Chapter 8 (Checkpoint 1) THE STATES OF MATTER

1) Make a table of the properties of the three states of matter.

SOLID
Definite mass Not change Does not flow Hard to compress Definite shape

WATER
Definite mass Not change Flows easily Hard to compress Takes up shape of container holding it

GAS
Definite mass Can vary Flows easily Easy to compress Takes up shape of container holding it

2) How all three states of matter? a) similar : has definite mass b) different : liquid and solid hard to compress but gas is easy to compress 3) Identify three states of matter that make up a glass of fizzy drik. Solid (the ice) , liquid (the drink) and gas (the bubble) 4) According to the particle theory , why do liquid flow but solids do not? Because in liquids , the forces of attraction that hold the particles together are weaker than in solid.They can change position by sliding over each other.But in solids strong forces hard the particles together in three dimensional structure.They do not change position but vibrate to and fro about one position. 5) How is the movement of particles in gases different from the movement of particles in liquid? Gases particles bounce and change direction when they hit each other.Liquids particles change position by sliding over each other. 6) What is the heat source that causes the melting of : a) ghee : melt in a pan during cooking b) chocolate in your pocket : melt in your pocket 7) The table shows how the temperature of a solid change as it was heated.

Time / mins 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Temperature 0 10 20 30 40 50 55 57 59 60 60

a)Plot a graph for this data.

b) Was the melting point reach?How can you tell? Yes 8) Why does the wax not freeze at the top of the candle? Because if a liquid is cooled sufficiently the particles lose so much energy that they can no longer slice over each other. 9) What was the temperature of the liquid : a) at the start of the experiment : 20

b) after 2 minutes : 50 10) At what time was the temperature : a) 30 : 1 minutes b) 70 : 3 minutes 11) What is the boiling point of the liquid? 100 12) How did the rate at which the temperature increased change as it reached the boiling point? Do not change 13) How is melting different from evaporation? Melting is a process of solid turns into a liquid.Evaporation is a process of liquid turns into gas. 14) How is boiling different from sublimation? Boiling is a process when a liquid reaches acertain temperature , it forms a gas inside it.Sublimation is a process of a few substances change from solid to gas or from gas to solidwithout forming a liquid. 15) How are condensation and freezing similar? The similarities of freezing and condensation is the process. 16) Make diagram to show the states of matter and the process that change them.

Chapter 9 PROPERTIES OF MATTER AND MATERIALS

1)

Name all the metal you know. Aluminium , beryllium , calcium and potassium

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You are given a dull solid in the laboratory.How could you make simple test without using heat to see it is metal or non-metal. Metals usually conduct electricity. You could see if you could run a battery thru the metal wire. Metals also usually conduct heat better than non-metals. If you put a metal spoon in a glass of ice water, it will get cold. A non-metal spoon (say a plastic one) will not. Imagine you have been cast away on a desrt island.What materials would you select to help you survive? Coconuts.It can be used for a water supply, food, a bowl for a solar still for boiling water.

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Look at the surfaces of the material around you.Which are shiny , dull rough or smooth. Mirror (shiny) , thread (dull) and clothes (smooth) What would happen to the castle if the rock suddenly lost their rigidity? The castle will fall down. Is the shell of hens egg as brittle as the shell of a duck or goose egg?What investigation could you make to find out? Throw the three egg from same high. Devise an investigation to compare the absorbent properties of different brands of paper towels. Cut equal size pieces of the various towels. Weigh each piece on a gram scale. Dip each piece into water, allowing it to become fully saturated. Lift it out of the water and hold it just until it stops dripping. Weigh it on the gram scale. Subtract the weight of the dry paper, to get the weight of the water it absorbed. How could you find out which material is the best conductor of heat , using a metal spoon , a wooden spoon and a piece of aluminium foil , a bowl of hot water and some butter and a knife.

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Can metals , plastic and pottery be both rigid and flexible?Explain your answer. Wooden and plastic could be both but metals can rigid only.

Chapter 10 ACIDS AND ALKALIS

1) Which pieces of apparatus shown Figure 10.1 are similar to those we use today? Round bottom flask and flat bottom flask. 2) How is the source of heat shown in Figure 10.1 different from the laboratqary heat sources we use today? In the figure they use fuel but in laboratory they use gas to light up the Bunsen burner. State the organ system in your body where three of the acids are found. Hydrochloric acid in stomach , lactic acid in muscles during vigorous exercise and uric acid in urine.

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4) Why does wine go sour faster if the cork us removed from the bottle? Because chemical reaction happens more quickly if the bottle left uncorked 5) How do you think this terms cannot be used? a) Organic acids : organic acids are used at high temperatures or when long contact times between acid and pipe are needed

b) Mineral acids : Mineral acids are used in many sectors of the chemical industry as feedstocks for the synthesis of other chemicals, both organic and inorganic. Large quantities of these acids, especially sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid are manufactured for commercial use in large plants. 6) Acids in laboratory are stored in labelled bottles.