheoremisproven Thesametechniqueisusedtoshowthat there and the theorem is proven. The same technique is used to show that there
cannot exist surfaces within S that do not touch S, whose potential is
lower than
min
.
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Should we start by presenting electromagnetic
theory in a historical-phenomenological manner with all the y p g
separate laws, like many textbooks do, and spend time on
consolidating previously studied mathematical tools: vector
dt l i th f diff ti l ti ? O and tensor analysis, theory of differential equations? Or
should we jump into the pool at the deep end, starting with
theMaxwell equationsandclarifyingspecificpointsas the Maxwell equations and clarifying specific points as
they are encountered?
History
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STARTING WITH ME CLARIFIES THE PREMISES STARTING WITH ME CLARIFIES THE PREMISES
We start with the postulated Maxwell Equations
(ME), law? Anyhow, what is the meaning of ( ), w? y ow, w s e e go
low of nature?
,
t t
c c c c = = +
r r
E B H D j
, 0 c c = =
r r
D B
19
Coulomb'sforce(CF) law q = F E, associatesmechanical Coulombs force (CF) law q F E, associates mechanical
F and E, is a definition! We can only measure directly F .
Lorentz force (LF) (formula? law?) ( ) q = + F E v B sets CF
as a limiting case for 0 = v . Special Relativity (SR)
shows CF and LF the two are identical.
LF cannot bederivedfromME LF cannot be derived from ME.
ME+LF+SR is a complete model of electromagnetism.
ME are indeterminate (#variables > #equations), therefore ( q )
we need additional constitutive (material) relations (CR).
20
THE INTEGRATIVE APPROACH THE INTEGRATIVE APPROACH
,
S V
d dV Q c = = =
} }
r
D D S

Electrostatic Gauss law

0, 0
S
d c = =
}
r
B B S

Magnetic Gauss law

0, 0 d c = =
}
E E L

ElectricKirchhoff voltagelaw 0, 0
L
d c
}
r
E E L

Electric Kirchhoff voltage law

. . .
,
t t t t e m f
L S S
d d d d d U c c c = = = = u =
} } }
r
E B E L B S B S

L S S
Magnetic Faraday law
0, 0
L
d c = =
}
r
H H L

Magnetic Kirchhoff voltage law

L
,
t
L S
d d c c = + = =
} }
r
H D j J H L J S

Amperes law
,
t t t t
L S S
d d d d d c c c = = = = +
} } }
r
H D H L D S D S

Electric Faraday law

21
(tongue in cheek)

, 0, 0
t
S
d c c c = + = = =
}
r r
H D j J J J S

Kirchhoff current law

0 I d d dV d Q c c +
} }
j j S

Continuity also 0,
t t t
V
S
I d d dV d Q c c + = = = =
} }
r
j j S

Continuity, also
charge conservation law.
Current definition
t
I d Q = ??
t
I d Q = ?? Tongue in cheek
= j v is a constitutive eqation!

, j v = = j v z z
/ / I jd d d d d d dQ d / / I jdxdy dxdydz dt dQ dt = = =
22
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS
c = D E, = B H , , ,
, , ( )
s c s
i i i c c e ec c c o e = = + = =
r
D E H j j D j E
= j v , current ismovingcharges j v , current is moving charges
o = j E , Ohms law
o =

j E o

=

`
=
)
j E
j v
the two relations are incompatible
All above constitutive parameters are constants
23
DISPERSIVE CONSTITUTIVE OPERATORS DISPERSIVE CONSTITUTIVE OPERATORS
1 1
2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
i t i t
t
f t f i e d f e d
e e
t t
e e e


= = c
} }
2 2
1
2
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
t
i t
t t t
f f f
f e d f
t t
e
e o

= c = c c
} }
}

2
( ) ( ) ( )
t t t
f e d f
t
e o

c c c
}
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) i e c e e e c e e = = D E D E
( ) ( ) ( )
t
t t d c t t t

=
}
D E
1 1
2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
i t i t
t e d i e d
e e
t t
e e e c e e



= =
} }
D D E
1
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
i t
t t
t e d t
e
t
c e e c

= c = c
}
D E E
24
MOVING REFLECTOR DOPPLER EFFECT MOVING REFLECTOR, DOPPLER EFFECT
Works only for this special case: no Loretz
transformation but is relativistically exact! y
c v c < <
y
1 1
, c
k
i
E
v
k
r
E
r
H

2
o
i
k
i
H
r
k
x
z
Total Lorentz force
T
F acting on moving
non-acceleratedelectroncharge q vanishes: 0 = F
25
non accelerated electron charge q vanishes: 0
T
= F
y
c
i
k
i
E
i
H
v
r
k
r
E
r
H

2
o
x
1 1
, c
i
z
,
( ) 0
T i r T i r
T T T i r
q
= + = +
= + = + =
E E E H H H
F E v H F F

T T T i r

( )
i i r r
+ = + E v H E v H

( ( ) )

i i r i
i i r i
E v H E v H
E vH E vH


+ = +
=
y x z y x z
y y y y
/ / / , 1/
(1 / ) (1 / )
i i r r ph
E H E H c v
E v c E v c
c c = = = =
= + (1 / ) (1 / ),
/ / (1 / ) / (1 / )
i r
r i r i
E v c E v c
E E H H v c v c
= +
= = +
26
i
k
i
E
v
r
k
r
E
r
H

2
o
y
1 1
, c
i
H x
z
The phases of the incident and reflected waves
must beequal at all timesat theboundary i e must be equal at all times at the boundary, i.e.,
at vt x =
k x t k x t x vt e e ,
, /
i i r r
i i r r
k x t k x t x vt
k vt t k vt t k c
e e
e e e
= =
= =
/ / (1 / ) / (1 / )
r i r i
k k v c v c e e = = +
which is the exact result given by Einstein 1905
27
g y
TRADITIONAL AND TOPSY-TURVY SR
Beforeyouask: Topsy-Turvymeansupsidedown Before you ask: Topsy Turvy means upside down
28
29
Thesearemyfavoritetwopigs Topsy andTurvy
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These are my favorite two pigs, Topsy and Turvy

This is not Topsy-Turvy, this is Pushmi-Pullyu
'Lordsaveus!' criedtheduck 'Howdoesit makeupitsmind?'
31
Lord save us! cried the duck. How does it make up its mind?


DOCTOR DOLITTLE DOCTOR DOLITTLE
TOLD BY HUGH LOFTING
ILLUSTRATEDBY THEAUTHOR
32
ILLUSTRATED BY THE AUTHOR
c c
'
=
Lorentz Trx.

+
Lorentz Trx.
+
Maxwell Eqs.
+
(Maxwell Eqs.)

Field Trxs.
c c
'
=
Lorentz Trx.

Lorentz Trx.
+
Maxwell Eqs.
+
(Maxwell Eqs.)

Field Trxs.
33
c c
'
=

A Einstein Zur Elektrodynamikbewegter Krper A. Einstein, Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Krper ,
Ann. Phys. (Lpz.), 17, 891-921, 1905;
E li ht l ti O th l t d i f i b di English translation: On the electrodynamics of moving bodies,
The Principle of Relativity, Dover.
34
c c
'
=

2
( ), ( / )

( 1) / | |
t t t c
' '
= = r U r v v r
U I

2 1/2

( 1) , / , | |
(1 ) , /
v v
v c

| |

= + = =
= =
U I vv v v v
Oversimplified!! u c

2
( ), ( / ) x x vt t t vx c
' '
= =
p
2
2
( ), ( )
/ ( ) / ( / )
( ) / ( / ) ( ) / ( / )
u dx dt dx vdt dt vdx c

' ' '
= =
2
( ) / (1 / ) ( ) / ( / )
( ) / ( / )
u v vu c c u v c vu c
u c u c c v c vc c c
= =
'
= = =
35
+
t m t m
c c c c
c c c c
' '
' ' '
= =
' ' '
+ +
r r
E B j E B j
H D j H D j
t e t e
c c c c
c c
' '
'
= + = +
' '
= =
r r
r r
H D j H D j
D D
e e
m m
c c
c c
'
' '
= =
r r
r r
B B
( , )... ( , )... t t
' ' ' '
= = E E r E E r
36
+
+

2
( / ) ( ) c c c c c c c
'
= + = + U v v

'
( / ), ( )
t t t
c c c c c c c
'
= + = +
r r r
U v v
2
2
' ( ), ' ( / )
' ( / ) ' ( )
c
c
= + =
= + =
E V E v B B V B v E
D V D v H H V H v D


( / ), ( )

(1 )
c

= + =
= +
D V D v H H V H v D
V I vv

2
, , , , , ,
' ( ), ( / )
e m e m e m e m e m e m
c
'
= = j U j v v j

37
c c
'
=
Lorentz Trx.

+
Lorentz Trx.
+
Maxwell Eqs.
+
(Maxwell Eqs.)

Field Trxs.
c c
'
=
Lorentz Trx.

Lorentz Trx.
+
Maxwell Eqs.
+
(Maxwell Eqs.)

Field Trxs.
38
2
( ), ( / ) t t t c
' '
= = r U r v v r

( 1) , / , | | v v = + = = U I vv v v v


2 1/2
(1 ) , / v c | |

= =
b i h G lil i For c we obtain the Galilei trx.
1 t t t
' '
= = = = r r v U I

, , , 1 t t t = = = = r r v U I
The Galilei trx. is not the limit of the
Lorentz trx. For small v
39
FOURIER TRANSFORM MINKOWSKI SPACE FOURIER TRANSFORM, MINKOWSKI SPACE,
AND DOPPLER EFFECT
Idiot! take the inverse Fourier transform, Meow
40
FOURIER TRANSFORM MINKOWSKI SPACE FOURIER TRANSFORM, MINKOWSKI SPACE,
AND DOPPLER EFFECT
M C E h R l i i 1953
41
M. C. Escher, Relativity, 1953
FOURIER TRANSFORM MINKOWSKI SPACE FOURIER TRANSFORM, MINKOWSKI SPACE,
AND DOPPLER EFFECT
42
( ) ( )
i
i i
f x y z ict q f k k k e dk dk dk d
u
e e
=
}
4
( , , , ) ( , , , )
, , (2 )
x y z x y z c c
i
x y z c
f x y z ict q f k k k e dk dk dk d
k x k y k z t t ict q
e
u e e t

=
= + + = =
}
( , ), ( , )
i
c
ict
k x k y k z t
e
u e
= =
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
= = = + +
R r K k
K R K R
4 4
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x y z
i i
k x k y k z t
f q d f e f d f e
u e
' ' '

= = = + +
= =
} }
K R K R
K R K R
R K K K R R
2
( ) ( ) ( ) , ( ) ( ) ( )
( / )
f q d f e f d f e
c e e
= =
' '
=
} }
R K K K R R
k U k v

( ) e = v k ( / ), c e e = k U k v ( ) e = v k
43
44
CONCLUDING REMARKS

Start with Maxwell equations


Use the integrative approach g pp
45
Cl if Clarify your concepts
Use minimal mathematics
46
Dont be a pussycat
Shoot down misconceptions
47
S i i i i Teach Special Relativity using
the topsy-Turvy formalism p y y
48
But not Topsy-Turvy like
GeorgeBush George Bush
49
C bi i d Combine science and art
50
C bi i d Combine science and art
51
Have I forgottensomething??
(former Israeli defence minister Amir Pretz) ( )
52
THIS IS ALL, FOLKS, THANK YOU
53