GEOMETRIC MODELLING B.Tech.

(VI-II sem )

Manu Ravuri

Chap er - ! " #pp$ica i%ns %& C%mpu er Graphics

Computers have become a powerful tool for the rapid and economical production of pictures. There is virtually no area in which graphical displays cannot be used to some advantage, and so it is not surprising to find the use of computer graphics so widespread. Although early applications in engineering and science had to rely on expensive and cumbersome equipment, advances in computer technology have made interactive computer graphics a practical tool. Today, we find computer graphics used routinely in such diverse areas as science, engineering, medicine, business , industry, government, art, entertainment, advertising, education, and training. Figure 1 1 summari!es the many applications of graphics in simulations, education, and graph presentations. "efore we get into the details of how to do computer graphics, we first ta#e a short tour through a gallery of graphics applications.

6.1

'resen a i%n Graphics

$ne of the ma%or application areas is presentation graphics, used to produce illustrations for reports or to generate &' mm slides or transparencies for use with pro%ectors. (t is used to produce illustrations for reports or to generate slide for with pro%ections. )xamples of presentation graphics are bar charts, line graphs, surface graphs, pie charts and displays showing relationships between parameters. & * graphics can provide more attraction to the presentation. +resentation graphics is commonly used to summari!e financial, statistical, mathematical, scientific, and economic data for research reports, managerial reports, consumer information bulletins, and other types of reports. ,or#station devices and service bureaus exist for converting screen displays into &' mm slides or overhead transparencies for use in presentations. Typical examples of presentation graphics are bar charts, line graphs, surface graphs, pie charts, and other displays showing relationships between multiple parameters.

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Figure -.1 gives examples of two dimensional graphics combined with the sale of shoes in ' different continents for first - months. This illustration shows ' color coded bar charts combined onto one graph and a pie chart with six sections.

G E O M E T R I C M O D E L L I N G B . T e c h . ( V III s e m ) M a n u R a v u ri

(i)"!., - -D .ar char &%r C%/e pr%0ec mem.ership /e ai$s

. i m il a r g r a p h s a n d c

h a r t s c a n b e d is p l a y e d i n t h r e e d i m e n si o n s t o p r o v i d e a d d it i o n a

l i n f o r m a ti o n . T h r e e d i m e n si o n a l g r a p h s a r e s o m e ti m e u s e d si m p

l y f o r e ff e c t / t h e y c a n p r o v i d e a m o r e d r a m a ti c o r m o r e a tt r a c ti v e

p r e s e n t a ti o n o f d a t a r e l a ti o n s h i p s . T h e c h a r t s i n F i g . . 0 i n cl

u d e a t h r e e d i m e n si o n a l b a r g r a p h . Thre e ma%o r funct ions of pres entat ion grap hics are1

A n e d it o r t h a t

a ll o w s t e x t t o b e i n s e r t e d a n d f o r m a tt e d . A m e t h o d f o r i n s e r ti n g a n d m a

n i p u l a ti n g g r a p h ic i m a g e s , a n d A sl i d e s h o w s y s t e m t o d is p l a y t h e c o n t

e n t. T h e p r o g r a m t h a t h e l p s u s e r s t o c r e a t e p r e s e n t a ti o n s s u c h

a s v is u a l a i d s , h a n d o u t s , a n d o v e r h e a d sl i d e s t o p r o c e s s a r t w o

r # , g r a p h ic s , a n d t e x t a n d p r o d u c e a s e ri e s o f sl i d e s 2 w h ic h h e l p s p e

a # e r s g e t t h e ir m e s s a g e a c r o s s a r e p r e s e n t a ti o n g r a p h ic s s o ft w a r e . , e m

a y s a y t h a t p r e s e n t a ti o n g r a p h ic s is m o r e t h a n % u s t p o w e r p o i n t p

r e s e n t a ti o n b e c a u s e it i n cl u d e s a n y t y p e o f sl i d e p r e s e n t a ti o n , b

a r c h a r t, p i e c h a r t, g r a p h s a n d m u lt i m e d i a p r e s e n t a ti o n . T h e # e y

a d v a n t a g e o f t h is s o ft w a r e is t h a t it h e l p s y o u s h o w a b s tr a c t s o f r

e p r e s e n t a ti o n o f w o r # .

6.2

E n e r a i n m e n

3 si n g C o m p u t e r 4 r a

p h ic s , w e c a n r e p r e s e n t i n f o r m a ti o n i n a b e tt e r a n d m o r e c o n v i n ci

n g m a n n e r. T o d a y , c o m p u t e r g r a p h ic s h a s e m e r g e d a s a n e w f o r m o

f a r t. T h e e n t e r t a i n m e n t i n d u s t r y b e c a m e a n a r e a w h e r e c o m p u t

e r g r a p h ic s h a s s p r e a d it s w i n g s . C o m p u t e r g r a p h ic s m e t h o d s a r e

n o w c o m m o n l y u s e d i n m a # i n g m o ti o n p ic t u r e s , m u si c v i d e o s , a n d

t e l e v is i o n s h o w s . . o m e ti m e s t h e g r a p h ic s s c e n e s a r e d is p l a y e d b

y t h e m s e l v e s , a n d s o m e ti m e s g r a p h ic s o b % e c t s a r e c o m b i n e d w it h

t h e a c t o r s a n d li v e s c e n e s .

GEOMETRIC MODELLING B.Tech. (VI-II sem )

Manu Ravuri

6any T7 series regularly employ computer graphics method. 4raphics ob%ects can be combined with a live action. 6ore and more new experiments with computer graphics are being carried out in the entertainment industry.

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!.- E/uca i%n an/ Trainin)

Computer generated models of physical, financial, and economic systems are often used as educational aids. Fig1-.' demonstrate such model of hemoglobin which is generated with graphics as educational aid for medical students. For some training applications, special systems are designed. )xamples of such speciali!ed systems are the

(i)"!.+ C%mpu er Genera e/ M%/e$ %& 4em%)$%.in simulators for practice sessions captains, aircraft pilots, heavy equipment operators, and air traffic control personnel. .ome simulators have no video screens/ for example, a flight simulator with only a control panel for instrument flying. "ut most simulators provide graphics screens for visual operation. Two examples of large simulators with internal viewing systems are shown in Figs. -.- and -.5.

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GEOMETRIC MODELLING B.Tech. (VIII sem )

!.7 Ima)e 'r%cessin)

Although methods used in computer graphics and (mage processing overlap, the two areas are concerned with fundamentally different operations. (n computer 4raphics, a computer is used to create a picture. Image processing, on the other hand applies techniques to modify or interpret existing pictures, such as photographs and T7 scans. Two principal applications of image processing are 91: (mproving picture quality and 90: machine perception of visual information, as used in robotics. To apply image processing methods, we first digiti!e a photograph or other picture into an image file. Then digital methods can be applied to rearrange picture parts, to enhance color separations, or to improve the quality of shading. These techniques are used extensively in commercial art applications that involve the retouching and rearranging of sections of photographs and other artwor#. .imilar methods are used to analy!e satellite photos of the earth and photos of galaxies. 6edical applications also
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es a.$ishe/ .5 'heni<Visi%n &%r vari%us /i)i a$

ma#e extensive use of image processing

for picture enhancements,

techniques

simulations of operations, etc.

!.+ C%mpu er #i/e/ Desi)n

A ma%or use of computer graphics is in design processes, particularly for engineering and architectural systems. For some design applications/ ob%ects are first displayed in a wireframe outline form that shows the overall sham and internal features of ob%ects. .oftware pac#ages for CA* applications typically provide the designer with a multi window environment. )ach window can show enlarged sections or different views of ob%ects. .tandard shapes for electrical, electronic, and logic circuits are often supplied by the design pac#age. The connections between the components have been mad automatically.

Fig1 -.8 2 4ear .haft *esign with CA* system