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G.N.

WATSON

G.N.WATSON

PRESS

A TREATISE ON

THE THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


G. N. Watson
The late Professor G. N. Watson wrote his monumental treatise on the theory of Bessel functions with two objects in view. The first
was the development of applications of the fundamental processes of the theory of complex variables, and the second the compilation of a collection of results of value to mathematicians and physicists who encounter Bessel functions in the course of
their researches.

The completeness of the theoretical account, combined with the wide scope of the
of practical examples and the extensive numerical tables, have resulted in a book which is indispensable to pure mathematicians, to applied mathematicians, and to physicists alike.
collection

'In Professor Watson's treatise, which is a of erudition and its often too rare accompaniment, clear exposition, we have a rigorous mathematical treatment of all types of Bessel functions, their properties,

monument

representations, asymptotic expansions, integrals containing them, allied functions, series, zeros, tabulation, together
integral

with extensive numerical tables.' L. M. Milne-Thomson in Nature

'A veritable mine of information.


pensable to all those use Bessel functions.'
S.

.indis-

who have

occasion to

Chandrasekhar in TheAstrophysical Journal

Also available as a paperback

THEORY OF
BESSEL FUNCTIONS

W.

B. F.

A TREATISE ON THE

THEORY OF
BESSEL FUNCTIONS
BY
G. N.

WATSON

SECOND EDITION

CAMBRIDGE
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
1966

PUBLISHED BY THE SYNDICS OF THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS


Bentley House, 200 Euston Road, London, N.W. 1 American Branch: 32 East 57th Street, New York, N.Y. 10022 West African Office: P.M.B. 5181, Ibadan, Nigeria

First Edition Second Edition Reprinted

1922 1944 1952 1958 1962 1966

First paperback
edition

1966

~--fcU^6\\*s

First printed in Great Britain at the University Press, Cambridge

Hazell Watson

Reprinted by lithography in Great Britain by & Viney Ltd, Aylesbury, Bucks

PREFACE
THIS
book has been designed with two objects in view. The first is the development of applications of the fundamental processes of the theory of
functions of complex variables.

For this purpose Bessel functions are admirably adapted; while they offer at the same time a rather wider scope for the application of parts of the theory of functions of a real variable than
is

provided by

trigonometrical functions in the theory of Fourier series.

The second object is the compilation of a collection of results which would be of value to the increasing number of Mathematicians and Physicists who
encounter Bessel functions in the course of their researches. The existence of such a collection seems to be demanded by the greater abstruseness of properties
of Bessel functions (especially of functions of large order) which have been

required in recent years in various problems of Mathematical Physics.

While my endeavour has been to give an account of the theory of Bessel functions which a Pure Mathematician would regard as fairly complete, I have
consequently also endeavoured to include
special, which,
all

formulae, whether general or

although without theoretical interest, are likely to be required in practical applications; and such results are given, so. far as possible, in a form appropriate for these purposes. The breadth of these aims, combined
with the necessity for keeping the size of the book within bounds, has made it necessary to be as concise as is compatible with intelligibility.
is, for the most part, a development of the theory of funcexpounded in the Course of Modern Analysis by Professor Whittaker and myself, it has been convenient to regard that treatise as a standard work of reference for general theorems, rather than to refer the reader to original

Since the book

tions as

sources.

draw attention here to the function which I have regarded namelt the function which was defined by Weber and used subsequently by Schlafli, by Graf and Gubler and by Nielsen. For historical and sentimental reasons it would have been pleasing to have felt justified in using Hankel's function of the second kind; but three
It is desirable to

as the canonical function of the second kind,

considerations prevented this.

The

first is

the necessity for standardizing the

function of the second kind; and, in

my

opinion, the authority of the group

of mathematicians who use Weber's function has greater weight than the authority of the mathematicians who use any other one function of the second kind. The second is the parallelism which the use of Weber's function exhibits

between the two kinds of Bessel functions and the two kinds (cosine and

sine)

VI
of trigonometrical functions.
interpolation

PREFACE

The third is the existence of the device by which made is possible in Tables I and III at the end of Chapter XX, which seems to make the use of Weber's function inevitable in numerical work.

It has been my policy to give, in connexion with each section, references any memoirs or treatises in which the results of the section have been previously enunciated; but it is not to be inferred that proofs given in this book are necessarily those given in any of the sources cited. The bibliography at the end of the book has been made as complete as possible, though doubtless omissions will be found in it. While I do not profess to have inserted every memoir in which Bessel functions are mentioned, I have not consciously omitted any memoir containing an original contribution, however slight to the theory to

of the functions; with regard to the related topic of Riccati's equation, I have

been eclectic to the extent of inserting only those memoirs which seemed to be relevant to the general scheme.
In the case of an analytical treatise such as this, it is probably useless to hope that no mistakes, clerical or other, have remained undetected; but the
of such mistakes has been considerably diminished by the criticisms and the vigilance of my colleagues Mr C. T. Preece and Mr T. A. Lumsden, whose labours to remove errors and obscurities have been of the greatest value. To these gentlemen and to the staff of the University Press, who have given every assistance, with unfailing patience, in a work of great typographical

number

complexity, I offer

my

grateful thanks.

G. N.
August
21, 1922.

W.

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION


To
incorporate in this work the discoveries of the last twenty years would
necessitate the rewriting of at least Chapters

XII

XIX;

Bessel functions, however, has

waned

since 1922,

and I

prepared to undertake such a task to the detriment In the preparation of this new edition I have therefore limited myself to the correction of minor errors and misprints and to the emendation of a few assertions (such as those about the unproven character of Bourget's hypothesis) which, though they may have been true in 1922, would have been
definitely false

my interest in am consequently not of my other activities.

had they been made in 1941. thanks are due to many friends for their kindness in informing me of errors which they had noticed; in particular, I cannot miss this opportunity of expressing my gratitude to Professor J. R. Wilton for the vigilance which

My

he must have exercised in the compilation of his

list

of corrigenda. G. N.

W.

March

31, 1941.

CONTENTS
CHAP.
I.

PAGE

BESSEL FUNCTIONS BEFORE

1826

II.

THE BESSEL COEFFICIENTS


BESSEL FUNCTIONS

H
38

III.

IV.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

85
132

V.

MISCELLANEOUS PROPERTIES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


INTEGRAL REPRESENTATIONS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS
ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSIONS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS
BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF LARGE ORDER
.

VI. VII.

160 194

VIII.
IX.

....
.

225
271

POLYNOMIALS ASSOCIATED WITH BESSEL FUNCTIONS


FUNCTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH BESSEL FUNCTIONS
ADDITION THEOREMS
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
INFINITE INTEGRALS

X.
XI.
XII.

308
358 373

XIII.

383 450
.

XIV.

MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

XV.
XVI.

THE ZEROS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

477

NEUMANN
VARIABLES

SERIES

AND LOMMEL'S FUNCTIONS OF TWO


522
551
.

XVII.

KAPTEYN SERIES
OF FOURIER-BESSEL AND DINI

XVIII. SERIES

576 618
.

XIX.

SCHLOMILCH SERIES

XX.

THE TABULATION OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY

654
665 753

INDEX OF SYMBOLS
LIST OF

AUTHORS QUOTED

....

789
791

GENERAL INDEX

796

To stand upon every

point,

and go over things at

large,
:

and to be curious

in

particulars, belongeth to the first author of the story

but to use brevity,

and avoid much labouring of the work,

is

to be granted to

him that
ii.

will

make an abridgement.
2

Maccabees

30, 31.

CHAPTER

I
1826

BESSEL FUNCTIONS BEFORE


1*1.

Riccati's differential equation.

The theory of Bessel functions is intimately connected with the theory of a certain type of differential equation of the first order, known as Riccati's equation. In fact a Bessel function is usually defined as a particular solution
of a linear differential equation of the second order (known as Bessel's equation)

which

is

derived from Riccati's equation by an elementary transformation.


earliest

The
this

appearance in Analysis of an equation of Riccati's type occurs

in a paper* on curves which was published

by John Bernoulli in 1694. In paper Bernoulli gives, as an example, an equation of this type and states that he has not solved it"f\
In various letters! to Leibniz, written between 1697 and 1704, James Bernoulli refers to the equation, which he gives in the form

dy = yydx + xxdx,
and
states,

more than

1697): "

Vellem porro ex Te

Ego

in mille
lusit."

Thus he writes (Jan. 27, dy yydx + xxdx. meam operam improbum sed Problema performas transmutavi,
once, his inability to solve
scire
it.

num

et hanc tentaveris

Five years later he succeeded in reducing the equation to a linear equation of the second order and wrote to Leibniz (Nov. 15, 1702) " Qua

petuo

occasione recordor aequationes alias memoratae

quam

separare potui indeterminatas a se


:

simpliciter differentialis

sed separavi

illas

qua nuninvicem, sicut aequatio maneret reducendo aequationem ad hanc


in

dy yydx + a?dx

differentio-differentialem||

ddy.y x& dx*."

had been made, it was a simple step to solve the last and so to obtain the solution of the equation of the first order as the quotient of two power-series.
this discovery
series,

When

equation in

* Acta Eruditorum publicata Lipsiae, 1694, pp. 435 437. i f "E8to proposita aequatio differentialis haec x dx + y*dx = a?dy quae an per separationem indeterminatarum construi possit nondum tentavi " (p. 436). t See Leibnizens gesamellte Werki, Dritte Folge (Mathematik), in. (Halle, 1855), pp. 5087. Ibid. p. 65. Bernoulli's procedure was, effectively, to take a new variable u defined by the

formula
1 du u dx

_ ~*
by
y.

in the equation
il

dyldx=x'2 + y 2 and then


,

to replace

The connexion between

this equation

and a

special form of Bessel's equation will be seen

in 4-3.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


And, in
fact, this

[CHAP.

James Bernoulli within a year

form of the solution was communicated to Leibniz by (Oct. 3, 1703) in the following terms*:

"Reduco autem aequationem dy= yydx+xxdx ad fractionem cujus uterque


terminus per seriem exprimitur,
ita

X
V

3
,

X 3.4.7
7

X 3.4.7.8.11
11

XVa
3.

X19
.

4.7.8.

11

12.

15^3.

4. 7.8. 11. 12. 15. 16. 19

X*

3.4

X*

3.4.7.8

X 12 3.4.7.8.11.12

x 3.4.7.8.11.12.15.16
lti

quae

series

ratio progressionis

quidem actuali divisione in unam non tarn facile patescat, scil.


3

conflari possunt, sed in

qua

_a?
y

x1

3.3. 7

2x11

373. 3. 7. 11

13-r15

3.3.3.3.5. 7777II

+
far

Of

course, at that time,

mathematicians concentrated their energy, so

as differential equations were concerned, on obtaining solutions in finite terms,

and consequently James Bernoulli seems to have received hardly the full credit which his discovery entitled him. Thus, twenty-two years later, the paperf in which Count Riccati first referred to an equation of the type which now bears his name, was followed by a note:,: by Daniel Bernoulli in which it was
to

stated that the solution of the equation

ax dx + uudx = bdu
11

was a hitherto unsolved problem. The note ended with an announcement in an anagram of the solution " Solutio problematis ab 111. Riccato proposito characteribus occultis involuta 24a, 6b, 6c, Sd, 33e, hf, 2g, 4>h, 33i, 61, 21m,
:

26n, 16o, Sp, oq, I7r, 16s, 25t, 32m, 5#, By, +, -,

, =,

4, 2, 1."

The anagram appears never


his solution
||

to

have been solved

but Bernoulli published

of the problem about a year after the publication of the anagram.

The

solution consists of the determination of a set of values of n,

4m/(27/i 1),

where

is

any

integer, for

soluble in finite terms; the details of this

namely any one of which the equation is solution will be given in 4*1, 4*11.

The prominence given

to the

with the fact that Riccati's


*

work of Riccati by Daniel Bernoulli, combined equation was of a slightly more general type than
m.
(Halle, 1855), p. 75.
in

See Leibnizens gesamellte Werke, Dritte Folge (Mathematik),

t Acta Eruditorum, Suppl. equation was

vm.

(1724), pp.

6673.

The form

which Riccati took the

xmdq = du + uu dx:q,

where
other

= xn

% Ibid. pp. 73

75. Daniel Bernoulli mentioned that solutions had been obtained by three members of his family John, Nicholas and the younger Nicholas. The reader should observe that the substitution

u=
gives rise to
|j

bdz
z

dx

an equation which is easily soluble in series. Exercitationes quaedam matheviaticae (Venice, 1724), pp. 77 pp. 465473.

80;

Acta Eruditorum, 1725,

1*2]

BESSEL FUNCTIONS BEFORE 1826

John Bernoulli's equation* has resulted in the name of Riccati being associated
not only with the equation which he discussed without solving, but also with

still

more general type of equation.


Riccati's generalised equation to

It is now customary to give the namef any equation of the form

where P, Q,
It is
if

R are given

functions of x.

P=0,

supposed that neither P nor R is identically zero. If U=0, the equation is linear; the equation is reducible to the linear form by taking 1/y as a new variable.
last

The

equation was studied by Euler J

it is

reducible to the general

linear equation of the second order,


to Bessel's equation

and

this equation is

sometimes reducible

by an elementary transformation

(cf. 3*1, 4*3, 4'31).

Mention should be made here of two memoirs by Euler. In the first it is proved that, when a particular integral y x of Riccati's generalised equation is known, the equation is reducible to a linear equation of the first order by replacing y by y x + 1/u, and so the general solution can be effected by two quadratures. It is also shewn (ibid. p. 59) that, if two particular solutions are known, the equation can be integrated completely by a single quadrature; and this result is also to be found in the second of the two papers. A brief discussion of these theorems will be given in ChaDter iv.
||

1*2.

Daniel Bernoulli s mechanical problem.

In 1738 Daniel Bernoulli published a memoir! containing enunciations of a number of theorems on the oscillations of heavy chains. The eighth ** of
these
is

as follows

"

uniformiter gravis et perfecte

Defigura catenae uniformiter oscillantis. Sit catena AG flexilis suspensa de puncto A, eaque oscillationes
si turn

facere uniformes intelligatur: pervenerit catena in

AMF;

fueritque
ejus

longitudo catenae
valorisff ut
fit
/

= 1:

longitudo cujuscunque partis

FM x, sumatur n
'

n
*

Jl + 4ww

P_

4 9n
.

l^_
4 9 16n4
.

4.9.16. 25ns

See James Bernoulli, Opera Omnia, n. (Geneva, 1744), pp. 1054 1057 it is stated that the is the determination of a solution in finite terms, and a solution which resembles the solution by Daniel Bernoulli is given. t The term Hiccati's equation was used by D'Alembert, Hist, de I' Acad. R. de Set. de Berlin,
;

point of Riccati's problem

'

xix. (1763), [published 1770], p. 242.

X Iiutitutiones Calculi Integralis, n. (Petersburg, 1769), 831, pp. 8889. the reduction, see James Bernoulli's letter to Leibniz already quoted.

||

In connexion with

Novi Coram. Acad. Petrop. vni. (17601761), [published 1763], p. 32. 163164. If " Theoremata de osoillationibus corporum filo flexili connexorum et catenae verticaliter suspensae," Comm. Acad. Set. Imp. Petrop. vi. (1732 3), [published 1738], pp. 108 122.
Ibid. ix. (17621763), [published 1764], pp.

** Loc.

cit: p.

116.
is n.

ft The length of the simple equivalent pendulum

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP.

Ponatur porro distantia extremi puncti F ah linea'verticali = 1, dico fore ab eadem linea verticali aequalem distantiam puncti ubicunque assumpti

x n

xx
i

<*

**

**

4>nn

4.9w3

4.9.16n 4

4.9.16.25w8

f ctc

He

goes on to says "Invenitur brevissimo calculo n


littera

= proxime 0691

I....

Habet autem

infinitos valores alios."

The last series is now described as a Bessel function * of order zero and argument 2 V(#/n); and the last quotation states that this function has an infinite number of zeros.
viii,

Bernoulli published f proofs of his theorems soon afterwards; in theorem he obtained the equation of motion by considering the forces acting on

the portion

FM

of length
later

x.

The equation

of motion was also obtained

by

Euler \

many years
following
is

from a consideration of the forces acting on an element

of the chain.

The

the substance of Euler's investigation

Let p be the line density of the chain (supposed uniform) and let T be the tension at height x above the lowest point of the chain in its undisturbed position. The motion being transversal, we obtain the equation bT=gpbx by resolving vertically for an element of chain of length bx. The integral of the equation is Tgpx.

The

horizontal component of the tension


;

zontal) displacement of the element

is, effectively, T{dyjdx) where y and so the equation of motion is

is

the (hori-

'*-( r 2)If

we

substitute for

T and

proceed to the limit, we find that

dt*
If

y dx\ dxj

'

is

the length of the simple equivalent pendulum for any one normal vibration,

we

write

where

A and

f are constants

and then

n (x/f)
d

is

a solution of the equation

A
If

-\ ( dx\ dx)
x/f= ii, we obtain the solution
1

+- =
f
series,

in the

form of Bernoulli's
v?

namely

u ul v= l H
*

1.4

+ u* 1.4.9 1.4.9.16

On

the Continent, the functions are usually called cylinder functions, or, occasionally, func-

tions of Fourier -Bessel, after Heine,

Journal fur Math. lxix. (1868), p. 128; see also Math. Ann.

m.

(1871), pp.

609610.

t Comm. Acad. Petrop. vn. (17345), [published 1740], pp. 162179. X Acta Acad. Petrop. v. pars 1 (Mathematics), (1781), [published 1784], pp. 157177. Euler took the weight of length e of the chain to be E, and he denned g to be the measure of the distance (not twice the distance) fallen by a particle from rest under gravity in a second. Euler's

notation has been followed in the text apart from the significance of g and the introduction of
p

and

5 (for d).

1*3]

BESSEL FUNCTIONS BEFORE

1826

D are constants.
If a is the

where

C and

Since

is finite

when #=0, C must be

zero.

whole length of the chain, y =0 when . = a, and so the equation to determine/* is a% a3 _


1

"

j. +
1

./

TT4/2 ~

4. 9/3

""'

By an extremely ingenious analysis, which will be given fully in Chapter xv, Euler proceeded to shew that the three smallest roots of the equation in a/f are 1-445795, 7*6658 and 18-63. [More accurate values are 1*4457965, 7*6178156 and 18*7217517.]
In
'the

memoir'"' immediately following this investigation Euler obtained the general


-j-

solution (in the form of series) of the equation

(u-r-\+v0, but

his statement of the

law of formation of successive coefficients is rather incomplete. The law of formation had, however, been stated in his Institutiones Calculi Integrality, n. (Petersburg, 1769), 977,
pp. 233-235.
1*3.

Euler 's mechanical problem.


vibrations of a stretched

The
1764.

membrane were
Idz
1

investigated by Euler}: in

He

arrived at the equation

ld?z_d?z
e*

dt2

~ dr* + rdr* r'cty

d*z
3
'

where z

is

the transverse displacement at time


(r,
<f>);

at the point whose polar

coordinates are

and tension of the membrane.

e is

a constant depending on the density and

To obtain a normal
where
a,

solution he wrote

z = u sin (at

+ A) sin (/9< + B),


is

A,

fi,

are constants
is

and u

a function of r; and the result of

substitution of this value of z

the differential equation


/a8

*w,l^w,
The
of Euler's memoir;

p\
at the origin
is

solution of this equation which


it is

is finite

given on

p.

256

?-P

\l
{

2(w+l)e
is
||

+ 2.4(w+l)(n
2/3

+ 3)e4 ~)

where n has been written in place of


This differential equation
of order

+ 1.
as Bessel's equation for functions
0, 1, 2,
is
. .

now known

and

may

have

any of the values

..

Save

for

coefficient of order /S

an omitted constant and argument

factor the series


arje.

now

called a Bessel

The

periods of vibration, 2irja, of a

* Acta Acad. Petrqp. v. pars 1 (Mathematics), (1781), [published 1784], pp. 178190. t See also 935, 936 (p. 187 et seq.) for the solution of an associated equation which will be

discussed in 3*52.

X Novi Comm. Acad. Petrop. x. (1764), [published 1766], pp. 243260. The reason why Euler made this change of notation is not obvious.
||

If

/3

were not an integer, the displacement would not be a one-valued function of position,
{p</>

in view of the factor sin

+ B).

6
circular

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP.

membrane of radius a with a fixed boundary* are to be determined from the consideration that u vanishes when r = a.
This investigation by Euler contains the earliest appearance in Analysis of

a Bessel coefficient of general integral order.


1*4.

The researches of Lagrange, Carlini and Laplace.

Only a few year* after Euler had arrived at the general Bessel coefficient on vibrating membranes, the functions reappeared, in an astronomical problem. It was shewn by Lagrangef in 1770 that, in the elliptic motion of a planet about the sun at the focus attracting according to the law of the inverse square, the relations between the radius vector r, the mean anomaly and the eccentric anomaly E, which assume the forms
in his researches

M= Egive rise to the expansions

e sin

E,

= a(l-e cos E),


00

Z A E=M+ n=l
in

j,

sinnM,

-=l + he + 2 B H cosnM, &


2

n=\

which a and
.

are the semi-major axis and the eccentricity of the orbit,


ti

and

_9 ~ "m=o

(-)" M -n-i 6 n+m

2+"*"ro (n
!

w)'!

n
'

^ ~~
n

(_)m H + ( ^ l+2 t

n-t-m-i ro

n+2m e

mt

2'

w!(w + m)!
in

Lagrange gave these expressions


is

for

1, 2, 3.

The

object of the expansions

to obtain expressions for the eccentric

anomaly and the radius vector

terms of the time.


In modern notation these formulae are written

A n -2Jn {tu)/n, B n = -2(e[n)Jn '(m).


It

was noted by Poisson, Connaissance des


j?

Terns,
f

1836 [published 1833],

p.

6 that

dA n

n at
a

memoir by
is

Lefort, Journal de Math. xi. (1846), pp. 142

152, in which an error made by

Poisson

corrected, should also be consulted.

A remarkable investigation of the approximate value of A n when n is large and < e < 1 is due to Carlini J: though the analysis is nob rigorous (and it would be difficult to make it rigorous) it is of sufficient interest for a brief
account of
it

to

be given here.
in. (1866), pp.

* Cf. Bourget,

Ann. Sci. de VEcole norm. sup.

5595, and Chree, Quarterly


204233. [Oeuvres,

Journal, xxi. (1886), p. 298.


t Hist, de VAcad. R. des Sci. de Berlin, xxv. (1769), [published 17711, pp.
in. (1869), pp.

113138.]

(Milan, 1817).
col.

X Ricerche sulla convergenza delta serie che serva alia soluzione del problema di Keplero This work was translated into German by Jacobi, Astr. Nach. xxx. (1850),

197254 [Werke, yii. (1891), pp. 189245]. See also two papers by Scheibner dated 1856, reprinted in Math. Ann. xvn. (1880), pp. 531544, 545560.

14]
It is easy to

BESSEL FUNCTIONS BEFORE


shew that

1826
equation

An
c
2

is

a solution of the

differential

+ <^-"- 2 (l-e 2 )J B ==0.


i

Define n by the formula

A n =2nn 2

/udt e /n

and then
2

(^+2 ) + tt-
u-

(l-2 ) = 0.
large.
;

Hence when n
If u
(n a
)

is

large either

u or u2 or du/dt must be

(n a ) respectively and and du/dt to l>e (n 2a ) and on considering the highest powers of n in the various terms of the last differential equation, we find that a= 1. It is consequently assumed that u admits of an expansion in descending powers of n in the form

we should expect

where

?<

u lt u 2

...

are independent of n.
first

On
/-ero

substituting this series in the differential equation of the

order and equating to

the coefficients of the various powers of n,


o
2

we

find that
...

= (l- f 2 )/*2
fl

+ 2oi)+Mo=0,
,

where v n'=du

/dt

so that

= +-

..

2,

and therefore

judt-n^ogj^f2)vA(1-e
and, since the value of

2
)

+ l}-ilog(l- f 2 ) + ...,
is

A n shews that Jude ~ n log ^e when be taken and no constant of integration is to be added.
From
Stirling's

small, the upper sign

must

formula

it

now

follows at once that


f

n exp

B
v/(^

{nj{\- t2)J *(i-<2 )*{i+N/(i-2 )} n

'

and

this is the result obtained

by

Carlini.

much
which

further

by Meissel

(see 8*11), while

This method of approximation has been carried Cauchy* has also discussed approximate
8"42), for

formulae for

An

in the case of

comets moving in nearly parabolic orbits (see


obviously inadequate.

Carlini's

approximation

is

The

investigation of which an account has just been given is

much more
corre-

plausible than the

arguments employed by Laplace + to establish the


for

sponding approximation

Bn

The
he uses
taking

investigation given
is

by Laplace

is

quite rigorous and the

of considerable

importance when

the value of

all

the coefficients in the series to be positive

Bn

or,

method which modified by alternatively, by


is

e is a pure imaginary. But Laplace goes on to argue that an approximation established in the case of purely imaginary variables may be used sans crainte in the case of real variables. To anyone who is acquainted

supposing that
'

'

with the

modem

theory of asymptotic series, the fallacious character of such

reasoning will be evident.


* Comptes Rendus,

xxxvm.

(1854), pp.
t.

990993.
v.
[first

f Mecanique Celeste, supplement,


pp. 486489.

published 1827].

Oeuvres, v. (Paris, 1882),

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


The
earlier portion of Laplace's investigation is based

[CHAP.

on the principle

that, in the case of a series of positive

terms in which the terms steadily in-

crease

up

to a certain point

and then steadily decrease, the order of magnitude


frequently be obtained from a consideration of
series.

of the

sum

of the series

may

the order of magnitude of the greatest term of the

For other and more recent applications of this principle, see Stokes, Proc. Camb. Phil. 362366 [Math, and Phys. Papers, v. (1905), pp. 221225], and Hardy, Proc. London Math. Soc. (2) n. (1905), pp. 332339 Messenger, xxxiv. (1905)., pp. 97101. A statement of the principle was given by Borel, Acta Mathematica, xx. (1897), pp. 393
Soc. vi. (1889), pp.
;

394.

The
The

following exposition of the principle applied to the example considered


interest

by Laplace may not be without


series considered is

iL<" = 2
in

2
,=o

(n

+ 2m) nn + 2m ~ 2 t n + *>" 2 + 2m m\{n + m)\


The

'

which n

is

large
/u

and

t.

has a fixed positive value.

greatest term

is

that for which

mfi, where

is

the greatest integer such that


4/x (n

+ /x)

(n + 2/i

- 2) ^ (n + 2M ) n2 e2

and so

fi

is

approximately equal to

iW(l + 2 )-l} + *e2/(l+ 2


Now,
if

).

u m denotes the general term in BJ~ l \

it is

easy to verify by Stirling's theorem

that, to a first approximation, -H^<**>q&,

where
).

"

Hence
since* q
is

.BB< 1

=-2V(l + *2 )/(e 2 )~M {1 + 2q + 2q* + 2 q9 +


log ?
f
,

. .

.}

~2ttMX/{7r/(l-?)},
nearly equal to
Stirling's
1.

Now, by

theorem,
6"- 1 exp {ws/(l
7T% 2

+ g2 )|
'

{l+ x/(l+ 2 )}
)

and

so

BJ l)r

2 v'(l

nn3

+ c2 )) ^*
J

exp
{1

+ 2 )} + ^(1 + ,')}
{

WU

The

inference which Laplace

drew from

this result is that


2

jD,l

~_ V

/ 2V(1

**) \*

6"expW(l-e )}
{l

ttw*

+ V(l-e )}
2

'

This approximate formula happens to be valid when e < 1 (though the reason for this restriction is not apparent, apart from the fact that it is obviously necessary), but it is difficult to prove it without using the methods of contour

The
cf.

formula 1 + 2 2<f'

~ N/W(l-g)} maT

be inferred from general theorems on series;

Bromwieh, Theory of

Infinite Series, 51.


elliptic functions,

It is also

a consequence of Jacobi's transformation


1

formula in the theory of


see

*3
Modern Analysis,
21*51.

(0 \r)

= (-*)-* M0 -TI

);

1*5]
integration

BESSEL FUNCTIONS BEFORE


(cf. 8*31).

1826

Laplace seems to have been dubious as to the validity

of his inference because, immediately after his statement about real

and

imaginary variables, he mentioned, by way of confirmation, that he had


another proof; but the latter proof does not appear to be extant.

The researches of Fourier. In 1822 appeared the classical treatise by Fourier*,


1"5.

La TMorie analytique
It is

de la Chaleur; in this work Bessel functions of order zero occur in the discussion of the symmetrical motion of heat in a solid circular cylinder.

shewn by Fourier ( 118 120) that the temperature x from the axis of the cylinder, satisfies the equation

v,

at time

t,

at distance

dv_K_/d?v lcfoA Jt~lW\dtf + xdx)'


where K, G, D denote respectively the Thermal Conductivity, Specific Heat and Density of the material of the cylinder; and he obtained the solution
v

e~
ni

gx*
f

tf<*

x*
\ ')
'

22

2 2 .42

2 2 .42 .6 2

where g
at the

= rnCD/K and

has to be so chosen that


hv

+ K(dvldx) =
is

boundary of the cylinder, where h


(

the External Conductivity.

theorem that and no complex roots. His proof is slightly incomplete because he assumes that certain theorems which have been proved for polynomials are true of integral functions; the defect is not difficult to remedy, and a memoir by HurwitzJ
Fourier proceeded to give a proof

307

309) by

Rolle's

the equation to determine the values of

m hasf an infinity of

real roots

has the object of making Fourier's demonstration quite rigorous.


It should also be

formula ( 313) for dervate; generalisations of this formula Another formula given by Fourier, namely
22 2 2 42
.

mentioned that Fourier discovered the continued fraction the quotient of a Bessel function of order zero and its
will

be discussed in

5-6, 9*65.

2 2 42 6 2
.

1 =

f*
|

cos (a sin x) dx,


it is

had been proved some years earlier by Parseval; are now known as Bessel's and Poisson's integrals
*

a special case of what

22, 23). memoir deposited in the archives of the French Institute on Sept. 28, 1811, and crowned on Jan. 6, 1812. This memoir is to be found in the Mim. de VAcad. des Sci., iv. (1819), [published 1824], pp. 185555; v. (1820),
(

The

greater part of Fourier's researches was contained in a

[published 1826], pp. 153246. t This is a generalisation of Bernoulli's statement quoted in 1*2. t Math. Ann. xxxin. (1889), pp. 246266.
648. This paper also contains the formal M4m. des savant itrangers, i. (1805), pp. 639 statement of the theorem on Fourier constants which is sometimes called Parseval's theorem another paper by this little known writer, Mim. des savans Strangers, i. (1805), pp. 379 398, con-

tains a general solution of Laplace's equation in a form involving arbitrary functions.

10

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP.

The expansion of an arbitrary function into a series of Bessel functions of order zero was also examined by Fourier ( 314 320); he gave the formula for the general coefficient in the expansion as a definite integral.

was examined much more recently by Hankel, 471494; Schlafli, Math. Ann. x. (1876), pp. 137142; Diui, Serie di Fourier, i. (Pisa, 1880), pp. 246269 Hobson, Proc. London Math. Soc. (2) vn. (1909), pp. 359388; and Young, Proc. London Math. Soc. (2) xvni. (1920), pp. 163200.
validity of Fourier's expansion

The

Math. Ann.

vm.

(1875), pp.

This expansion will be dealt with in Chapter xvni.

1/6.

The researches of Poisson.

The unsymmetrical motions of heat in a solid sphere and also in a solid cylinder were investigated by Poisson* in a lengthy memoir published in 1823.
In the problem of the sphere f, he obtained the equation

where r denotes the distance from the centre, p


integer (zero included), and

is

a constant, n

is

a positive

R is that

factor of the temperature, in a It

mode, which is a function of the radius vector. a solution of the equation is


cos (rp cos
a>)

normal was shewn by Poisson that

sin2n+1 coda

Jo

and he discussed the cases


( 3*3)

?i

= 0,

1,

2 in detail.

It will appear subsequently

that the definite integral

is

(save for a factor) a Bessel function of

order n

+ ^.
(ibid. p.

In the problem of the cylinder

340

et seq.)

the analogous integral

is

V
.'o

cos (h\ cos


is

co)

sin2n G>cifo>,

where

w= 0,

1, 2, ...

and \

the distance from the axis of the cylinder.


2'3).

The

integral is

now known

as Poisson's integral (

In the case n

0,

and
is

its

derivate was obtained by Poisson

an important approximate formula for the last integral (ibid., pp. 350 352) when the variable

a>

large; the following is the substance of his investigation:

Let J

(k)

=it

cos (i cos ) da,

'

(k)=
ir

cos

sin (k cos ) dm.

Then J

(k) is

a solution of the equation

*&ffl + 1+ i),_a (
249403. 300 etseq. The equation was also studied by Plana, Mem. della R. Accad. delle Sei. di Torino, xxv. (1821), pp. 532 534, and has since been studied by numerous writers, some of whom are mentioned in 4*3. See also Poisson, La TMorie Mathimatique de la Chaleur (Paris,
+ Ibid.
p.

* Journal de I'ficole JR. Polytechnique, xn. (cahier 19), (1823), pp.

1835), pp. 366, 369.

t See also Rohrs, Proc. London Math. Soc. not used by Poisson.

v. (1874), pp.

136

187.

The notation J

(k)

was

1*6]

BESSEL FUNCTIONS BEFORE


large, l/(4 2 )
is

1826

11

When k is

may

be neglected in comparison with unity and so

we may expect

that Jo{k)sJk

approximately of the form


that

cos k + Bsm k where

and

B are constants.
2

To determine A and B observe


cos k
.

(k)

- sin k
for

'

()

=-

{cos 2 ba> cos (2k sin 2 a>)


o

"J

+ sin 2 <a cos (2 cos

)}

ofo.

Write

ir

- to

a
.

in the latter half of the integral

and then

cos k

(k)

- sin k

/'

(k)

cos 2

Ao cos

(2k sin 2 i)

o?<u

^j
/"

I
V(2 * }

-2-)

"^'

and similarly

sin ../(*)

+ cos . J

'

()

= ^^

fl

-^Y"

nrnx^dx.

But

fo *-^oo y

lim

VW

(l-^V.^
\

2kJ sin

f J sin

^V.^K/^),

by a

well

known formula*.

[Note. It is not easy to prove rigorously that the passage to the limit is permissible the simplest procedure is to appeal to Bromwich's integral form of Tannery's theorem,

Bromwich, Theory of Infinite


It follows that
(

Series, 174.]

cos k

(k)

-sink.

'

(k)

1 = j^

1 4- t ),

sin

J
;

(k)

+ cos k J
.

'

(k)

= -jip- (1

rj

k ),

where

**-*-()

and

ri

k -*-0

as k-+-x>

and therefore

J ^ =

J(*k)

K1 +

ffc

C S
^

*+^+

sin

^'

i
It

^o'

(*)

= 77^m t - (!+*) sin *+(! + ?*) cos


t/ () is

^'3-

was then assumed by Poisson that

expressible in the form

where

A =.5=1. The

series are, however, not convergent

but asymptotic, and the validity

of this expansion was not established, until nearly forty years later,

gated by Lipschitz, Journal fur Math. lvi. (1859), pp. 189

when

it

was

investi-

196.

The

result of formally operating

on the expansion assumed by Poisson


1

for the function

(k) *J(irk)

with the operator -jt + 2

eft

+ rn

is

-*[

.rz.l.B -jA

2.

2B"- (I. 2 + 1)

A'

2.

3B'"-(2. 3 + j) A"

& p
+

&
Ji

*
+

+-

1 J
J'
15, 1914),

+ 8m *[_
* Cf.
p. 71, for

+-

Watson, Complex Integration and Cauchy's Theorem (Camb. Math. Tracts, no. a proof of these results by using contour integrals.

12
and
so,

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


by equating
to zero the various coefficients,

[CHAP.

we

find that

A'A---H,

A" -" A

A *, 2 g2

A'"*= A -

9 25 2.3.83
'

R
'

'

and hence the expansion of Poisson's integral


/""

is

OM(*ooe.)A,-^J
j
o

9-25 9 \ /V\*IY 1 - 1 I--2T8^ + 2V3."83l3+-" > 8 LV


/.
1
,

C08 *

+ 8l"2T8^~2.3.88ife + -; 8m

9.25

,1
*J-

But, since the series on the right are not convergent, the researches of Lipschitz and subsequent writers are a necessary preliminary to the investigation of the significance of

the latter portion of Poisson's investigation.


It should

was first given by W. was expressed thus

be mentioned that an explicit formula for the general term in the expansion B. Hamilton, Trans. B. Irish Acad. xix. (1843), p. 313; his result

"["

cos (20 sin a) da =

-^ 1

[0]

([

- *]) 2 (43) cos

(20 - $n,r
[0]

- }n),

and he described the expansion as semi-convergent; the expressions to be interpreted as 1/n and (-|)( f) ... (-+)
!

-B and [-$]" are

A result of some importance, which was obtained by Poisson in a subsequent


memoir*,
is

that the general solution of the equation

is

y = Ax%

Jo

e- hxcoSu> da>

+ Bx$

~ 2 e hxcoaa log (x sin

m) da>,

Jo

where

and

B are

constants.

It follows at

once that the general solution of the equation

dxr
is

x dx

= A\
.'o

e~ hxcoau da)

+B

e hxcoa '\og

(a?

sin2 w)

cZo>.

Jo

likely that

This result was quoted by Stokesf as a known theorem in 1850, and it is he derived his knowledge of it from the integral given in Poisson's memoir; but the fact that the integral is substantially due to Poisson has

been sometimes overlooked J.


* Journal de VEcole R. Polytechnique, xn. (cahier 19), (1823), p. 476. The corresponding general integral of an associated partial differential equation was given in an earlier memoir,
ibid, p. 227.

t Camb. Phil. Trans, ix. (1856), p. [38], [Math, and Phys. Papers, hi. (1901), J See Encyclopidie des Set. Math. n. 28 ( 53), p. 213.

p. 42].

1'7]

BESSEL FUNCTIONS BEFORE


The researches of Bessel.

1826

13

17.

bear his

The memoir* in which Bessel examined in detail the functions which now name was written in 1824, but in an earlier memoir f he had shewn
is

that the expansion of the radius vector in planetary motion

+ 2

Bn cosnM,

ne sin u)

where

Bn = Bn should

sin

u sin (nu

du

this expression for

be compared with the series given in

1'4.

In the memoir of 1824 Bessel investigated systematically the function I h k


defined by the integral J
Ikh

If = k zvrJo
I

2"

cos (hu

k sin u) ' du.


many
is

He

took h to be an integer and obtained


is

of the results which will be

given in detail in Chapter n.


function which

not adapted for defining the most worth study when h is not an integer (see 10-1) the function which is of most interest for non-integral values of h is not Ikh but the function defined by Lommel which will be studied in Chapter in.
Bessel's integral
;

that

After the time of Bessel investigations on the functions became so numerous it seems convenient at this stage to abandon the chronological account
logical order.

and to develop the theory in a systematic and

account of researches from the time of Fourier to 1858 has been compiled by Wagner, Bern MittheUungen, 1894, pp. 204266 a briefer account of the early history was given by Maggi, Atti delta It. Accad. dei Lincei, (Tra/isunti), (3) iv. (1880), pp. 259263.
historical
;

An

* Berliner Abh. 1824 [published 1826], pp. 1 52. The date of this memoir, " Untersuchung des Theils der planetarischen Storungen, welcher aus der Bewegung der Sonne entsteht," is Jan. 29, 1824.

t Berliner Abh. 181617 [published 1819], pp. 4'J 55. J This integral occurs in the expansion of the eccentric anomaly

with the notation of 1-4,

nA n

= 21\ t

a formula given by Poisson, Connaissance des Terns, 1825 [published 1822],

p.

383.

CHAPTEE
21.

II

THE BESSEL COEFFICIENTS


The
definition

of the Bessel
is

coefficients.

The

object of this chapter

the discussion of the fundamental properties

of a set of functions

known
;

as Bessel coefficients.

There are several ways of

the method which will be adopted in this work is to in a certain expansion. This procedure is due coefficients the as them define properties of the functions from his defimany derived who Schlomilch*, to

denning these functions

nition,

and proved incidentally that the functions thus defined are equal to the definite integrals by which they had previously been defined by Bessel f. It should, however, be mentioned that the converse theorem that Bessel's integrals are equal to the coefficients in the expansion, was discovered by Hansen:}:

fourteen years before the publication of Schlomilch's memoir. results had been published in 1836 by Jacobi ( 222).

Some

similar

The generating

function of the Bessel coefficients

is

It will be shewn that this function can be developed into a Laurent series, n qua function of t; the coefficient of t in the expansion is called the Bessel is denoted by the symbol Jn (z), coefficient of argument z and order n, and it

so that

*('"?)(1)

I
=-oo

t"Jn

(z).

expanded into an and for all values of t, ielt can be expanded into an absolutely converwith the exception of zero, e~ of t. When these series are multiplied powers descending gent series of convergent series, and so it may be absolutely together, their product is an is to say, we have an expansion of the arranged according to powers of t that and t, t = excepted. form (1), which is valid for all values of z

To

zt can be establish this development, observe that e^

absolutely convergent series of

ascending powers of

* ZeiUchriftfiir

namely that of

SCO80 , see Frullani,

Math, und Phys. n. (1857), pp. 137 165. For a somewhat similar expansion, Mem. Soc. Ital. (Modena), xvm. (1820), p. 503. It must be

pointed out that Schlomilch, following Hansen, denoted by Jftn what we now write as Jn {2z) but the definition given in the text is now universally adopted. Traces of Hansen's notation
are to be found elsewhere, e.g. Schlafli, Math. Ann. 22. t Berliner Abh. 1824 [published 1826], p.
theil, [Schriften

m.

(1871), p. 148.

+ Ermittelung der Absoluten Storungen in Ellipsen von beliebiger Excentricitdt und Neigung, der Sternwarte Seeburg : Gotha, 1843], p. 106. See also the French translaab$olues (Paris, 1845), p. 100, and Leipziger tion, Memoire sur la determination des perturbations
i.

Abh. n. (1855>, pp. 250251.

2*1, 2 '11]

THE BESSEL COEFFICIENTS


we
write

15

If in (1)

\jt

for

t,

we get
n -x

= 5 i-tyj_ n { Z
n
x

),

on replacing n by - w. Since the Laurent expansion of a function a comparison of this formula with (1) shews that
(2)

is

unique*,

J-n{z)
is

= (-YJn (*),

where n

any integer

a formula derived by Bessel from his definition of

Jn (z)

as an integral.
(2) it
is

From
(3)

evident that (1)


eiz(t-llt)

may be
{t

written in the form


)n t - n]

=J

{z)

+ J
w-1

+{_

Jn {2)

The Analyst, of elementary applications of these functions to problems of Mathematical Physics has been compiled by Harris, American Journal of
i.

A summary of elementary results concerning Jn (z) has been given by Hall,


8184, and an account

(1874), pp.

Math, xxxiv. (1912), pp. 391420.

The

ix. (1909), pp.

function of order unity has been encountered by Turriere, Nouv. Ann. de Math. (4) 433441, in connexion with the steepest curves on the surface z=y (5.r2 -y).

2*11.

The ascending

series

for

Jn (z).
the form of an ascending series of powers
series for

An explicit expression for Jn (z) in


of z is obtainable

by considering the

exp

(h zt)

and exp ( - kz/t), thus

exp (**(-- 1/0)=

I flT v
r =o

- **>'"'L
ml

rl

l=t>

term of the first series on the associated with the general term of the second series gives rise to a term involving tn is the term for which r = n + ; and, since n > 0, there is always one term for which r has this value. On associating these
right which,

When n is a

positive integer or zero, the only

when

terms

for all the values of

m, we see that the

coefficient of t n in the

product

is

m=o(n-rm)l

ml

We
(1)

therefore have the result

Jn(z)= S

* Z)

series in t, in which some of the were not zero. If we then multiplied the expansion by t and integrated it round a circle with centre at the origin, we should obtain a contradiction". This result was noticed by Cauchy, Comptes Rendus, xm. (1841), p. 911.

* For, if not, zero could be

expanded into a Laurent


<")

coefficients (say, in particular, that of

'

16

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


is

[CHAP.

II

where n

a positive integer or zero.


zn

The

first

few terms of the series are

given by the formula


(2)

Jn () =

z*
2
.

2^1 { 1 ~ 2
Jo (?)

(n

+
1

2-

* + 1) (n +

2)

'"]'

In particular
(3)

22

^ 22 42
.

22

42 6 2
.

"

To obtain the Bessel coefficients of negative order, we select the terms involving irn in the product of the series representing exp tyzt) and exp(- \z\t\ where n is still a positive integer. The term of the second series which, when
n associated with the general term of the first series gives rise to a term in t~ is the term for which ra = n + r ; and so we have

J -n{Z) ~

rZo

r\"

(n

+ r)l

'

whence we evidently obtain anew the formula

2'1 (2),

namely

J_^) = (-)
It is to

^(*)-

be observed that, in the series (1), the ratio of the (w + l)th term 2 oo for all to the rath term is - s /{ra (n + ra)}, and this tends to zero as ra that follows it values of z and n. By D'Alembert's ratio test for convergence, it so and and n, the series representing Jn (z) is convergent for all values of z
,

is

an integral function of z when n =


It will

0,

1,

2,

3,

. . .

appear later (4"73) that


is is

Jn

(z) is
;

and so

it

a transcendental function

not an algebraic function of z moreover, it is not an elementary

to say it is not expressible as a finite combination of exponential, logarithmic and algebraic functions operated ou by signs of

transcendent, that

indefinite integration.

From
ance
(cf.

(1)

we can obtain two

useful inequalities, which are of

some importis

Chapter xvi) in the discussion of series whose general term


z be real or complex,

multiple of a Bessel coefficient.

Whether

we have
ao
i

i2W

*
and
so,

n!

mZom\(n

+ l)m

'

when n ^ 0, we have
!

(4)

J.

< & exp (|!^) <


I
r l

^
l.

exp (J

|>).

854

This result was given in substance by Cauchy, Comptes Rendus, a similar but weaker inequality, namely
;

xm.

(1841), pp. 687,

lJ

.l< -^P(l*l ,

was given by Neumann, Theorie der BesseVschen Functionen

(Leipzig, 1867), p. 27.

2*12]

THE BESSEL COEFFICIENTS


considering
all

17

By
()

the terms of the series for

Jn (z)

except the

first, it is

found that

j.()-^(i+),
||

where
It should

"P <M p(il4')-l < r \n + 1/

(*

' ,'>- 1
l

any, bounded
*-plane.

be observed that the series on the right in 2*1 (1) converges uniformly in domain of the variables z and t which does not contain the origin in the
if 8,

For

A and

R are positive constants and if


d<|t|<A,
|*|

<

A.I,

the terms in the expansion of exp (\zt) exp ($z/t) do not exceed in absolute value the corresponding terms of the product exp ($RA) exp QR/8), and the uniformity of the convergence follows from the test of Weierstrass. Similar considerations apply to the series obtained

by term-by -term

differentiations of the expansion 2^*t/ n


z

(z),

whether the differentiations be

performed with respect to


2" 12.

or

or both z and

t.

The recurrence formulae.

The equations*
(1)

Jn-i (*)

Jn (z), + Jn+1 (*) = ~ z

(2)

Jn_ (z)-Jn+1 (z) = 2Jn'(z),


1

which connect three contiguous functions are useful in constructing Tables of


Bessel coefficients; they are

known

as recurrence formulae.

To prove the
namely

former, differentiate the fundamental expansion of 21,

,*'-= 5 tj (z), n
with respect to
t
;

we get
$z(l

+ l/t*)e
2

iz(t ~

m=

2 nt^Jniz),
nt^Jniz).
t

so that

^(1 + 1/e ) 5
If the expression on the left
is

Jn (z)= 2

arranged in powers of

and

coefficients of n_1
tf

are equated in the two Laurent series, which are identically equal,

it is

evident

that

\z {Jn-i (z) + Jr* which


*
its

(z))

=nJn (z),

is

the

first

of the formulae f.

Throughout the work primes are used to denote the derivate of a function with respect to

argument.
f Differentiations are permissible because ( 2*11) the resulting series are uniformly convergent. of coefficients is permissible because Laurent expansions are unique.

The equating

18

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


iz<t ^(t-l/t)e

[CHAP.
;

II

Again, differentiate the fundamental expansion with respect to z and then

m=

= -oo

Jn '(z),
t

so that

\(t

- Ijt) 2
=-oo

Jn (z) = 5
w=-oc

Jn

'

(z).

By equating
The
(3)

coefficients of tn

on either side of this identity we obtain formula

(2) immediately.

results of adding

and subtracting (1) and (2) are


'
x

(4)

zJn (z) + nJn (z) = zJn__ (z), zJn'(z)-nJn (z) = -zJn+1 (z).
to

These are equivalent


(5)

^{^ (*)}=*"</-!(*),
^{z-Jn (z)} = -z-"Jn+1 (z).
is trivial

(6)

In the case w=0, (1)


(7)

while the other formulae reduce to

/,'(#)

= -/(*).

(1) and (4) from which the others may be derived were discovered by Abh. 1824, [1826], pp. 31, 35. The method of proof given here is due to Schlomilch, Zeitschrift fur Math, und Phys. ir. (1857), p. 138. Schlomilch proved (1) in this manner, but he obtained (2) by direct differentiation of the series for Jn (2).

The formulae

Bessel, Berliner

A
(g)

formula which Schlomilch derived


2r

{ibid. p.

143) from (2)

is

^T-)=
\m

{-TrCm .Jn -r+n {z\


we have

where

Cm

is

a binomial

coefficient.
(6),

By

obvious inductions from (5) and

(d
/

n
{*

zTz)

Jn(z)}=2 n m Jn-m(z),

(10)

(is)
is

m ~ {2 nJn (z)] = (-r*-"^+ (*).


in is

where n

any integer and

any positive

integer.

The formula

(10)

is

due

to Bessel (ibid. p. 34).

As an example
*Ji

of the results of this section observe that

0) = 4t/a 0) - zJs (*)

= 4J"

(z)

- 8J, (z) + zJ> (z)


1

= 4 2 (-Y~ nJi,(z)^(-rzJiN+1 (z)


=i

= 4 1 (-y-*nJm (z),
since

zJ^+i (z) -*

as iV-*- 00

by

211

(4).

2-13, 2'2]

THE BESSEL COEFFICIENTS


obtained,

19

The expansion thus


(11)
is

*./,(*)

=4 I
n-l

{-)n

nJ2n (z),
functions ( 3'o7).

useful in the developments of

Neumann's theory of Bessel

2*13.

The

differential equation satisfied by

Jn {?)>

When

the formulae 2'12 (5) and (6) are written in the forms

the result of eliminating J, _,


t

(z) is

seen to be

d
dz
that
is

f-^Wni*)} = -z*- n Jn (z),

to say

and

so

we have

Bessel's differential equation*


zi

(1)

W)

+z

dJAz)

+ (z2 _ wl) Jh {z) ^


z (dldz).

The

analysis

is

simplified

by using the operator ^ defined as


are

Thus the recurrence formulae


(S

+ n) Jn (z) = zJn _
(^

{z),

(^ - n

1)

Jn -i (z) = - zJn (z),

and so
n + 1)
[z-i

(*

+ n) Jn (z)} = -zJn (z),

that

is

z-> (^

- n) (* + n) Jn (z) =-zJn (z),


C&-n*)Ju {z) = -z*Jn (z)

and the equation


reduces at once to Bessel's equation.
Corollary.

The same
(S

differential equation is obtained if

Jn +

(z) is

eliminated from the

formulae

+ n + 1) Jn +

(z)

= zJn (z), (-n)Jn (z)=-zJn ^

(z).

2*2.

Bessel's integral for the Bessel coefficients.


shall

We
(1)

now prove

that

Jn (z) =

JLit

"'
I

cos {n$

- z sin B) d6.

'o

This equation was taken by Bessel f as the definition of

Jn (z),

and he

derived the other properties of the functions from this definition.


*

Berliner Abh. 1824 [published 1826], p. 34

see also Frullani,

Mem.

Soc. ItaL.(Modena),

xvm.

(1820), p. 504.

t Ibid. pp. 22 and 35.

20

THEORY OP BESSEL FUNCTIONS


It is frequently convenient to

[CHAP.

II

modify

(1)

by bisecting the range of

in-

tegration and writing


(2)

2tt

for

in the latter part.


f"

This procedure gives

Jn (z)=IT

cos (n0

- z sin 0) dO.
first

JO
27r,

Since the integrand has period


into
1

the

equation

may

be transformed

/*2ir+a
I

(3)

J n (z) = 2~
is

cos(n0-zsm0)d0,
~x

where a

any angle.
(1),

To prove

multiply the fundamental expansion of

(1)

by t~n

and

integrate* round a contour which encircles the origin once counterclockwise.

We

thus get

2771 J

=-
all

Z7rt

so

The integrals on the right we obtain the formula

vanish except the one for which

m = n;

and

Take the contour

may

be a circle of unit radius and write t = e~ i0 so that be taken to decrease from 2tt + a to a. It is thus found that
to
t

rtor+a

(5)

Jn(*)^-/

*<**-*) <$

77" J a

a result given by Hansen f in the case a = 0.

In this equation take a


former part, replace

by

= ir, bisect the range of 0. This procedure gives

integration and, in the

Jn (z) = -L
and equation
(2),

e*(*-z n )

+ e - Une - z sin 9) Q
J

from which (1)

may be

deduced,

is

now

obvious.

Various modifications of Bessel's integral are obtainable by writing

Jn (z) =
If

f
I

cos

nd cos (z sin 0)d0-i

If... n0
I

sin

sin (z sin 0) d0.

IT

Jo

TT J

be replaced by 7r in these two integrals, the former changes sign when n is odd, the latter when n is even, the other being unaffected in each case and therefore
s Jn (&) J i ; =i

n n & sm ( z sm 0) d0
(odd).
.

(6)

T JO

sin

w0 sin (s sin 0) d0
I

Term -by- term


is

integration

is

permitted because the expansion


(a+)

contour. It

convenient to use the symbol

uniformly convergent on the to denote integration round a contour encircling


is

the point a once counterclockwise.


t Ermiitelung der absoluten Storungen (Gotha, 1843), p. 105.

"

2*21]

THE BESSEL COEFFICIENTS

21

Jn {z)K)
2

'**
I

cos

n$ cos (z sin

6)

dd
("even).

= ir

,^
I

cos w

cos (z sin &)

d0

Jo

If

be replaced by tt /n (*)

77

in the latter parts of (6)


1}
I

and

(7), it is

found that
(w odd),

8)

--

(-)*<

cos

n?7

sin (s cos

17) <fr;

(9)

/ii

(z)

=-(-)**

cos nr) cos (z cos 17) cfy

(n even).

The
that

last

two
It

results are

due substantially to Jacobi*.


1.

[Note.

was shewn by Parseval, Mem. des savans Grangers,


.

(1805), pp.

639648,

2s

+ 22742 ~

a*

2 2.42.62 +

1
,,

[*
cos (

and
will

so, in

the special case in which n = 0, (2) will be seen in 2-3 that two integral representations of
identical

J be described as ParsevaVs integral.

8m *) <**

It

Jn (z),

namely

Bessel's integral
for

and Poisson's integral become


justified.]

when w=0,

so a special

name

thL

case

is

The reader
2-12 (4)

wijl find it interesting to obtain (after Bessel)

the formulae 2-12

(1)

and

from Bessel's

integral.

2 '21.

Modifications of Parseval's integral.

formulae involving definite integrals which are closely connected with PaTseval's integral formula are worth notice. The first, namely
(1)
is

Two

Jo{J(*-&)} = \ /"**" cos (lain*)***,


The simplest method of proving
it is

due to Bessel f.

to write the expression on the

right in the form

/>
J

e v cos 0+vs sin

dfy

expand in powers of y cos d+iz sin 6 and use the formulae


J
^
(y cos 6

+ iz sin 6f +

dd = 0,

f"

(y cos 6

+ iz sin 6f dd =

2r ( w + *)r(i)
(y2

the formula then follows without

difficulty.

The other
(2)
is

definite integral,

due to Catalan J, namely

J
(1)

(2 <Jz)

=IT

/"" e<i+)cos

cos {(l

- z) sin
1

0} dd,

J
1

a special case of

obtained by substituting

-z and

+z

for 2

and y

respectively.

* Journal fUr Math. xv. (1836), pp. 1213. integrals actually given by Jacobi had limits

[G<?s.

Math. Werke,

vi. (1891), pp.

100102]
1,

the
2/*-.

and w with

factors I/*- replacing the factors

See also Anger, Neueste Schriften Comptes Rendus, xxxvm. (1854), pp. t Berliner Abh., 1824 [published Ges. in Danzig, v. (1855), p. 10, and

der Naturf. Ges. in Danzig, v. (1855), p.

and Cauchy,

910

913.
See also Anger, Neueste Schriften der Naturf.
p. 151.
(2) xli. (1876), p.

1826], p. 37.

Lommel, ZeiUchrift fUr Math, und Phys. xv_(1870),


938.

t Bulletin de Vdcad. R. de Belgique,

22
Catalan's integral

THEORY
may

OJF

BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP.

II

be established independently by using the formula


'(0+) i'(0+)

no that
./

(2i\'*)

-i_-J-.
=
J_.

2
(0
/"

-,
+

t-^-Wdt

ex

p^ + ! )^ = l
N
;

[* exp {*+*-}

<W,

by taking the contour


integration.

to be a unit circle

the result then follows by bisecting the range of

2"22.

Jacobi' s expansions in series of Bessel coefficients.

Two 'series, which


covered by Jacobi*.
t

are closely connected with Bessel's integral, were disis

ie

in

The simplest method of obtaining them the fundamental expansion 21 (3). We thus get
M=l

to write

= J 0) + 2 2 Jm 0)cos 2nd
n=\

2i

2 Jm+1 (*) sin (2 +


w=0

1)

0.

On adding and
we
find

subtracting the two results which are combined in this formula,

(1)

cos (z sin 0)

= J O) + 2 2 Jm (z) cos 2n0, n=


\

(2)

sin(*sin0)=

2 /2n+1 (*)sin(2n + l)0.

Write \ir
(3)

r)

for 6,

and we get
t?)

cos

cos

= Jo (z) + 2 2
=i

(-)./,(*) cos 2ni7,

(4

sin (s cos

t/)

2 (-)M J2n+1 0) cos (2n +


=o

1)

rj.

The results (3) and (4) were given by Jacobi, while the others were obtained later by Anger t. Jacobi's procedure was to expand cos (s cos 17) and sin (z cos q) into a series of
cosines of multiples of
integrals
t}, and use Fourier's rule to obtain the which are seen to be associated with Bessel's integrals.

coefficients in the

form of

In view of the fact that the first terms in (1) and (3) are not formed according to the same law as the other terms, it is convenient to introduce Neumann's factor* en> which is defined to be equal to 2 when n is not zero,

and

to be equal to 1
*

when n

is zero.

The employment
[Ges.

of this factor, which

Journal fUr Math. xv. (1836), p. 12.

Math.

U'erke, vi. (1891), p. 101.]

t Neueste Schriften der Xaturf. Gen. in Danzig, v. (1855), p. 2. % Neumann, Theorie der BesteVschen Functionen (Leipzig, 1867), p.

7.

2-22]
will

THE BESSEL COEFFICIENTS

23

be of frequent occurrence in the sequel, enables us to write (1) and (2) in

the compact forms:


oo

(5)

cos (^ sin 0)

= X m J2n (z) cos 2nd,


e.

=o
ao

(6)

sin (z sin 0)

= X
=o
find

e2w+1

Jm+1 (z) sin (2n + 1) 6.

If

we pub

in (5),

we

0)
If

1=2

m Jm (z).

of. Bessel coefficients when m is any positive any polynomial is thus expansible. This is a special case of an expansion theorem, due to Neumann, which will be investigated in Chapter xvi.
is

that zm

we differentiate (5) and (6) any number of times before putting 6 = 0, we obtain expressions for various polynomials as series of Bessel coefficients. shall, however, use a slightly different method subsequently ( 27) to prove

We

expansible into a series

integer.

It is then obvious that

For the present, we will merely notice before 6 is put equal to 0, there results
(8)

that, if (6)

be differentiated once

*= 2
%-ir

e 2n+1

(2n

+ l)J2n+1 (z),
(5)

while, if 6 be put equal to


(9)

after
2

two differentiations of
i

and

(6),

then

zsinz
zcosz

= 2{2*J (z)-4?J (z)+6*J


=2
jl./;(*)-3 s

(z) -...},

(10)

(z)

52

!i

(z)-

...}.

These results are due to Lommel*.


Note.

The expression exp {$z{t-

1/0} introduced in $ 2 1 is not a generating function

in the strict sense.

The generating function t

associated with

en

Jn (?)

is

**"/

(z).

If this expression be called S,

by using the recurrence formula

2-12 (2),

we have

If

we

solve this differential equation

we get
Z
(t

(11)

S=ei*-W+l(t + tyj*V-wJ e-*V-V')j


was given by Brenke,
Bull.

)di:
Soc. xvi. (1910),

result equivalent to this

American Math.

pp. 225230.
* Studien ilber die Bessel'schen

It will

Functionen (Leipzig, 1868), p. 41. be seen in Chapter xvi. that this is a form of " Lommel's function of two variables."

24
2
3.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Poissons integral for the Bessel
coefficients.

[CHAP.

II

Shortly before the appearance of Bessel's memoir on planetary perturbations, Poisson had published an important work on the Conduction of Heat*, in the
course of which he investigated integrals of the types f

Jo

^ cos (z cos 6) sin

2"-1" 1

Odd,

(' cos (z cos 6) sin*1 0d0,

Jo

where n

is

a positive integer or zero.

He

proved that these integrals are

and gave the investigation, which has already been reproduced in 1*6, to determine an approximation to the latter integral when z is large and positive, in the special case n = 0.
solutions of certain differential equations^

We

shall

now prove

that

and, in view of the importance of Poisson 's researches,

it

describe the expressions on the right as Poissons integrals for n case n = 0, Poisson's integral reduces to Parseval's integral ( 2'2).
It is easy to prove that the expressions

seems appropriate to J (z). In the

Jn (z);
I

we expand the integrand term-by-term we have


for, if
||,

in powers of z

under consideration are equal to and then integrate

fir

oo

7tJ

cos (* cos

0)8^0(20 = - t 7T m =o

V (2W)!

\m sm

fir

cos2'0sin=0<W

Jo

=
j!

~(>0r

'

2.4.6... (2n
'

+ 2m)

~ -1.3.5...(2-1) 2
and the result
is

H+m m!(n oli 2

+ m)r

obvious.

* Journal de VEcole R. Polyteckuique, xn. (cahier 19), (1823), pp. 249403. previously been t Ibid. p. 293, et seq. ; p. 340, et seq. Integrals equivalent to them had examined by Euler, hut. Calc. Int. u. (Petersburg, 1769), Ch. x. 1036, but Poisson's forms are more elegant, and his study of them is more systematic. See also 3'3.

J E.g. on p. 300, be proved that,

if " cos (rp cos ) sin 2


" 1 1

R=rn+1
then

udu,

Jo

satisfies the differential

equation

dr1
Nielsen,

r-

Handbuch der

Tfieorie der Cylinderfunktionen (Leipzig, 1904), p.

51, calls

them
is

Bessel's second integral,


||

but the above nomenclature seems preferable. The series to be integrated is obviously uniformly convergent ; the procedure adopted

due

to Poisson, ibid. pp. 314, 340.

2-3, 2*31]

THE BESSEL COEFFICIENTS

25

Poisson also observed* that


(' e^* sin8'* Odd Jo
this is evident
left

=
it

Jo

cos (z cos 0) sin 0d0\

when we

consider the arithmetic

mean
by

of the integral on the


it

and the integral derived from

by replacing

0.

We thus get A
(3) slight modification of this formula,

namely
(1

/(*)

r(n

4|^V,
(cf.

_ PY - iM>

has suggested important developments


functions.
It should also be noticed that
!

6*1) in the theory of Bessel

(4)

' cos (z cos 0) sin2"

0d0 = 2

'
\

cos {z cos 0) sin1"

0d0

Jo

Jo

=2

f*

cosCssin^cos*1

Jo

^,
was obtained

and each of these expressions gives rise to a modified form of Poisson's integral.

An interesting application of Bessel's and


by Lommelf who multiplied the formula
, / ,m cos2n0= 2 (-)

Poisson's integrals

-o

4w8 {4n8 -28 }...{4n2 -(2ro-2)2} . -sin*"^ /a v.


.

(zm)\

by cos (z cos 0) and


(5)

integrated.
(

It thus follows that

J (z)-(-Y I

4 8 f4n-2r... (W-(2iii -*Y)

Jm (s)

2'31.

Bessel's investigation of Poisson's integral.


proof, that
is

The
Bessel J,

Jn (z)

is

equal to Poisson's integral, which was given by


it is

somewhat elaborate;

substantially as follows

It is seen

on differentiation that
sin2"
-1

-^ cos
I

cos (z cos 0)

9
8

,-

sin2*1
**

" "
1

sin (z cos 0) sin2"*8

=
|

(2w - 1) sin8"-8
made

- 2n sin " +
p. 340,

cos (* cos 0),

* Poisson actually
sinSH+1 6
;

the statement

but, as

he points out on

(p. 293) concerning the integral which contains odd powers may be replaced by even powers throughout

his aualysis.

f Studien Uber die BesseVscken Functional (Leipzig, 1868), p. 30. + Berliner Abh. 1824 [published 1826], pp. 3637. Jacobi, Journal filr Math. xv. (1836), p. 13, [Get. Math. Werke, vi. (1891), p. 102], when giving his proof ( 2*32) of Poisson's integral formula, objected to the artificial character of Bessel's demonstration. w. B. jr. 2

26

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


1,

[CHAP.

and hence, on integration, when n >


(2ra

-1)1

cos (z cos 0) sin8"" 2

6d0 - %n
^2

cos (z cos 0) sin3"

0d0

+ 2n + i J
If

r*

cos (* cos 0) sin2"-*" 8

0d0 = 0.

now we

write

rin + ^ra) /^
the last formula shews that
z<f>

008 <* cos 0) sin2n

s * <>

(n

- 1) - 2w0 (w) +
it is

*<-6

+ 1) = 0,

so that

(w)

and

Jn (z)

satisfy the

same recurrence formula.


evident that
(z),

But, by using Bessel's integral,

=J <f>(0)
<f>

(1)

^J
l r

cos (* cos 0) sin2

0d0 = -

-J
'

isin (s cos 0)1 sin

0d0

=and
so,

sm (z cos

0) cos

Odd

(z)

(z),

by induction from the recurrence formula, we have

when w

= 0,

1, 2, 3, ....

2*32.

Jacobus investigation of Poisson's integral.


of the direct transformation of Poisson's integral into Bessel's
this

The problem
integral

was successfully attacked by Jacobi*;


dM -i sin2M -i0

method

necessitates the use

of Jacobi's transformation formula

si^ = ^
We
shall
it

1.3.5. ..(2/i-l) . sinn *>


.

where

fi

cos

0.

simple direct proof of

assume this formula for the moment, and, since no seems to have been previously published, we shall

give an account of various proofs in 2*321

2323.

fi,

we observe that the vanish when fi = 1, it


If
zn j

first
is

/i2 ) M-i with respect to evident that, by n partial integrations, we have


1 derivates of (1
,

cos (z cos 0) sin-'1

Odd

= zn

cos (zfi) (1
.

/a

)"-* dfi

= (-) n
*

J_

COS foa
i

- \ mr)

-^ d. di
}
vi. (1801),

Journal fiir Math. xv. (1830), pp. 1213. [Ges. Math. Werke,
i.

pp. 101102.] See

also Journal de Math.

(1836), pp.

195196.

2*32, 2*321]
If

THE BESSEL COEFFICIENTS


Jacobi's formula, this
1
.

27

we now use

becomes
{Zfi

1.3.5...(2n-l)f If

cos

\n-jr)

.dsinnd dsinnd

dfi

=1

3 5
.

. .

(2n

- 1)
Jo

cos (z cos

- ^nir) cos n0d0

= 1.3.5...(2n-l)wJ n (5),
by
to

Jacobi's modification of 2'2 (8)

and

(9), since

cos^cos 6
is

\nir)

is

equal

( )***
2*321.

cos (z cos 6) or (-)^ n-1)

sin(^cos 9) according as n

even or odd; and

this establishes the transformation.


Proofs of Jacobus transformation.
it

Jacobi's proof of the transformation formula used in 2-32 consisted in deriving

as a special case of a formula due to Lacroix*; but the proof which Lacroix gave of his formula is open to objection in that it involves the use of infinite series to obtain

a result of an elementary character. A proof, based on the theory of linear differential equations, was discovered by Liouville, Journal de Math. vi. (1841), pp. 69 73; this proof will be given in 2*322. Two years after Liouville, an interesting symbolic proof was published by Boole, Camb. Math. Journal, in. (1843), pp. 216224. An elementary proof by induction was given by Grunert, Archio der Math, und Phys. iv. (1844), pp. 104 109. This proof consists in shewing that, if

<p- i(W) -
/"(* dQa --2/i9B -M(H-l) 5 J

then

2 n+1 = (l- M )-

B rfM ,

and that ( -

n~
)

'

1.3.5.;. (2

1) (sin nff)jn satisfies

the same recurrence formula.

Other proofs of this character have been given by Todhunter, Differential Calculus (London 1871), Ch. xxviil, and Crawford t, Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc. xx. (1902), 15, but all these proofs involve complicated algebra. pp. 11

depending on the use of contour integration is due to Schlafli, Ann. di Mat. (2) The contour integrals are of the type used in establishing 202. Lagrange's expansion; and in 2*323 we shall give the modification of Schlafli's proof, in which the use of contour integrals is replaced by a use of Lagrange's expansion.
v.

A proof

(1873), pp. 201

To prove

Jacobi's formula, differentiate


t
<

by Leibniz' theorem, thus

i.l!5^-l) g^ 1 -^'
"

1+ '->- ,
\

=0

a"

m ~t"2J

=
and
*

m=0

2 (-)".C'!m + i(ainitf)* + (oo8itf)"-*- 1

=sin(2wx0),
this is the transformation required
J.

183. See also a note written by edition), pp. 182 Catalan in 1868, Mim. de la Soc. R. des Sci. de Liege, (2) in. (1885), pp. 312316. t Crawford attributes the formula to Rodrigttes, possibly in consequence of an incorrect statement by Frenet, Recueil d'Exercices (Paris, 1866), p. 93, that it is given in Rodrigues' dissertation,
Diff.
i.

TraiU du Calc.

(Paris, 1810,

2nd

Corresp. sur VEcole R. Poly technique, in. (18141816), pp. X I owe this proof to Mr C. T. Preece.

361385.

28
2*322.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


LiouvMds proof of Jacob?* transformation.
Liouville of Jacobi's formula is as follows
let

[CHAP.

II

The proof given by


Let y=(l fi2 )
n ~k

and

D be written for d/dp


n times ; and then

then obviously

(l-V)Z)y+(2n-l) My=0.
Differentiate this equation
(1

- fi2 )

Dtt+l

i/

but

(l"^-^-^^^-"^.
(^ +
D*~ 1 y= A
;

- (iD^+^D^-^^O

so that

Z)- y = 0.

Hence
where

sin nd +

BcoB n6,

A and B are constants since D y is obviously an odd function of 6, B is zero. To determine A compare the coefficients of 6 in the expansions of D*- 1 y and A sinnd in ascending powers of 6. The term involving 6 in D*~ l y is easily seen to be
n"1

n~ l

(-^)
so that

^" 1=( "


namely

"~ 1(2w " 1)(2w ~ 3)

-3

<9'

%J = (-)- 1 1.3.5...(2n-l),
result,

and thence we have the

d-sin2-i0

.1.3.5...(an-l)
v
'

dp*~ l
2*323.

SchlaJWs proof of Jacobi's transformation.


'

We first recall

Lagrange's expansion, which

is

that, if z=fi+hf(z), then

so that

(,)

| = *

*l{ fWjr if 0)],


<'(*)
), i.e.

subject to the usual conditions of convergence*.

Now
it

take

/(2) 3 -|(l-2*),

v/(l-*

8
),

being supposed that 0'

The

singularities of 2
,J{\

pansion of

22 )
de

when A-*-0. (2) reduces to ^(1 ja function of h are at A=>e *' ; and so, when 6 is real, the exin powers of h is convergent when both h and 2 are less than unity.
-/*2
to sin 6
| \

Now
and so

2={l- v'(l-2/iA+# )}/A,


J

Jfl

J)

(l^-*)*-(l^*)
is

/_\-i

Hence
pansion of

it

follows that

d -1 sin 2B_1 d
,

rr-r \ ; 2n_1 .(n-l)!

d/t"

. . -1

the coefficient of hn ~ l in the ex-

J(l

- 22 )
z

(62/8/*)

in

powers of

h.

But

it is

evident that

,n

^*

(l-^y-i-q-^-*)-* coefficient of A*

j?

1.3.5...(2n-l) e* - "" ...,

and a consideration of the


Jacobi's formula.

-1 in the last expression establishes the truth of

* Cf.

Modem

Analyst*, 7-32.

2-322-2*33]

THE BESSEL COEFFICIENTS


application of Jacobi s transformation.

29

233.

An

The formal expansion


/'(cos x)
Jo
in

cos

nxdx =

2
Jo t-0

(-)m am fi n+2m >(cosx)dx,

which am is the coefficient of tn+2m in the expansion of Jn (t)/J (t) in ascending powers of t, has been studied by Jacobi*. To establish it, integrate the expression on the left n times by parts it transforms ( 2*32) into
;

1.3.5...(2n-l) Sl
and,

f(n) (C S

*} 8inm * dx

>

when
1

sin2n #
f

is

replaced by a series of cosines of multiples of x, this becomes

XM ,

J.
(n,

2n

2n(n-l)

We

now

integrate

.(cosa?)cos2#, /<"> (cos x) cos

4a?,

...

by

parts,

and by

continual repetitions of this process,


of the type stated:

we

evidently arrive at a formal expansion

When

/(cos x)

is

a polynomial in cos
is

a?,

the process

obviously terminates and the transformation

certainly valid.

To determine
[

the values of the coefficients a^ in the expansion

5 (-)m am f in+sm) (cosx) dx f (cos x) cos nxdx=j JOw-0

thus obtained, write

/(cos x)
according as n
is

= (-)* cos (t cos x),

(-)*<-> sin (t cos x), 2*2 (8)

even or odd, and we deduce from

and

(9) that

Jn (t) = 2
so that am has the value stated.

(_)-,+

{(_), J%

It has been stated that the expansion is valid when /(cos x) is a polynomial in cos a;; it can, however, be established when /(cos x) is merely restricted to be an integral function of cos x, say

* 6w cos n a?

provided that lim %\ bn


Jo (t)

is less

than the smallest positive root of the equation


it

the investigation of this will not be given since

seems

to be of

no practical importance.
*

Journal filr Math. xv. (1836), pp.

2526

also Jacobi, Astr. Nach.

xxvm.

(1849), col.

[Qes. Math. Werke, vi. (1891), pp. 117118]. 94 [Ges. Math. Werke, vn. (1891), p. 174].

See

30
2*4.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


The addition formula for the Bessel
coefficients possess
coefficients.

[CHAP.

II

The Bessel

an addition formula by which


z.

Jn (y + z)

expressed in terms of Bessel coefficients of y and which was first given by Neumann* and Lommelf, is
00

may be

This formula,

(1)

J(y

+ z) = 2 Jm (y)Jn-r,i(z).
m-oo

The simplest way


gives

of proving this result


1
0+)

is

from the formula 2*2 (4), which


~ vt
'

Jn {y

+ *) = 5^-.

f<

'~
po+)

M_1 * {y+*
oo

{t

dt

~
I i
00

X
oo

m -n- Jm (y)e*z 1
<t

1/t

>dt

no+)

= _i-.
analysis

Jm (y)\

p--i eft-Milt

2
wi -oo

Jm (y)Jn-m{z),
line of the

on changing the order of summation and integration in the third and this is the result to be established.
;

Numerous

generalisations of this expansion will be given in Chapter xi.

2'5.

Hansen's series of squares and products of Bessel

coefficients.

Special cases of
early as 1843.

The

Neumann's addition formula were given by HansenJ as first system of formulae is obtainable by squaring the
2*1 (1), so that

fundamental expansion
.-!/,

.j I- rJr (z))\ I-oo tm Jm (z)\.


[

r=

oo

Km-

By expressing

the product on the right as a Laurent series in t, and equating n the coefficient of tn in the result to the coefficient of t in the Laurent expansion of the expression on the
left,

we

find that

J(2s)
In particular, taking
(1)
?i

= Jr {z)Jn-*(z).
have

= 0, we
r=l

Jo (2s)

= Jo* (:) + 2S

(- )' Jr2 (*)

-
r=0

(-)' e r

Jr

(z).

* Theorie der BesseVschen Functionen (Leipzig, 1867), p. 40. f Studienilber die BesseVschen Functionen (Leipzig, 1868), pp. 26

27

see also Schlafli,

Math.

Ann. in. (1871), pp. 135137. + Ermittelung der absoluten Stiirungen (Gotha, 1843), p. 107 et seq. Hansen did not give (4), and be gave only the special case of (2) in which n = l. The more general formulae are dne to Loramel, Studien Uber die BesseVschen Functionen (Leipzig, 1868), p. 33.

For

brevity,

JH2 (z)

is

written in place of

{</

(z)) 2 .

2'4-2'6]

THE BESSEL COEFFICIENTS


the general formula

31

From
(2)

we

find that

Jn (2z) -S/f (#) Jn-r (*) + 2 (-Y Jt (*) Jn+r (z), r=0 r=l
Bessel coefficients of negative order are removed

when the

by using

2*1 (2).

Similarly, since
j

rjr (s)\\ 5 {-rv*J

ni

{z)\
1/t)}

= exp [z (t =1
>

exp [\z (-

1/t)}

it

follows that

(3)

J >(z) + 2% Jr*(z) = l,
r-0

(4)

2 (-y Jr (z) Jm_r (z) +

2X Jr (z) Jm+r (z) = 0.


r-1

Equation (4) is derived by considering the coefficient of tm in the Laurent expansion the result of considering the coefficient of tm+1 is nugatory.
;

A
(5)

very important consequence of

(3),

namely

that,

when x

is real,

\J,{*)\*1,

|^,(*)j<W2,

where r
2"6.

= 1,

2, 3, ...,

was noticed by Hansen.

Neumann's

integral for

Jn

(z).

It is evident

from 2*2 (5) that

Jn (z) = land so

I" eUn0-z amo) d0)

Jn2 (z)

1 = |-5

f*
j

f*
I

*>+*> e -(nfl+sin +,

dOdj).

To reduce this double by the equations


so that

integral to a single integral take

new

variables defined

8-<f>

= 2X

0+<f>

2yJr,

d(0,<f>)

2.

9 (x Vr )
It follows that

J 2 (*) =

*"""*

2^*11
is
y

""** 8in * cos *

d*;cty,

where the

field

of integration

the square for which


>
-

tt^x k^'7r "" < X + ^ ^ 7r


Since the integrand
is is

unaffected
yfr

if

both

% and

yfr

are increased by

tt,

or

if

increased by

gration

may

simultaneously decreased by ir, the evidently be taken to be the rectangle for which
ir is

while

field

of inte-

0<X^ 7r _ TT ^

l/r

7T.

32

THEOEY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Hence
Jn
(*)
2"**- 2** sin

[CHAP,

- 2^-

f f*

* * cty dy

=If
result
(1

1 C"

if

Jo

J** (2* cos x)

<%
acute or obtuse,

we

replace

% by |tt T

0,

according as
t

is

we

obtain the

Jn*
may

W = -f
If J

Jm (2z sin 0) dd.

This formula
(2)

obviously be written in the form

Jn

(z)

= - f J*n (2z sin 0) d0,


IT

JO

which is the result actually given by Neumann*. It was derived by him by some elaborate transformations from the addition-theorem which will be given in H'2. The proof which has just been given is suggested by the proof of that addition- theorem which was published by Graf and Gublerf.

We obtain a different form of the integral with respect to x instead of with respect to yjr.
Jr? (s)
so that
i

if

we perform the integration This procedure gives


j***
<ty,

^f
r*
1 if

Jo (2* sin

yjr)

(3)

^""^"Srl
a

/o(2*sin^)cos2n^(fy

f*

(2z sin

i/r)

cos 2nyjr

dijr,

a result which SchlafliJ attributed to Neumann.

2'61.

Neumann's

series

a for J

(z).

taking the formula 26(1), expanding the Bessel coefficient on the right in powers of z and then integrating term-by-term, Neumann shewed

By

that

lf

(-)* zm+wt

sin 2n+^B,

JQ

_ ~

TO =

-) (2n

-f

2m) (^zYn+im
! '

m\{tn+m)\{(n + m)l\ %

Theorie der BesseVtchen Funetionen (Leipzig, 1867), p. 70. t Einleitung in die Theorie der BesteVtchen Funktionen, n. (Bern, 1900), pp. 81 85. of Neumann's treatise. J The formula is an immediate consequence of equation 16 on p. 69 was given, was first pub Math. Ann. in. (1871), p. 603. The memoir, in which 4his result lished in the Leipziger Berichte, mi. (1869), pp. 221256.


2*61, 2'7]

THE BESSEL COEFFICIENTS


Neumann
in the form

33

This result was written by

W
where

Jn{Z)

(n\f I

l(2n

l)

1.2.(2n

l)(2n

+ 2)

J'

1\

l = 2w + 2' 2m-

(2)

(2n+l)(2n + ~(2n + 2)(2w +


(2,.

3) 4)'

+ l)(2tt + 3)(2n + 5)
,

"(2n + 2)(2n + 4)(2n +

6)

This expansion

is

Schlafli) for the product of

a special case of a more general expansion (due to any two Bessel functions as a series of powers with
( 5*41).

comparatively simple coefficients

2*7.

Schlomilch's expansion of z m in

series

of Bessel

coefficients.

We shall now obtain the result which was foreshadowed in 2*22 conis any cerning the expansibility of zm in a series of Bessel coefficients, where = has already been given in 2*22 (7). positive integer. The result for

their expansions in powers of sins 6.

In the results 2*22(1) and (2) substitute for cos 2nd and sin(2n+ 1)0 These expansions are*

cos2n#= 2
,=o

n.(n + s -1)!
(-)'

wo\t (n-s)!(2s)!
,

(2 sin ey,

The
(

results of substitution are

cos (x sin 6)

- J, (x) + = 1 Jm+

2 ^1

J (x)
j

(-) ij&"^i (2 sin *)}


!

sin (x sin 9)

(X)

(-)

gj$| (* - )""(
series in sin 6

If

we rearrange the

series

that
(

it is

permissible to do

so),

on the right as power we have

(assuming

-/i\

irMLPvrnL? (-)"(2sin0)f 3 2n.(n + s-l)\


(~)*(2sin0) +1 5 X L -L
f

, n\ sin (z sin 6)=


" (2n

ro TT\i
Hobson,

r^-^r

l).(n +

s)!

J+i(*)

* Cf.

PZajie Trigonometry (1918), 80, 82.

34
If

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


we expand
find that

[CHAP.

II

the left-hand sides in powers of sin $ and equate coefficients,

we

l=Jo(s) + 2

n=l

5 J2n (4

(
I

'

"-.

Jn^7)\

Jm+1

(z >-

*' 2>

>

The first of these is the result already obtained bined into the single formula
(1)

the others

may be com-

(i .

I C + *.)( + r = w=0

. -Dl

Jm>

(m _ 1(

2|

3...)

m = 1, 2, 3, were given by Schlomilch* shewed how to obtain the general formula which was given explicitly some years later by Neumann f and LommelJ.
The
particular cases of (1) for which

He

also

permissible

The rearrangement of the double series now needs justification the rearrangement if we can establish the absolute convergence of the double series. If we make use of the inequalities
;

is

IA +1

(*)|<||^exr(iM*),
{z

^'<1,
-

<>.),

in connexion with the series for sin

sin 6) T

we
,

see that

I2sin4j*+i (2w

+ l) .(n+)!,

Nl

|2sin^p +

|i*|

fc+

,.
,

l2N

= sinh
and so the series of moduli a similar manner.
is

(|

2 sin

1)

exp (

2
|

),

convergent.

The

series for cos (z sin $)

may

be treated in

The somewhat elaborate analysis which has just been given is avoided Lommel's proof by induction, but this proof suffers from the fact that it
supposed that the form of the expansion
tion.
If,

in
is

is

known and merely needs

verifica-

following

Lommel, we assume that

i tor- n=0
* ZeitschriftfUr Math,

< + * t
>-iT
n. (1857), pp.

1 )'

jM ,(A

und Phys.

140141.

f Theorie der BesseVschen Functionen (Leipzig, 1867), p. 38. t Studien liber die BesseF?chen Functionen (Leipzig, 1868), pp. 35
in

36.

Lommel's investigation

given later in this section.

2*71]

THE BESSEL COEFFICIENTS


2'22 (8) in
.

35

[which has been proved in


/i
\,+,

the special case


!

m = 1],

we have

S (m + 2n) (m + n 1)
n=0
i
x.

n
\

r / 5 ((wi + n)! (ra + w 1)!) = \z m J + r _l m (z) + 2^ r


.

^i

* J~+ (*)

2
=0

(wi -Mi)!

,,

n\

_
Since (m

"
=0

(m+l + 2n).Q + n)
w! as

+ m)' ^i+sn (z)/n\-*-

-* oo

the rearrangement in the third

line of the analysis is permissible.

It is obvious

from this result that the

in-

duction holds for

m = 2,

3, 4,

An
Let
t

extremely elegant proof of the expansion, due to A. C. Dixon*,


t

is

as follows
2
,

be a complex variable and

let

u be denned by the equation u= 1


1

so that

when

describes a small circuit round the origin (inside the circle

= 1),

u does the same.

We then

have

wi!

/"

expi-ia^-l/O}---^*

^/

when we
n=0
calculate the

lw

-p<-^'-'/',
*

r
\

+2n)

-'

i!

-ir'

'--"
the inter-

(m +2n).(m + n-l)! . / m+2n * !


'

zh

sum
;

of the residues at the origin for the last integral

change of the order of summation and integration is permitted because the series converges uniformly on the contour and the required result is obtained.

Note.

When m

is zero,

-y-

has to be replaced by

2*71.

Schlomilch's expansions of the type

2n r JH

(z).

The formulae
(1)

1 (?nypJin {z)= 2

/^"S
i^?* -*
9
1
,

(2)

n=0
in

2 (2n+lJ*+i J2n+1 (*)- 2 m=0

which p

is

any positive integer

[zero included in (2) but not in (1)]

and 1*

is

a numeri-

cal coefficient, are evidently very closely connected with the results of 27.
* Messenger, xxxii. (1903), p. 8; a proof

The formulae
had been
pre-

viously given by Kapteyn,

on the same lines for the case Nieuw Archief voor Wiskunde, xx. (1893), p. 120.

=l

36

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Zeitschrift

[CHAP.
(1857), p. 141,

II

were obtained by Schlomilch,


gave, as the value of P^ p \ m

fur Math, und Phys.

II.

and he

{)
is

w>

<* i-r-c*(-**r
2m

m ~A=o

.m!

where m Ck is a binomial coefficient and the last term of the summation is that for which k hm - 1 or \{rti 1). To prove the first formula, take the equation 2*22 (.1), differentiate
to
0,

2p times with respect


2

and then make 6 equal to


cos

zero.

It is thus found that

/ <

- ).<*.). *.

xn

/o

x*.

/x R**" w _[__

(* sin *)"! ;

j,. o =

V Z [^ Mi;

d *p

(-yfaiiPT]
(2m)
,

j,,,,

The terms

of the series for which

m>p,

when expanded

in ascending powers of

6,

contain no term in 0*, and so

it is sufficient

to evaluate

[_d6*>JLo

(2^Ti

J-o"

JL

(a*)l".iJoLM*l
P
fAz^ 2m 2m
!

(20""*

iJ-o

m=0 v * wl7

Jfc-0

= 2(-)l S
=o

jP-Zff,
and the end of the summation with respect to evident, and equation (2) is proved in a
which were stated by

since terms equidistant from the beginning


I-

are equal.

similar

The truth of equation manner from 2*22 (2).

(1) is

now

The reader
Schlomilch
4)

will easily establish the following special cases,

P J (*) + 33 Ja (i + 53 Jb (*) + = (+**), '2V2 ?)+4V4 W+eV6 ()+...=^,


x

...

2.3.473 (*) + 4.5.6./6 (*)+6.7.8.f7 (*)+...=$*3.

2*72.

Neumanns expansion of z as a seizes of squares of Bessel coefficients.


Schlomilch's expansion
it is

From

( 2'7)

of

as a series of Bessel coefficients

of even order,

easy to derive an expansion of z* as a series of squares of

Bessel coefficients,

by using Neumann's

integral given in 2*6.

Thus,

if

we take the expansion

am (2sin0)=
,

v 2

(2m
v

n-l)! + 2n).(2m '-A- +


we
find that

, /a J Wi+m (2zsm0),
.

-.

and integrate with respect to

0,

I?.? &>*- I
ir

(^ + 2)-(2m + n-l),

Jo

=o

so that
(I) (1)

(when

m > 0)
!

v (2m + 2n).(2m + r-l) a *.S2 "(2m)!*, .*!


M (**>

/-*<*>

2-72]

THE BESSEL COEFFICIENTS


An
alternative form
is

37

This result was given by Neumann*.


(2)

<^-S.L-ri^<*
when

and

this is true

m = 0,

for it

then reduces to Hansen's formula of

25

As

special cases,

we have

**=
(3)

~
tJ.
.

4=2
.

4n* (4

- 22) J* (*),
- 22 )
(4n* - 4*)
./* (*),

*6= Il-f-'-J I

4 5 b =3

4n* (4n2

If

we

differentiate (1), use 2*12 (2)


/i

and then rearrange,

it is

readily found that

tA\

uh- 1

.!(- 1)1

Z (2m + 2n-l).(2m+-2)!

ST

an expansion whose existence was indicated by Neumann.


* Leipziger Berichte, xxi. (1869), p. 226.

[Math. Ann. in. (1871), p. 585.]

CHAPTER
3*1.

III

BESSEL FUNCTIONS
The generalisation of
Bessel's differential equation.
II,

The

Bessel coefficients, which were discussed in Chapter


n,

are functions

of two variables, z and

of which z is

unrestricted but n has hitherto been


generalise these functions so as to

required to be an integer.

We

shall

now

have functions of two unrestricted (complex) variables.


This generalisation was effected by Lommel*, whose definition of a Bessel
function was effected by a generalisation of Poisson's integral
of his analysis he
;

in the course

shewed that the function, so defined, is a solution of the linear differential equation which is to be discussed in this section. Lommel's definition of the Bessel function Jv {z) of argument z and order v wasf

(*)

= rfr +ffirft)

cos {z cos 6) sin2 "

0d0

'

and the integral on the right is convergent for general complex values .of v for which R(v) exceeds |. Lommel apparently contemplated only real values of v, the extension to complex values being effected by HankelJ; functions of order less than - \ were defined by Lommel by means of an extension of the recurrence formulae of 212.

on comparing 3*3 with 1*6 that Plana and Poisson had investigated Bessel functions whose order is half of an odd integer nearly half a century before the publication of Lommel's treatise.
will observe,

The reader

We shall now replace the integer n which occurs in Bessel's differential equation by an unrestricted (real or complex) number v, and then define a Bessel function of order v to be a certain solution of this equation it is of
;

course desirable to select such a solution as reduces to

Jn (z) when

v assumes

the integral value

n.

We
(1)

shall therefore discuss solutions of the differential equation

z>*l
will

+z

^+

(z>- v>)

y = 0,
v.

which

be called Bessel's equation for functions of order

Functionen (Leipzig, 1868), p. 1. + Integrals resembling this (with v not necessarily an integer) were studied by Duhamel, Cours d Analyse, n. (Paris, 1840), pp. 118121.
%

* Studieji iiber die BesseVschen

Math. Ann.

i.

(1869), p. 469.
v,
ft.

Following Lommel, we use the symbols


being reserved for integers.

to denote unrestricted numbers, the symbols

is customary on the Continent, though it has not yet come into general use in this country. It has the obvious advantage of shewing at a glance whether a result is true for unrestricted functions or for functions of integral order only.

This distinction

3-1]

BESSEL FUNCTIONS

39

Let us now construct a solution of (1) which is valid near the oiigin; the form assumed for such a solution is a series of ascending powers of z, say

y= 2
m-0

+m cm z* ,
be determined, with the pro-

where the index o and the


viso that c is not zero.

coefficients c m are to

For brevity the


so that
< 2>

differential operator

which occurs in (1)

will

be called V,

w+s+*-*
is

It

easy to see that *

V, 2

cm z* +m

= 2

c w {(a

+ m)

-i/2 }s" +m

+ 2 cm z a+m+a

namely

The expression on the right reduces to the first term of the first series, c (a8 Vs) za if we choose the coefficients cm so that the coefficients of
,

corresponding powers of z in the two series on the right cancel.

This choice gives the system of equations


/(^{(a

+ l)*-* ca {(a + 2) -*, j+c c {(a + 3) -i/ + Cl


2
}

2 2

=0 =0 =0

(3)
c,{(a

+ ra) -v }+cM_2 =
2

If,

then, these equations are satisfied,


(4)

we have

2
m-0

cTO ^+'tt

=c

(aa -i/2 )2

a
.

From
values of

this result, it is evident that the postulated series can


if

be a solution

of (1) only
z.

=+

v; for c is not zero,

and za vanishes only

for exceptional

consider the mth. equation in the system (3) written in the form
cm (o

Now

when

w > 1.

It can

be

- v + m) (a + v + m) +
Cm^
negative integer, that
is

Cm-*

= 0,

and

so it determines cm in terms of

for all values of


is,

greater than 1

unless

a-i>ora + i/isa

integer (when

a= v)
(o

or unless 2v

is a negative a negative integer (when a v).

unless

2v

We
3*5),
*

disregard these exceptional values of v for the

moment
1,

(see 3" 11,


It

and then
When

+ m) p*
2

does not vanish

when

2, 3, ....

now

the constants a and c m have been determined by the following analysis, the series

is easily seen to be convergent and differentiable, so that the formal procedure actually produces a solution of the differential equation.

obtained by formal processes

>

40

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


d = c3 = c5 =
...

[CHAP.
and that

Ill

follows from the equations (3) that

= 0,

c 2Ml is ex-

pressible in terms of c
c"*

by the equation

(-r*
(a-v + 2)(a-v + 4,)...(a-v + 2m)(a+v +
of equations (3)
is

2)(a

The system
from (4) that
(5)
is

now

satisfied;

+ v + 4>)...(a + v + 2my and, if we take a = v, we see

c zv

1+ 2
-i

(-)" (**)""

(v

+ 1) {v + 2)
If

. . .

soli a formal solution of equation

(1).

we take

+ m) a= v, we
(v

obtain a second

formal solution
(6)
c

'z-"\i+ s
,-i
'

(-)m (^y

m\(- v + 1) (- v + 2)

...

(-v + m)]'

In the latter, c has been written in place of c because the procedure of obtaining (6) can evidently be carried out without reference to the existence of (5), so that the constants c and c ' are independent.
,

Any

values independent of z

may be

assigned to the constants

and

'

but, in view of the desirability of obtaining solutions reducible to v -* n, we define them by the formulae *
(')
i \ 2T(v+l)' and (6) may now be
i

Jn (z) when

co

= oirv..

2-T{-p + l)'
(-) w (i-g)~" +m

The

series (5)

written

|
,=o

(-)m (bz) v+2m

*
(

m\r(v + m +

l)'

m!r(-i/ + m + l)'

In the circumstances considered, namely when 2v is not an integer, these series of powers converge for all values of z, (z = excepted) and so term-by-term
differentiations are permissible.

The operations involved in the analysis f by which they were obtained are consequently legitimate, and so we have obtained two solutions of equation (1). The
first

of the two series defines a function called a Bessel function of


z,

order v and argument

of the
is

first kindX',

and the function


is

is

denoted by
(z).

the symbol

(z).

Since v

unrestricted (apart from the condition that, for

the present, 2v

is

not an integer), the second series

evidently J_

Accordingly, the function


(8)
It is evident

(z) is defined

by the equation

MZ) = ? m!I> + m+l)m


from
2*11 that this definition continues to hold

positive integer (zero included),

when v is a a Bessel function of integral order being

identical with a Bessel coefficient.


* For properties of the Gamma-ftmction, see Modern Analysis, ch. xn. t Which, up to the present, has been purely formal. X Functions of the second and third kinds are denned in 3*5, 3 54, 3-57,

3-6.

'

'

3*11]

BBSSBL FUNCTIONS
solution of Bessel's equation has been given

41

An interesting symbolic
form

by Cotter*

in the

[l+zv D- 1 z- 2
where Dsd/dz while

"- 1

D- 1 zv+1 ]- 1 (Azv +Bz- v


This

),

and

B are constants.

may be

derived by writing successively

[D(zD~2v)+z]zv y=0,

[zD-2p+D~ 1 z]z"y= -2vB, zD (z~ vy) + z~ 2v D~ V+V= - 1vBz- % \ x tv z- vy+D- z-^- x D- x z v+l y=A +Bz~
which gives Cotter's
3'11.
result.

Functions whose order

is

half of an odd integer.

two cases of Bessel's generalised equation were temporarily omitted from consideration, namely (i) when v is half of an odd integer, (ii) when v is an integerf It will now be shewn that case (i) may be included in the general
In
3*1,
.

theory for unrestricted values of

v.

When
where r
If
(1) ' v
is

v is half of

an odd

integer, let

S = (r + $r,
a positive integer or zero.

we

take a = r

in the analysis of 3*1,


(c 1

we find =0, 1 / ,v r! (cTO .m(m + 2r+l) + cm _ 2 = 0,


.l(2r + 2)
.

that

ci

(m>l) '
v

,,

and so
(2)
Ctm
is

( y q
2.4...(2m).(2r + 3)(2r + 5)...(2r +
27/i

+ l")
by r

which
If

the value of

c^ given by
c

3'1

when a and

v are replaced

+ \.

we

take
1

-2~r"+4r(r + f)'

we

obtain the solution


,=

m!r(r +

m + f)'
Jr+ ^(z),
so that the definition of

which

is

naturally denoted

by the symbol

31

(8) is still valid.

If,

however,

we take a = r
\cm

the equations which determine cm become

(S) (3)

foi.l(-2r)
before, c lt c3 ,
cv -i are all zero,

=0,

.m(m-l -2r) + Crn-* = 0.


Cgr+i

(m>1)
is

As
and
is

...

but the equation to determine c^+x


l

+ Czr
(-)w

0,
Car+r>

this equation is satisfied

by an arbitrary value of

when

ra

> r,

C2m+i

defined by the equation


.
27,1+1

=
(2r

-r c

2r

+i
.

+ 3) (2r + 5) ... (2m +

1)

...

(2m- 2r)

* Proc. R. Irish.

Acad. xxvn. (A), (1909), pp. 157161. f The cases combine to form the case in which 2v is an integer.

42
If

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP.

Ill

Jv (z)

be defined by
2-"-*

3*1 (8)

when v r

\,

the solution

now

con-

structed is*
Co

T(\-r) /_,_! (z) + Czr+1 2*+* r (r + f) Jr+i (z).

It follows that

no modification in the definition of

Jv (z)

is

necessary
is

when

v=(r + );

the real peculiarity of the solution in this case

that the

negative root of the indicial equation gives rise to a series containing two
arbitrary constants, c

and

c^+i,

i.o.

to the general solution of the differential

equation.

3*12.

A fundamental system

of solutions of Bessel's equation.

It is well known that, if yx and ya are two solutions of a linear differential equation of the second order, and if y( and y2 denote their derivates with respect to the independent variable, then the solutions are linearly inde'

pendent

if

the Wronskian determinant^


y*

y* y*

yl
does not vanish identically; and
then, either one of the

if the Wronskian does vanish identically, two solutions vanishes identically, or else the ratio of

the two solutions


If the

is

a constant.
identically,

Wronskian does not vanish

then any solution of the

differential equation is expressible in the

form

cx

yx

+ d y2

where

cx

and

ca are

constants depending on the particular solution under consideration; the


solutions

y and y2 are then


x

said to form a fundamental system.


will

For brevity the Wronskian of yx and y%


W,{y,,y},
the former being used

be written in the forms

8K{yi,y.},

when

it is

necessary to specify the independent variable.

We now
If

proceed to evaluate

we

"multiply the equations

V v J_ v {z) = 0,
which

V v J,(z) = Q
results,

by J (z), J_ v (z) respectively and subtract the

we obtain an equation

may be

written in the form

[zm{j z j
* In
Sci. di Torino, xxvi. (1821), pp.

v {z),

j-^yi-q,
delle

connexion with series representing this solution, see Plana, Mem. della R. Aeead.

519538.

For references to theorems concerning Wronskians, see Encyr.lqpidie des


109.

( 23), p.

Sci. Math. n. lfr Proofs of the theorems quoted in the text are given by Forsyth, Treatise on

Differential Equations (1914), 72

74.

3*12]

BESSEL FUNCTIONS

43

and hence, on integration,

a)
where

m[j
G is
C,

v {z),

J-Az))=-,
z

a determinate constant.

To evaluate we have

we observe

that,

when

v is not

an

integer,

and

\z\ is

small,

"

{z)

l>TT)

{l

{z% J"' {z) =


/'_ (z);

m>5

W>
1 )}

with similar expressions for


J.

J-V (z) and


{

and hence

W^W- J-W: W-i r(^T(^)-r W r(-, +


2sini/7r
TTZ

-.
V

'

If

we compare
is

right which
(2)

this result with (1), it is evident that the expression on the 0(z) must vanish, and so*

m
is

[jv {z\ j_ v (z)}


is

= _ *!E^r.
TTZ

Since sini^r
/_ {z)

not zero (because v

not an integer), the functions

Jv (z),
(2),

form a fundamental system of solutions of equation


v is

31

(1).

When

an

integer, n,

we have seen

that,

with the definition of

21

and when v

is

made equal

to

in 3*1 (8),

we

find that

nK)
Since the
first

mZ

m\r(-n + m + Ty
the series
is

n terms of the

last series vanish,

easily reduced to

( )n Jn(z)y so that the two definitions of J-n(z) are equivalent, and the functions Jn (z), J_n (z) do not form a fundamental system of solutions of Bessel's equation for functions of order n. The determination of a fundamental
system jn this case will be investigated in

363.

Jv (z) is defined, for all values of v, by the and J (z), so defined, is always a solution of the equation Vt/ = 0. When v is not an integer, a fundamental system of solutions of this equation is formed by the functions Jy (z) and /_ (z).
To sum
up, the function

expansion of

31

(8);

generalisation of the Bessel function has been effected


Briefly,

researches on "basic numbers."

a basic number []

is

H. Jackson in his vn 1 defined as * , where pis


F.

by

the base, and the basic

Gamma

function

Tp

(u

+ l) = [u].rp (v).

rp

(v) is defined to satisfy

the recurrence formula

The

basic Bessel function is then defined

series for the Bessel function


*

by replacing the numbers which occur in the by basic numbers. It has been shewn that very many theorems
p. 104.

This result
z
-*
<x>

making

is due to Lommel, Math. Ann. iv. (1871), and using the approximate formulae which

He

derived the value of

by

will be investigated in

Chapter vn.

44

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP.

Ill

concerning Bessel functions have their analogues in the theory of basic Bessel functions, but the discussion of these analogues is outside the scope of this work. Jackson's main
results are to

6572

be found in a series of papers, Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc. xxi. (1903), pp. xxn. (1904), pp. 8085; Proc. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, xxv. (1904), pp. 273276; Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, xli. (1905), pp. 128, 105118, 399-408; Proc. London Math. Soc. (2) I. (1904), pp. 361366; (2) II. (1905), pp. 192220; (2) ill. (1905), pp. 123.
;

The more obvious generalisation of the Bessel function, obtained by increasing the number of sets of factors in the denominators of the terms of the series, will be dealt with in 4 4. In connexion with this generalisation see Cailler, Mem. de la Soc. de Phys. de
#

Geneve, xxxiv. (1905), p. 354; another generalisation, in the shape of Bessel functions of two variables, has been dealt with by Whittaker, Math. Ann. lvil (1903), p. 351, and Peres,

Comptes Rendus, clxi. (1915), pp. 168

170.

3'13.

General properties of Jv (z).


series

The
closed

which defines

Jv (z) converges absolutely and uniformly* in


v.

domain

of values of z [the origin not being a point of the

any domain when

R (y) < 0], and in


For,

any bounded domain of values of

when

\v\

N and

\z\

% A, the test ratio for this series

is

-I*
m(v + m)
whenever

m (m A )
r
8

m is taken to be greater than the positive root of the equation


m'-miV-|A = 0.
z,

This choice of to being independent of v and


the test of Weierstrass.

the result stated follows from

being excepted)

an analytic function of z for all values ofz(z = possibly an analytic function of v for all values of v. An important consequence of this theorem is that term-by-term differentiations and integrations (with respect to z or v) of the series for Jv (z) are
Hence f

Jv (z)

is

and

it is

permissible.

An
(i)

inequality due to Nielsen J should be noticed here, namely

W=tvt)( 1+ >
|

where

and

+l

is

the smallest of the

{jJi]}v+2 numbers v + 1
|

6\

<exp

1'

1,

|,

1+3|,

....

This result may be proved in exactly the same way as 2'11 pared with the inequalities which will be given in 3*3.
Finally, the function
z",

(5)

it

should be com-

which

is

a factor of

Jv (z),

needs precise specifica-

* Bromwich, Theory of Infinite Series, 82. + Modern Analysis, % 5-3. % Math. Ann. lii. (1899), p. 230; Nyt Tidsskrift,
(1902), p. 494.

ix.

(1898), p. 73; see also

Math. Ann.

lv.

3-13, 3-2]
tion.

BESSEL FUNCTIONS
define
it to

45
is

We

be exp (v log z) where the phase (or argument) of z

given

its principal

value so that

ir < arg z
When
it is

ir.

necessary to "continue" the function


explicit

values of arg

z,

mention

will

Jv {z) outside this range of be made of the process to be carried out.


(z).

3*2.

The recurrence formulae for

Lommel's generalisations* of the recurrence formulae


efficients ( 2'12) are as follows:

for

the Bessel co-

(1)

^(fJ + ^W-v/rW z
J _ (z)-Jv+1 (z)=2J,'(z),
v
l

(2) (3)
(4)

zJv'(z) + vJv (z) = *J*-^)>


zJ: (z)

-vJ

{z)

= - zJv+1 (z).
2*12, for

These are of precisely the same fonn as the results of being the substitution of the unrestricted number v

the only difference


n.

the integer

To prove them, we observe

first

that

it V - A v

(-)j*h

**
7\.

_ \m ^2 v

+ai

Zo2"-

1+im

.m\r{v + m)

- z" Jv^ (z).


When we
differentiate out the product

on the

left,

we

at once obtain (3).

In like manner,

dz

i \

T rJ z-k

'WJ-rfj mt 2".i!r(v +

=1
oc

\\-A 5

(-) m z*m

l)

/_\r^2wi

2 K+2m-i

W _ 1)! T
\m+i n+i
(v

(l/

+W+

1)

/
.

+m+1 w = 2'

ml r

w + 2)

whence

(4)

is

obvious; and (2) and (1)


(4).

may be

obtained by adding and sub-

tracting (3)
*

and

when

StUdien Uber die BesseVschen Functionen (Leipzig, 1868), pp. 2, 6, 7. Formula (3) was given v is half of an odd integer by Plana, Mem. delta R. Accad. delie Sci. di Torino, xxvi. (1821),

p. 533.

THEORY OF BESS EL FUNCTIONS


[CHAP.
Ill

46

We
(5)

can

now obtain the

generalised formulae
>

(AJ [zvj
W

{z)]

= *-~ j- <*>'

(6)

(^)
obtained
all

ir-J.{*)} =(-)' z>"Jv+m (z)

by repeated

differentiations,

when

m is any positive integer.


3*1.

Lommel
integral

these results from his generalisation of Poisson's

which has been described in


(1) has

The formula

been extensively used* in the construction of Tables

of Bessel functions.

By
and
(7)

expressing

/_!

0) and

J_
x

(z) in

terms of J (z) and J' v


sin vtr
7TZ

(z)

by

(3)

(4),

we can

derive Lominel's formula f

J. (z) J^ v

/vtv + JL T-/\r/\2 = - J
(z)

(z)

v .,

(z)

from formula (2) of

312.
aud
(2) is that, if

An
(8)

interesting consequence of (1)

Q y () = J"2 (2),

then

<?v-,w-^ + i(^y;wi.
was discovered by Lommel, who derived various consequences of it, Studien Functionen (Leipzig, 1868), pp. 48 et seg. See also Neumann, Math.

this formula

iiber die Bessel'schen

Ann.

111.

(1871), p. 600.

321. Bessel functions of complex order.

and imaginary parts of the function J +M (x), where v, /* and x been discussed in some detail by Lommel J, and his results were have real, are subsequently extended by B6cher.

The

real

In particular, after denning the real functions


equation
1

VtH.{x)

and

v>ll

(x)

by the

Lommel
(1)

obtained the results

dx*

~ {K

Vi

*(a)

iS(x)}

+ {K Vth (x) iS(w)} + l*


dx
x
[Kv ^x) iS{*))
VttL

+ 2(fr)
(2)

- 0,

w+ltM (x)
.

(3)
* See, e.g.

S, +I>M (x)

= K {x) + K" (x), = 8VtH (x) + S"(x),


Vtll
.

Lommel, Milnchener Abh. xv. (18841886), pp. 644647. t Math. Ann. iv. (1871), p. 105. Some associated formulae are given
X Math. Ann. in. (1871), pp. 481486. Annals of Math. vi. (1892), pp. 137160. The reason for inserting the factor on the right
I!

in 3*63.

is

apparent from formulae which

will

be

established in 3-3.

3-21, 3-3]

BESSEL FUNCTIONS

47

with numerous other formulae of like character. These results seem to be of no great importance, and consequently we merely refer the reader to the memoirs in which they were published.

In the special case in which v = 0, Bessel's equation becomes

solutions of this equation in the form of series were given

by Boole* many

years ago.

33. Lommel's expression of Jv (z) by an integral o/Poisson's

type.

We
(1)
It

shall

now shew

that,

when R(v) > -

, then

Jw (z) = _^g.'_ JJcos (* cos 6) sm*>0d0.


was proved by
Poisson-f- that,

cluded), the expression


this

when 2v is a positive integer (zero inon the right is a solution of Bessel's equation and expression was adopted by Lommelj as the definition of Jv (z) for positive
;

values of v

+ \.
that the function, so denned,
is

Lommel subsequently proved


generalised equation

and that
(1).

it satisfies

the recurrence formulae of

a solution of Bessel's 32 and he then


; t

defined

Jv (z)

for values of v in the intervals

(-, -#),(_#, _), (J| -J),

...

by suc-

cessive applications of 3 - 2

To deduce

(1) from the, definition of


for

form the general term of the series


(-)rw (i*),+swt

Jv {z) adopted in this work, we Jv (z) in the following manner:


** r(y+j)r(m + i)

trans-

m!I> + m + l) I> + )r(*)-(2ro)f

(-y*Q*Y

I> + m + l)

provided that

R (v) > |. Now when R (v) > , the

series

l= i

(2wz)!

converges uniformly with respect to t throughout the interval (0, ), and so it 1 may be integrated term-by-term on adding to the result the term for which
;

* Phil.

Tram, of

the

Royal Soc. 1844,

p. 239.

See also a question set in the Mathematical

Tripos, 1894.
t Journal de VEcole R. Poly technique, xn. (cahier 19), (1823), pp. 300 et teq., 340 et $eq. Strictly speaking, Poiason shewed that, when 2v is an odd integer, the expression on the right

multiplied by Jz is a solution of the equation derived from Bessel's equation by the appropriate change of dependent variable.

t Studien

liber die

BetseVschen Functionen (Leipzig, 1868), pp. 1

et seq.

48

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


namely
/

[CHAP.

Iir

m = 0,

<"~*(1

t^dt,

which

is

convergent,

we

find

that,

when

whence the result stated follows by making the substitution t = sin2 6 and using the fact that the integrand is unaffected by writing ir 6 in place of 6-

When -&< R(v)<$,


more
elaborate.

The simplest procedure seems terms omitted and integrate by parts, thus
(2m)!

the analysis necessary to establish the last equation is a little to be to take the series with the first two

m _2

Jo

m=2>'

+i

(2m)!

./

Jov+iU
/

(2mj!

(1

'>

J*
j*

+**ui

(2m)i

(1

on integrating by parts a second time.


convergence of the
series.

The interchange

of the order of

summation and

integration in the second line of analysis is permissible on account of the uniformity of

On

adding the integrals corresponding to the terms

m0, m = 1

(which are convergent), we obtain the desired result.


It follows that,

when R{v) > \, then

J- <" "

r(5(i) />-* V ~ ** cos


(1 nffir-w ,C <'>"""'

I*

G - ' dt

Obvious transformations of this


<2 >

result, in addition to (1), are the following:

<*>

cos <*>

*
*

<3>

* <*> -

nMm fj
2

- ,r * cos (zt)

<5)

(z)

r(-

+i)r( C'

cos (z cos 9) sin" " d "'

<6 >

J " =

i>^f)Ta)J.
1

>0,,sin8

"^
namely

The formula obtained by a


(7)
is

partial integration of (5),

(*>

= ^TlVffe
^s

""^ cos ( cos ^) sin2


\.

^'

sometimes usefuiy^t

valid,

only

when R{v)>

3*31]

BESSEL FUNCTIONS
(4)

49
by Nielsen*

An expansion involving Bernoullian polynomials has been obtained from with the help of the expansion

f-*-(i-.-)i
'= in which
<f> n ()

rfl

'1

*" +,tf+1)
(n

+ 1)!

denotes the nth Bernoullian polynomial and aizt.

[Note.

Accad. delle

Integrals of the type (3) were studied before Poissou by Plana, Mem. delta R. Sci. di Torino, xxvi. (1821), pp. 519 538, and subsequently by Kummer,

Journal

Math, xn. (1834), pp. 14-4 147; Lobatto, Journal fiir Math. xvn. (1837), pp. 363371; and Duhamel, Cours d' Analyse, II. (Paris, 1840), pp. 118 121.
filr

A function, substantially equivalent to Jv


J{fjL,x)=\
J o
(1

(2),

denned by the equation


.

- v2 )* cos vx

dv,

was investigated by Lommel, Archiv der Math, und Phys. xxxvu. (1861), The converse problem of obtaining the differential equation satisfied by

pp.

349360.

zv

f*

{v-af- (v-P)"- 1 dv

was also discussed by Lommel, Archiv der Math, und Phys. XL. (1863), pp. 101126. In connexion with this integral see also Euler, Inst. Cole. Int. II. (Petersburg, 1769), 1036,

and

Petzval, Integration der linearen Differentialgleichungen (Vienna, 1851), p. 48.]

3*31.

Inequalities derived from Poissoris integral.

From
(i)

33 (6)

it

follows that, if v be real

and greater than

\,

then

!-/.<*)!

rj+ffrft-j

/' exp

'

'

sin "

ede

By

using the recurrence formulae

3-*2

(1)

and

(4),

we deduce

in a similar

manner that
(2)

|JpW

<TT

i^jl + jFi lggL


{2/(7rz)}* cos

}exp|/W|
J]

<-|<-i>,
(>-*).

(3)

i^wK^lJi + j-^y^i/wi
using the expressionf
z for

By

J^ (z)

it

may be shewn

that

(1) is valid

when

= \.

These inequalities should be compared with the less stringent inequalities obtained in 313. When v is complex, inequalities of a more complicated character can be obtained in the same manner, but they are of no great importance.
*

Math. Ann.

lix. (1904), p. 108.

The notation used

in the text is that given in

Modern

Analysis, 7*2; Nielsen uses a different notation.

t The reader should have no

difficulty in verifying this result.

formal proof of a more

general theorem will be given in 3*4.

*
50
3*32.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Gegenbauer's generalisation of Poisson's integral.
integral formula

[CHAP. HI

The
(1 >

~ - fRPp|^ />--- 9.CJ


is
;

(cos *)

rfft

in

which

Gn v (t)

the coefficient of a" in the expansion of (1

2at + o

-"
)

in

ascending powers of

R (v) > \

and n

is

the formula is valid when a, is due to Gegenbauer* any of the integers 0, 1, 2, .... When n = 0, it obviously

reduces to Poisson's integral.

In the special case in which v =


(2)

the integral assumes the fonn


z cos 9

Jn +

(z)

= (_i)

(ff/
we

Pn (cos 0) sin dd

this equation has

been the subject of detailed study by Whittakerf.


formula,
(

To prove Gegenbauer's
'

take Poisson's integral in the form


(1

'*

W - r(, + i'5*)r( )i>


t

- (=) ' + ""'

and integrate

times

by parts

the result

is

^
Now

,,()

(-2i)nr(,

+ ,,4-^ra)J_ 1
!

e
1

<**

pCn "(0,

it is

known thatj
(- 2) n T ( v + n +
$)

dn (l- t*)*+-l
whence we have

T (2i/)
(1

-)-*

(3)

J
t/

(2) (

- (-O -r(2,).7 ,!(^ p ^-r( v + i)r^)r(2 + n)J_


?

e
1

(1

I;

c w<.

and Gegenbauer's result

is

evident.
is

symbolic form of Gegenbauer's equation

this

was given by Rayleigh

in the special case v

=h
aid of the

The reader

will find it instructive to establish (3)

by induction with the

recurrence formula

* Wiener Sitzunasberichte, lxvii. See also Bauer, (2), (1873), p. 203; txx. (2), (1875), p. 15. Milnchener Sitzungsberichte, v. (1875), p. 262, and 0. A. Smith, Giornale di Mat. (2) xn. (1905), The function Cn " (t) has been extensively studied by Gegenbauer in a series of pp. 365 373.

memoirs

in the

Wiener Sitzungsberichte

some

of the

more important

results obtained by

him

are

given in Modern Analysis, 15'8. + Proc. London Math. Soc. xxxv. (1903), pp. 198-206.

See 6-17, 10

5.

t Cf. Modern Analysis, 15*8. Proc. London Math. Soc. iv. (1873), pp. 100, 263.

"

3*32, 3*33]

BESSEL FUNCTIONS
namely*
*"'

51

A formula which is a kind of converse of (4),


(5)

***
i*"* denotes
;

(7(^)) - r(^i^+V^ (P )
is

in

which

a generalised Legendre function,


is left to

due to Filon,

Phil.

Mag.

(6) vi.

(1903), p. 198

the proof of this formula

the reader.

3*33.

Gegenbauer's double integral of Poisson's type.

It has
(1 )

been shewn by Gegenbauerf that, when


v

R (v) > 0,
cos ^r)]
3-

Jv (r ) =
3

*
I
I

exp [iZ cos

tV (cos <f>cos0 + sin < sin


sin
2

""1

^ sin

0d^d0,

r = Z* + z* - 2 Zz cos < and Z, z, <f> are unrestricted (complex) variables. This result was originally obtained by Gegenbauer by applying elaborate integral transformations to certain addition formulae which will be discussed in Chapter xi. It is possible, however, to obtain the formula in a quite natural

where

manner by means of transformations of a type used


sphere J.
After noticing that,

in the

geometry of the

when

= 0,

the formula reduces to a result which

is

an obvious consequence of Poisson's integral, namely

Jv (Z) =
we proceed
unit sphere
this point

TT 1

%-r-r
and

(* eiz sin8"
as longitude

(V) Jo

f sin *"
8
.'

yjr dyjr,

to regard
;

yfr

and colatitude of a point on a

we denote
(I,

by

the direction-cosines of the vector from the centre to m, n) and the element of surface at the point by dto.

then transform Poisson's integral by making a cyclical interchange of the coordinate axes in the following manner
:

We

J* ()

e ^FJ-\ I"!*

iv *

*9

sin2 '

sin8-- 1 fd0dyfr

ttJ

{v))} m> o
[(

(W

= -^A
* It is supposed tbat

e%v sm 9 cos * cos2" _1 e sin

Ofy d0-

9*y _ Y{y + l)z v ->x ~ r("-M+i) dz*

t Wiener Sitzungsberichte, ucxiv. (2), (1877), pp. 128 129. t This method is effective in proving numerous formulae of which analytical proofs were given by Gegenbauer ; and it seems not unlikely that he discovered these formulae by the method
in question
;

cf.

12*12, 12-14.

The

device is used by Beltrami, Lombardo Reiidiconti, (2)

xiii.

(1880), p. 328, for

a father different purpose.

The symbol

which

jj i is positive.

m ^ means

that the integration extends over the surface of the hemisphere on

52

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


the integrand
is

[CHAP.

Ill

an integral periodic function of yjr. and so the limits of yfr may be taken to be a and a + Itt, where a is an arbitrary (complex) number. This follows from Cauchy's theorem.
integration with respect to

Now

We

thus get

(w)

(ktffY
-,

/'i"'/" a

+2w
e iv sin
e cos

/.

* cos2 " -1

sin Bdslr d$

TTl

(v)Jo J*
W
'

= -te K
irl

Wio
o

I *l
.'o

iw8i,l * C08 (* + >

cos2 ""1

sin ddylrdd.

We
so that

now

define a

by the pair of equations

r cos

= Z z cos
exp
[i

<f>,

r sin

z sin
cos
yfr

<f>,

(a)

(Aw)"
-

/*" f 2 "
1
I

L,

(Z z cos

<f>)

sin

iz sin
2

<f>

sin

t/t

sin 0]

con

'- 1

6 sin Bdyfrde.

The only

difference

between
v

this formula

and the formula


cos -f] cos 2
"- 1

Jv {m) =
is in

l, 7Tl (v) Jo

exp [iw
.'

sin

sin 0ety> d0

the form of the exponential factor

and we now retrace the steps of the

analysis with the modified form of the exponential factor.

When

the steps are

retraced the successive exponents are

i(Z z cos <f>)l iz sin


i(Z z cos
<f>)n
<f>)

(f>

m,
.

%{Zz cos
The
last expression is

cos

iz sin iz sin < cos


<f>

I,

yfr

sin

0.

iZ cos

iz (cos

<j>

cos

+ sin

<f>

sin

cos

\jr),

so that the result of retracing the steps is

(IwY
y,,

ff ex P [*^ cos

** ( C(>s

<}>

cos

+ sin

<f>

sin
2

cos

yfr)]
2"

sin

"" 1

^ sin

0d\frd0,

and consequently Gegenbauer's formula


[Note.
Sci.,

is

established.

The

device of using transformations of polar coordinates, after the

manner of
I'

this section, to evaluate definite integrals

seems to be due to Legendre, M4m. de


Sci. in. (1818), p. 126.]

Acad, des

1789, p. 372,

and Poisson, Mem. de FA cad. des

3*4.

The expression of </( M +d


shall

{z) infinite terms.

We

now deduce from

Poisson's integral the important theorem that,


in finite teivns

when v is half of an odd integer, the function Jv (z) is expressible by means of algebraic and trigonometrical functions of z.
It will
is

appear later
;

not so expressible

such a value, then ,TV (z) but of course this converse theorem is of a much more
(

474)

that,

when

v has not

recondite character than the theorem which

is

now about

to be proved.

3*4]
[Note. Solutions in
finite

BESSEL FUNCTIONS
terms of differential equations associated with
;

53

Jn+

(z)

were ob-

tained by various early writers

it

was observed by Euler, Misc. Taurinensia,

in.

(1762
;

1765), p. 76 that a solution of the equation for e i2

)t

(z) is

expressible in finite terms

while
Terns.

the equation satisfied by

2*

Jn+i

(.s)

was solved

in finite

terms by Laplace, Conn, des


;

1823 [1820], pp. 245257 and Mecanique Celeste, v. (Paris, 1825), pp. 8284 della R. Accad. delle Sci. di Torino, xxvi. (1821), pp. 533534; by Paoli, di

by Plana, Mem. Mem. di Mat. e

Fis. (Modena), xx. (1828), pp. 183188; and also by Stokes in 1850, Trans. Camh. Phil. Soc. ix. (1856), p. 187 [Math, and Phys. Papers, n. (1883), p. 356]. The investigation

which will now be given is based on the work of Lommel, Studien Fimctionen (Leipzig, 1868), pp. 51 56.]

liber die

BesseVsehen

It

is

convenient to restrict n to be a positive integer (zero included), and


3-3 (4),

then,

by

^(^ST.^d-^
n
!

dt

\Zv '_!

nly/ir

\_

r+x r=0 z
;

dtr

J_i'
t*)

+ times degree 2n, the process then terminates.


integrate by parts 2n
1

when we

since (1

n is a polynomial of

To simplify the last expression we observe that if dr (l -t2 n /dtr be cal) culated from Leibniz' theorem by writing (1 -t2 n = (1 - t)n (l + t) n the only ) term which does not vanish at the upper limit arises from differentiating n
,

times the factor (1 - t)n and therefore from differentiating the other factor r n times; so that wo need consider only the terms for which r^n.
,

Hence
and similarly

[tOfff]

=(-), 0.

-5^

[*&=!*j

_(_>-., Q, .

J^
/"_
v

It follows that

Um

* KZ)

Jir

rn

^+1 .(r-n)!(2n-r)!
2

+ (_yi+i e-i2 v V '


and hence
(1)
</ +i (s)

V+l Oan-r V L

-,
-

~\

,.-s' +1

.(r-w)!(2n-r)!

'

-J [>

*~"<n + r)l

(- t-r-n-x (n

+ r)

;-|

This result
(2)

may be

written in the form*

J^(.)-fiy[n(,+1W i )'S' -,<-<*2L_ 5 (2r)I(n-2r)i(2*)


r-c,

WL

cos^-i^r' _o
2

(-M* ++!)!
(2?is

1
'

+ l)!(n-2r-l)!(2^'+'

compact method of obtaining

this

formula

Soc. Sci. de Bruxelles, xxix. (1905), pp. 140

143.

given by de la Vallee Poussin, Ann. de la

J
54

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP.

Ill

In particular we have
(3)

Jj (*)

= ()

sin

m,

(z)

(-)

-^ - cos z)
power

the former of these results

is

also obvious from the

series for J (z).

Again, from the recurrence formula we have


/* <*)

= (")n * n+i (^)" {*"* J* (*)i.


_.

and hence, from


6
iz

(1),

-n

-(n

+ r)l
*

(~i)r n .(n+r)\

,~ rl(n-r)\(2zy

rl(n-r)l(2zy

But, obviously, by induction

we can express
\zdz)
z

as a polynomial in \jz multiplied


oiz
'

by

iz
,

and
;

so

we must have

,_"o

(y-(~ + r)
r (n
!

- r)

(2*)

y.W<*

WW

V****.
*
'

for, if not,

the preceding identity would lead to a result of the form

where fa

(z)

and fa (z) are polynomials in


follows thatf
"

1/z;

and such an identity is obviously

impossible*.

Hence

it

r -o

r!(n-r)!(2^"

,=

r!

(w-r)! (2-) r

= (-r (2tt>
Consequently
(4)

*+>

{*-*

(
J

i)
(^).

j_j (*>i

= (-)(27r^./_n_
J
</_,

-J [> W _ v(te) M;a)= ^


j-* u

| 2

**.( + + r)n _____ I (-Y+.(n + ^ _ ^


r)i
e

rS(n

r)!(2

* Cf.

Hobson, Squaring the Circle (Cambridge, 1913),


the series

p. 51.

From

m-_r(j)
J,

(-r <**)
(

,to4-# ...(m-i)'

it is

obvious that

(e)

cos

z.

3*41]

BBSSEL FUNCTIONS

55

and hence
(5)

j^ w -(i)*r

00 .(,

+ j,?
*

77

yr^L!^_

v
'

r-o

(2r+l)!(>i-2r-l)!(2)2

+1
_

In particular, we have
(6)

mo- )'.* ^w-(i,y(-sf'-.)


have now expressed in
finite terras any Bessel function, whose order is by means of algebraic and trigonometrical functions.

We

half of an odd integer,

The explicit expression of a number of these functions can be written down from numerical results contained in a letter from Hermite to Gordan, Journal fur Math. lxvi.
(1873), pp.

303311.

3*41.

Notations for functions whose order

is

half of an odd integer.

Functions of the types /(n+j)(s) occur with such frequency in various branches of Mathematical Physics that various writers have found it desirable to denote them by a special functional symbol. Unfortunately no common notation has been agreed upon and none of the many existing notations can

be said to predominate over the others. Consequently, apart from the summary which will now be given, the notations in question will not be used in this work.
In his researches on vibrating spheres surrounded by a gas, Stokes, Phil. Trans, of the clviii. (1868), p. 451 {Math, and Phys. Papers, iv. (1904), p. 306], made use of

Royal Soc.
the series

"

n( + l ) 2.imr

(-!)( + !)

( + 2 ) " 2. 4. fair) 2

K "'

which

is

annihilated by the operator

d* dr2

d
dr

n(n + l)
r2

This series Stokes denoted by the symbol /(') and he wrote


>*

Sm e ~ *</ (r) + Sn
;

'

'*/.

" *'),
fa
is'

where

<S'

and

Sa

'

are zonal surface harmonics


rf2

so that

annihilated by the total

operator

dr1

+ 2 d 4-,a
r

M (" + 1 )
r2
'

dr

and by the

partial operator

'' l 2 cr*

+ -*-+., . - r- sin 6 " or r


, , .

2 d

v)
dff)

55 c6

\ {

sin 6 52}

+ m2

In this notation Stokes was followed by Rayleigh, Proc. London Math. Soc. iv. (,1873), 103, 253283, and again Proc. Royal Soc. i.xxii. (1903), pp. 4041 [Scientific v. (1912), pp. 112114], apart from the comparatively trivial change that Rayleigh would have written/,, fair) where Stokes wrote/, (/).
pp. 93 Papers,

'

56

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


In order to obtain a solution
finite at

[CHAP.
it

Ill

the origin, Rayleigh found

necessary to take

Sn = '

n+
)

Sn

in the course of his analysis,

and then

t>

ir

It follows

from

3-4 that

rn+1

i (ir\ Q?-' =
n [e- ir i +

/
( %

r \ n e~

ir
,

-4-

\ rcrj

and that

Jn+i {r) = -j^

fn (ir) + e-i--ifn {-ir)].

ir In order to have a simple notation for the combinations of the types e* /(tr) which write convenient to are required for solutions finite at the origin, Lamb found it

** ~ l ~ 2(2n + 3)
in his earlier papers, Proc.

+2

4.

(jSh

+ 3)

(2/i+5)~

"*'

(1884), pp.

pp.
pp.

London Math. Soc. xm. (1882), pp. 5166; 189 212; xv. 139149 xvi. (1885), pp. 2743 Phil. Trans, of the Royal Soc. clxxiv. (1883), 519549; and he was followed by Rayleigh, Proc. Royal Soc. lxxvii. A, (1906), 486499 [Scientific Papers, v. (1912), pp. 300312], and by Love* Proc. London
; ;

Math. Soc. xxx. (1899), pp. 308321. With this notation it is evident that

.=p^,=(-)-...(
!

!.

+ .).( i)'^.
Soc.

Subsequently, however,
ingly in his treatise on
pp. 11

Lamb

found

it

convenient to modify this notation, and accordalso Proc.

Hydrodynamics and

London Math.

xxxn.

(1901),

20, 120 150 he used the notation f *n W = 1.3.5... (2n + L ~ 2^+3) + 2


1

(d

l)

"" 4(2 + 3) (S + 5) ~ J

e~"

-j-\

=*n(*) -l'V'i(*)

so that

* n () =

>t+ ^ pr+i

"

, '

= vnw<A
()

to Y~

while Rayleigh, Phil. Trans, of the Royal Soc. cciii. A, (1904), pp. 87110 [Scientific Papers, Love, v. (t912) pp. 149161] found it convenient to replace the symbol /(*) by x*(*)Phil. Trans, of the Royal Soc. ccxv. A, (1915), p. 112 omitted the factor (-) and wrote

dye-**

/rf\"sin2

while yet another notation has been used by Sommerfeld, Ann. der Physik

und

Chemie, (4)

xxvm.

(1909), pp.

Chemie, (4) (1913), p. 191

665736, and two of his pupils, namely March, Ann. der Physik und xxxvu. (1912), p. 29 and Rybczyriski, Ann. der Physik und Chemie, (4) xli.
;

this notation is

^(.HW^-^
C(*)(MH'+i (*)
and
it is

(-ai)"T'
on
electric

+ (-)* tf--*(*>l
waves which was the

certainly the best adapted for the investigation

subject of their researches.


*

In this paper Love defined the function

E n (z)

as

- ) . 1

...

(2n - 1)

^
J

but, as

stated, he modified the definition in his later work.

t This is nearer the notation used


p.

82

except that Heine defined

^ n (z)

by Heine, Handbuch der Kugelfiinctionen, i. (Berlin, 1878), to be twice the expression on the right in his treatise, but

not in his memoir, Journal filr Math. lxix. (1869), pp. 128

141.

3*5]

BESSEL FUNCTIONS

57

Sommerfeld's notation is a slightly modified form of the notation used by L. Lorenz, who used vn and vn +( ) n iwn in place of >frH and fn see his memoir on reflexion and refraction
;

of light, K.
(1898),

Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs pp. 405502.]

Skrifter, (6) vi. (1890), [Oeuvres scientifiqucs,

I.

3*5.

second solution of BesseVs equation for functions of integral order.


( 3'1 2) that,

It has

been seen

whenever v

is

not an integer, a fundamental

system of solutions of Bessel's equation


the pair of functions

for functions of order v is

Jv {z)

and

./_(z).

When

is

formed by an integer (n), this is no

longer the case, on account of the relation


It
is

J_ n (z) = () n Jn (z)is

therefore necessary to obtain a solution of Bessel's equation which

linearly independent of
will give

Jn (z);

and the combination of this solution with

JH (z)

a fundamental system of solutions.


solution which will

The
the

now be

constructed was obtained by Hankel*;

full details

of the analysis involved in the construction were first published

by BOcherf.
method of constructing HankeFs solution was discovered by Forsyth method of Frobenius, Journal fiir Math, lxxvi. (1874), pp. 214235, for dealing with any linear differential equation. Forsyth's solution was contained in his lectures on differential equations delivered in Cambridge in 1894, and it
alternative
his procedure is based on the general

An

has since been published in his Theory of Differential Equations, iv. (Cambridge, 1902), 102, and in his Treatise on Differential Equations (London, 1903 and 1914), pp. 101

Chapter

vi.

note

1.

It is evident that, if v be unrestricted,

and

if

n be any integer

(positive,

negative or zero), the function

j {z)-(-yj_ v {z)
v

is

a solution of Bessel's equation for functions of order v

and

this function

vanishes

when

n.

Consequently, so long as v

n,
v

the function
v

J {z)-(-TJ_
v
is

(z )

n
;

also a solution of Bessel's equation for functions of order v

and this function

assumes an undetermined form \ when v

= n.

We
and we

shall

now evaluate
lim

^-(-y^-fr)

shall

shew that

it is

a solution of Bessel's equation for functions of

* Math. Ann. i. (1869), pp 469472. t Annals of Math. vi. (1892), pp. 85 90.

See also Niemoller, Zeitsehri/t fiir Math, und Phys.

xxv. (1880), pp.

65-71

X The essence of Hankel's investigation is the construction of an expression which satisfies the equation when v is not an integer, which assumes an undetermined form when v is equal to

the integer

n and which has a

limit

when

v-*~n.

w.

B. F.

58
order n and that

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


it is linearly

[CHAP.

Ill

independent of

Jn (z)

so that it

may be taken

to be the second solution required*. It is evident that

J, (*)

- (- V J- v (*) _ Jv () - Jn (M) v n v n
dv
l
;

)n
(

J- v (Z) - J-n (z) v n

du
.

as v

- n,

since both of the differential coefficients existf

Hence
^ w

n
n.

exists; it is called

a Bessel function of the second kind of order


it

To
we

distinguish
it it

from other functions which are also called functions of


Following Hankel,

the second kind


shall

denote

described as HankeVs function. by the symbol J TTn (z) so that

may be

(1)

YH (s) =
*.(*)now
to be

j
lim
v-*v

{z)-(-yj_ v ( Z )
v

and

also

(2)

dJA z ) dJA =dv

( K

Vt dJ"-,(fY
>

dv

It has

shewn that Y

(z) is

a solution of Bessel's equation.


v,

Since the two functions

J v (z)

are analytic functions of both z and

the

order of performing partial differentiations on


is

a matter of indifference .

Hence the

v (z) result of differentiating the pair of

with respect to z and v

equations

V v Jv {z) =
with respect to v
-

may be

written

d*

dJv (z)
dv

d bJv (z)
dz
dv

^ dJ v (z)
dv

_n

dz%

When we

combine the

results contained in this formula,

we

find that

dJv {z)
dv
*
K
}

dJ_ v (z)
dv

*2v{Jv

(z)-(-rJ-Az)}>
it is

The reader
3-1.

will realise that, given


is

a solution of a differential equation,

not obvious that

a limiting form of this solution

a solution of the corresponding limiting form of the equation.


z

+ See

It is

conventional to write differentiations with respect to

as total differential

coefficients while differentiations with respect to v are written as partial differential coefficient-.

Of course,

in

% The symbol function equal to


See, e.g.

many parts of the theory, variations in v are not contemplated. Yn (z), which was actually used by Hankel, is used in this work
ljir

to denote a

times Hankel's function

( 3*54).

Hobson, Function* of a Real Variable

(1921), 312, 313.

3-51]
so that

BESSEL FUNCTIONS

59

+ 2v{Jv (z)-(-yj_v (z)}.

Now make
functions of
v,

v --n.

All the expressions in the last equation are continuous

and so we have

where v

is

to

be made equal to n immediately after the differentiations with

respect to v have been performed.


(3)

We

have therefore proved that

so that

V n Y n (*) = 0, Yn (s) is a solution of BesseVs equation for functions of order n.


r* J J T-.(,)-lim 'W-<-> V + H ^_ n

It is to be noticed that

-W
'

=
whence
(4)

M ^

im

J-A*)-(-YJAz) fi + n
due
to

follows a result substantially

Lommel *,

Y_ n (*)=(-)Yn (s).

Again,

while, because

Jv (z) is a
dv

monogenic function of v at v

0,

we have

dJ. v (zy
J-0

^(-^Jv-O

dv

J"""'

and hence

it

follows that

A result equivalent to
3*51.

this

was given by Duhamelf as early as 1840.

The expansion of

Y
is

(z) in

an ascending

series.

Before considering the expansion of the general function

Y (z),

it is is

con-

venient to examine the function of order zero because the analysis

simpler

and the resulting expansion

more compact.

We

use the formula just obtained,

SUidien
1

iiber die

this result for

what

is

BesseVschen Functionen (Leipzig, 1868), p. 87. Lommel actually proved sometimes called Neumann's function of the second kind. See 3-58 (8).
n. (Paris, 1840), pp. 122

t Court

d Analyse,

124.

60

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


is

[CHAP. HI

and the result of term-by-term differentiation

(*)

= 2["I

^w-^'Tt
is

x ]

lo g

fa) ~ J- log r (v + m +

1) 11

=2 2
where
yfr

rra^ (log^-^(m + l)},


customary, the logarithmic derivate of the

denotes, as

Gamma-

function*.
Since

0< ^ (i + 1) < m
in.

when w=l,
is

2, 3, ...

the convergence of the series for YoG?)

may be

established by using D'Alembert's ratio-test for the series in which

^(m+1)

is

replaced by

The convergence

concerning analytic functions.

an immediate consequence of a general theorem See Modern Analysis, 5*3.


also

The
(1)

following forms of the expansion are to be noticed

Y.(*)-2Sl

'J**'
.

{log(^)-^(m + l)},
(s)

log (*)

- X

(3)

Y. () -2

fry

+ log ft*)} ./.(*)

yy * -2 JS^ yy
^

(m

+
1)J

I+ g +

1 + raj !

The reader

will observe that

iY.(*)
is

+ (log2- 7 )J.(*)
The expansion
of

a solution of Bessel's equation for functions of order zero.

this function is

Neumann,

This function was adopted as the canonical function of the second kind of order zero by Theorie der BesseVschen Functional (Leipzig, 1867), pp. 42 44; see 3 57. But the series was obtained as a solution of Bessel's equation, long before, by Euler \.

Eider's result in his

own notatiou

is

that the general solution of the equation

xx ?dy + xdxcy +gx*y Cx*

V~

X
n*

\JW X + 1.8.27'^
.

1.8.27.64^
tT 3
('

+et -

+A +a
*

1 ( \

- 3- r + JL- X2 _
nn
1
.

_L_
1.4. 9
C

4m'

g + 1.4.9.

.*

Ion8

- etc

Ix

nn

X+ 1.4n* X
Ch. xn.

9 f

+1

16

*'
integer,

Modern

Atialy-iis,

It is to be

remembered

that,

when

m is a positive

then

*U)=-7,
t Inst. Calc. Int.
11.

V'('

1 )=

+ 2+ - +-->
233235.
See also Acta Acad. Petrop.
v.

where 7 denotes Euler 's constant, 0-5772157


(1781) [published 1784], pars
1.

....

(Petersburg, 1709), 977, pp.

Mathematica, pp. 186190.

3*52]

BESSEL FUNCTIONS
He

61

where A and a are arbitrary constants. numerators in the first line


6 = 3.2-1.0, 548 = 9.100-16.22,

gave the following law to determine successive


100 = 7.22-9.6,
etc.

22=5.6-4.2,

3528 = 11.548-25. 100

w
<r

2(1
\1

+* 1+...+!) = ^, mj

m
(r

this law is evidently expressed by the formula

m+ i = (2m+l)<r-m

ii

m.1

3*52.

The expansion of

Yn (z)

in

an ascending

series

and

the definition

of

<*) We

shall

now obtain Hankel's* expansion


is

of the

more general function


3-5.]

fl

(^),

where n

any positive

integer.

[Cf.

equation (4) of

It is clear that

?^.<*>dv

m =()dv

(- )m (i*) H * w | \m\ T(i> + l)j


(

m+

w=0 m!r(i/
ra!(w

+ w+l)
l

6V2

n
/J
'

/;

OT =o

+ ra)!

6V2

rv
is

when

i/-*-w,

where

is

a positive integer. That

to say
i

a)
The
of

|^>] o"
L

J^=n

- {7+ k g(W) j;(.)- 5 (-ra^- |i -om!(n + m)! (1


m

_li ^ + n+wj

[3/_(.s)/3i/],,_ n is a little more tedious because of the pole (- v + m + 1 ) at v = w in the terms for which m = 0, 1. 2, ., n 1. We break the series for /_ (z) into two parts, thus

evaluation of

yjr

" V

'

TO

l m!

r(-i/ +

m + l)

*! r(-i/

+m+

l)'

and in the former part we replace


1
,

V(-v + m+l)
Now, when
[~
t

by

r (v in) sin (v m) it *
1

'

^
"

ra

<

n,

(^)~'" m r (y - wt) sin (v - m) tt

= [(J*)~ r+m r(i-m) {tt-i ^r m) sin (> ra)7r + cos (v m) tr tt' - (*)-+ r (n - m) cos (n - m) tt.
(i

log ($z) sin (i/ )}]_

Math. Ann.

i.

(1869), p. 471.

62

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Hence
(-) n r(-TO)(|^)-" 4 * ,t

[CHAP. HI

pM*)1

v
+

,;.

J(-,+.) it- h <*') + <- + ' +i '


w =o

that

is

to say
( **>

()
L

dp

_U(1)

m!

+(
x
{

>

.t m!(n + m)!
(m+1)},

lo g(i*)-"f

when we

replace

m by n + m in the second series.


and
(2)

On combining

we have Hankel's
a

formula,

namely

w
=2
{

m=o

*!

m=0
w

w!(n + m)!
1}

{2 log ($z) - yfr (m + 1) - i/r (n + m + 1)}


1

7 + log g *)}/,(*)

-(^r
1

(n

~r,"

(h^
,

(-)'"(^)^ m =o m:(n + m)l


j
In the
first

|l

(12
1

,111
m
1

w + m)
} {

term (m =s 0) of the

last

summation, the expression in

is

11,

12
d

It is frequently convenient (following

Lommel*)

to write

(4)

%(*) =

-^

Z)

-Mz)logz,

so that
<5

>

^^-S J<.nXLi) ll082+n ^ m+1)];


v is a negative integer,

when

^ (s)

is

defined by the limit of the expression

on the right.

We
(6)

thus have

Yn(z) = 2JJz))ogz + %(z) + (-)$_


solution of
.v

7l

(z).

The complete

-v^ + ay=0 was given in the form of a series (part of which

contained a logarithmic factor) by Euler, Inst. Calc. Int. n. (Petersburg, 1769), 935, 936 solutions of this equation are
;

**

J (2aM),
x

#*

Yi (2aM).
;

Euler also gave


this equation are

(ibid.

937, 938) the complete solution of x% -r^ + ay =0

solutions of

**

J2 (4a* **),

(4a* .v*).

* Studicn iiber die Besscl'schen Fvnctionen (Leipzig, 1868), p. 77.

3-53, 3-54]
3-53.

BESSEL FUNCTIONS
definition

63

The

o/Y v

(z).

Hitherto the function of the second kind has been defined only when its order is an integer. The definition which was adopted by Hankel* for unrestricted values of v (integral values of

2v excepted)

is

(1)

(*)

= 2ne

JAz)C0S

- J

-' (z)
.

sin2i/7r

This definition fails both when v is an integer and when v is half of an odd integer, because of the vanishing of sin 2vtt. The failure is complete in
the latter case
;

but, in the former case, the function


is

is

defined by the limit

of the expression on the right and it

easy to reconcile this definition with

the definition of

3'5.

To prove

this statement, observe that

lim

(z)

ire"**

lim

-n J

(z) cos vtt

cos vrr sin vir

/_ (z)~\ n v
\

J z COSv7r (-)* lim \ "( ) v-n v+n L


v

J-AzY

= YM (z) + lim > r+n L = Y n (s),


and
so

~n

Jv (z)
J

we have proved that


limY(*) =

(2)
It is

Yn

(*).

now

of that equation,

when

(i)
:

Y (z), defined either by (1) or by the limiting form a solution of Bessel's equation for functions of order v both v has any value for which 2v is not an integer, and when (ii) v is an
evident that
is

integer

the latter result follows from equation (2) combined with 3*5 (3). function Y (z), defined in this way, is called a Bessel function of the second kind (of Hankel's type) of order v ; and the definition fails only when

The
is

+1

an integer.
The reader should be

careful to observe that, in spite of the change of form, the qua function of v, is continuous at v = n, except when z is zero; and, in fact, Jv {z) and Y(z) approach their limits J (z) and Y (z), as v-*~n, uniformly with n respect to z, except in the neighbourhood of z = 0, where n is any integer, positive or negative.

Note.

function

Y (z),

3*54.

The Weber-Schlafli function of the second kind.


definition of the function of the second kind

The
Hankel

which was given by

( 3*53) was modified slightly by Weberf and Schlafli} in order to avoid the inconveniences produced by the failure of the definition when the

order of the function


*

is

half of an odd integer.

Math. Ann.

i.

(1869), p. 472.

f Journal fur Math, lxxvi. (1873), p. 9 ; Math. Ann. vi. (1873), p. 148. These papers are dated Sept. 1872 and Oct. 1872 respectively. In a paper written a few months before these, Journal filr Math. lxxv. (1873), pp. 75105, dated May 1872, Weber had used Neumann's

function of the second kind (see 3-57, 3-58). + Ann. di Mat. (2) vn. (1875), p. 17 ; this paper

is

dated Oct. 4, 1872.

64

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


The
function which was adopted by
is

[CHAP.

Ill

Weber

as the canonical function of the


first

second kind

expressible in terms of functions of the

kind by the formula*

Jv (z) cos vir J., (z )


sin vtt
(or the limit of this,
Schlafli,

when

v is

an

integer).

however, inserted a factor \nr\ and he denoted his function by

the symbol K, so that, with his definition,

<*\

- J 0) COS I/7T -</_(*)


"

Subsequent writers, however, have usually omitted this factor \tr, e.g. Graf and Gubler in their treatise f, and also Nielsen, so that these writers work with Weber's function.

The symbol
and so
to
it is

is,

however, used largely in this country, especially by

Physicists, to denote a completely different type of Bessel function ( 3'7),

advisable to use a different notation.


is to

The procedure which seems


Weber s function,

produce least confusion

use the symbol

Yv {z) to denote

after the

manner

of Nielsen J,

and to adopt

this as the canonical function of

the second kind, save in rare instances


integral order saves the insertion

when the use of the number tr in

of Hankel's function of

certain formulae.

We
(1)

thus have

Yv (z) =

"

(jOcgg

'" --*--(*>

= cos^;
Yn (0
.

(2)

Yn (z) =

lim
,-*. n

J M^^JLrl-A^ = I
Sin VTT
7T

Schlafli's fuuction has been used by B6cher, Annals of Math. vi. (1892), 8590, and by McMahon, Annals of Math. vm. (1894), pp. 5761; ix. (1895), pp. 23 30. Schafheitlin and Heaviside use Weber's function with the sign changed, so that the function which we (with Nielsen) denote by Yv (z) is written as Yv (z) by Schafheitlin and (when v = n) as GM (z) by Heaviside||.

[Note.

pp.

Gray and Mathews sometiinesIT use Weber's function, and they denote symbol Yn
.

it

by the

Weber's definition was by an integral

(see 6*1)

which
i.

is

equal to this expression

the

expression (with the factor \ir inserted) was actually given by Schlafii.
+ Einleitung in die Theorie der Bexsel'xchen Funktioiien,

(Bern, 1898), p. 34 et seq.

% Nielsen, as in the case of other functions, writes the

number
it

indicating the order as an


190-1), p. 11.

index, thus

Y v (z), Handbuch

der Theorie der Cylinderfuiilctionen (Leipzig,

There
used by

are obvious objections to such a notation,

and we
pp. 31

reserve

for the obsolete function

Neumann

( 3*58).

See, e.g.

Journal fUr Math. cxiv.

(181)5),

44, and other papers;

also Die Theorie der

BesseVschen Funktioiien (Leipzig, HK)8).


I!

Proc. lloyul Sue. liv. (1893), p. 138, and Electromagnetic Theory, n. (Loudon, 1899), p. 255;

a change in sign has been


11

made from his Electrical Papers, n. (London, 1892), TreatUe on Bessel Functions (London, 1895), pp. G5 66.

p. 445.

3-55]

BESSEL FUNCTIONS
in his later work, used

65

Lommel,
function

Neumann's function

of the second kind (see 3'57), but

in his Studien iiber die BesseVschen Functionen (Leipzig, 1868), pp. 85

86,

he used the

7rFM
where

(*)

+ {,/,(+4) + log2} Jn (z),


One disadvantage
of this function is that the

Yn (z)

is

the function of Weber.


yjr

for the function much more complicated; see Julius, Archives Nterlandaises, xxviii. (1895), pp. 221 225, in this connexion.]

presence of the term

(+) makes the recurrence formulae

3'55.

Heine's definition of the function of the second kind.

The definition given by Heine* of the function of the second kind possesses some advantages from the aspect of the theory of Legendre functions it enables certain generalisations of Mehler's formula ( 5*7 1), namely
;

lim
to be expressed in a

Pn (cos $/n) = J
The

(0),

'

compact form.
to

function,

the symbol
equal to

Kn

(z), is

expressible in terms of the canonical functions,

which Heine denoted by and it is

-%irYn (z) and

-\Yn {z);

the function consequently differs only

in sign from the function originally used

by

Schlafli.

The use of Heine's function seems to have died out on the Continent many years ago the function was occasionally used by Gray and Mathews in their treatise t, and they term it On (z). In this form the function has been extensively tabulated first by AldisJ: and
Airey, and subsequently in British Association Reports, 1913, 1914 and 1916.

This revival of the use of Heine's function seems distinctly unfortunate, both on account of the existing multiplicity of functions of the second kind and also on account of the fact (which will become more apparent in Chapters vi and vn) that the relations between the
functions
cosine

JH (z)
sine

and
;

YH (z) present many points of resemblance to the relations between the


||

and

so that the adoption

of

Jn (z)

and

On (z)

as canonical functions
It

is

com-

parable to the use of cos and

%ir sins as

canonical functions.

must

also be pointed

out that the symbol

On (z) has

two writers, namely Heaviside, Proc. Royal Soc. and Dougall, Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc. xvm.
Note.

been used in senses other than that just explained by at least liv. (1893), p. 138 (as was stated in 3*54),
(1900), p. 36.

error in sign on p. 245 of Heine's treatise has been pointed out by Morton, Nature, lxiii. (1901), p. 29 ; the error is equivalent to a change in the sign of y in formula
3*51 (3) supra. It was also stated by Morton that this error had apparently been copied by various other writers, including (as had been previously noticed by GraylT) J. J. Thomson, Recent Researches in Electricity and Magnetism (Oxford, 1893), p. 263. A further error
i. (Berlin, 1878), pp. 185 248. Treatise on Bessel Functions (London, 1895), pp. 91, 147, 242. t Proc. Royal Soc. lxvi. (1900), pp. 32 43. Phil. Mag. (6) xxn. (1911), -pp. 658663.

An

Handbuch der Kugel/unctionen,

||

From

and also

for using

the historical point of view there is something to be said for using Hankel's function, Neumann's function ; but Heine's function, being more modern than either,
its

has not even this in

favour.

1 Nature,

xli?. (1894), p. 359.

66

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


;

[CHAP.

Ill

noticed by Morton in Thomson's work seems to be due to a most confusing notation employed by Heine for on p. 245 of his treatise Heine uses the symbol to denote the function called - \n J'q in this work, while on p. 248 the same symbol denotes - \n (Y -iJ ).

3*56.

Recurrence formulae for

(z)

and"Y v {z).

as those which are satisfied

The recurrence formulae which are satisfied by Yv (z) are of the same form by Jv (z) they are consequently as follows
;

(1)

Y ^(z)+Yv+1 (z)^Yv (z),


v

(2)
(3) (4)

Y ^(z)-Yv+1 (z) = 2Yv'(z),


v

zYv'(z) + v Yv (z) = zYv_ zYv'(z)-vYv (z)

(z),

zYv+1 (z),
replaced throughout by the

and in these formulae the function function Y.

may be

To prove them we take


z j
if
{*"

3*2 (3)

and

(4) in the

forms

(*)}

= *" J*-i (*)

{? Jj z
vrr,

(*)}

= - *' J-v+

>

(*)

we multiply

these by cot vir and cosec

and then subtract, we have

whence

(3) follows at once.

Equation (4)

is

derived in a similar manner from

the formulae

{*- J
By

(z)}

= - jr- Jv+1 (z),


J*-

{*- J. v

(z)}

= r- /__> (zy
(1).

addition and subtraction of (3) and (4)

we

obtain (2) and

The formulae are, so far, proved on the hypothesis that v is not an integer but since Yv (z) and its derivatives are continuous functions of v, the result of proceeding to the limit when v tends to an integral value w, is simply to
replace v

by

n.
ire rri

is

Again, the effect of multiplying the four equations by equal to 7re " 1,,ri sec {y l)7r, is to replace the functions
(

sec

vir,

which

Y by the

functions

Y throughout.
In the case of functions of integral order, these formulae were given by Lommel,
Studien
iiber die Bessel'schen

Functionen (Leipzig, 1868),


for such functions directly

p. 87.

The reader

will find it

instructive to establish

them

from the

series of 3-52.

Neumann's

investigation connected with the formula (4) will be discussed iu 3*58.

3*56, 3*57]
3'57.

BESSEL FUNCTIONS

67

Neumanns function of the second kind. The function which Neumann* adopted as the
it is

canonical function of the

second kind possesses the advantage that

represented more simply by

integrals of Poisson's type than the functions of the second kind which have

been hitherto discussed

but this

is its

only merit.

We

first

define the function of order zerof, which will be called

<0)

(z).

The second solution of Bessel's equation for functions of order known to contain logarithms, Neumann assumed as a solution the

zero being

expression

J
where

(z) log z

+ w,
,

is

a function of z to be determined.

If this expression is to be annihilated

by V we must V w = -V {J (*)log*} = -2zJ '(z).

have

But, by

212 (11),

and
so,

2z

(z)

2z J,

(s)

= 8 2 {-T~'nJ2n (*)
have

since

V Jm (z) 4>n2 JM (z), we


n=l

VoW = 2 2(-)'V 4(z)/n = 2V 2(-y-iJm (z)/n;


=i

the change of the order of the operations

2 and V

is

easily justified.

Hence a

possible value for

is

n-l

2(-y->Jm (z)/n,

and therefore Neumann's function


(1)
is

(0)

(z),

defined by the equation

F< \z)

=J

(z) log z

(-)""1

^-^

a solution of Bessel's equation for functions of order zero.


Since

/-*Oas+0, (the
it is

the origin),
solutions,

evident that

and hence

(z) is

series for w being an analytic function of z near J (z) and F (z) form a fundamental system of expressible as a linear combination of J (z) and
,0)

Yw (z); a comparison of the behaviours of the three functions near the origin shews that the relation connecting them is
(2)
*

F<> (*)

= J Y, (z) +

(log 2

- 7 ) Jo (*).

Theorie der Bessel'schen Functionen (Leipzig, 1867), pp. 42


( 9-1).

44.

Neumann calls

this function

Bessel's associated function,

and he describes another function, On (z), as the function


H
(z)

of the second
is

kind

But, because.

is

not a solution of Bessel's equation, this description

un-

and it has not survived. t Neumann's function is distinguished from the Weber- Schlafii function by the position of the suffix which indicates the order.
desirable

68
3*571.
It

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


The integral of Poissons type for

[CHAP.

Ill

{0)

(z).

was shewn by Poisson* that

h
is

eixcoa

<

log (x sin 2

<o)

dm
;

a solution of Bessel's equation for functions of order zero and argument x and subsequently Stokes obtained an expression of the integral in the form of an ascending series (see 3*572).

The

associated integral

f*

cos (z sin 0) log


.

(4iz

cos2 0)
,0 >

dd
;

was identified by Neumann f with the function F (z) and the analysis by which he obtained this result is of sufficient interest to be given here, with some slight modifications in matters of detail.

From

2-2 (9)

we have
2
/*

(-)M /*(*)

nir J

cos (z cos 0) cos 2n0d0,


o

and

so, if

changed,

we assume that the order we deduce that


I
2,

of

summation and integration can be

n=i

=7rJ

cos (z cos 0) 7
f*
I

z
W=1

do
d0

cos (z cos 0) log (4 sin3 0)


.

from this result combined with Parseval's integral F (z), we at once obtain the formula
,0

2 2) and the definition of

(1

F<> (*)

= !/"

"cos (z cos 0) log (4* sin3 0)


.

<*0,

from which Neumann's result

is

obvious.

The change of the order of summation and integration has now to be examined, because 1n~ l cos 2n0 is non-uniformly convergent near 6=0. To overcome this difficulty we observe that, since 2 ( - ) n J.in {z)jn is convergent, it follows from Abel's theorem that
%

S(-)^.W/= lim I (-)Ji<)/n= lim * j /*% os (s C os0)?Wcos2 ^ca?. =l o^-i-o n=l M -*M5Tn-U0
* Journal de. VEcole 2?. Poly technique, hi. (oahier 19), (1823), p. 476. The solution of an associated partial differential equation had been given earlier (ibid. See also Duhamel, p. 227). Cowr d? Analyse, n. (Paris, 1840), pp. 122124, and Spitzer, Zeitsehri/t filr Math, und Phys. n. (1857), pp. 165170. t Theorie der Bessel'sr.hen Functionen (Leipzig, 1867), pp. 45 49. See also Niemoller, Zeitschriftfllr Math, und Phys. xxv. (1880), pp. 6571.

I Cf. Bromwich, Theory of Infinite Series, 51.

3-571, 3*572]

BESSEL FUNCTIONS

69

Now, since a is less than 1, 2 (on cos 2n6)/n does converge uniformly throughout the range of integration (by comparison with 2a"), and so the interchange is permissible that is to say
;

=1

2 - 2

/"*""
/

n 2 / a .a cos2n8 . A eos(cos0) d6**>-

/"i*
I

Jo

cos(cos#) 2
lh"
/

a" cos 2nd

n-1

n dO
,

1 = --

n Jo

cos

cos d) log (1

- 2a cos 26 + a2

flW.

Hence we have

n-l

(")* (*'

=_

lim
o-*.l-0

i "

*""
|

cos

(a

cos d) log (1

- 2a cos 20

a2 )

<J9.

y o

We now proceed to shew that*


lim
/

cos(*cos0){log(l-2acos20-M2 )-log(4asin 2 0)}c?0 = O.


1

a-*-l-0 J

It is evident that

- 2a cos 26 +
log (1
j

- 4a sin2 6 ( 1 - a) 2 ^ 0,
a2 )
(z

and so
Hence,
'It
if

- 2a cos 26

^ log (4a sin 2 6).


|

A
(

be the upper bound t of cos


cos 6) {log
(1

cos 6)

when

0^6^ ,
\

we have

cos
I/,o

- 2a cos 26 + a2 ) - log (4a sin2 6)} dd

**

Jo

{log (1

- 2a cos 26+ a8 ) - log (4a sin2

6)}
,

d6
.

-A
i

/**"
\

~ ( |-22
I

a"cos20

+log (l/a>- 2

log (2 sin

6)\d6
J

io

*i

"

= J*iUog(l/a), term-by-term integration being permissible since


/"*
I

a< 1.

Hence, when
I

a< 1,
log (l/a)-*-0,

cos

(z

cos 0) {log (1

- 2a cos 26 + a2 ) - log (4a sin2 0)} dd < Jtt4

as a--l

0; and
2
n=j

this is the result to be proved.

Consequently

(-)w,7*(*) n

= _

I ( ** cos ii a-*i-o ,r y o

(*

CoS

tf)

log (4a sin2 6)

dd

-1

/"*"

cos

(z

cos 0) log (4 sin 2 8) dd,


.

and the interchange is finally justified. The reader will find it interesting to deduce combined with 3*5 (5).
3*572.

this result

from Poisson's integral for Jv (z)

Stoked series for the Poisson- Neumann integral.

The

differential equation considered

by Stokes \

in 1850

was -rf

+-

-r-

- m2 y =0, where

m is a constant. This is Bessel's equation for functions of order zero and argument imz. Stokes stated (presumably with reference to Poisson) that it was known that the general
solution was
/itr
o

{C+ D log (z sin 2 0)} cosh (mz cos 6)

d&.

The value

of this limit

was assumed by Neumann,

t If 2
p. 42.]

is real,

A l\

if

not,

A < exp

(z)
j

J Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc.

ix. (1856), p. [38].

[Mathematical and Physical Papers, in. (1901),

'

70
It is easy to see that,
is

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP.

Ill

with Neumann's notation, the value of the expression on the right

\n {C- D log (4m)} J (imz)+\nD F() (imz).


The expression was expanded
bn (C + D log z)
into a series

by Stokes

it is

equal to

(imz)

+ 2D 2

m 2" z2n
,_
.,

f in
I

=o v* n )

cos2" 6 log sin 6 dd,


it

J o

and, by integrating by parts, Stokes obtained a recurrence formula from which

may

be

deduced that

-j*%o82^logsin^^=^^|^log2 + i
Neumann's

ff

(I

+ ^ + ... + i)}.

3*58.

definition of

(n)

(z).

The Bessel

function of the second kind, of integral order n, was denned

by

Neumann*
(1)

in terms of

<0)

(z)

by induction from the formula

dYi
z

- nY^

(z)

= - zYW (*),
is

which is a recurrence formula of the same type as 2*12(4). It from this equation that
(2)

evident

FW(jr)-(^)(^)*FW().
satisfies

Now Y m (z)

the equation

and, if

we apply the operator f

-j- to this equation n times,


ZCLZ

and use Leibniz'

theorem,
<3>

we get

'
*"

&T
is

''

{l)

+ (2M + 2) (a)"" 7 "


+ (2n + 2)
{z

(a)"
{Z)]

7 " (J) " *


= -

and so

{zlzf

^^

{Z)]

~ nYW

{zlz)

^^

{Z)

This equation
(4)

at once reducible to

V,Fw(5)-0,

and

so

(w)

(s) is

a solution of Bessel's equation


written in the form
>

for functions of order n.

Again, (3)

may be
l

zj{- z~n~ F(n+1


*
its

(*)}

- (2w + 2) z-*-

F<n+1

>

(*)

+ *~ n F(w

>

(2:)

= 0,
when

Theorie der BetteVschen Functionen (Leipzig, 1867), p. 51.


is

The function

is

undefined

order

not an integer.
is simplified

t The analysis

by taking \z* = f, so that d _ d zdz~ df

3*58, 3*581]
so that

BESSEL FUNCTIONS

71

dF(n+I >(*)
Tz

n+ 1 + -^t

F<+-> (z)

- F

(*)

= 0,

whence we obtain another recurrence formula


(5)

d7

(Z)

2
)

+ nYm (*) = zY-


we

(z).

When we combine
formulae
(6)

(1) with (5)

at once deduce the other recurrence

F'"- 1 (z)

F< +1 (z)
>

=
=

F<"> (),

(7)

F<"--> (*)

F<+ -> (*)

dF< "'^ as

Consequently

(w

(*) satisfies

the same recurrence formulae as

and

Yn

Jn (z),

F (s)

(s).

It follows from

357

(2) that

<

(8)

F (,) - *7rFn (,) + (log 2 - y) Jn (z)


= ^Y n (z) + (\og2-y)Jn (z).

solution of the equation V H (y) = in the form of a definite integral, which reduces to the integral of 3*571 when =0, has been constructed by Spitzer, Zeitschrift fiir Math, und Phys. ill. (1858), pp. 244-246; cf. 3-583.

3*581.

Neumann's expansion of

(n)

(z).

The
it is

generalisation of the formula

357 (1) has been given by Neumann*;

(1)

7(,)-/. W{kw .-^-jE

m-1
i

|_ -^
On ro-i
,

r /\

v. where

sn

= T + B + 5+
1

111
Z

,=i

m (n + m)
Ln (z)
/_\

...+-,

= 0.
define the functions

To

establish this result,

we

first

and

Un (z)

by

the equations
(2)

(3)

so that

- U (z). We shall prove that Ln (z) and Un (z) L^ (z) = - Zn (z) + (n/z) Ln (z), (4)
F<> (*)

=Z

,__ -ig. + ^()-^(-)+j "ff+ y-/"^^


Z.

W.J
(z)

n-l

9n-m-i

*>

.(.) log

satisfy the recurrence formulae

'

U^ (z) = - Un (z) + (n/z) Un


'

(z),

and then

(1) will

be evident by induction from

358

(2).

* Theorie der Bessel'schen Funetianen (Leipzig, 1867), p. 52.

die Bessel'schen Functionen (Leipzig, 1868), pp. 82

84

See also Lommel. Studien liber

Otti,

Bern Mittheilungen, 1898, pp. 34

and Haentzschel,

Zeitschrift fiir Math,

und Phys. xxxi.

(1886), pp. 25

35

33.


72

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


It is evident that
d_
[

[CHAP.

Ill

L n (z)
zn

\
)

dz dz\
1 _

d (JJs)) S dz\ zn

Mz) _
z n+1 n - r"- 1

2 -->.nl _d

m.
.!

...

Jn (z)

n z} 2

(n-m).w!^Vsn - M (.. .Jm (z) J +i(z)\l


j

Jm (z)
vl

z1

-74 _,7n+1 ^ )log ^ +


_
L n+1 Q)
zn
'

io~^r-|

1+ ^^ri| ^HriJ 2

and the

first

part of (4)
n

is

proved.

To prove the second


f

part,

we have
)

d [Un(z)]_ dz\ zn
)

d [Jn (z)) dz\ zn


1

TO =i

| (-y(n + 2m) d J^fr) m(n + m) dz\ z n


(z)

= - * -=- + 7n *

(z)

=i

~ -^ [mJr*^ (n +

( )m

- (n + m) J1l+M (z)}

*7n + l(*)

and the second part of


zn

(4) is proved.

It follows from

358 (2)

that
)

Y< (z) - L n+X (z) +

U^ {z) _

d[ Y m (,) - L n (z) + Un (z)


dz\
zn
is

j'

and since the expression on the right vanishes when n = 0, it induction that it vanishes for all integral values of n. Hence

evident by

Y(z) = L n (z)-Un (z),


and the truth of equation (1)
3*582.
is

therefore established.

The power series for

Un (z)>
3*581 (3) as

The function
coefficients, coefficients,

n (z),

which was defined in

has been expressed by namely

Schlafli* as a

a series of Bessel power series with simple

To
3*57 (1);

g-<'>-. s v.i(;v)- it is

and by straightforward differentiation, the expression on the right satisfies the same recurrence formula as that of 3*581 (4) for Un (z) equation (1) is then evident by induction.
establish this result, observe that

true

when n =

by

3*51 (3)

and

that,

Note.

It will be found interesting to establish this result

by evaluating the

coefficient

of () n+2m in the expansion


*

on the right of 3*581

(3).

Math. Ann. in. (1871), pp. 146147.

3*582-3*6]

BBSSBL FUNCTIONS
will

73

The reader
(2)
(3) (4)

now

easily prove the following formulae

3fn (*)
F> (m)

= {7 - log 2} Jn (z) - Un (z), = Ln (z) + 3 (s) + {log 2 - 7} Jn (z),


= Ln(*) + %*<*).
().

i*Yn{)
The
iivbegral

3 '583.

of PoUson's type for F<)

of 3-571 for F() (z) was generalised by Lommel, Sttidien ilber die BesseVschen Functionen (Leipzig, 1868), p. 86, with a notation rather different from Neumann's; to obtain Lommel's result in Neumann's notation, we first

The Poisson-Neumann formula

observe that, by differentiation of Poisson's integral for

Jv (*),

we have

^^-Jy(z)logz=
and
so,

^^^ f^

coa(z Sme)coH^B{log(ico^0)-ylr(u+i)}dB,

from 3*582

(3),

rW (>) "

r(n+l?r(i)
8

J**(*sin 0)co*** 6

{log

**-* (*+*)-?} d$+Ln (*),


formula

and hence, since


(l)

() \/r (1)
(

- 2 log 2 = - y - 2 log 2, we have the

jw () =
it is

r(w + ^r(i) j

** cos sin 6) cos2w * log (4 cos8 6) (*

de

in

which

coefficients

to be remembered that and powers of z.

Ln (z)

is

expressible as a finite combination of Bessel

3*6.

Functions of the third kind.

In numerous developments of the theory of Bessel functions, especially


those which are based on Hankel's researches (Chapters vi and
representations
tions of

vn) on integral and asymptotic expansions of Jv (z) and Yv (z), two combinaBessel functions, namely J, (z) iY, (z), are of frequent occurrence.
also present themselves in the theory of "Bessel functions
3*7).

The combinations

of purely imaginary argument" (


It has consequently

seemed desirable to Nielsen* to regard the pair of as standard solutions of Bessel's equation, and he describes them as functions of the third kind; and, in honour of Hankel, Nielsen denotes them by the symbol H. The two functions of the third kind are defined by the equations f
functions

Jv (z)iYv (z)

(1)

H*\z) = Jv {z) + iYv (z\


these definitions,

Hf{z) = Jv {z)-iYv {z).

From
'

combined with

354

(1),

we have

t9\

(!),.,
v
is

J- v {z)-e-Jv (z)

J. v (z)-e^Mz)
by
their limits.

When

an

integer, the right-hand sides are to be replaced

Since Jp {z) and F (z) satisfy the same recurrence formulae ( 3*2, 3'56), the functions enter linearly, and since the functions of the third kind which in
* Ofversigt over det K.
bitch

Danske Videnskabemes Sehkabs Forhandlinger,

1902,. p. 125.

Hand-

der Theorie der Cylinderfunktionen (Leipzig, 1904), p. 16.

t Nielsen uses the symbols

Hf(z)

Hv
2

(z).

74

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP.
v

Ill

are linear functions (with constant coefficients) of

Jv (z) and Y
:

(z), it

follows that

these same recurrence formulae are satisfied by functions of the third kind.

Hence we can at once write down the following formulae


(3)

*.>)+*&<.)-**.

*?,+*-**(.),

(6)

.f^-^w.-^w
-&-- -<
Vv ff(z)=0,
(2) >

.f^'-^w-.dr*,.,,
-Jr- --<<>.
Vv ff(*)=0,

(7)

(8)

(^-{^.(^^. )-{^_ -^.


(

(1907), pp.

Note. Bayleigh on several occasions, e.#. PAt7. J/ogr. 350359 [Scientific Papers, iv. (1904), p. 290; v.

(5) xliii. (1897), p.

(1912), pp.

266 (6) xiv. 410418], has used the


;

symbol

Dn (z) to denote the function

which Nielsen

calls

\ triH

(2)

(s).

3*61.

Relations connecting the three kinds of Bessel functions.

It is easy to obtain the following set of formulae,

which express each


will observe

function in terms of functions of the other two kinds.


that
left.

The reader

some of the formulae are simply the

definitions of the functions

on the

(1)

/(*)

H\z) + Hf(z)
g

Y_ v {z)-Y v {z) COS VTT

W^
nnw
2t

'

J-' (jr)l
(3)

e JB (z) + e-" #?> CO


'

2
,/<*) cob

= F_ (#) cos tt Yv (#) #J


1}

'

(jr)

r- J_ r <*)

<*)

sm

" #f (*)

(5)

{x)

(z)
"

= J-M-c-iJriz)
t

= Y.
_

(z)-e-"- i
sin vir

(z)
'

sin vtt

(6)

JjWm /^'^" ^^)


"

r.,(*)-e-'r,,(*)
sini/7r

^sini/7r

From
(7)

(5)

and

(6) it is obvious that


(s),

H (z) = e- J5T

if

(,) . --

iff

(*).

3-61-3-63]
3*62.

BESSEL FUNCTIONS

75
ze mvi
.

Bessel functions with argument


is

z and
is

Since Bessel's equation


the functions

unaltered if z

replaced by

z,

we must expect
by

J v ( z)

to be solutions of the equation satisfied

Jv (z).

To avoid the slight difficulty produced by supposing that the phases of both of the complex variables z and z have their principal values*, we
shall construct Bessel functions of

argument

ze mni

where

is

any

integer,

arg z has

its principal value,

and

it is

supposed that

arg (zemni ) mnr


Since

+ arg z.
it is

Jv (z)/zv

is

definable as a one-valued function,

obviously con-

venient to assume that,


defined by the

when

the phase of z
as that

is

unrestricted,

same convention

by which

z" is defined;

Jv (z) is to be and accordingly

we have the equations


(1)

Jy (zemni - emviri J
)

(z),
v (z).

(2)

J_ v (ze

miri

e- m

J-

The

functions of the second and third kinds will

now be

defined for

all

values of the argument by means of the equations 3"54 (1), 36 (1); and then the construction of the following set of formulae is an easy matter:
(3)

(zemvi )
,Hiri

= e~ m

(z)

+ 2i sin mvrr cot vir Jv (z),


vir

(4)
(5)

r_ (ze

= e~ m

F_ (z) + 2i sin mvir cosec

J
'

(z),

m"i = e- m ir w H?\ze ) v "

(z)-2e-^~^^ JJz) sini>7r


v

= sin(l-w)i/7r ff(1)
sini/7r
"

'

_ e_

yit

sinmi/Tr

Rm
"

sinv7r
7r

(6) v '

Hf (zem) - a* H
v

(2)

"

(z) v
'

+ 2e J^T
8
"

sini/7r

Jy (z) vV '
(l)

= sin(l+t)^r H m (z) + evni sinmvTr ff


sinv7r
sinv7r
case

''

"

Of these results, (3) was given by Hankel, Math. Ann. vin. (1875), p. 454, in the special when m=\ and v is an integer. Formulae equivalent to (5) and (6) were obtained by Weber, Math. Ann. xxxvu. (1890), pp. 411, 412, when m=l see 6-11. And a memoir by Graf, Zeitschrift fur Math, und Phys. xxxvm. (1893), pp. 115120, contains the general
;

formulae.

3*63.

Fundamental systems of solutions of Bessel's


been seen
(

equation.

It has

3 12) that

solutions of Bessel's equation when,

(z) and J_ (z) form a fundamental system of and only when, v is not an integer. We shall

now examine the Wronskians


*

of other pairs of solutions with a view to detercritical case

mining fundamental systems in the


For Arg ( - z)

when

v is

an integer.

= Arg z =f t,

according as I (z)

0.

76

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


It is clear from 3"54(1) that

[CHAP,

III

[Jv (z),

(z)}

= - cosec vir WL [Jv (z), J.

(z)}

_2
TTz'

This result

is

established on the hypothesis that v is not

an integer; but con-

siderations of continuity
(1)

shew that

{J, (*), *,(#)}

-2/(,
and

whether v be an integer or mental system of solutions.


It is easy to (2)

not.

Hence

(z)

(z)

always form a funda-

deduce that

aa {j, (*),T

(#)}-

z cos vrr

and, in particular*,
(3)

m{Jn (z),Yn
found that

(z)}

= 2Jz.

When we

express the functions of the third kind in terms of J (z) and

v (z), it is

(4)

5129

{H (z),

hT
v.

(z)}

=-2im{J

(z),

Yv

(jr)}

= - 4i/(w),

so that the functions of the third kind also form a fundamental system of
solutions for all values of

Various formulae connected with (1) and (3) have been given by Basset, Proc. London Math. Soc. xxi. (1889), p. 55 they are readily obtainable by expressing successive differ' ' ential coefficients of Jv (z) and v (z) in terms of Jv (z), Jv (z) f and v (z), v (?) by re;

peated differentiations of Bessel's equation.

Basset's results (of

which the

earlier ones

are frequently required in physical problems) are expressed in the notation used in this work by the following formulae
(5)

Jv
JJ

(z)

IV
JV

(z)

Yv
17

(z)

Jv" Jv"

(z)

--

J.

(6)

()

()-

(,)

()-

A (l -^
(^-l),
x

(7)

Jv
j;

(z)

YJ" (z)-Yv {z)JJ" (.)-! iv"

(8)

(z)

w - JV
()

(z)

jv>"

()

A (^ _ y

(9)

JJ'iz)

JV"

Yv"{z) Jv'"

(.)-- (i

-^- + --^r-)
J,

(10)

Jv
j;

(z)

YvW{z)-Yv
jy>(*)- r;

(z)JvW(z) =
./,<">(*)=

J^

(i-^3),
+i)

(ii)

(,)

(,)

A (^i -

Throughout these formulae


are multiplied by

- sin vw

and J

Yv may be replaced by J_ v if the expressions on the right Yv may be replaced by W^ ET throughout if the
2i.
and Hankel, Math. Ann. vnr.
(1875). p. 457.

expressions on the right are multiplied by


* Cf.

Lommel, Math. Ann.

iv. (1871), p.

106,

3*V]

BESSEL FUNCTIONS
associated formula, due to

77
iv. (1871), p. 106,

An
12 )

Lommel* Math. Ann.

and Hankel,

Math. Ann.
(

vm.

(1875), p. 458, is

JAz)Yv ^{z)-Jv ^{z)Yv {z)=-~.


irz

This
3'7.

is

proved in the same way as

32

(7).

Bessel functions of purely imaginary argument.


differential equation

The

which differs from Bessel's equation only in the coefficient of y, is of frequent occurrence in problems of Mathematical Physics; in such problems, it is usually desirable to present the solution in a real form, and the fundamental systems

(iz)

and J_ (iz) or

Jv (iz)

and

(iz)

are unsuited for this purpose.

However the function e~ iviri J (iz)


of the equation.
(2)

It is

is a real function of z which is a solution customary to denote it by the symbol / (z) so that
oo

Iw(s)wg
is

y+2m <**)

J: 9 m\r( v +

m + iy

regarded as a complex variable, it is usually convenient to define its phase, not with reference to the principal value of argiz, as the consideration of the function Jv (iz) would suggest, but with reference to the principal value of arg z, so that
/ (*)

When z

= e-W Jv (ze^%

(- nr < arg z < tt),


(J

/ (*)

= e J (ze~^),

w < arg z < w).

The introduction
argument "
is

of the symbol

due

to Basset f

and

it is

Iv (z) to denote "the function of imaginary now in common use. It should be menbeen used by

tioned that four years before the publication of Basset's work, Nicolas} had suggested the use of the symbol v (z), but this notation has not

other writers.

The relative positions of Pure and Applied Mathematics on the Continent as compared with this country are remarkably illustrated by the fact that, in Nielsen's standard treatise , neither the function /(*), nor the second solution v {z\ which will be defined immediately, is even mentioned, in spite of their importance in

physical applications.
it is

The function I_ v (z) 312) that


(3)
#

is

also a solution, of (1),

and
VTT

easy to r prove

Ccf.

{/.(*X

/-(*)}

=-

28in
irz

Lommel gave the corresponding formula for Neumann's function of the second kind. f Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. vi. (1989), p. 11. [This paper was first published in 1886.] Basset in this paper, defined the function of integral order to be i+ Jn (iz), but he subsequently changed it, in his Hydrodynamics, u. (Cambridge, 1888), p. 17, to that given in the text. The more recent definition is now universally used.
+ Ann. Sci. de Vticole norm. sup.

(2) xi. (1882),

supplement,

p. 17.

Handbuch der Theorie der Cylinderfunktionen

(Leipzig, 1904).

78
It follows that,

THEORY OF BBSSEL FUNCTIONS


when
v is not
(1).

[CHAP.

Ill

an integer, the functions Iv (z) and /_(*) form

a fundamental system of solutions of equation

In the case of functions of integral order, a second solution has to be con3*54. structed by the methods of 3'5

The

function

K
is

second solution,
<>

n (z), which will be adopted throughout defined by the equation

this

work as the

*.- ['-^](cf.

An

equivalent definition

3*5) is

It

may be
The

verified,
is

by the methods of
n.

3*5,

that

Kn (z)

is

a solution of (1)

when
v,

the order v

equal to

function

(z)

has been defined, for unrestricted values of

by

Macdonald*, by the equation


(6)

K
it

(Z)

= A-7T

and, with this definition,


(7) It is easy to
(8)

may be

verified that

#(*)=
deduce from (6) that
iT,(z)

lim

(z\

= i^'ir v

(iz)

= $>me-i"n H_ v ()-

fact that it is a v (z) lies in the physical importance of the function as z<x> through zero to exponentially tends which equation (1) solution of

The

positive values.

This fundamental property of the function will be established

in 723.

The definition of n (z) is due to Basset, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. vi. (1889), p. 11, and the infinite integrals by his definition is equivalent to that given by equations (4) and (5) ; 61 5. Basset subsein 614, discussed be will $ which he actually defined the function

(Cambridge, 1888), quently modified his definition of the function in his Hydrodynamics, n. rdl-y(z) 37, (*)1 1 , Ai equivalent to c pp. 1819, and his final definition is
.

^Ti^

'

cV~J v -n

In order to obtain a function which

satisfies

the same recurrence formulae as 7

(z),

Gray and Mathews


omit the factor

in their work,

Treatise on Bessel Functions (London, 1895), p. 67,


is

1/2", so

that their definition

equivalent to

'

2|_

ov

Cv

Jv= n

The only simple extension


formula

of this definition to functions of unrestricted order is

by the

K* (2) = \ir cot vrr{I- v (z) - 7 ()},


Proc.

London Math.

Soc. xxx. (1899), p. 167.

3*71]
(cf.

BESSEL FUNCTIONS

79

Modern Analysis, 1771) but this function suffers from the serious disadvantage that vanishes whenever 2 is an odd integer. Consequently in this work, Macdonald's function will be used although it has the disadvantage of not satisfying the same recurrence formulae as Iv (z).
it

An inspection of formula (8) shews that it would have been advantageous if a factor %n had been omitted from the definition of v (*) but in view of the existence of extensive tables of Macdonald's function it is now inadvisable to make the change, and the presence of the

factor is not so undesirable as the presence of the corresponding factor in Schlafli's function ( 354) because linear combinations of /() and v (z) are not of common occurrence.

3'71.

Formulae connected with Iv {z) and

(z).

We

shall

now

those constructed in

give various formulae for Iv (z) and v (z) analogous to 3'23*6 for the ordinary Bessel functions. The proofs

of the formulae are left to the reader.

(1)

/_, (,)

- J+1 (,) = ^ I, (z),


+ Iv+l (z) = 2/; (*),

K.
v

(z)

- Kv+l (z) = - ^ Kv (z),


+ Kv+1 (z) = - 2KJ (z), + vKv (z) = - z Kv . (z),
x

(2) (3) (4)

/_, (z)

K^

(z)

zi; (z) + vlv (z) zlj (z)

= zlv_

(z),

zKJ (z)

- vlv (z) = zlv+1 (z), = z^Iv_ m (z),


*'+
j
'

zK: (z) - vK v (z) = - zKv+1 (z),


(-*-)
[z

^L)

{z"Iv (.)}

*Kv (z)} =

{-r*K
>

(z),

\zdzj

z"

\zdz)

z"

]~

~^~'

(7)
(8)

/,'(,)/,(*),

K '(z)
K_
v

K,{z),

I_ n

(z)

= In (z),

{z)

=K

(z).

The
(9)

following integral formulae are valid only

when R(v +

\)

>

Iv (z) =

cosh (z cos 0)
'

sm^BdO
{zt) dt

- i>?|rr (i)

(1

" t2y

cosh

<**)'

,(1

^os s i n2 ,

dQ

r^r|^)/rcosh
"

{z cos d) sin2v0d0

-t7^fc)/.

<r4oo8hw&

'

80

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP.

Ill

These results are due to Basset.

n0

(10)

r (A = I n+h (,)

-j^ [* X

We also have L_L*I (-)>+- r)i


o

rl(n

_ r)|(2 ,)r
>

+^
(11)

r!( W

-r)!(2^J'

7_ (w+i)

(s)

- ^^i) L^r r!(n-r)!(2^


+ (-)e-

^ r!(n ^

r)!(2(8)rJ

(12)

/f + , (.) =

r- 2

o;T

^-^
+ 2

(13)

*,-)'.-.
iTo (*)

(14)

- - log (*) 7
.

<*)

^
-

* <,+ 1),

\ n (15)

x (-)"(- m- 1)1 - ^ s' ^.W-jS, m!(w-m


eo

<")n+1

/1 2 \n+am
'

2
*
f

,
,

v.

{log (**)

W (m + - &
1)

(n +

m +1

)],

(16)

^o (*) = -J, (*""<)

e*

008 '

{log (2* sin2 0)

+ 7}

dO,

(17) (18) (19)


(20)

= emv7ri Iv (z),

(*"*) =
{!,(*),

e JT, (,) #(*)}


7 +1 (z)

tti

^^
=
1/z.

/, (,),

1/*,

J (*)

JT^ (,) +

(z)

The

integral involved in (16) has been discussed

by Stokes

(cf.

3"572).

The integrals involved in (9) and the series in (14) were discussed by Riemann in his memoir "Zur Theorie der Nobili'schen Farbenringe," Ann. der Physik und Chemie, (2) xcv.
(1855), pp. 130

139, in the special case in which


(2).

v=0; he

also discussed the ascending

power

series for 7

The recurrence formulae have been given by Basset, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. vi. (1889), 19; by Macdonald, Proc. London Math. Soc. xxix. (1899), pp. 110115; and by pp. 2

Aichi, Proc. Phys. Math. Soc. of Japan, (3)

11.

(1920), pp.

819.

Functions of this type whose order is half an odd integer, as in equations (10) and (12), were used by Hertz in his Berlin Dissertation, 1880 [Oes. Werke, 1. (1895), pp. 7791]

and he added ^et another notation

to those described in 3*41.

3-8]
3'8.

BESSEL FUNCTIONS
Thomson's functions ber
(z)

81
their generalisations.

and

bei (z)

and

which occurs in certain electrical problems consists of Bessel functions whose arguments have their phases equal to \tr or f ir.

A class of functions
The

functions of order zero were

first

examined by W. Thomson *

they

may be
(1)

defined

by the equation f
ber (x)

+ i bei (x) = J

(xi Ji)

=I

(x

^/i),

where x is real, and ber and bei denote real functions. For complex arguments we adopt the definitions expressed by the formulae
(2)

ber (z)

bei (z)

-J

(zi

Vi

*)

= h (* V

*')

Hence we have
(3)

berW=1 _|i| + |g_...,

Extensions of these definitions to functions of any order of the


third kinds have been effected

first,

second and

by

Russell:}:

and Whitehead.

The functions of the second kind of order zero were defined by Russell by a pair of equations resembling (2), the function IQ being replaced by the function thus

(5)

ker

(z)

kei (z)

=K

(zy/

i).

Functions of unrestricted order v were defined by Whitehead with reference to Bessel functions of the first and third kinds, thus
(6)
(7)

ber, (z)
her, (z)

i bei, (z) =

i hei (z)

Jv (ze** *),
1

= H (ze**).
(z),

It will be observed that|| (8)

ker (z) =

\tr hei

kei (z)

\ir her (z),

in consequence of 3'7 (8).

The
(9)

following series, due to Russell, are obtainable without difficulty

ker (*)

- log (z)

ber (z) +

fr bei

(z)

* Presidential Address to the Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1889. [Math, and Phys. Papers, in. (1890), p. 492.] f In the case of functions of zero order, it is customary to omit the suffix which indicates the order.

Mag. (6) xvii. (1909), pp. 524552. Quarterly Journal, xui. (1911), pp. 316 342. Integrals equal to ker (z) and kei (z) occur in a memoir by Hertz,
t Phil.

II

Ann. der Physik und Chemie,

(3)

xxn. (1884),

p.

450

\_Ges.

Werhe,

i.

(1895), p. 289].

82
(10)

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


kei (z)

[CHAP.

Ill

=-

log (\z)

bei (*)

- \ir ber (*)

It has also been observed by Russell that the ber2 ()+bei 2 () have simple coefficients, thus

first

few terms of the expansion of

but this result had previously been obtained, with a different notation, by Nielsen m 5-41) the coefficient of ($z)* in the expansion on the right is l/[(m !) 2 (2i) !].
;
.

(cf.

Numerous expansions involving squares and products


referred to Russell's

of the general
is

functions have been obtained by Russell; for such formulae the reader

memoir and

also to a paper

by Savidge*.

Formulae analogous to the results of 3*61, 3"62 have been discussed by Whitehead it is sufficient to quote the following here
;

(12)
(13)

ber_ (z)
bei_ {z)

cos vtr

ber (z)
bei (z)

sin vrr

[hei (z)

(14)
(15)

= cos vir her_(,z) = cos vir hei_ v (z) = sin vir

+ sin inr herv (z) sin vtr


her (z)

bei (z)], [her (z) ber (z)],


hei (z),

+ cos vir

hei v

(z).

The reader will be able to construct the recurrence formulae which have been worked out at length by Whitehead.

The

functions of order unity have recently been examined in some detail

by B. A. Smith f.
3*9.

The

definition

of cylinder functions.

Various writers, especially SonineJ and Nielsen, have studied the general
theory of analytic functions of two variables 9$ {z) which satisfy the pair of
recurrence formulae
(i)

rM(l)+H(') =
*_.<#) -tfH.(*) =

7rW,
W(*).

(2)

which z and v are unrestricted complex variables. These recurrence formulae are satisfied by each of the three kinds of Bessel functions.
in

Functions which satisfy only one of the two formulae are also discussed by Sonine in his elaborate memoir a brief account of his researches will be given in Chapter x.
;

* Phil.

Mag.

(6)

xk.

(1910), pp.

4958.

f Proc. American Soc. of Civil Engineer*, xlvi. (1920), pp. 375

425.

t Math. Ann. xvi. (1880), pp. 180.

Handbuch

der Theorie der Cylinderfttnktitmen (Leipzig, 1904), pp.

1,

42

et seq.

3*9]

BESSEL FUNCTIONS
call

83

Following Sonine we shall

the formulae, a cylinder function.

It will

any function ^(z), which satisfies both of now be shewn that cylinder functions

are expressible in terms of Bessel functions.

When we
(3)
(4)

combine the formulae (1) and

(2),

we

find that

z^:{z) + v%\{z)

= z^^Az), mW (jr) - v<9w (z) = - z<#+1 (z),


we deduce
that
1

and

so, if

be written

for z (d/dz),

(5) (6)

+ v)<$v (z) = z'@v _ (z), <* - v) Wr (z) = - zVv+1 (z).


(*
(&

It follows that

I*) 3? (Z)

that

= (Sr - V) {ZK-L (*)} = ^(^-I/+l)^_ (^) = -*#,(*).


1

is

to say

Hence
where a and
6 are

^ (*) = a v Jv (z) +
independent of
z,

bv

Yv (z),
v.

though they may depend on

When

we

substitute in (3)

we
x

find that

ay Jy _
and
so,

(z)

+ fcX-i {z) s

<*_,

Jv _, (*) + 6_, !;_, (z),


z,

since /_! (z)/ F^_ 2 (^) is not independent of

we must have
and,

Hence ay and
(2) are satisfied.

bv

must be periodic functions of v with period unity


v, it is

conversely, if they are such functions of

easy to see that both (1) and

Hence the general


(8)

solution of (1)
(*)

and

(2) is

%
-er^v)

i () Jv (z)

cr2 ()

F, (z),

where
It

and

r(i/)

are arbitrary periodic functions of v with period unity.


is

may be
(9)

observed that an equivalent solution


S? (z)

= ., () JETr () + r4 () #,<*> (s).

difference equation, which is more general than (1), has been examined by Barnes, Messenger, xxxiv. (1905), pp. 52 71 ; in certain circumstances the solution is expressible by Bessel functions, though it usually involves hypergeometric functions.

is used by Nielsen to denote Jv (z), Yv (z), ffvW () more general functions discussed in this section. This procedure is in accordance with the principle laid down by Mittag-Leffler that it is, in general, undesirable to associate functions with the names of particular mathematicians. The name cylinder function is derived from the fact that normal solutions of Laplace's

Note.

The name

and

HW
V

cylinder function

(z)

as well as the

equation in cylindrical coordinates are

e**>Jm {kpf r
(cf.

sin

m<t>

4-8

and Modern Analysis,

18*5).

84 Some

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


writers* following Heine t

[CHAP.
call

Ill

who

called

Jn (z)

a Fourier- Dessel function,

Jn {z)

a Fourier function.

Although Bessel coefficients of any order were used long before the time of Bessel 1-3, 1*4), it seems desirable to associate Bessel's name with them, not only because it has become generally customary to do so, but also because of the great advance made by Bessel on the work of his predecessors in the invention of a simple and compact notation
(cf.

for the functions.

Bessel's

name was

associated with the functions by Jacobi, Journal fiir Math. xv.

(1836), p. 13 [Ges. Math. Werke, vi. (1891), p. 101].

que usus

in determinandis integralibus definitis exposuit

"Transcendentium 7 naturam variosill. Bessel in commentatione


fc

celeberrima."

A more recent controversy on the name to be applied to the functions is to be found in a series of letters in Nature, lx. (1899), pp. 101, 149, 174; lxxxi. (1909), p. 68.
* E.g. Nicolas, Ann. Sci. de f Journal fiir cylinder function.

VEcole norm. sup.


p. 128.

(2) xi. (1882),

supplement,
to be responsible for the

Math. lxix. (1868),

Heine also seems

term

CHAPTER IV
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
4*1.

Daniel Bernoulli 's solution of Riccati's equation.


solution given

The
(!)

by Bernoulli* of the equation

-^ = azn + by 2

consisted in shewing that

when

the index n has any of the values

0;

4,-4: &

J-2

12 --

is.-

while a and 6 have any constant values f, then the equation is soluble by algebraic, exponential and logarithmic functions. The values of n just given are comprised in the formula

means of

/9\ \*)

4m 2m

where

m is zero or a positive integer.


method
it is first

Bernoulli's

equation,

of solution is as follows If n be called the index of the proved that the general equation J of index n is transformable
:

into the general equation of index

N, where

(3)

N=- n + 1'
also proved that the general equation of index
v,

and

it is

is

transformable

into the general equation of index


(4)

where
n

=-

is

4.

The

Riccati equation of index zero

obviously integrable, because the

variables are separable.

Hence, by

(4),

the equation of index


is

- 4 is integrable.

Hence by (3), the equation of index tinued by using the transformations


set of soluble cases given above,

-1
(3)

integrable.

If this process be con-

and
is

and
(2).

it

(4) alternately, we arrive at the easy to see that these cases are

comprised in the general formula


*

Exercitationes

pp. 473

475.

quaedam muthematicae (Venice, 1724), pp. 7780 Acta Eruditorum, 1725, The notation used by Bernoulli has been slightly modified and in this analysis
; ;

is

not restricted to be an integer.


is

t It is assumed that neither a nor h be separable.


%

zero.

If either

were zero the variables would obviously

That

is,

the equation in which a

and

have arbitrary values.

86
4*11.

THEORY OF SESSEL FUNCTIONS


Daniel Bernoulli's transformations of Riccati's equation.

[CHAP. IV

Now
Take

that the outlines of Bernoulli's procedure have been indicated,

we

proceed to give the analysis by which the requisite transformations are effected.
4*1 (1) as the

standard equation of index n and

make the substitutions

[Note.
n.

= Z, y = + !-"*1

Yis

The substitutions
n+ 1

are possible because

not included

among
;

the values of
its

The

factor
is

presence

was not inserted by Bernoulli the effect of that the transformed equation is more simple than if it were omitted.]
in the denominator

The equation becomes


1

dY

-T7t Y*dZ

=+ T

Y*zn

'

that

is

where

N = - n/(n + 1)

and

this is the general equation of index

N.

Again in

41

(1)

make

the substitutions

The equation becomes

where

=n4
is

and

this is the general equation of index

v.

The

transformations described in 4'1 are therefore effected,


soluble in the cases stated.

and so the

equation

But

this procedure does not give the

solution in a compact form.

4*12.

The limiting form of Riccati's equation, with index

- 2.

When

Riccati's equation, the value to

41

(2),

the processes described in $4'1, 411 are continually applied to oo in which the index tends, when not soluble by is - 2. The equation with index - 2 is consequently

a finite

number

of transformations of the types hitherto under consideration.

To

solve the equation with index

- 2, namely

write y

= v/z,

and the equation becomes


z
-.-

dz

= a + v + bv2

unci this is

an equation with the variables separable.


in this limiting case, Riccati's

Hence,

equation

is still

soluble by the use

of elementary functions.

4-114'13]

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
414) y = _ _ J?

87

This solution was implicitly given by Euler,


p. 185.

Inst. Cole. Int. n. (Petersburg, 1769), 933,


r,

If

we

write

(cf.

the equation which determines

is

dz^

z*

-U

>

which

is

homogeneous, and consequently

it is

immediately soluble.

Euler does not seem to mention the limiting case of Riccati's equation explicitly, although he gave both the solution of the homogeneous linear equation and the transformation which connects any equation of Riccati's type with a linear equation.
It will

appear subsequently
that
is

Riccati's equation is soluble in finite

examined
and

that the only cases in which terms are the cases which have now been to say, those in which the index has one of the values
(

4*7 4'75)

0;

-f, -|;

-f, -;

...,

_2

also the trivial cases in

which a or b

(or both) is zero.

This converse theorem, due to Liouville, is, of course, much more recondite than Bernoulli's theorem that the equation is soluble in the specified cases.

4'13.

Euler* s solution of Riccati's equation.

practical

soluble cases

method of constructing a solution of Riccati's equation in the was devised by Euler* and this method (with some slight changes

in notation), will

now be

explained.

First transform Riccati's equation, constants as follows


:

41

(1),

by taking new
2q

variables

and

(!)

= -v/b,
is

ab

= -c\

the transformed equation


(2)

cT

+r,2

~ &zn~^ =
is

'

and the soluble cases are those in which 1/q Define a new variable w by the equation
(3)

an odd

integer.

= c^-i + I<^, w dz
dw

so that the equation in


(4)
/A \

is _

-^ + 2cz*-> -^ + (q - 1 ) cz*--w = 0.
is
00

solution in series of the last equation

w = z-m-v 2 A r z~Qr
provided that'
Ar_+l

_ (2qr + q +

1) (2qr

+qpp.

1)

Ar
*

8qc(r
vm. (17601761)

l)

Nov. Comm. Acad. Petrop.

[1763],

363; and

ix.

(17621763)

[1764], pp.

154169.


88

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. IV

and so the series terminates with the term A m z~ qm if q has either of the values l/(2m + 1); and this procedure gives the solution* examined by Bernoulli.
The general solution of Riccati's equation, which is not obvious by this method, was given explicitly by Hargreave, Quarterly Journal, vn. (1866), pp. 256258, but Hargreave's form of the solution was unnecessarily complicated; two years later Cayley, Phil. Mag. (4)
xxxvi. (1868), pp. 348351 [Collected Papers, vn. (1894), pp. 912], gave the general solution in a form which closely resembles Euler's particular solution, the chief difference between the two solutions being the reversal of the order of the terms of the series involved.

Cayley used a slightly simpler form of the equation than (2), because he took constant multiples of both variables in Riccati's equation in such a way as to reduce it to
(5)

W-^~ f c

= 0.

4'14.

Cayley s general solution of Riccati's equation.


is

We

have just seen that Riccati's equation


dz

reducible to the form

given in
this

and we shall now explain Cayley 'sf method of solving equation, which is to be regarded as a canonical form of Riccati's

413

(2);

equation.

When we make
(1)

the substitution %

r)

= d (\ogv)/dz,

the equation becomes

*?_<-,*-.,,_<);

if U^ and Uz are a fundamental system of solutions of this equation, the general solution of the canonical form of Riccati's equation is

and,

where

d and C
z.

are arbitrary constants

and primes denote

differentiations with

respect to

To express

and

in a finite form,
v

we

write

= w exp

(cz q

/q),

so that the equation satisfied

by

is

4'13
sfl

(4).

solution of this equation

in

proceeding in ascending powers of


i

is

?-l
q(q-l)

czq+

^ Vx ^ ^q(q-l)2q(2q-l)
-^*_

(g-l) (3g-l) *
,

/,>

iq

_
and we take
*

(y-l)(3g-l )(og-l) q{q-l)2q(2q-l)Sq(Sq-l)


by
this series.

to

be exp

(czq/q) multiplied

the index n of the Riccati equation is - 2, equation (4) is homogeneous, Mag. (4) xxxvi. (1868), pp. 348351 [Collected Papers, vn. (-1894), pp. 912]. the memoirs by Euler which were cited in 4*13. cf. 1-1. X This is, of course, the substitution used in 1702 by James Bernoulli

When

t Phil.

Cf. also

4*14]

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
equation (1)
is

89
so

Now

unaffected

by changing the sign of c, and

we take

and both of these


integer.

series

?(0-l)2$(2gr-l) - l)(5i- 1)_ Z + + _il_- 1JJ3 ? q(q- l)2q(2q- l)Sq(Sq-lf -J' terminate when q is the reciprocal of an odd positive
"I

?(9-l)

Since the ratio

Ci

J72 is

the exponential function exp (2oz9 /<7)


;

multiplied by an algebraic function of

U U
lt

zv, it cannot be a constant form a fundamental system of solutions of (1).

and so
write

If q were the reciprocal of an odd negative integer, equation (1) in the form

we should

*-"W.)^(./.)-a
whence
it

follows that

d
where
lt

^ and y
2

are constants, and


afljq)
1

V F = z exp( +
The
series

-?-;.

czfl

+ l)(Sq + l) CV2 ,..] l)2q(2q + l) + q(q


(q
.-.

which have now been obtained

will

be examined in

detail in 4'4

much

greater

4'42.
following solutions of Riccati's

equation,

The reader should have no difficulty in constructing the when it is soluble in finite terms.
Equation

Values of

C72

(i)

(dr,/dz)

+ t,*=l

exp (z)

(ii)
(iii)

(dr,/dz)+Ti*=z-*i 3
{dr)ldz)

(l+3z l s )exv(3zW)
/

+ rP=Z-W

(1

+ W* + ^z2 6 ) exp ( + 5z
'

1/5

Equation

Values of

Vlt V%

(i)
(ii)

(dtj/dz)

+ i =z- i
rf

exp

1 /*)
1 /5

(dT,;dz)+q*=z-M
(dT)/dz)+t)Z=z-

z(l
z (1

+ 3Z- 1'3) exp ( 3z~ /3)

(iii)

+ 5-

+^-2/*) exp ( 5z-/s)

It is to

to terminate with the see

be noticed that the series Di, U^ (or Vu V2 as the case may be) are supposed term before the first term which has a zero factor in the numerator 4-42 and Glaisher, Phil. Trans, of the Royal Soc. clxxii. (1881), p. 773.
,

w.

B. F.

90

THEOBY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Among
the writers

[CHAP. IV

who have studied equation (1) are Kummer, Journal fur Math. xn. 144147, Lobatto, Journal fur Math. xvn. (1837), pp. 363371, Glaisher (in the memoir to which reference has just been made), and Suchar, Bull, de la Soc. Math, de France, xxxn. (1904), pp. 103116; for other references see 43.
(1834), pp.

diately soluble;

when q0, the equation (1) is homogeneous and immeand that the second order equation solved by James Bernoulli ( 1*1) is obtainable by taking q2 in (1), and so it is not included among the soluble cases.
will observe that

The reader

4*15.

Schlafli's canonical form

of Riccati's equation.

The form
(i)

of Riccati's equation which was examined

by

Schlafli *

was

Zt
This
is easily

ift

~ 1ra~lu

*-

reduced to the form of

4*13(2) by taking

t~a/a

as a

new

independent variable.

To

solve the equation, Schlafli wrote

at

and arrived at the equation

Iff

F(a,t)=X
1=9

w!r(o + m + l)'
is
t).

the general solution of the equation in y

=c

F(a,

t)

+ c*t-aF(- a,

The

solution of (1)

is

then

Ct^Fia + 1,

t)

+ c2 F{- a - 1,
and

t)

^F^^ + cJ-HFi-a,*)
Bessel's equation is thus

The connexion between


rendered evident
;

Riccati's equation

to exhibit the connexion

but a somewhat tedious investigation is necessary ( 4*43) between Cayley's solution and Schlafli's solution.
<f>
:

Note.

The

function
,

z,

defined as the series


1

1+- + H2'
.

1 a3 a2 e(z+l)^2.3'z(z + l)(z+2y'"'

which

is evidently expressible in terms of Schlafli's function, was used by Legendre, Elements de Oeometrie (Paris, 1802), note 4, in the course of his proof that is irrational.

Later the function was studied (with a different notation) by fragment in his Math. Papers (London, 1882), pp. 346 349.

Clifford; see

a posthumous

Ann. di Mat.

(2)

i.

(1868), p. 232.

The reader

will see that

James

Bernoulli's solution in

series ( 1*1) is to

be associated with Schlafli's solution rather than with Cayley's solution, t This notation should be compared with the notation of 4-4.

4*15, 4*16]
It is obvious that

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Jv (*) = (\zy F (v, - \z*),

91

and it has recently been suggested* that, because the Schlafli-Clifford notation simplifies the analysis in the discussion of certain problems on the stability of vertical wires under gravity, the standard notation for Bessel functions should be abandoned in favour of a
notation resembling the notation used by Schlafli-Clifford a procedure which seems comparable to a proposal to replace the ordinary tables of trigonometrical functions by tables
:

of the functions

-o(2)!' nZo(2n + l)\'

4*16.

Miscellaneous researches on Riccati's equation.

A solution of Riccati's equation, which involves definite integrals, was given by Murphy,
Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. in. (1830), pp; 440

443.

The equation which he considered

is

and,

if

a be written

for l/(r+2)

and

A' d (log y)jdt


1

for u, his solution

(when

ABa2 =l)

is

y =4*
where
If 1/A

h~^[(f> (A)

exp

(*i//A)

+ < (1/A)

exp

(A*V)] dh,

<6(A)=e*A- ^

e~ h ha

- 1 dh= I

Jo

, n =oa(a

,. ^2)..,(a + n) + l)(a +\,


t
-,

for

be written for A in the second part of the integral, then the last expression given reduces to wit multiplied by the residue at the origin of h~* < (A) exp (* 1/0/A), and the
( 4*15) is evident.

connexion between Murphy's solution and Schlafli's solution

was published by Challis, Quarterly Journal, vn. (1866), pp. 51 which shewed how to connect two equations of the type of 4*13 (2), namely
investigation

An

53,

in one of which l/q is


integer.

an odd positive integer, and in the other it is an odd negative This investigation is to be associated with the discovery of the two types of

solution given in 4*14.

The equation
which
is easily

t- H

f-

bz" u 2

- czm 0,
i

new

variables,
it

transformed into an equation of Riccati's type by taking - + and z*u as was investigated by Rawson, Messenger, vn. (1878), pp. 69 72. He trans-

formed

into the equation

dv -jt

a+a

y+

bz m

-a

+a 2 y -cz" =Q,

by taking bu=czaly; two such equations are called cognate Riccati equations. A somewhat similar equation was reduced to Riccati's type by Brassinne, Journal de Math. xvi. (1851), pp. 255256.

The connexions between the various types of equations which different writers have adopted as canonical forms of Riccati's equation have been set out in a paper by Greenhill, Quarterly Journal, xvi. (1879), pp. 294 298.

* Greenhill, Engineering, cvh. (1919), p. 334 see also Engineering, cix. (1920), p. 851.

Phil.

Mag.

(6)

xxxvm.

(1919), pp.

501528

92
The reader should

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


also consult a short paper

[CHAP. IV

by Siacci, Napoli Rendiconti, (3) vn. a monograph on Riccati's equation, which apparently contains the majority of the results of this chapter, has been produced by Feldblum, Warschau
(1901), pp. 139

143.

And

Univ. iVach. 1898, nos.

5, 7,

and 1899,

no. 4.

4*2.

The generalised Riccati

equation.
is

An
(1)

obvious generalisation of the equation discussed in 4'1

^ = P + Qy + Rf,
;

where P, Q, R are any given functions of z. This equation was investigated by Euler*. It is supposed that neither P nor R is identically zero for, if
either
It

P or R is zero,

the equation

is easily

integrable by quadratures.
Sci.

special equation of this type

was pointed out by Enestrom, Encyclop4die des namely

Hath. n.

16, 10, p. 75,

that a

nxxdx nyydx-k-xxdyxydx
was studied by Manfredius, De constructions aequationum differentialum primi gradus (Bologna, 1707), p. 167. "Sed tamen haec eadem aequatio non apparet quomodo construibilis sit, neque enlni videmus quoinodd illam integremus, nee quomodo indeterminatas ab
invicem separemus."

The equation
order,

(1) is easily

reduced to the linear equation of the second

by taking a new dependent variable u defined by the equation f

(2)

--*--"
\r\

The equation then becomes d2 u /o\


Conversely,
/a\
if in

dR) du

the general linear equation of the second order,


_ du du ^__ + lh2 _ + p,o,
2

(4)

(where
(5)

p p lt p2
,

are given functions of

z),

we
,

write

u
is

= e^' dz

the equation to determine y

(6)

^^.fly-y., y
dz
is

which

of the

same type

as (1).

p** p The complete

'

equivalence of the generalised


is

Riccati equation with the linear equation of the second order


established.

consequently

The equations
1896, pp.
*
1

of this section have been examined by Anisimov, Warschau Univ. Nach.

33.

[Jahrbuch

iiber die Fortschritte

der Math. 1896, p. 256.]

Nov. Comvi. Acad, retrop. vin. (1760 1761) [1763], p. 32 ; see also a short paper by W. W. Johnson, Ami. of Math. in. (1887), pp. 112 115. t This is the generalisation of James Bernoulli's substitution ( 1-1). See also Euler, Inst.
Calc. Int. n. (Petersburg, 1769), 831, 852, pp. 88, 104.

4*2, 4*21]

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Eider's theorems concerning the generalised Riccati equation.

93

4*21.

been shewn by Euler* that, if a particular solution of the is known, the general solution can be obtained by two quadratures if two particular solutions are known the general solution is obtainable by a single quadrature f. And it follows from theorems discovered by Weyr and Picard that, if three particular solutions are known, the general solution can be effected without a quadrature.
It has

generalised Riccati equation


;

To prove the

first result, let

y be a particular solution of

g-P+fc + JV.
and write y = y

+ 1/v. The
dv

equation in v

is

^ + (Q+2Ry )v + R =
first

0,

of which the solution


v

is

exp {f(Q

+ 2Ry ) dz) + jR exp {/(Q + 2%,) dz)


),

.dz

= 0,

and, since

v = l/(y y

the truth of the

theorem

is

manifest.

To prove

the second, let y and yx be two particular solutions, and write

y-yi
The
result of substituting (y x
y<>-yi

w y )/(w 1)

for

in the equation is
,

*?

d}h

(w-lfdz^w-ldz
and,

w-1 dz~
is

!_ dy*_ P >Q yw- .vo + p (yxw - y ** w-l V w - 1 )


1

when we

substitute for (dyjdz) and (dy /dz) the values

and

P + Qy

+ Ry*,

P + Qy + Ry*

the last equation

reduced to

wTz
so that

=Ry- Ry^
{f(Ry

w = c exp
y
is

Ry ) dz],
x

where

c is the constant of integration.

we
let

see that

Hence, from the equation defining w, expressed as a function involving a single quadrature.
third result, let y
let c'

To prove the
.

y% be a third solution, and reduce to y2 Then y

and y, be the solutions already specified, be the value to be assigned to c to make

yjrJf.o

=l
C
'

y*-y<>
y. 2

y-yi
and
this is the integral in a

-y

'

form

free

from quadratures.

* Nov.

Comm. Acad.

Petrop. vni. (17601761) [1763], p. 32.

t Ibid. p. 59, and ix. (17621763) [1764], pp. 163164. Math. xl. (1850), p. 361.

See also Minding, Journal fur

94

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


It follows that the general solution is expressible in the

[CHAP. IV
form

Hence
giving

it is

evident that,
lf 2
,

if
3
,

ylt yit y8 yt be any four solutions, obtained by


,

the values

C C C G

respectively, then the cross-ratio

(yi-y*) (y*-y*) (yi-y*)(y*-y*)


is

independent ofz; for

it is

equal to

(0 -(7# )(Ci
1

-(Q"
it

In spite of the obvious character of this theorem, been noticed until some forty years ago*.

does not seem to have

Other properties of the generalised Riccati equation may be derived from


properties of the corresponding linear equation ( 4*2). Thus Raffy f has given two methods of reducing the Riccati equation to the canonical form

these correspond to the methods of reducing a linear equation to its normal form by changes of the dependent and independent variables respectively.
Various properties of the solution of Riccati's equation in which P, Q, R are rational functions have been obtained by C. J. D. Hill, Journal fiir Math. xxv. (1843), pp. 23 37 Autoune, Comptes Rendus, xcvi. (1883), pp. 1354 1356; cxxvm. (1899), pp. 410 412; and Jamet, Comptes Rendus de V Assoc. Francaise (Ajaccio), (1901), pp. 207 228; Ann. de la

Fac. des Sci. de Marseille, xn. (1902), pp.

21.

hagen,

The behaviour of the solution near singularities of P, Q, Nieuw Archie/ voor Wiskunde, (2) vi. (1905), pp. 209
The equation
of the second order

R has

been studied by Falken-

248.

whose primitive

is

of the type

C1C1

+ C2& + C3C3'

where c x c2 , c3 are constants of integration (which is an obvious generalisation of the primitivo of the Riccati equation), has been studied by Vessiot, Ann. de la Fac. des Sci. de
,

Toulouse, ix. (1895), no. 6 and by Wallenburg, Journal fiir Math. cxxt. and Comptes Rendus, cxxxvii. (1903), pp. 1033 1035.

(1900), pp.

210

217-

* Weyr, Abh. biihm. Ges. Wiss. (G) vm. (18751876), Math. Mem. i. p. 30 ; Picard, Ann. Sci. de VEcole norm. sup. (2) vi. (1877), pp. 342 343. Picard's thesis, in which the result -is contained, is devoted to the theory of surfaces and twisted curves a theory in which Riccati's

equation has various applications.


t

Nouv. Ann. de Math.

(4)

n. (1902), pp. 529545.

4*3]
4*3.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Various transformatiwis of Bessel's equation.

95

The equations which we


Bessel's equation

are now about to investigate are derived from by elementary transformations of the dependent and inde-

pendent

variables.
first

The
(i)

type which

we

shall consider is*

p -*,.BiE
t dz*

where

c is

an unrestricted constant.

The equation

is

of frequent occurrence

in physical investigations, and, in such problems,

is

usually an integer.

The equation has been encountered in the Theory of Conduction of Heat and the Theory of Sound by Poisson, Journal de VlZcole Polytechnique,- xn. (cahier 19), (1823), pp. 249403; Stokes, Phil. Tram, of the Royal Soc. 1868, pp. 447464 [Phil. Mag. (4) xxxvi. (1868), pp. 401421, Math, and Phys. Papers, iv. (1904), pp. 299324]; Rayleigh, Proc. London Math. Soc. iv. (1873), pp. 93103, 253283 [Scientific Papers,
i.

(1899)',

pp. 138, 139].

The

special equation in

which

p=2

occurs in the Theory of the Figure of

the Earth; see

Ellis,

Camb. Math. Journal, n. (1841), pp. 169177, 193201.

Since equation (1)


,

may be
d

written in the form


(uz-i)
,

d? (uz-i)

its

general solution

is

(2>

= z^p+i

(ciz).

unrestricted,

Consequently the equation is equivalent to Bessel's equation when p is and no advantage is to be gained by studying equations of the form (1) rather than Bessel's equation. But, when is an

integer, the solu-

tions of (1) are expressible "in finite

termsf"

(cf.

4),

and

it

is

then

frequently desirable to regard (1) as a canonical form. various types of solutions of (1) will be examined in

The

relations

between

detail in

441-44:}.

is derived from (1) by a transformation of the dependent variable which makes the indicial equation have a zero root The roots of the indicial equation of (1) are + 1 and p -p, and so we write u = vz-p we are thus led to the equation

The second type

of equation

dz*

z dz

CV

'

of which the general solution

is

W
* See Plana,

= zP + i<@pH (ciz).

Mem.

Mem. della R. Accad. delle Sci. di Torino, xxvi. (1821), pp. 519538, andPaoli di Mat. e di Fis. della Soc. Italiana delle Sci. xx. (1828), pp. 183188.
(1)

t This was known to Plana, who studied equations has just been made.

and

(5)

in the paper to

which reference

96
Equation
der Physik
396];
in the
(3),

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. IV

(2) in. (1874), pp.

which has been studied in detail by Bach, Ann. Sci. de Vjtcole norm. sup. 47 68, occurs in certain physical investigations; see L. Lorenz, Ann.

und Chemie, (2) xx. (1883), pp. 1 and Lamb, Hydrodynamics (Cambridge,
form of continued fractions
(2)

21 [Oeuvres

Scientifiques,

1906), 287

291.

I. (1898), pp. 371 Solutions of equation (3)

de VAcad. R. de Belgique,
(1876), pp.

(cf. 5*6, 9 '65) have been examined by Catalan, Bulletin xxxi. (1871), pp. 68 73. See also Le Paige, ibid. (2) xli.

10111016, 935939.
(3),

Next, we derive from

by a change of independent

variable,

an equation

normal form. becomes


in its (5)

We write z %qjq, where q = l/(2p +1),

the equation then

Jr-c^-^o,
solution
is

and

its

(6)

= (Wqyi<$im) (cip/q).
absorbed into the symbol
^?,

When

a constant factor

is

the solution

may be

taken to be

P^iKwiciplq).
Equation
(5),

which has already been encountered

Mem.
(4)

della B. Accad. delle Sci. di Torino, xxvi. (1821), pp.

Studien

xxxvi. (1868), pp. 348351 [Collected ilber die BesseVschen Functionen (Leipzig, 1868), pp. 112

been studied by Plana, 519538; Cayley, Phil. Mag. Papers, vn. (1894), pp. 912]; and Lommel,

in 4 14, has

118.

The system

of equations which has

now been

constructed has been dis-

cussed systematically by Glaisher*, whose important memoir contains an interesting account of the researches of earlier writers.

The equations have been studied from a different aspect by Haentzschel f who regarded them as degenerate forms of Lame's equations in which both of
the invariants g 3 and g3 are zero.

pp.

The following papers by Glaisher should also be consulted Phil. Mag. 433438 Messenger, vm. (1879), pp. 2023 Proc. London Math.
:

(4) xliii. (1872),

Soc. ix. (1878),

pp.

197202.
It

may

be noted that the forms of equation (1) used by various writers are as follows:

cPy

k(k + l)

d*R n(n + l) n D _J__i __ _ p2 /2= Rf


.,

(Poisson),

S-*-*^*
Equation
(5)

(Wisher).

vertical pole of variable cross-section,


is

has been encountered by Greenhill J in his researches on the stability of a under the action of gravity. When the cross-section constant, the special equation in which <?= is obtained, and the solution of it leads to

Bessel functions of order +-J.

bridge

Tram, of the Royal Soc. clxxii. (1881), pp. 759 828 and Dublin Math. Journal, ix. (1854), pp. 272 290. t Zeitschriftfiir Math, und Phy*. xxxi. (1886), pp. 25 33. % Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. iv. (1883), pp. 6573.
* Phil.

see also a paper

by Curtis, Cam-

4-31]
4*31.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Lommel's transformations of Bessel's equation.
occasions; his earlier researches* were of a

97

Various types of transformations of Bessel's equation were examined by

Lommel on two

somewhat

special

type, the later f were

much more

general.

In the earlier investigation, after observing that the general solution of


/i\ (1)
.

&y i?- s + *-
2i/-l dy
,

"(2)

y- *"#,(*).
direct transformations to construct the equation
at

Lommel proceeded by
general solution

whose
result,

is gfi"~

i^v

(y^), where

a,

#,

are constants.

His

which
(3)
is

it will

be

sufficient to quote, is that the general solution of


i

z*^ + (2a-2/3v+l)z^ + {&y*z*i + a(a-2/3v)}u =


u

(4)

= z*-*<@v (yz*).

When /3=0,
and when y=0,
unless

the general solution of (3) degenerates into

tt=g-(Cl +c2 log3);


it

degenerates into

(dv is zero.

The
be

solution of (3)

was given

explicitly

by Lommel

in

numerous

special cases.

It will

sufficient to

quote the following for reference

(7)

(8)

S+ ^+

(1

-"

S + 5"*=0;
tt=0;

*- + V,W')-**.{iV*).
u=

(1

_ v) g_i

(9)

^+/3y*-=0;
2

*Wmw (y*).
**^ (**).

(10)

l^ + 0;
<^ zu =0-

-**#S (Jld),
u=**#4 (3*),

(11)

*^j ().

An

account of Stokes' researches on the solutions of equation (11) will be given in

64, 10-2.

* Studien liber die Bessel'schen Functionen (Leipzig, 1868), pp.

98

120

Math. Ann.

in.

(1871), pp.

475487.

f Math. Ann. xiv. (1879), pp. 510586.

98

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. IV

Lommel's later researches appeared at about the same time as a memoir by Pearson*, and several results are common to the two papers. Lommel's procedure was to simplify the equation f
d*{ylx(z)\

2v-ld{y/ X (z)}
+(s)

d{ir{z)Y
of which the solution
( 12 )

d+iz)

+ y (*)~
X

'

is ( 4*3)

?-*(*) {*(*)}' *,{*<*)}.


reduction the equation becomes

On
(13)

^-li^) + (2^-l)t>) + 2 ^)l^


(*"<*)
l*'(*)

+ (2 ,-i)^ + 2^x>)_aGf) Tf ^
<

i.l

y=

0.

Now

define the function

(2)

by the equation

It will

be adequate to take

(H)
If

^W-^WfeWI'^W^
it is

1
.

we eliminate x ( 2 )>
v ;

apparent that the general solution of

ck

<(*)

dz

|_4 (</>(^j

2<(*)

y
is

=o

As a
(17
IS
>

special case, if

we take

<f>

(z)

= 1,

it is

seen that the general solution of

a?

[a

*^r - ito ++<)-+ *i i+wf J y

(18)

-V{* ()/*' CO}. #, {*<*)}


x (*) = {* (^)}M_V and we find
J

Next, returning to (13), we take


solution of

that the general

is

(20)
*

y {*<*)}* W*<*)).
f

Messenger, ix. (1880), pp. 127131.

The

Inactions

(*)

and

\p (z)

are arbitrary.

4-32]

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
following are special cases of (17):

99

The
(21)

(22)

^ + (^~^)y = H + ^^ =
will find

0;

y -#,(),

0;

y-*^^>
worked

The independent researches of Pearson proceeded on very similar lines except that he started from Bessel's equation instead of from the modified
form of it. The reader out in his paper.

many

special cases of equation (17)

partial differentia] equation closely connected with (7)


o2
0Z l
v '

and

(8),

namely

du
VZ

du

Ct

has been investigated by Kepinski, Math. Ann. lxi. (1906), pp. 397 405, and MyllerLebedeff, Math. Ann. lxvi. (1909), pp. 325330. The reader may verify that Kepinski's formula

is

a solution, when/(w>) denotes an arbitrary function of

w.

The
int.

special case of the equation

when

i/=

de

I'

Acad, des

Sci.

de

Cracoirie, 1905, pp.

198

205.

was also investigated by Kepinski, Bull,

4'32.

Malmsten's differential equation.

equation,

Twenty years before Lommel published his researches on transformations of Bessel's Malmsten* investigated conditions for the integrability in finite terms of the

equation

which
(15).
is

3+;-(^>
obviously a generalisation of Bessel's equation
;

and

it is

a special case of

^ 4*31

To reduce the

equation,

Malmsten chose new

variables defined

by the formulae

where p and q are constants to be suitably chosen.

The transformed equation

is

We choose p
so that p

Plana, and therefore

and q so that we take

this

may

reduce to the equation of 4*3

(1)

considered by

= - ir fan.

2pq-q + l+qr=0,
to

(m + 2)q = 2,

The equation then reduces

cPuV
d?
*

4A

L(

+ 2) 2+

2 2 g {4*+(l-r) }-l ~]

4*

_P

Camb. and Dublin Math. Journal, v. (1850), pp. 180 182. The case in which =0 had been previously considered by Malmsten, Journal fUr Math, xxxix. (1850), pp. 108 115.

100

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


4*3 this is intcgrable in finite

[CHAP. IV

By

terms

if

to{4 + (l-r)}-i-*( +

l),

where n
(2)

is

an integer

so that

m + 2= + ^+(l-r)>}
+
is

The equation

also obviously integrable in the trivial cases

A =0 and

m=

-2.

4'4.

The notation of Pochhammer for

series

of hypergeometric

type.

is

A compact notation, invented by Pochhammer* and modified by Barnesf, convenient for expressing the series which are to be investigated. We shall
now and subsequently
(a)

write

= o(a+ l)(a+
will

2)

...

(a

+-

1),

(a)

1.

The notation which


p* q (au a2
,

be used
,

is,

in general,

...,

ap

Pl

p2

...,

pq

z)=
rt=0

n
J

j-^
KPi)n \Pi)n

zn

\Pq)n

In particular,

I
CO

< g >"

n=0W!(p)n
.71

=0!(p)n'
*F,(,/9;

,;*)=*

-^7^^
three series are called generalised hyper-

The

functions defined by the

first

geometric functions.
It

may be

noted here that the function

(a

z) is

a solution of the

differential equation

and,

when p

is

not an integer, an independent solution of this equation

is

^"".^(a-p +
It is evident that

l; 2 -p;

z).

Various integral representations of functions of the types \Fi

i , 0^*3

have been studied

by Pochhammer, Math. Ann.


*

xli. (1893), pp.

174178, 197218.
(1891), pp. 227, 586, 587.
Cf. 4-15.
is

Math. Ann. xxxvi.

(1890), p.

84

xxxvm.

t Proc. London Math. Soc.


of the suffixes

(2) v. (1907), p. 60.

The

modification due to Barnes

the insertion

p and

q before and after the

F to render evident the number of sets of factors.

4'4, 4*41]

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Various solutions in
series.

101

4'41.

We

shall

now examine

various solutions of the equation

d2 u
dz*

-j

r + \) c*u = p(p - u,

z*

and obtain relations between them, which in Pochhammer's notation.


It is

will for

the most part be expressed

supposed

for

and, equally, since the equation

the present that p is not a positive integer or zero, is unaltered by replacing p by p 1, it is


f
sfi

supposed that p
It is already

is

not a negative integer.


(4-3) that the general solution*
is

known

$p+

(ciz),

and

this gives rise to the special solutions


z*+*
.

F, (p

\c*z-)

z~p

-oF^-p;

\c*z*).

The equation may be written

in the forms

dz*

dz

z*

which are suggested by the

fact that the functions e e* are solutions of the

original equation with the right-hand side suppressed.

When ^

is

written for z (d/dz), the last pair of equations become

(^

-p -

1) (^

+ p)

(ue**) 2cz% (uei*2 )

= 0.

When we solve these in series we are led to the following four expressions for u
zP+^.tF^p + l; 2p + 2; -2cz); zp+i e-^^F^p + 1; 2p + 2; 2cz)
Now, by
sT*'e**
l

(- p

-2p; -2cz);
2cz).
left

zr* era .xFx (-p\ -2p\

direct multiplication of series, the


,

two expressions on the


,

are

expansible in ascending series involving z?+1

z^ zp+3
.

....

And the expressions

on the right similarly involve powers are the same when 2p


(1)

tr*,
is

z1 ~p,

z-'P, ....

Since none of the two sets of

not an integer,
x

we must have
x

*. ,F, (p

2p + 2

- 2cz) = e~ n F

(p

2p + 2

2cz)

(2)

ef.Ai-p; -2p; -2cz) = e-". F (-p; -2p;


1
1

2cz)

These formulae are due

to

Kummerf. When
is

(1) has

been proved

for general

values of p, the truth of (2)

obvious on replacing
is

p by p 1
integer.

in (1).

We now
* It follows

have to consider the cases when 2p


from
3*1 that

an

a special investigation

is

also necessary

when p

is

half of an odd

integer.

t Journal fllr Math. xv. (1836), pp. 138141.

102

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


When p
has any of the values , f f
,

[CHAP. IV

as a factor have to be replaced

and there

is

..., the solutions which contain z~p by series involving logarithms (3*51, 3*52), only one solution which involves only powers of z. By the
,

previous reasoning, equation (1)

still

holds.

When p

has any of the values

0, 1, 2, ...

a comparison of the lowest powers


still

of z involved in the solutions shews that (1) that there are no relations of the form
z-p J\(\-p\ \<?z*)
x

holds; but

it is

not obvious

= z-ve*\F (-p\ -2p; -2cz) + k zP+\F


1

^z-Pe-^F.i-p; -2p;
where
lcit

2cz)

+ k2 zr+*

<t

+ ; \&z*) F {p + %; \c*z%
1

(p

k2 are constants which are not

zero.

We
and
(2)

have to give an independent investigation of which depends on direct multiplication of series.


shall consequently

(1)

Note.
vii.

tions of the series

In addition to Rummer's researches, the reader should consult the investigaby Cayley, Phil. Mag. (4) xxxvi. (1868), pp. 348351 [Collected Papers,

(1894), pp. 912] and Glaisher, Phil. Mag. (4) xliii. (1872), pp. Trans, of the Royal Soc. clxxii. (1881), pp. 759828.

433438;

Phil.

4'42.

Relations between the solutions in series.

The equation

*Vi(p+l; 2p+2;
which forms part of equation
general formula due to
(i)

-2cz)

= e-ez F
1

(p

+ l; 2p + 2;

2cz),

(1) of

441,

is

a particular case of the more

Kummer*

i^(; p;

0-Wp-;

/>;

-),,

which holds for all values of o and p subject to certain conventions (which will be stated presently) which have to be made when a and p are negative integers.

We first suppose that p is not a negative integer and then the coefficient of n in the expansion of the product of the series for e* and (p a p ) is

&

mto(n

- m)\

ml(p)m

" Wp)n .V^*' {p " ")m (1 " P ~ n)


nl(p) n

"

=
if

()

n\(p)n

'

we

first

in the numerator;

use Vandermonde's theorem f and then reverse the order of the factors and the last expression is the coefficient of fn in X X (a; p; *).

The
*

result required is therefore established

when a and p have general complex

values J.
Journal fur Math. xv. (1836), pp. 138

141;

see alsoJBach, Ann. Sci. de I'ticole norm. sup. (2)

in. (1874), p. 55.

t See, e.g. Chrystal, Algebra, n. (1900), p. 9. $ Another proof depending on the theory of contour integration has been given by Barnes,

Tram. Camb.

Phil. Soc. xx. (1908), pp.

254257.

4'42]

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
p
is

103

When

a negative integer, equation (l)is obviously meaningless unless

also o is a negative integer

and a < p
! \ |

j.

The

interpretation of (1) in these

circumstances will be derived by an appropriate limiting process.


First let a be a negative integer

(=
p

N) and
The
;

let

that the preceding analysis

is

valid.

series

^(N;

p not be an integer, so p\ ) is now a

terminating
sists of

series,

N+ 1

+ 1, p + p + with the later factors of the sequences

is an infinite series which conterms followed by terms in which the earlier factors p + N, + 2, ... in the sequences in the numerators can be cancelled

while

(p

+N

p,

1,

+ 2,

...

in the denominators.
X

When
iFt (p

these factors have been cancelled, the series for


;

is

are both continuous functions of p near p any of the integers N, + 1, + 2,


;

+ iV p

= M,

and where

. . .

Hence we may proceed


of (1)
(2)

to the limit

when p

-*.

if,

and the limiting form

may then be

written*

tJFxO-JV;
"1

-Mi Ol^e^F^N-M; -M;


means that the

-)1,
term in
*', i.e.

in which the symbol

series is to stop at the

the last term in which the numerator does not contain a zero factor, while
1 means that the series is to proceed normally as far as the term and then it is to continue with terms in f Jf+1 f->/+2 ... the vanishing factors in numerator and denominator being cancelled as though their ratio were one of equality.

the symbol
in % M ~N
,

With
(3)

this convention, it is easy to see that

Ai-N; -M;
+ ( - )M ~ N

?)1=i^,(-iV;

-M;

f)

1
1
;

N
MKM~Ay.
-

** +I

^ (^ " ^ +
,

3/

?).

When we
(4)

replace iV

by

M N and by
) 1

we have
;

^(N-M; -M;
+ ( ->"
If

= iJFi <tf -

Jf

-M; -?)1
1
;

k")! <- P'* (^ +


we have
f)

3/

2
;

t).

As an ordinary

case of (1)

^(M-N+l; M+2;
and from
(5)
this result

(A +l;
r

if

+ 2; -

),

combined with
;

(2), (3)

and

(4)

we deduce that

^ (-

iV;

- Jf 01 - rf

^ (JV-

if;

if;

) 1.

an integral
462],

This could have been derived directly from (1) by giving p value, and then making p tend to its limit.
* Cf. Cayley, Messenger (old series), v. (1871),

(instead of o)

pp.77 82

[Collected Papers,

vm.

(1895), pp. 458

aDd Glaisher, Messenger, vm.

(1879), pp.

2023.

104

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


We
next examine the equation

[CHAP. TV

(6)

0*J

(p

+1

2p

2cz)

& (p +

f;

\&z%
is also

which

forms the remainder of equation (1) in 4*41,

and which

due to

Kummer*. If we suppose

that 2p

is

not a negative integer, the coefficient of (cz) n in


left in (6) is

the product of the series on the

(-2r
1

(p

ix

m= o(n-m)\ml(2p
n

(-)*

2) m

(2p
l)m (-

+
n

2) n m=0

1 2m Q> + u(---2;>-i)n-w ml(n-m)l


is

Now

2W

Cm (^ +
l

- 2p - l)n-,
,

the coefficient of tn in the

expansion of (1

2t)~p~

(1

t) n+2p+1 and
1

so it
1

is

equal to
/>+)

2~
of the

f(o+)
.

(1

- 20"P_I (1 - t)n+2P +1 tr"-

dt

Y~\

0-

~ 0~p_1 w~ n~

dM,

where w

= t/(l t) and the contours enclose the origin but no other singularities integrands. By expanding the integrand in ascending powers of u, we
is

see that the integral


even.

zero if n

is

odd, but

it is

equal to v,,

(p

4- l)i
.,

when n

is

Hence

it

follows that

%
=o2

2n

m .n!(p + f) n
(cz)

'

and

this is the result to

be proved.

When we make p
lim
,F,

tend to the value of a negative integer,

N, we

find

by

the same limiting process as before that

(p +

2p + 2

- 2cz) = F (l-N;
l
l

- 22V; - 2cz) 1

It follows that

&Q-N;
we change the we find that
If
(7)

icV) = ^.

(l-iV; 2-22V;

- 2c*) 1

signs of c and z throughout and add the results so obtained,

2 tfx (f

- N icV) = e.
;

(1

- N;

- 2tf; - 2cz)
1

~1

+ e-^.

F (l-N; 2-2N;
1

2cz)~\,

* Journal fUr Math. xv. (1836), pp. 138 141. In connexion with the proof given here, see Barnes, Tram. Camb. Phil. Soe. xx. (1908), p. 272.

4*43]

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

105

course, the expression for

the other terms on the right cancelling by a use of equation This is, of (1) J_y+ j (icz) in finite terms with a different notation.

For Barnes' proof of Rummer's formulae, by the methods of contour


gration, see 65.

inte-

4*43.

Sharpe'8 differential equation.

The equation
(1 >

'g+g + C + ^-o.

which is a generalisation of Bessel's equation for functions of order zero, occurs in the theory of the reflexion of sound by a paraboloid. It has been investigated by Sharpe* who has shewn that the integral which reduces to
unity at the origin
(2)

is

y=C\
J

cos {z cos

+A

log cot \0)d0,

where
(3)
1

Jo

"cos

(4

log cot \0) dd.

This

is

the appropriate modification of Parseval's integral

( 2-3).

To

in-

vestigate its convergence write cos

= tanh

<f>,

and
*>)

it

becomes

(4)

=G

r CSW + * tanh<
Jo
coshrf> <f>
1,

dd> ^

It is easy to see from this form of the integral that

it

converges for (complex)

values of

for

which \I(A)\<

andf
2

C=The

cosh

hvA.

ir

integral has been investigated in great detail by Sharpe and he has given elaborate rules for calculating successive coefficients in the expansion of y in powers of z.

A simple

form of the solution (which was not given by Sharpe)

is

y- to ,^(jTi^;
The reader should have no
* Messenger, x. (1881), pp.

1;

2iz).

difficulty in verifying this result.


xn. (1884), pp.

174185

6679

Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. x. (1900),

pp. 101136.

t See,

e.g.

Watson, Complex Integration and Cauchy's Theorem (1914), pp. 64

65.

106
4*5.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Equations of order higher than the second.

[CHAP. IV

The

construction of a differential equation of any order, which


of Bessel functions, has
;

is

soluble

been effected by Lommel* its possibility depends on the fact that cylinder functions exist for which the quotient <$ (z)/^ v (z) is independent of z.

by means

Each of the functions Jn (z) and Yn (z), of integral order, possesses (z), H property [ 2*31, 3*5]; and the functions of the third kind p

this
{2)

(z)

possess it ( 3*6 1),

whether v

is

an integer or

not.

Now when
C1 )

3*9 (5) is written in

the form
}( "- m,

gr^'^fr V)- (7)w *


is is

^,-m(7 V*)>
if

the cylinder function on the right

of order

m = 2v.
and

This
v

the case either

(i)

if v is

an

integer, n,

m = 2n,

or

(ii)

if

= n+\

and
if

m = 2n + 1.
,

Hence

^n denotes either Jn or Yn
we obtain Lommel's

we have

From
z^ n

this equation

result that the functions z* n

Jn (y \Jz)

Yn (y \lz) are

solutions off

,o\

where 7 has any value such

J"y_ (frry dz ~ zn that 2n = ( )n cm


<y

'

so that
(r

= ic exp (riri/n).
we obtain 2w

= 0,

1, 2,

. .

n-

1)

By

giving 7
r

all

possible values

solutions of (2),

and these

form a fundamental system.


Next,
if tfn+i

denotes

{1)

n+i

we have

#Hn+i) -*+*> **#+*, so that

and hence
\P)

z* n+

lH

{l)

n+i (7 Jz) is a solution of

dzm+1

zn+i

'

where 7 has any value such that 72n+1

= cm+1 e- (n+ *
{riri/(n

),ri
,

so that
(r

y
and the solutions
*

= -ic exp

+ )},

= 0,

1, 2,

. .

2rc)

so obtained

form a fundamental system.


;

Studien

tiber die

BesseUschen Functionen (Leipzig, 1868), p. 120

Math. Ann. u. (1870),

pp. 624635.

The more

general equation

has been discussed by Molins, MSm. de VAcad. des

Sci. de Toulouse, (7) vin. (1876), pp.

167 189.

4-5]

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

107

pp.

For some applications of these 317320.

results, see Forsyth, Quarterly Journal, xix. (1883),

In view of (1), which holds when m is an integer, Lommel, Math. Ann. n. (1870), p. 635, has suggested an interpretation of a "fractional differential coefficient." Thus he would
JgJ length by Heaviside in various papers.

exp(yV)

to

mean 90o

(yijz).

The

idea has been developed at

some

Lommel's formulae may be generalised by considering equation


4*31, after writing it in the

(3) of

form

(* + a) (^

+ a - 2j3i>) u = - 'ptftPu,
(<yz^).

the solution of the equation being u = zpv- a(@ v by induction that, with this value of u,
n-\
II

For

it is

easy to verify

(^

+ a - 2r/3) (^ + a - 2/3p - 2r)

r=0

= (-) n/92nc2ns 2n

<,

w,

and so solutions of
-i 4)

(^

+ a - 2r) (^ + a -

2/3v

- 2r/8) u = (-)n/3^cmz^ u
= 0,
n-

are of the form

where

u = z^"-^v ( 7*0), 7 = c exp (riri/n).

(r

1,

. . , .

1)

By

giving 7 these values, system.

we

obtain 2n solutions which form a fundamental

In the special case in which n


(Sr

= 2, equation (4) reduces to + a ) (^ + _ 2)(^ + a 2pv) (* + a - 2/3* - 2/3) u = Wu.


Sponge Spicules, namely
<P
[

This equation resembles an equation which has been encountered by Nicholson* in the
investigation of the shapes of
(5)

2 Au.d u\

that

is

to say

$(3-l)(S + 4/*-2)
j*,

($

+ 4p-3) u=*-i*u.
(4)

If

we

identify this with the special


v
:

form of

we obtain the following four distinct

sets

of values for a, ,

JL

1
2.

2
1

-1
* Proc.

~\

* 3

10

Royal Soe. xcm.

Soc. lxxxix.

(1917), pp. 573

587

(1917), pp. 506


;

519. See also Dendy and Nicholson, Proc. Royal the special cases of (5) in which /*=0 or 1 had been solved

previously by Kirchhoff, Berliner Monatsberiehte, 1879, pp. 815828.

[Ann. der Physik und

Chemie,

(3) x. (1880), pp.

501512.]

108

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. IV

These four cases give the following equations and their solutions
(6)

^=;

**{#! +^ 4 ()},
22tt;

(7)

~ S} =
4

{?

=^
J

{^2 (2^)+^2(2tV^},

(8)

{*V S} *

-*'*{^(l )+^t-(t il .
-^{^(~*) +*(-*)}.

(9)

t S} =2
,2
;

tt;

of Bessel functions

These seem to be the only equations of Nicholson's type which are soluble with the aid in the case fi 2, the equation (5) is homogeneous. Nicholson's general
is

equation

associated with the function


/ 3-2/x
3

2 + 2/x

1+2/i
'

z*-** \
'

V4-2/*'

4-2 M

4-2M

(4-2M )V'

4*6.

Symbolic solutions of differential equations.


solutions of the equation 4*3 (1)

Numerous mathematicians have given


namely

in symbolic forms,

when p
( 4*3)

is

a positive integer (zero included).

These forms

are intimately connected with the recurrence formulae for Bessel functions.
It has

been seen

that the general solution of the equation

is

and from the recurrence formula

39 (6) we have

***Wcu) - (- ays*** (Jf [r*Vh (ciz)}.


Since any cylinder function of the form
(ae
z
*<fj

(ciz) is expressible as

+ Pe-^ls/z,
may

where a and be written


<

/3

are constants,

it

follows that the general solution of (1)

2>

u=zP+1

[jdz)

ae + &ey .
6*

c*

r
6

A
(3)

modification of this, due to Glaisher*,

is

w
a'

= z*** (Ay^(a'** + P'e- *),


may be
seen by differentiating CLeP+ffe-*2 once.

where

= a/c, #'= -fife.


Tram, of
the

This

* Phil.

equation
p. 92.

Royal Soc. clxzii. (1881), p. 813. It was remarked by Glaisher that Earnshaw, Partial Differential Equations (London, 1871), See also Glaisher, Quarterly Journal, xi. (1871), p. 269, formula (9), and p. 270.
(3) is

substantially given by

4 * 6]

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

109

Note. A result equivalent to (2) was set by Gaskin as a problem* in the Senate House Examination, 1839; and a proof was published by Leslie Ellis, Camb. Math. Journal, n. (1841), pp. 193195, and also by Donkin, PhU. Trans, of the Royal Soc. cxlvii. (1857), pp. 4357. In the question as set by Gaskin, the sign of c 2 was changed, so that the solution involved circular functions instead of exponential functions.

Next we
(4)

shall prove the symbolic theorem,

due to Glaisherf, that

W4Y.JL
\zdz)

zp+1
it is

that the function


operators z3 (d/dz).
It
is

In operating on a function with the operator on the right, is multiplied by I/* *- 2 before the
5

supposed

application of the

convenient to write

and then
(5)

to use the symbolic formula

/('*) (e"Z)
.

e*

./(*

+ a) Z,

in

which a
The proof

is

a constant and

Z is

any function of z.

S, as is

Equations (1914),

of this formula presents no special difficulties when/(<>) is a polynomial in the case in the present investigation. See, e.g. Forsyth, Treatise on inferential jrwwm*
33.

It is easy to see from (5) that

= "-*<*- 2p + 2)<*when we bring the

2j,

+ 4)<* -

2p

+ 6). ..*,
(5).

successive functions er (beginning with those on the left) past the operators one at a time, by repeated applications of

reverse the order} of the operators in the last result, and by a reversal of the previous procedure we get

We

now

= <*- [<* + 2p - 2) (* + 2p - 4) (* + = e -(p+i) [(4*$) (e**>)... (eie *).e-w--> 9


. . .

2) * -<*-*>]
.

= J-[( 23 lYJL~\

z^

\_\

dz) z*-*]

'

Th e P bIem W<18 * he 8eCODd Part f uestion 8 Tu eday 1 afternoon, Jan. n Cambridge University Calendar, 1839, p. 319.

8,

1839; see the


t,ie

JJ:;iZ S
t
It

(1876)>

pp 240
'

~243

'

349

"350

and PhiL Tram of


'

Rmjal Soc

was remarked by Cayley, Quarterly Journal, xn.

(1872), p. 132, in a footnote to a paper


i.e.

by

Glaisher, that differential operators of the form *+'

s -,

-, obey

the commutative law.

'

110

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


this is the result to

[CHAP. IV
1,

and

be proved.

If

we

replace

p by p +

we

find that

When we

the general solution of


{1)
v /Q 8

transform (2) and (3) with the aid of (4) and (6), (] ) is expressible in the following forms

we

see that

~zp+A

dz)

*-

>

<

>

l / -dy+WtP + fftr * uss **\*di)

^
,

'

The

solutions of the equation


2 v d --

. 2pdv - -E-j- cH = 0,

[(3) of 4-3],
<9 >

which correspond to

(2), (3), (7)

(10)

-^Ub) v = ^ (-^J
+1

and (8) are

(aV*

+ 0'e-a

),

/nx
12 >
more

1^,

dya f + fier"

<

^s)

?!

(7) is due to Boole, Phil. Trans, of the Equations (London, 1872), ch. xvn. on Differential Royal IX. (1854), p. 281. pp. 423425; see also Curtis, Cambridge and Dublin Math. Journal, II. Journal, (1841), pp. 169, Ellis, Camb. Math. first Leslie given by The solution (9) was 193, and Lebesgue, Journal de Math. xi. (1846), p. 338; developments in series were

A different and

direct
;

method of obtaining
Treatise

Soc. 1844, pp. 251, 252

obtained from

it

by Bach, Ann.

Sci.

de

I'jtcole

norm, sup.

(2) in. (1874), p. 61.

Similar symbolic solutions for the equation

~-c

z%>~i

v=0

were discussed by Fields,

John Hopkins University

Circulars, vi. (1886


(9),

7), p. 29.

transformation of the solution


is

due to Williamson, Phil. Mag.

(4) xi. (1856),

pp. 364371,
(13)

/3
v==c

IV

^\dc'c)

ae"

+ 3e ~
'

*)-

r)

This

is

derived from the equivalence of the operators cz.

~-

if) - g-

when they operate on

functions of

We thus obtain the equivalence of the

following operators

-^'[(M^m-i}
it

being supposed that the operators operate on a function of

cz;

and Williamson's formula

is

then manifest.

4*7]
4*7.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Liouville's classification

111

of elementary transcendental functions.

in

Before we give a proof of Liouville's general theorem (which was mentioned 412) concerning the impossibility of solving Riccati's equation "in finite
"

except in the classical cases discovered by Daniel Bernoulli (and the we shall give an account of Liouville's* theory of a class of functions known as elementary transcendental functions; and we shall introduce a convenient notation for handling such functions.
limiting form of index -2),

terms

For brevity we write f


h (z) =
e 1 (z)

l(z)

log z,
,

l2

(z)

= I (I (z))

l3

(z)

= I (l2 (*)),
= e(ea (z)),
{*/(*)},

. .

e(z)

= ez

ea (z)

= e(e(z)),

e3 (z)

*if(*)-*f(*)-ff(*)dM,

9,/(#)-9{9/(#)},

*/<*)- 9

....

A
lr

function of z

if it is expressible
<f>(z),

e r y}r(z),

is then said to be an elementary transcendental function.% as an algebraic function of z and of functions of the types <irx( z )> where the auxiliary functions <f>(z), yjr(z), %(z) are

expressible in terms of z and of a second set of auxiliary functions, and so on; provided that there exists a finite number n, such that the nth set of auxiliary

functions are

all

algebraic functions of

z.

The order
(I)

of an elementary transcendental function of z

is

then defined

inductively as follows:

Any

algebraic function of z

is

of order zero.
r,

(II) If

fr (z)

denotes any function of order

then any algebraic function

of functions of the types

*M*\
(into

efr {z),

,fr (z),
first

fr (z),

/(*),.../,(,)
is

which at

least

one of the
is

three enters)

said to be of order r

1.

(III)

Any

function

possible order.

Thus elfr (z)

order

r,

not of order r

+ 2.

supposed to be expressed as a function of the lowest is to be replaced by r (z), and it is a function of f

In connexion with this and the following sections, the reader should study Hardy, Orders of Infinity (Camb. Math. Tracts, no. 12, 1910). The functions discussed by Hardy were of slightly more restricted character than those now under consideration,
i

since, for

his purposes, the

not required, and also, for his purposes, postulate the reality of the functions which he investigates.
r is

symbol

it is

convenient to

It may be noted that Liouville did not study properties of the symbol s in merely remarked that it had many properties akin to those of the symbol I.

detail,

but

T Journal de t It
is

Math. n. (1837), pp. 56105 in. (1838), pp. 523-547 supposed that the integrals are all indefinite.
;

iv.

(1839), pp.

423456

t " Une fonction fiuie For the purposes of

explicite."

this investigation, irrational

powers of

:,

not be regarded as algebraic functions.

such as z" of course must


',

112
4*71.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Liouville's first

[CHAP. IV

theorem* concerning linear differential equations.

The

investigation of the character of the solution of the equation

in

which

% (z)

is

a transcendant of orderf
:

n,

has been

made by

Liouville,

who

has established the following theorem

If equation

(I) has

solution which is

a transcendant of order

m+

1,

where

m > n,
(2)

then either there exists a solution of the equation which is of order\ n,

or else there exists a solution, u i} of the equation expressible in the form


U:

= <M*) */*(*),
<M

where

M (z) is

of order

ft,

and

the order of

(z) does not exceed

/a,

and

fi is

such that

n^p^m.
;

/m+i ( z )

m + 1, let it be fm+i(z) then an algebraic function of one or more functions of the types lfm (z) sfm ( z )> efm (z) as well as (possibly) of functions whose order does not exceed m. Let us concentrate our attention on a particular function of one of the three types, and let it be called 6, ^ or according to its type.
If the equation (1) has a solution of order
is

(I)

m + 1,

We shall first shew how to prove that, if (1) has a solution of order then a solution can be constructed which does not involve functions of
S-.

the types 6 and


For,

if possible, let /, )l+ i (z)

= F(z, 0), where F is an algebraic


itself) of

function of
in

and any function of z (other than is algebraically independent of 0.

order

m+1

which occurs

Then
/qx {6)

it is

easy to shew that

*F

/ n F X K) " Tz*~

W+
dz>
1

df (z)
dz

d*

fm

(z)

d6dz

+ (_!_
it

dfm {z) \*d*F


dz

\d_

f_l_ dfm (z)}


dz
]

\fm {z)

dP^ldz\fm (zj

W-'-xW

being supposed that z and 6 are the independent variables in performing

the partial differentiations.

The expression on the right in (3) is an algebraic function of 6 which vanishes identically when 6 is replaced by lfm (z). Hence it must vanish
identically for all values of 6
;

tor if it did not, the result of

equating

it

to

zero would express lfm

(z) as an algebraic function of transcendants

orders do not exceed

together with transcendants of order


6.

m+ 1

whose which are,

ex huputhesi, algebraically independent of


'

Journal de Math.
is

iv. (1839), pp.

435442.

t This phrase

used as an abbreviation of " elementary transcendental function of order u."


;

% Null solutions are disregarded


less

if

u were of order

less

than , then - --^ would be of order

than

w,

which

is

contrary to hypothesis.

4'71]

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
is is

113
replaced

by

In particular, the expression on the right of (3) vanishes when + c, where c is an arbitrary constant and when this change
;

made the

expression on the

left

of (3) changes into

d-F(z,0 +
which
is

c)
'-

-F(z,0 + c). x (z),


,

therefore zero.

That

is

to say

When we

differentiate (4) partially with regard to

c,

we
'"

find that

dF(z,
oc

+ c)
'

o-F(z,
dc>

+ c)
'

are solutions of (1 ) for all values of c independent of z. If performing the differentiations, these expressions become

we put

after

dF(z,

)
'

d3F(z,

d0
Fe>

d&
(I).

) "'

'"'
will

which are consequently solutions of


-Fee, ....

For brevity they

be called

Now

either

and

Ft

form a fundamental system of -solutions of (1) or

they do not.
If they do not,

we must have*

F = AF,
where

is

independent both of z and

On 0. F=<PeA0
,

integration

we

find that

where 4> involves transcendants (of order not exceeding + 1) which are algebraically independent of 0. But this is impossible because e Ae is not an algebraic function of and therefore and e form a fundamental system ; of solutions o/'(l).

Hence
where
in

Fee

is

expressible in terms of

F and F

by an equation of the form

and

B are

constants.

FM = AF, + BF, Now this may be


<t>2e0

regarded as a linear equation

(with constant coefficients) and

its solution is

F = O^* +
where
<I>,

or

/= e* {4>

+ 4>a 0},
4>,

and

3>2 are functions of

the same nature as

while a and

/9

are

the roots of the equation

a?-Aa;-B = 0.
The only value
a

=$=

F which is an algebraic function and then F is a linear function of 0.


of

of

is

obtained when

Similarly, if
it

fm+1 (z)
* Since

involves a function of the type ^,

we can prove

that

must be a

linear function of ^.

F mutt involve

0,

Ft cannot be

identically zero.

114

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


them
linearly, so that
1

[CHAP. IV
and ^,

It follows that, in so far as fm+x (z) involves functions of the types


it

involves

we may

write
>

fm+i(z)^%0
where the functions
of order

(z)02 (z)...0p (z).^ 1 (z)%(z)...^ q (z).yfrPiq (z)


order
,

yffp q (z) are of

m + 1 at most, and
which be
...

the only functions

m+1

involved in

them
...,
...

are of the type .

Take any one of the terms


function of
lt 0.,,

in

fm+l (z)
let it

is

of the highest degree, qua

...%,%,

and

Ox {z)0t {z)

P (z).* 1 (z)

* Q (t).irPiQ (z).
it

Then, by arguments resembling those previously used,


"

follows that

d_d_
d0!

d_

d_
1

d_
d*S 2

_a_

d02

'"

d0p'd&

"*

S^

/**.(*)

is

a solution of (1)

i.e.

yffp^iz) is a solution of (1).

But ^p
the types

Q (z) is either

function of order

m+1
case,

a function of order not exceeding m, or else it is a which involves functions of the type and not of
repeat the process of reduction to functions of lower

and ^.

In the former
order,

we

and in the

latter case

we

see that

some solution of the equation


a solution which
is

is

an

algebraic function of functions of the type .

We

have therefore proved


is

that, if (1) has


it

a transcendant
else it

of order greater than n, then either


solution which

has a solution of order n or

has a

$* ( z )> where /M (z)


(II)

an algebraic function of functions of the type ef^iz) and is of order /* and <M (z) is of an order which does not exceed ft.
next prove that, whenever (1) has a solution which is a n, then it has a solution which involves
it

We

shall

transcendant of order greater than

the transcendant ef^iz) only in having a power of

as a factor.

We concentrate
e/j, (z),

our attention on a particular transcendant

of

the form

and then the postulated solution may be written in the form where is an algebraic function of and any function (other than of order /* + 1 which occurs in G is algebraically independent of .
;

G (z,

),

itself)

Then

it is

easy to shew that

rf*G

&G

rPG

d*G

+ e[/"

{/,'(*))]

|g-G.x<*>.

The expression on the right is an algebraic function of which vanishes when is replaced by e/^iz), and so it vanishes identically, by the arguments used in (I). In particular it vanishes when is replaced by c , where c is independent of z. But its value is then

'-G(*,ce).x(),

4*71]
so that
/a\ (6)

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
d*G(z,c%) ;

115

~. , , -G(z,c&). X (z) =
.

0.

When we

differentiate this with regard to

c,

we

find that

dG(z,c&)
dc
'

&G (z,
9c

c0)
''
'

are solutions of (1) for all values of c independent of expressions become


ft

z.

If

we put

= 1, these

dG(z,S)

^ d*G(z,e)
*

d@
Hence, by the reasoning used in

a@ 2
we have

'

"

(I),

G9 = AG or else

&G*B = AGB + BG,


where

and

B are

constants.

In the former case


$>,*

G Q% A
or

and
1

in the latter

has one of the values


l

+ O,**

&{&

+ &t \og&} =

&{&

& f?(?)},'
t
;

where

4>,

Q>lt

<t>8

are functions of z of order jl+ 1 at most, any functions of

order fi+1 which are involved being algebraically independent of

while

7 and $ are the roots of the equation


x (x
In any
case,

1)

- Ax - B = 0.
is

either contains

only by a factor which

a power of

or else

is

the

sum

of two expressions which contain

only in that manner. In the

latter case*,

G(z, c%)-c*G(z, 0)
is

a solution of (1) which contains

only by a factor which

is

a power of 0.
r

By

repetitions of this procedure,


/*

we

see that, if 0,,

2 , ...

are

all

the

which occur in the postulated solution, we can derive from that solution a sequence of solutions of which the sth contains ... 0,; and the rth 0,, 0, ... 0, only by factors which are powers of n 2 member of the sequence consequently consists of a product of powers of 0i, r multiplied by a transcendant which is of order ft at most; this solution is of the form
transcendants of order
1
,

(*)exp|2 7log*V>
which
is

of the form

^M (z)

ef^ (z).
;

* If $j is not identically zero

if it is,

then

4> 0* is 2

a solution of the specified type.

116
4*72.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

|CHAP. IV

Liouville's second theorem concerning linear differential equations.


if

We
(!)
[in

have just seen that,

the equation

;i-X<*)
is

which x ( z )

f order n] has a solution which


n,

is

an elementary tran-

scendant of order greater than

then

it

must have a solution of the form

where

/*

^ n.

If the equation has


/*

more than one solution of

this type, let a


it

solution for which

has the smallest value be chosen, and let

be called

,.

Liouville's theorem,

which we
is

shall

now

prove,

is that,

for

this solution, the

order of d (log uj/dz

equal

to n.

Let

d
and then
If
t

log

dz
is

C'

of order

at

most

let

the order of
is

be N, where iV < /*.

N=n,
by
t,

the theorem required

proved.

If

N>n,

then the equation

satisfied

namely

has a solution whose order iV

is

greater than

n.

Now
tys-i i z),

an algebraic function of at least one transcendant of the types s/jr-i (z), ef N _ x (z) and (possibly) of transcendants whose order does
t is

not exceed
If
t

N-

1.

We

call

the

first

three transcendants

0,

^,

@ respectively.

contains more than one transcendant of the type 0, we concentrate our attention on a particular function of this type, and we write
t

= F(z,0).
if

By arguments

resembling those used in 4*71, we find that,

N>

n,

then

F(z,0 + c)
is

also a solution of (2).

The corresponding
expJJF(*,

solution of (1)

is

+ c)dz,
z.

and

this

is

a solution for

all
c,

values of c independent of

Hence, by

differentiation with respect to

we

find that the function u^ defined as

^c
is

[ex V

jF(z,0 + c)dz]j^

also a solution of (1);

and we have

u2 = u JF
l

dz,

so that

diu
U

da,

*Tz-

*dz~

= U F *

4-72,4-73]

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
solutions of (1)
is

117

But the Wronskian of any two


where C
If
is

a constant*; and so

a constant.

C= 0, Fis independent of 0, which is contrary to hypothesis ;soG^ 0, and


m,

J(C/F,).
;

an algebraic function of and similarly it is an algebraic function of all the functions of the types and ^ which occur in t. Next consider any function of the type which occurs in t we write
m, is
;

Hence

&), and, by arguments resembling those used in 471 and those used earlier in this section, we find that the function u., defined as
3
ris
r

= G (z,

exp }&(z, c<d)dz

a solution of (1)

and we have

so that

__

i(j

_=

,,.eG 9

This Wronskian

is

a constant,

C and
lt

so

,-V{W(?.)l.
Consequently u
the types
! is

an algebraic function, not only of all the transcendants of and ^, but also of those of type which occur in t and therefore
x

is

of order

iV.

This

is

contrary to the hypothesis that u 1

is

of order

fi

l,

where f<L^N,ifN> n.

The
of

contradiction shews that


is n.

N cannot be greater than n

d (log Uj)/dz 4
#

And

this is the

hence the order theorem to be established.


;

73.

Liouville's theoi-emf that Bessel's equation

has no algebraic integral.

We

shall

now shew

that the equation

We

has no integral (other than a null-function) which first reduce the equation to its normal form

is

an algebraic function of

z.

by writing

y=uz~^, p

= v-%-

* See e.g. Forsyth, Treatise on Differential Equations (1914), 65.

t Journal de Math. iv. (1839), pp. 429435 ; vi. (1841), pp. 47. Liouville's first investigation was concerned with the general case in which x (z) is any polynomial the application (with various modifications) to Bessel's equation was given in his later paper, Journal de Math. vi.
;

(1841), pp.

113,

36.

118

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


is

[CHAP. IV

This

of the form

dhi

-"%<*>
,

where
(2)

X (.).(l)-i.
an algebraic integral then (1) also Let the equation which expresses this integral, u,
;

If possible, let Bessel's equation have

has an algebraic integral.

as an algebraic function of z be
(3)

64(u,z)
is

= 0,
;

where 64

a polynomial both in u and in z

and

it is

supposed that 64

ik

irreducible*.

Since u
(4)

is

a solution of (1)

we have
0.

64uu 64z* - 2>64uz 64u 64z + 64M 64U* + 64u3 uX (*) =


(3)

The equations
of (3) satisfy
(4).

and

(4)

have a common

root,

and hence

all

the roots

For, if not, the left-hand sides of (3)

have a highest common polynomial in u and in z.


hypothesis.

and (4) (qua functions of u) would than 64 itself, and this would be a factor other reducible, which is contrary to be would Hence 64
uM
Then,
if s is

Let

all

the roots of (3) be

,, ,
tt/

...

any positive integer,

+ W *+
2

+ Ujg*

is

a rational function of z ; and there for which this sum is not zerof.

is

at least one value of s not exceeding

Let any such value of

s be taken,

and

let

=i

Also

let

= s (s - 1)
Since

. . .

(8

- r + 1) j^ .-* (-^)'
are
all

where r =
prove that
<*\

1, 2, ... 5.

** 2

... m,,

solutions} of (1),

it is

easy to

dWo

-w
1

(6)

^=W^ + r(s-r+l) X (z)W .


r
is to say,

l ,

(r

1, 2, ...

- 1)

That

t If not, all the roots of (3) +

in z or in both u and -J^ has no factors which are polynomials in u or would be zero.

Because

(4) is satisfied

by

all

the roots of

(3),

qua equation in

u.

4 *73]

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

119

Since
so that

is

a rational function of

z, it is

W=
and

X A n z+2

expressible in partial fractions,

BW

'\H>
positive

where

An

Bn>q

are constants, k

integral values only in the last

and X are integers, n assumes summation and aq 0.

Let the highest power of l/(z


It follows
l

- aq)

which occurs in

be lj(z

aq ) p

Kz -

9 ) in

by an easy induction from (5) and p+r where r = r is lj(z - a g ) 1, 2,


,

(6) that the highest


... s.

power of

Hence there is a higher power on the left of (7) than on the right. This contradiction shews that there are no terms of the type 2? n n>9 (z - a q )~ in a and so

= X A n z\
n=
-it

We may now
have a
last

assume that
if it

term

because this expression for does not vanish identically.

A K ^ 0,

must

From (5) and (6) which occur in


,

it is
lt

W W W W
,

easy to see that the terms of highest degree in z ... are* 2 3


,

A K z\ XA K z K ~\ A K sz\ XA K (Zs-2)z k -\....


By
in

a simple induction

W,r h

shew that the term of highest degree A K z*.l.3...(2r-l).s(s-2)...(s-2r+2).


it is

possible to

An induction of a more complicated nature term of highest degree in v+l is

is

then necessary to shew that the

^z*->2.4,...(2r).(s-l)(s-3)...(s-2r+l). 2F (h-ls;l-sl

l) r+1

where the
If s

suffix

+1

indicates that the first r

+1

terms only of the hyper-

geometric series are to be taken.


of degrees
odd, the terms of highest degree on the left and right of (7) are X - 2 and X respectively, which is impossible. Hence vanishes whenever s is odd.
is

When
That
and
is to

s is even, the result of

equating coefficients of zx ~ in (7)


x

is

say

XAi.sl^-XAi.sl^d, -te i_to XA^sl^Q,- %s; _*; J) = 0,


XA K .sl
,

l)is

so,

by Vandermonde's theorem, 2.4.6... ..


,

The
t

expression on the

left

1.3.5...(-1) vanishes only when X is


iu
vi.

zerof.
is

* It is to be

remembered that the term of highest degree

seems to fail at this he apparently overlooked the possibility of \ vanishing. The failure seems inevitable in view of the fact that J* 2 (z) + J _ n _ h (*) is an algebraic function of *, by 34. The +{ subsequent part of the proof given here is based on a suggestion made by Liouville, Journal de Math. iv. (1839), p. 435; see also Genocchi, Mem. Accad. delle Sci. di Torino, xxm. (1866), Comptes Rendiu, lxxxv. (1877), pp. 391394. pp. 299362
(1841), p. 7,

The

x (2)

1.

analysis given by Liouville, Journal de Math.

point, because

120

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. IV
and
that,

We

s is even,

have therefore proved that, when n is expressible in the form

s is odd,

vanishes,

when

2 A ny8 z- n
where

0)g

does not vanish.


expresses the coefficients in an equation

From Newton's theorem which


in terms of the

sums of powers of the roots, it appears that and that the equation (u, z) = is expressible in the form
(8)

M must be even,

u M + 2 u M~"
r=l

4 if

(1/*)

= 0,

where the functions T$ r are polynomials

in \jz.
l/'z,

When we

solve (8) in a series of ascending powers of


is

we

find that

each of the branches of u

expressible in the form

m=0
a positive integer and, in the case of one branch at least, c does not vanish because the constant terms in the functions r are not all zero.

where n

is

And

the series which are of the form

2 cm z- m,n
wi=0

are convergent* for all sufficiently large values of

z.

When we

substitute the series into the left-hand side of (1),


,

we

find that

the coefficient of the constant term in the result is c and so, for every branch, c must be zero, contrary to what has just been proved. The contradiction thus obtained shews that Bessel's equation has no algebraic integral.

4*74.

On
are

the impossibility

of integrating Bessel's equation in

finite terms.

We

now

in a position to prove Liouville's

theorem f that Bessel's

equation for functions of order v has no solution (except a null-function) which is expressible in finite terms by means of elementary transcendental
functions, if
2i> is

not an odd integer.


Bessel's equation to its

As

in 4-73,

we reduce

normal form

where x ( z )

= ~ 1 + P (P + *)/**
d
(log u)/dz

Now

write

t,

and P = v ~ and we have

%'

* Goursat,

* + , + i-*k!>-a
Cours d* Analyse,
ii.

(Paris, 1911),

convergence of a series derived in this


t Journal de Math.
vi. (1841),

pp.

pp.273281. Many treatises manner from an algebraic equation. 113, 3G.

tacitly

assume the

4*74]

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
x iz)
is

121

Since

f order zero,

it follows

from

has an integral expressible in

finite terms,

4"72 that, if Bessel's equation then (2) must have a solution

which

is

of order zero,

i.e.

it

must have an algebraic

integral.

integral,

If (2) has an algebraic integral, let the equation which expresses this t, as an algebraic function of z, be

(3)

a(t,z) = 0,
is

where S4
Since
(4)

an irreducible polynomial in
a solution of
(2),

and

z.

t is

we have

S4z +{ x {z)-t^s4t = Q.
t

As

in the corresponding analysis of 4*73, all the branches of

satisfy (4).

more than two branches of t, and let three of them be called tlt t2 t^, the corresponding values of u (defined as exp jtdz) being uly v?, us These functions are all solutions of (1) and so the Wronskians
, .

First suppose that there are

dus
dz

du*

duj

dtu

du2
dz
2

dux

dz

dz
lf
,

dz
3.

dz

are constants, which will be called

G C2 C
duz
Ua

Now

it is

easy to verify that

n
and
t3

dus
rf

~d~

~ U* Ua

'

~"

^'

is

not zero, because,

if it

were

zero, the

equation (3) would have a

pair of equal roots, and would therefore be reducible.

Hence G

0,

and so
UtU3

= dfcU -

2 ).

Therefore u^u^ (and similarly m3 Mj and u^u^)

is

an algebraic function of z.

But
and therefore ux
is

Wl

=A

/^-^,
in 4-73,

cannot be the case, and so

an algebraic function of z. This, as we have seen t has not more than two branches.

Next suppose that t has two branches, so that S4 (t, z) is quadratic Let the branches be U V V, where U and V are rational functions, of z.
substituting in (2)

in

t.

By

we

find that

K)
Let

{V'
factorised so that

+ 4>UV=0.

V be

V=Az*Tl(z-a q y<i,
where

is

constant, Kq

and \ are

integers,

and

k,{

and a q are not

zero.

122

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


From
the second

[CHAP. IV

member

of (5)

it

follows that

\z

(z

aq

and then by substituting into the


<>

first

member

of (5)

we have
(,),o.
.

^ + f4i^ + {s +2 4(r^)F + ^n(,-a,r'- X


2,
and,
if
is

Now
is

consider the principal part of the expression on the left near a q

It

evident that none of the numbers x q can be less than

any one

of

them

greater than

it

must
Kq

satisfy the equation

T!/f q

=s

V/>

so that Kq is

or
tc

4, which

are both excluded from consideration.

Hence

all

the numbers

are equal to

2.

Again, if

power in

we consider the principal part near V must cancel with the 1 in % (z), so
xJV
is rational,

oo

we

see that the highest


.

that

\ = 2 Kq
9

It follows that
is

and consequently (t,

z) is reducible,

which

contrary to hypothesis.

Hence

cannot have as

many
x

as two branches and so


t

it

must be

rational.

Accordingly, let the expression for

in partial fractions be
7? -n, g

t= 2
where
If

A n zn + 2

r(*-o)*'
integers,

An
we

and 5 i9 are constants, k ancL.X are

n assumes

positive

values only in the last summation and aq


substitute this value of
t

0.
we
find that

in (2)

If

we

consider the principal part of the left-hand side near aq

we

see that

l/(z

aq )

cannot occur in

to a higher

power than the

first

and that

so that
Similarly, if

Bljq -&hq = 0, Bhq =l.


,

we consider the principal parts near and oo we find *=1, (A^y-JL-t-pip+l); X~0, 4,' = -l. Since p = v ^, we may take A- = p without loss of generality.
Y

that

It

then follows that

u
Accordingly,
if

= z-Pe i?U(z-aq ).
9

we

replace

u by z~ p e u w

in (1),

we

see that the equation

must have a

solution which is a polynomial in

z,

and the constant term

in

this polynomial does not vanish.

4'75]

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

123
the relation connecting

When we substitute 2 cmzm for w in (7) we find that


successive coefficients
is

m (m 2p 1) cm 2icm-! (m p - 1) = 0,
and so the
series for

w cannot terminate unless in p 1


is

can vanish,

i.e.

unless

is

zero or a positive integer.

Hence the hypothesis that Bessel's equation


of necessity to the consequence that one of the
positive integer;

soluble in finite terms leads


v \ is zero or a an odd integer.

numbers +
if,

and

this is the case

if,

and only

2v

is

Conversely we have seen ( 34) that, when 2v is an odd integer, Bessel's equation actually possesses a fundamental system of solutions expressible in The investigation of the solubility of the equation is therefore finite terms.
complete.

Some

applications of this theorem to equations of the types discussed in 4*3 have


xi. (1846), pp.

been recorded by Lebesgue, Journal de Math.

338

340.

4*75.

On

the impossibility

of integrating Riccati's equation in finite terms.

By means

of the result just obtained,

we can
brf

discuss Riccati's equation

r az + f
with a view to proving that
It has
it is,

in general, not integrable in finite terms.


is

been seen

( 4*21)

that the equation

reducible to

where

n=2q 2;

and, by 4-3, the last equation q = 0.

is

reducible to Bessel's

equation for functions of order l/(2g) unless

Hence
finite

the only poss-ible cases in

terms are thpse in which q are precisely the cases in which n

is zero
is

which Riccati's equation is integrable in or 1/q is an odd integer ; and these


to

equal

or to

4w 2w +

(i-0,
l

1,

2,

...)

Consequently the only cases in which Riccati's equation is integrable in finite terms are the classical cases discovered by Daniel Bernoulli (cf. 4'1 1) and the limiting case discussed after the manner of Euler in 412.
This theorem was proved by Liouville, Journal de Math. vi. (1841), pp. 1 13. It seems impossible to establish it by any method which is appreciably more brief than the
analysis used in the preceding sections.

124
4*8.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Solutions of Laplace's equation.
first

[CHAP. IV

The
seen
(

1*3) to

appearance in analysis of the general Bessel coefficient has been be in connexion with an equation, equivalent to Laplace's

equation, which occurs in the problem of the vibrations of a circular membrane.

We

shall

now shew how

Bessel coefficients arise in a natural

manner from

Whittaker's* solution of Laplace's equation


(1)

^ + ^ + ^=
solution in question
is

The
(2)

V
f denotes

f(z + ixcosu
n

-f

iy

smu, u)du,

in which

an arbitrary function of the two variables involved.


is

In particular, a solution

ek
J

(z

+ ixcosu + iysinu) cog

mu

^
by the equations

in

which k
If

is

any constant and

m is

any integer.

we take

cylindrical -polar coordinates, defined

x = p cos
this solution

<p,

y = p sin

<f>,

becomes
eiipcog(u-*)
|

0**
J

cosmM ^ M=::e*z

eik* CMV cos

m (v +

it

<f>)

dv,

= 2ekz

e^ 008 " cos mv cos m<f> dv,


.

J o

= 2iri m e** cos m<$> Jm (kp),


by
2-2.

In like manner a solution


I

is

gk
IT

(z

+ ix cos u + iy sin u)

sm mu

and

this

is

equal to 2vim e kz sin m<p

Jm (kp).

Both of these solutions are

analytic near the origin.

Again,
nates,
it is

if

Laplace's equation be transformedf to cylindrical-polar coordi-

found to become

d^V
dp'
*

ldV
p dp

1 p*

d*V
d<f>*

F
'

dz*

Monthly Notices of

the

R. A. S. lxii. (1902),

pp.

617620; Math. Ann.

lvii.

(1902),

pp. 333341. t

The

simplest

method

of effecting the transformation is by using Green's theorem.

See

W. Thomson, Camb. Math.

Journal,

iv.

(1845), pp.

3342.

4-8, 4-81]

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
this equation of

125

and a normal solution of

which ekz

is

a factor must be such that

lcTV
Vd<p*
is

independent of

to

m where
2

factor of

is to be one- valued, it must be equal Consequently the function of p which is a must be annihilated by
<f>,

and, if the solution

is

an integer.

dp 3

p dp

\
if it is

and therefore
line

it

must be a multiple of Jm (Jcp)

to be analytic along the

0.

We

thus obtain anew the solutions


e**
.

sin

m<b r

Jm (kp). r/
'

These solutions have been derived by Hobson* from the solution Maxwell's method of differentiating harmonics with respect to axes.

^*J

(kp)

by Clerk

Another solution of Laplace's equation involving Bessel functions has been obtained by Hobson (ibid. p. 447) from the equation in cylindrical-polar coordinates by regarding d/dz as a symbolic operator. The solution so obtained is
cos
.

sin

m+ 'V(pz)M>

is an arbitrary function but the interpretation of this solution when <@ involves m a function of the second kind is open to question. Other solutions involving a Bessel function of an operator acting on an arbitrary function have been given by Hobson, Proc. London Math. Soc. xxiv. (1893), pp. 5567 xxvi. (1895), pp. 492494.
;
;

where/(s)

4'81.

Solutions of the equations of wave motions.

We
K }

shall

now examine

the equation of wave motions

dx2
t

dy3

dz 3

~&

dt 2

'

in which

represents the time and c the velocity of propagation of the waves,

from the same aspect.


Whittaker'sf solution of this equation
(2)
is

V=
J -IT

JO

f(x sin u cos v + y sin u

sin v

+ z cos u 4- ct,

u, v)

dudv,

where

/ denotes

an arbitrary function of the three variables involved.


is

In particular, a solution

-r
where

gik(xainucosn + yainuainv+zcoiiu + et)

f,
i

J? /

dU fJv

F denotes an
London Math.

arbitrary function of
Soc. xxn. (1892), pp.

u and

v.

* Proc.

t Math. Ann.
(1904),

431449. 342345. See also Havelock, Proc. London Math. pp. 122137, and Watson, Messenger, xxxvi. (1907), pp. 98106.
lvii. (1902), pp.

Soc. (2) n.

126

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


The
physical importance of this particular solution
lies in

[CHAP. IV
the fact that
kc.
it

is

the general solution in

which the waves


(a?,

all

have the same frequency


(r, 0,
<f>),

yfr) be the which the passes through the polar axis is the direction (6, <f>) and the plane y\r = .s-axis. The well-known formulae of spherical trigonometry then shew that

Now let the polar coordinates of angular coordinates of the direction

y, z)

be

and

let (m,

(u, v) referred to

new axes

for

cos

a>

= cos

+ sin sin u cos (v = sin a> sin sin u sin (v


cos u
<f>)
yfr.
;

<f>),

take the arbitrary function F(u, v) to be notes a surface harmonic in (u, v) of degree n we

Now

8n (u, )sin u, where Sn may then write

de-

Sn (U,
where Sn
is

V)

= Sn (0,
(a>, yfr)

<f> l

O), i/r),

a surface harmonic* in

of degree n.

We

thus get the solution

Vn = e**
Since

(*
J

e*rc08 *- Sn (0,

<f>

to,

ty) sin wdtodty.

8n

is

a surface harmonic of degree n in

(to, sfr),

we may

write

Sn (0,

<*> 5

<0,

t)

- ^ (0,

4>)

Pn ( C0S )

+
m=l

{4 n<> (0,#) cos myfr


<)

+ BnM (0,
(0,
<f>)

<f>)

sin mi/rj

Pnm (cos

o),

where 4

(0, 0),

A< w) (0,

and

Bn

< TO)

are independent of
-^r,

w and

^r.

Performing the integration with respect to


ikel

we

get

Vn = 1ire A n (0, 4>) r^trmm Pn (cos o>) sin a dm


= (2*)Ue^^^A n (0,4>)
by

332.

Now the equation of wave motions is unaffected if we multiply x, y, z and by the same constant factor, i.e. if we multiply r and t by the same constant unaltered so that A n (0, <f>) may be taken to be inand factor, leaving dependent f of the constant k which multiplies r and t.
t
;

<f>

Hence lim (k~ n Vn )


to say, r n

is

a solution of the equation of wave motions, that


t)

is

A n (0,
is

<) is

a solution (independent of

of the equation of

wave
<f>)

motions, and

consequently a solution of Laplace's equation.


fact that Laplace's operator is

Hence

A n (0,

* This follows

from the

an invariant

for

changes of rectangular

axes.

t This

is

otherwise obvious, because

Sn may be taken independent

of k.

4-82]
is

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
n. If we assume it to be permissible any such harmonic, we obtain the result that

127
to take

a surface harmonic of degree


<f>)

A n (#,

to be

eikct ?-iJH+i (kr) *


is

Pnm (cos 6) C0S md> r


8111

of the equation of wave motions*; and the motion represented by this solution has frequency kc.
solution,

To

justify the

assumption that

A n (0,

<f>)

may

construct the normal solution of the equation of

be any surface harmonic of degree wave motions

n,

we

which has factors of the form e*et


the

sin

md>. r

The

factor
is

which involves 6 must then be of


annihilated by the operator

form Pnm (cos 0) and


;

the factor which involves r

*("*) -<++*'.
so that
if

this factor is to

be analytic at the origin

it

must be a multiple

of

Jn + {hr))^,:

4*82.

Theorems derived from solutions of

the equations

of Mathematical

Physics.
It is possible to prove (or, at any rate, to render probable) theorems concerning Bessel functions by a comparison of various solutions of Laplace's

equation or of the equation of wave motions.

Thus,

if

we take the

function

e^t/o [k>s/(p*

+a 2

lap cos

<f>)},

by making a change of origin


a factor and
expect
it to
it is

to the point (a, 0, 0),

we

of Laplace's equation in cylindrical-polar coordinates. analytic at all points of space.

see that it is a solution This solution has e** as

It is therefore natural to

be expansible in the form

AJ
Assuming the
consideration
in p
is

(kp)

+ 22 (A m cos m<f> + Bm sin m<f>) Jm (kp) =


Wl
l

and

a,

we observe that the function under an even function of 0, and so Bm = and, from the symmetry ^4 m is of the form c m Jm (ka), where cm is independent of p and a.
possibility of this expansion,
;

We

thus get
Jo {kx'Xp*

+a
2

lap cos

<)}

= 2 em cm Jm (kp) Jm (ka) cos m<f>.


m=0

If

we expand both

sides in powers of p,
<)

a and cos

coefficients of (k-pa cos

m we
,

<f>,

and compare the

get

* Cf.

Bryan, Nature, lux. (1909),

p.

309.

128

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


so

[CHAP. IV

and

we

are led to the expansion*

Jo
of which a

{W(ps + a*-2ap

cos

<p)}

= 1
m=

m Jm (kp) Jm (ka) cos


in 112.

m<f>,

more formal proof will be given


if

Again,

we take e ik{ct+z \ which is a solution

of the equation of wave motions, axis of z from


this expression

and which represents a wave

+
to

oc to

moving in the direction of the with frequency kc and wave-length 27r/k, we expect

be expansible + in the form


h

(^) \K)J
where cn
is

iket

c n i*

=o

JnH (kr)P n (cos 0),

a constant

so that

eikrco *

=
(If)*

CninJn+i {kr)
n

Pn (cos
side,

e)

If

we compare the

coefficients of (kr cos 6)

on each

we

find that

n \-^ and
so cn

1T)

2+*r(n + f)"2.(n!r

we

are thus led to the expansion}:

ikrc se

= fiE) i

\krj =o v
will

(n

+ l)iJn+ i(kr)P n (cos0),


11 5.

of

which a more formal proof


4*83.

be given in

Solutions of the wave equation in space of p dimensions.

The

analysis just explained has been extended by

Hobson

to the case of

the equation

dx?

dx

'"

'

dxp*

c2 dtis

normal solution of this equation of frequency kc which function of r and t only, where
r

expressible as a

V(#i

a^*

. . .

+ xp

-),

must be annihilated by the operator


a?2

9r

^
,

and

ikct so such a solution, containing a time-factor e

must be of the form

e
*

iket

<& ilp -*

(kr)l{kr)*^K

This

is

due

to

Neumann, Theorie

der Bessel'schen Functionen (Leipzig, 1867), pp. 59

65.
z.

harmonics do not occur because the function is symmetrical about the axis of X This expansion is due to Bauer, Journal filr Math. lvi. (1859), pp. 104, 106. Proc. London Math. Soc. xxv. (1894), pp. 4975.
t

The

tesseral

4-83]

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
f

129

Hobson
of rank p
;

describes the quotient ^\{ P-i)(kr)l(kr)^fh %) as a cylinder function such a function may be written in the form

<$(kr\p).

By

Hobson succeeded
integral order

using this notation combined with the concept of jp-dimensional space, in proving a number of theorems for cylinder functions of

and of order equal to half an odd integer simultaneously.


of such theorems
2

As an example

we
2

shall consider

an expansion

for

J {k v^r + o where
it is

2ar cos

<j>)
\

p),

xp by the equation xp r cos This function multiplied by e**ct is a solution of the wave equation, and when we write p = r sin it is expressible as a function of p, t and of
<f>

convenient to regard

as being connected with

<f>.

<f>,

<f>,

no other coordinates.

Hence
** J
is

{k

V(r2

+ a? -

2ar cos

<f>)

p)

annihilated by the operator

dp2
that
is

dp

dx

'

to say,

by the operator

&
,

J>~1
r

(ff-2)cos4> d
r*sin<j>
d<f>

dr*

dr

r*d<p*

Now normal functions which are annihilated by this operator are of the form
"

(hr)ir->

pn (cos <p\p),
+ cpy-*P.

where

Pn (cos

<p

p)

is

the coefficient* of on in the expansion of


(1

- 2a cos
we

<f>

By

the reasoning used in 4*82,


2

infer that

J \k V^r +

a*

2ar cos
1

<f>)

p)

00
1

~ (/fca^-^/fcr)^-

AnJn+ip~ ( kr ) ^h-Jp-i (ha) Pn (cos


1

<f>

\p).

Now
(k?ar cos

<f>)

expand all the Bessel functions and equate the n on each side we find that
;

coefficients of

2"
2*"+ iP-

r (n + |p)
(

=
{2

An
+fc>-

T (n + ip
1
).

2"T(n + ^-l) nlV($p-l)

'

so that
*

A n = 2**-

+ %p - 1) T (|p Pn (cos

So

that, in Gegenbauer's notation,


j

p) S3 C*

p_ * (cos

0).

130

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. IV

We

thus obtain the expansion


{fcy'( r2
2

Jfr-,
(r

+a

+ a -2arcos<ft)j - 2ar cos <)il>_ *


i!

An
all

analytical proof of this expansion, which holds for Bessel functions of


is

orders (though the proof given here

valid only

when p

is

an

integer), will

be given in 114.

4*84.

Batemav's solutions of the generalised equation of wave motions.


systems of normal solutions of the equation

Two
*

'

dx1i

dxf

2 9a;,

dx4*

c2 dt*

have been investigated by Bateman*, who also established a connexion between


the two systems.
If

we

take

new

variables p, a, %,

yjr

defined by the equations

xx p cos 2,

x3 a cos -^r,
Xi

x2 = p sin %,
the equation transforms into

a sin ^r,

'

{dp 2

p dp

p 3x

2
)

[do*

+
<r

'

d*

o*

dyfr\

c* dt*

A
where

normal solution of this equation with frequency kc

is

J
3> is

(kp cos 0>) / (&<r sin 4>) a* (Mc+^+fc*),

any constant.
if

Further,

we

write

p=*r cos
so that(r, ^,
-^r,

0,

<r

= r sin <,

<)

form a system of polar coordinates, equation (2) transforms

into

O
Now

&V SdV
dr*

r dr

l&V
r* d<p*

c ot<t>-tfm<p
'

tV
dtp

r* 1

r cos <

&V +
9x
2

92

ld*V
'

r2 sin2 4*

W*
+ * c<)

c2

^'

normal solutions of this equation which have

e* (MX +"*

as a factor

are annihilated
3

by the operator
d_

dr3

r dr
182188; Proc. London Math.
Soc. (2) hi. (1905), pp.

* Messenger, xzxiu. (1904), pp.

111123.

4-84]

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

131

and since such solutions are expressible as the product of a function of r and a function of they must be annihilated by each of the operators
<f>

y
dr2
d

3 9

4X(X+1)
r*
'

rdr
l

9<

+ 4 \(\+l)+ (cot<t>-t*n<l>)^r \ ^ 2
3^>

** cos2 ^>

*
sin 2
'

where X

is

a constant whose value depends on the particular solution under

consideration.

The normal

solutions so obtained are

now

easily verified to

be

of the form
(kr)-1

J^ +1 (kr) cos$ sin"<f)


x
2

F (* - X,
X

^- + \ +
<f>

+ l

sin 2

*ox+*++**>.

It is therefore suggested that

J^ (kr cos
is

cos

<I>)

Jv (kr sin

<f>

sin

<I>)

expressible in the form


l

2 a A (kr)~

J^ (kr)

cos*< sin"<

2JP,

(~^ - \ ^^ + X +

sin 2 <f>)

where the summation extends over various values of X, and the coefficients a* depend on X and <J>, but not on r or <j>. By symmetry it is clear that aA where

= 6 X cos*<I> sin" 2 F
.

(^-J^ -

X,

^^ + X + 1

1;

sin 2 <l> \

b K is

independent of

<.

It is not difficult to see that

X = Ha* +
and Bateman has proved that

")

+ .

(n

= 0,

1, 2, ...)

We

shall not give

Bateman's
sin

proof,

which

is

based on the theory of linear


expansion of

differential equations,* but later ( 11*6)

we

shall establish the

J (kr cos

<f>

cos 4>)

Jv (kr sin

<f>

<I>)

by a

direct transformation.

CHAPTER V
MISCELLANEOUS PROPERTIES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS
5*1.

Indefinite integrals containing a single Bessel function.

In this chapter we shall discuss some properties of Bessel functions which have not found a place in the two preceding chapters, and which have but

one feature in common, namely that they are


definitely elementary character.

all

obtainable by processes of a

We

shall first evaluate

some

indefinite integrals.

The recurrence formulae


(1)

3.9 (5) (*)

and (6) at once lead to the

results

V>%

dz

= *H- #v+i (z)> = -z-"+> r(? v_


y

(2)

[" 2-" +1

# (z) dz

(z).

To

generalise these formulae, consider

^z^f{z)%%(z)dz;
let this integral

be equal to
z"+>

{A

(z) <$ v (z)

+ B (z)

<&v+1 (z)},

where

(z)

and

B {z)

are to be determined.

The

result of differentiation is that

z"+>f(z)

V, (z) =

jH-i {
I

>

(z ) < v (z)

+ A (z)

2l

^
z

(z)-A(z)<@ v+1
(jr)

(z)\
)

+ z^
In order that
take

[B' (z) <@ v+1

B (z) <$

<*)}.

A (z)

A (z) =
it

B'

(z),

and B (z) may not depend on the cylinder function, we and then
/(s) .5 A' (z) +
2

^
z

A(z)

+ B (z).

Hence
(3)

follows that

** +1

\b"(z)

^~

B' (z)

J"

B (*)| # (*) dz
{B' (z) <@ v (z)

= *+

+ B (z) <@ v+1 (*)}.

This result was obtained by Sonine, Math. Ann. xvi. (1880), p. 30, though an equivalent formula (with a different notation) had been obtained previously by Lommel, Studien fiber die BesseVschen Functionen (Leipzig, 1868), p. 70. Some developments of formula (3) are due to Nielsen, Nyt Tidsshrift, ix. (1898), pp. 7383 and Ann. di Mat. (3) vi. (1901),
pp.

4346. For some associated


integrals

which involve the functions ber and

bei, see

Whitehead,

Quarterly Journal, xlii. (1911), pp. 338

340.

5-1, 5-11]

MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS
is

133
(3),

The

following reduction formula, which

an obvious consequence of

should be noted:
(4)
I

V+

ir

^ 0) ds

= - (ft - v*)f'* - &r (z) dz


2 L

li

+ |> +1 ^v+1 (z) + (/*-) **# (*)].

5*11.

Lommel's integrals containing two cylinder functions.


simplest integrals which contain

The

derived from the Wronskian formula of


r J
(z)
/

312
'

two Bessel functions are those (2), namely


\

J'_ (z)

r / \ T - Jv (z)Jv

(z)

I/7T 2 sin -

which gives
K

J
/"*

zJ*(z)
dt

2sini/7r
7T
.

'

(z)
/_,, (.g)

9 Kl)
)

zJv (z) J_ <>) ~

2 sin

10g
*tt

'

(z)

and

similarly,

from

3*63 (1),
z

,ox

dz

_ir

Fy (>)

^
K
}

['
J

dx _ zYv\z)~

it

Jv (z)

(z)'

The reader should have no difficulty in evaluating the similar integrals which contain any two cylinder functions of the same order in the denominator. The formulae actually given are due to Lommel, Math. Ann. iv. (1871), pp. 103 116. The reader should compare (3) with the result due to Euler which was quoted in 1*2.

Some more
It is at

interesting results, also

due to Lommel*, are obtained from

generalisations of Bessel's equation.

once verified by differentiation that,


d*y

if

y and y
rt

satisfy the equations

d?n

then

j\P -Q)ynd^y^-v^.
*

Math. Ann.

xiv. (1879), pp.

520536.

134

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Now
apply this result to any two equations of the type of
fi

[CHAP.

V
If

431

(17).

*^V> ^i,

denote any two cylinder functions of orders

and v

respectively,

we have

where

<f>

(z)

and

i/r

(2) are arbitrary

functions of

z.

This formula
<f>

is

too general to be of practical use.


Iz.

As a

special case, take

(z)

and
Z

yjr

(z) to

be multiples of z, say kz and


v

It is then found that

(7)

{{^-P)z-^^\^{kz)^
dz

(lz)dz

= ,fa(kz) d ^-^(lz)

^
dz
further in two special cases (i)fiv,
right.
is

= z {k^ +1 (kz) W. (Iz) - 1&* (kz) # r+1 (lz)} -(/*-) ^M (kz) <@ v (Iz).
The expression on the left simplifies
(ii)k=*l.
still

If

we take
,

fi

v, it is

found that

(8)/

(*.)

i. { u) d* =

'<ww>yww (Wi
by differentiating the expression on the
I,

This formula

may be

verified

It becomes nugatory numerator is a constant.

when k =

for

the denominator

then zero, while the

If this constant is omitted,

an application of

l'Hospital's rule

shews that,

when
(9)

I -*- k,

z<@ (kz)

J"

V (kz) dz^-^

{kz <^M+1 (kz)

#/ (kz)

- ks&r (kz) W^(kz) - ^V (kz) ^ M+1 (kz)}.


remove the derivates on the
is

The

result of using recurrence formulae to

right of (9)
Z

(10)

l z<&t (key* (kz) dz

= \z* {2^ (kz) & (kz) - ^_

(A*)

#M+1 (kz)

5*11]

MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS

135

Special cases of these formulae are

(11)

fs <$,? (kz) dz = %z* {%* (kz) -

(for)

#+,

(**)}

- \* {(l " ^) *V <*) + ^m'


(12)
[*?<&,, (kz)

<**)}

LM (kz) dz = *

{2^M (kz) iLM (fa) +

^
^
,

(fa)

f _M _x (fa)

+
the latter equation being obtained by regarding
function of order
e~'
t 'rt

+1

(fa)iU +1 (fa)},
as a cylinder

^ M (kz)
k=
I

/*.

To obtain a
is

different class of elementary integrals take

in (7)

and

it

found that

i3)

/y <*.)*.
result of

(*)

- - fat^w^y^w^wt
ff,(fa)ff,(fa)
,

The
(14)

making

j/

-*- /*

in this formula is 8
+1 (fa)

| V, (fa) tf,(fa)

^ = g j^
-

-^|

(*)

(fa)| 3^ M+1 g-

^(fa)^M (fa)
2.

The

last equation is also readily obtainable

by multiplying the equations


(z)

V^(,)0, V^ d
by \<f*(z)

^^ = 2f^

li

-^^(z)
z

respectively, subtracting

and integrating, and then

re-

OI&

placing z by kz.

As a
(is)

special case

we have

jj(kz)^ -g{/

w (fa)gKfa)-^(fa)gu
this result will

+1

(fa))+~j

|l

-(fa)L

An

alternative

method of obtaining

be given immediately.

Results equivalent to (11) are as old as Fourier's treatise, La Theorie Analytique de la Chaleur (Paris, 1822), 318 319, in the case of functions of order zero but none of the other formulae of this section seem to have been discovered before the publication of

Lommel's memoir.
Various special cases of the formulae have been worked out in detail by Marcolongo, Napoli Rendiconti, (2) in. (1889), pp. 9199 and by Chessin, Trans. Acad. Sci. of St Louis, xii. (1902), pp. 99108.

136
5"12.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Indefinite

[CHAP.

integrals containing two cylinder functions;

Lommel's

second method.

An

alternative

of the integrals just discussed.

method has been given by Lommel* for evaluating some By this method their values are obtained in a
adding the two results
{<&> (z)

form more suitable for numerical computation.

The method

consists in

^
so that
(p

[z

V, (z) K. (z)} = - z>

tf r+1 (z)

+9

(z)

(,)}
1

+ (p +
{zo S? M+1 (z)

/M

+ V) Z>~ # {Z) V$ v (Z),

& v+

>

CO}

=*

[V, (z)

W v+X (z) + ^M+1 (z) (z)}

+ (p- H,-p-2)z'>-> <@+1 (z) W v+1 (z), + ft + v) j'z'1

(z) <@ v

(z)dz

+ (p-p-v- 2)

z"- 1 <@r+l (z)

+1

(z)

dz

= Z>
and then giving
special values to p.

{<&

(jf)

v (jr)

+ ^M+1 (0

+1 (,)},

Thus we have
e

(1)

z-->-^+1 (z) & p+1 (z) dz


2(^ + y +l)
l

(2)
J

^
if

^
)

(z)

*'

{z)

+l ( *>

<*>!

^()?r Wdf- f

~7^
v+

i^(f),(f) +

^(f)?rH (i)i,

As
(3)

special cases of these

jV*- 9 V+1 <#) df


1

^g
=

{, (*) + *V
(*)

<*)}.

rz

(4)

+1 r

(*) <fc

^_ W

+ *V+i (*)}

Again,

p be made zero,

it is

found that

- ^M (*) ^, (*) + ^M+l (*) H1 (*)>


so that,

by summing formulae of this


rz

type,

we get
rz

(5)

0*

+
)J

J~
(,) V (,)

M + + 2n) J

^M+n (*) *f,+ (*) ~


,

A*

- ^M () ^r (#) + 2 2 V,^ ()
* Math. Ann. xiv. (1879), pp.

^+

(#)

+r ^+ (*) ^*+ (*)

530536.

5'12-5*14]

MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS
if fi

137

In particular,
(6)

= v = 0,

/'*.(#)*.(*)*

where n

1, 2, 3, ....

But there seems


/<

to

be no simple formula

for

%(z)<& (z)^,
Mag.
(5) xi. (1881), p. 217.

For a
I.

special case of (1) see Rayleigh, Phil.

[Scientific Papers,

(1899), p. 516.]

5*13.

Sonine's integrals containing two cylinder functions.

analysis of 5-1 has been extended to the discussion of conditions that

The

by Sonine, Math. Ann.

xvi. (1880), pp.

30

33,

may be expressible

in the

form
M {0 <)}W W {+ ()>+* <*)

A (*)

^M+1 ft

(*)}

f\,

{*(*)}
1

+^(*)^{*(*)}fr+1 {^(*)}+^(*)IH4 {*(*)>^ {^W}.


but the results are too complicated and not
here.
sufficiently

important to justify their insertion

5*14.

Schafheitlin'8 reduction formula.

A reduction
which

formula for
\' *<&*() dz,

is

a natural extension of the formula

5*1 (4),

has been discovered by

Schafheitlin* and applied by


<&9 {z) as v varies ( 156).

him

to discuss the rate of

change of the zeros of

To obtain the formula we observe that

= [- ***<&. (z) <@: (*>] +


Now, by a
(fi

*
1

{*+#/ (*)+(,*

>

**+

%%

(z) 'w:

(* dz.

partial integration,

+ 3) f *#*<&* (z) dz |>+ #/ (*)]

+2

V <@: (z) {*&:

(z)

+ (* - *>

(^)j cte,

* Berliner Sitzungsherichte, v. (1906), p. 88.

138

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP.

and so
(fi

1)
J

V+

<&,'* (z)

dz

= |>+

W
2

(z)]

J'**

(z*

2
i/

# (z) <&,' (z) dz.

Hence, on substitution,
(/*

1) [

V {? 2

1/

# (z) dz
1)

= |>+3 ^V
+

(*)

- (ji +
3

^+

(*)

#/ (*)]
{(/a

2 [
'

V+
(*)

<@v (z) <@: (z) dz


1)

l)2

M j"V+#
2

(*)

^V(s) ek

= |>+

- (/*+
Z

^+

^(*)

#/ (2) + z* +3 * (z) + {(/* + 1)2 -"'l* *


4

^ ^)]
3

-(p+3)j
By
(fi

z+*'@vi (z)-(ti

1) {

(/*

+ 1) -

v*\

J'rW(t)dz.

rearranging

we

find that

+ 2)

** #,
J*

(5) (2c

= (n+ 1)

(i/

-\

(jjl

1 )2 } [

V
2

#2 (*)
2

<2e

+ * |>+'
and

{*#.' (*)

- * (^ + 1 ) # (*)} + *+ <* - v + J (a* +


2

1 )}

^8 (*)],

this is the reduction formula in question.

5*2.

Expansions in
shall

series

of Bessel functions.

We

now

discuss
2*7.

some of the simplest expansions of the type ob-

tained for (\z)m in for Chapter xvi.

The general theory

of such expansions

is

reserved

The
(1)

result of

27

at once suggests the possibility of the expansion

to Y .l<**p!$ j^.1
is

which

due to Gegenbauer* and

is

valid

when

ji is

not a negative integer.

To

establish the expansion, observe that

n=

ni

is a series of analytic functions which converges uniformly throughout any bounded domain of the 2-plane (cf. 3'13); and since

-^ {(\z)- J+ M (z)}
it is

= ^7^ {nJ^+m-i (z) - (A* + ") ^m+2h+i (*)},


now under
w
consideration
r
is

v-m

evident that the derivate of the series

s r(u + w)
n
-

,.

r(At+n +
-o
(2),
-

i)

1
J

Lm-o
*

Wiener Sitzungsberichte, lxxiv.

(1877), pp.

124130.

5*2, 5*21]

MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS
a constant.

139
the constant

and so
is

the' sum is
is

When we make z--0, we see that

unity; that

to say

and the required


The
this is

result

is

established.
it is

reader will find that

not

difficult to verify
z,

right in (1) is rearranged in powers of

all

that when the expansion on the the coefficients except that of z* vanish ; but

a crude method of proving the

result.

5*21.

The expansion of a Bessel function as a

series

of Bessel functions.

The expansion
(i)

($z)-'J (z)

= az)-r( v +
v

i-fi)

5
.to

Qi+2n)r(g+n)
nir(F + l-/*-)r(ir + n +
/j.

l)

T jM+2n

W
.

is

is

a generalisation of a formula proved by Sonine* when the difference v ft are not negative a positive integer ; it is valid when fi, v and v

integers.

It is

most

easily obtained

by expanding each power of z

in the expansion

of i\zY~"J,(z) with the aid of 5'2, and rearranging the resulting double series, which is easily seen to be absolutely convergent.
It is thus found that

(*zY

*'

\z )

n/

TT\
*
l) pto
(fj,

(-) m!r(i, +m+ ~i: o

_ 2

+ 2m + 2p)r(n + 2m+p)

/*-h*W

_ v
- I

(~) m v Qt + 2n)r(/i-hm + w ) J , (^^T)! ",tom!r(ir + m + l).t.


i

W
/\

(-)Tfr + m + n)
V(p + n)r(v+l-fi)
;

v
".?.

+ 2 ")^' !I> + l--,0I> + n+l) ("


,

,Q\r

by Vandermonde's theorem
If

and the
find that

result is established.

we put

v fj.

+ m, we

which

is

Sonine's form of the result, and

is

readily proved

by induction.

* Math. Ann. xvi. (1880), p. 22.

140

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


By
a slight modification of the analysis, we

[CHAP. V
that, if

may prove

is

any

constant,
(8)

(**)-*(*)-*.?.,,#&
x 2F,(/x

+ n, -n;

+ 1;

h?) (fi

+ 2n) J^+^iz).

This formula will be required in establishing some more general expansions


in 11-6.

5*22.

Lommel's expansions of(z

+ h)^ v Jv [\/{z + h)}.

It is evident that (z

+ h)~^ v Jv {\/(z + h)},

for all values of the variable,

qua function of z + h, is analytic and consequently, by Taylor's theorem combined


ao

with

3-21 (6) ;

we have
*

(1)

(,

+ h) -4.Jp y (z +h)] . J

km

tJm

{g

-* Jw Wz)]

Again, (z

+ h) "Jv {<J(z+ h)}


| j

is

analytic except

when

z+h = 0;

and

so,

provided that h
(2)
(,

<

,
\

we have
m-0

+hpj

W(z + h)}=Z

^ !*- [zJ
"*J ***

(V*)}

(2)

These formulae are due to Lommel*. If we take v \ in (1) and = ^ in we deduce from 3*4, after making some slight changes in notation,
i/

) COsV(^-2^)= 2 ~,Jm- h {z),

equation (4) being true only when J*|<i|*i- These formulae are due to Glaisherf, who regarded the left-hand sides as the generating functions associated with the functions whose order is half of an odd integer, just as exp {\z (t ljt)\ is the generating function associated with the Bessel coefficients.

Proofs of (3) and (4) by direct expansion of the right-hand sides have been given by Glaisher the algebra involved in investigations of this nature
;

is

somewhat formidable.

* Studien iiber die Bessel' schen Functionen (Leipzig, 1868), pp. 11 16. Formula (1) was given by Bessel, Berliner Abh. 1824 [1826], p. 35, for the Bessel coefficients. t Quarterly Journal, xn. (1873), p. 136 ; British Association Report, 1878, pp. 469470. Phil. Tram, of the Royal Soc. clxxii. (1881), pp. 774 781, 813.

5-22]

MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS
shall

141

We
(5)

now enumerate

various modifications of (1) and (2).


z*

In (1) replace z and h by

and kz z and then


,

jv {W(i + *)} = a +
/ (z V2)

wi

(-) w (i^) ?

m=0

V
1,

y+w (^)

>

and, in particular,
(6)

- 2* 5 fcJ^if^J^ (*).
and then make k -*

If

we

divide (5) by (1

+ &)*"
(i/

we

find that

1)

TO=0

m!

In like manner, from


(8)
|

(2),

(W" Jv-m (*), Jv [z<J{\ + *)} - (1 + ky+ S K TO! m=0 -^f|

provided that k
If

<
-*-

1.

we make k
lim

+ 0, we

find,

by Abel's theorem,
(

[(1+*)KMW0 *-- 1+0


provided that the series on the right

~ )W(

)W>

+*)}] i

m=0

w^
-

,/y _

w (^),

when

is

an integer. If v
./_

is

is convergent. The convergence is obvious not an integer, then, for large values of to,

m (*)

sm (to - *) 7t
l '

{1

(1/w)}

= _( 4f^sin^ +1
7TTO*

Hence the condition


satisfied,

for
is

convergence
absolute.

is

R (v) > 0,

and

if

the condition

is

the convergence

Consequently,

when

R (v) > 0,

and

also

when
(9)

is

any

integer,

I
m=
if

- )m{h * )m
ml

Jv- m (z) = Q.

In like manner,
(10)

R(v) >

1,

and

also

Jv (zJ2) = 2-i X
m-0
kind in

when

v is

any

integer,

we have

r W!

Jv -m (z).
may be substituted provided that h < z (8)
j \ \

It should be observed that functions of the second kind


for functions of the first
(1), (2), (5)

and

and k <
\ J

so that

(11)

(*

+ A)-*'

K,

M* + h)} -

2 N-L*l

-^m Yv+m (^z),

(i2)

(*

+ &) rr {v(r+ A)} = i <**>%<-> r^^/*),


m=0
Wi!

da)
(14)

{*

vd + *>] = (i +
V(l

<-rl^>

Yv+m (zl

Y,

\z

+ k)} = (1 + jfc)-* 5
m=0

&* F_
TO!

lrt

(*).

142

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP.

These may be proved by expressing the functions of the second kind as a linear combination of functions of the first kind by proceeding to the limit when v tends to an integral value, we see that they hold for functions of
;

integral order.

By combining the first kind, we

(11)

(14) with the corresponding


we may

results for functions of

see that

substitute the symbol

^ for the

symbol

Y throughout.
of

formulae were noted by Lommel, Studien, p. 87. Numerous generalisations be given in Chapter xi. It has been observed by Airey, Phil. Mag. (6) xxxvi. 242, that they are of some use in calculations connected with zeros of (1918), pp. 234

These

last

them

will

Bessel functions.

When we combine
that,

(5)

and

(13),

and then replace V(l


1)W(

+ k) by

X,

we

find

when |\-1|<1,
9. (\m) = X* 2
(

~ )m(V

(15)

m-0

", m.

^h ,

and, in particular,

when X

is

unrestricted,

d)
Bessel functions.
It

/.(x.)

H-fr'-^fr^ w
for
(8) is

These two results are frequently described* as multiplication theorems

may be
v is

(when

observed that the result of treating (14) in the same way as taken equal to an integer n)

that

(17) x
'

-(n-l)l

(2/ 2 )=tt 2 ra=0

i-Jfm Yn . m {z).

alternative proof of the multiplication formula has bee.n given by Bohmer, Berliner Sitzungsberichte, xiii. (1913), p. 35, with the aid of the methods of complex integration

An

see also Nielsen, Math.

Ann. lix. (1904),

p.

108,

and

(for

numerous extensions of the

formulae) Wagner, Bern MittheHungen, 1895, pp. 115119; 1896, pp. 5360. special case of formula (1), namely that in which v = l, was discovered by [Note.

Lommel seven
(1861), p. 356.

years before the publications of his treatise

see Archiv der Math,

xxxvn.

His method consisted in taking the integral

The
i

co (r cos
1,

+ ijr sin 6) ddt)


it

over the area of the circle * + $=

and evaluating
t)

by two

different methods.

result of integrating with respect to


j

is

fir 2ttJ_i|_

(r cos sin vs

M + r)r sin 0)
.

-\JQ-P>
-

d
a rsin.0
.

_W0-f)
\

" \ /_, C0S

^ OS 6) 8i " {V(1 ~^' r SiD &) ^~6


COfi{$rcoa6h{1
J -i

_i
*r

(-rtrnw* n
(2i+l)!

m=o
(

)m , id$

^
TO =o

- )m ($r sin 6?m Jm + i(r cos 0) (rcos0) m + 1 ml

'

* See, e.g. Schafheitlin,

Die Theorie der Besselscken Funktionen (Leipzig, 1908),

p. 88.

5*23, 5*3]

MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS
<f>)

143

and the

result of changing to polar coordinates (p,


fn
/

is

5~

f
I

4bW J

v J

cos {rp cos (0 $)} pdpdUp

*W

/""
/

f
I

ir

cos (rp cos ^) pdpd<f>

=
If

^ ff
we

cos tfr)

^d^^-jjl- ?)* cos (r) <*=./, (r)/r.


i/

we compare
and r2

these equations
sin 2 *.]

obtain (1) in the case

=l

with

and h replaced by

r2 cos2

5*23.

The expansion of a Bessel function as a

series

of Bessel functions.

5*22 (7), Lommel has deduced an interesting series of Bessel functions which represents any given Bessel function.

From formula
ft

If

and v are unequal, and

fi is

not a negative integer,

we have

The repeated
arrange
it

series is absolutely convergent; consequently

we may

re

by replacing p by

m n, and

then we have

m=o U-ow! ym and hence, by Vandermonde's theorem,

n)l

(v

+n+

l)j

a)

j,

| n.-^^ w = r^+1) M r + m+
1

(v

o^
m!
,

ft)

(v

1)

* +TO

'

This formula was given by Lommel, Studien

iiber die Bessel'schen

Functionen (Leipzig,

2223, in the special case M =0; by putting *=0, it is found that


1868), pp.
(2)

differentiating with respect to v

and then

*, Fo (,)- Ji
,

(.)

log <*)

-tel>

C^> (^~^M+m W
*{V' (l +i)+V''(-/*)-'<Kn-M)K

and,

when /i=0, we have Lommel's formula

This should be compared with Neumann's expansion given in 3'57.

53.

An

addition formula for Bessel functions.


is

An
(1)

extension of the formula of 2*4 to Bessel functions of any order


./r

(*

+ <)- 2 J^iftJ^z),
This formula
is

where z
|

<

{,

being unrestricted.

due

to Schlafli*

and

the similar but more general formula


(2)
is

%\{z + t)=
to Soninef.
*

2
= 06

^(0/.(i)
( JWd.
xvi. (1880), pp.

due

MatA. Ann. hi. (1871), pp. 135137.

78.

144

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


is

[CHAP.

It will first be shewn that the series on the right of (1) convergent series of analytic functions of both z and t when

a uniformly

|*|<r,

R^\t\^A,
numbers
v

where

r,

R,

are unequal positive

in ascending order of magnitude.

When

m is large and positive, J ^m (t)Jm {z) is comparable m-V sin vtt {\Ry {r/Ry* V(
)
. .

with

and the convergence of the


series for (1

series is
is

r/R)".

When m

large

comparable with that of the binomial and negative (= w), the general

term

is

comparable with

(-)"(*A)'(jAr)"

T(v + n+l).n\
and the uniformity of the convergence
the test of Weierstrass.
follows for both sets of values of

m by

Term-by- term differentiation

is

consequently permissible*, so that


'
,
,

- (t) Jm {z) == J "m {t)Jm {z) Qt " l~z)ji/v m -J m?

J*-m {t) J m {z)]


'

=H 2

*
{

2 J -m(t){Jm- (z)-Jm+1 (z)}, -^ *


m= -oo
v
1

" m= ao " 1

J,--! (0

- Jv- m+1 (t)} Jm (Z)

and
that

it is

seen, on rearrangement, that all the terms

on the right cancel, so

d-a)J./~< >'-<'>- a
,
30

Hence, when z
|

<

\t \

the series

m=

2 Jv -m (t) Jm (z)
-oo

is

an analytic function

of z

and

which

is expressible
t

as a function of z

+t

only, since its derivates

with respect to z and

are identically equal.

If this function be called

F {z +
If

1),

then

we put
if

= 0,

m= oo we see that F(t) = Jv (t), and the truth of (1) becomes

F(z + t) =

Jy-nit)

Jm (z).

evident.

Again,

the signs of v and


J-. v (z

m in
l =

(1) be changed,

we have
(z),

+ t)= X
-oo

(-)m J- v+m (t)Jm


(1),

and when
(3)

this result

is

combined with
Y,(z + t)=
* Cf.

we

see that

X
1=-00

Y _m (t)Jm (z).
v

Modern Analysis,

5*3.

5*4]

MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS
this is

145

When

combined with

(1),

equation (2) becomes evident.


that,

The reader
(4)

will readily prove

by the same method

when

<

|,

Jv (t - z) I Jv+m (t) Jm (*),


^ (*-*)= I Wr+miftJmiz),
= oo
T

(5)

(6)

(<-*)= X

Yv+m (t)Jm (z).

Of these

results, (3)

(Leipzig, 1868),

when

v is

was given by Lommel, Studien iiber die BesseVschen Functionen an integer while (4), (5) and (6) were given* explicitly by Graf,
;

Math. Ann. xliii. (1893), pp. 141 given in Chapter xi.

142.

Various generalisations of these formulae

will

be

5*4.

Products of Bessel functions.


J. (z) Jv (z) has been given by various sometimes stated to be due to Schcuholzerf, who in 1877, but it had, in fact, been previously published (in 1870) More recently the product has been examined by Orr, while

The ascending series for the product


writers
;

the expansion
it

is

published

by

SchlafliJ.
||

Nicholson has given expansions

(cf.

5'42) for products of the forms

J(z)Yn (z) and

Ym (z)Yn (z).
satisfied

In the present section we shall construct the differential equation

by the product of two Bessel functions, and solve it ( 541) obtain the expansion anew by direct multiplication of series.
in series.

We

shall

then

Given two

differential equations in their

normal forms

if

y denotes the product vw, we have


y['

= if'w + 2v'w' + vw" = -(/ + J)y + 2v'w

/
,

where primes indicate

differentiations

with respect to

z.

* See also Epstein, Die vier Reehnungsoperationen mit BeueVsehen Functionen (Bern, 1894), [Jahrbuch tiber die ForUehritte der Math. 18931891, pp. 845846]. t Ueber die Auswerthung bettimmttr Integrate mit Hillfe von Ver&ndetungen det Integrationsweget (Bern, 1877), p. 13. The authorities who attribute the expansion to SchSnholzer include Graf and

Oubler, Einleitung in die Theorie der BesseVschen Funktionen, u. (Bern, 1900), pp. 8687, and Nielsen, Ann. Sci. de Vltcole norm. sup. (3) xvin. (1901), p. 50 ; Handbueh der Theorie der Cylinder/unktionen (Leipzig, 1904), p. 80. According to Nielsen, Nouv. Ann. de Math. (4) u. (1902),

obtained some series for products in the Iserlohn Programm, 1862. % Math. Ann. hi. (1871), pp. 141142. A trivial defect in Schlafli's proof is that he uses a contour integral which (as he points out) converges only when B(/t+r + l)>0.
p. 396, Meissel

Proe.
||

Camb. Phil.

Soc. x. (1900), pp.

93100.

Quarterly Journal, xliii. (1912), pp. 78100.

'

146

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


It follows that

[CHAP. V

dz

d ~ \y" + (J + J) y] = 2v'V + 2v'w"

and hence
Hence, in
(1)

= - 2Ivw' - 2Jv'w y'" + 2 (/ + /) y + (/' + J') y = (/ - J) (v'w - vw'). the special case when IJ,y satisfies the equation y + 4/y' + 2/>=0;
/'/

but, if

IJ,

it is

easy to shew by differentiation that

(2)
This

*
is

qr+w+wv+J-),
}

_ _ (/ _
;

^
(1),

Appell, Comptes

the form of the differential equation used by Orr Rendm, xci. (1880), pp. 211 214.

in connexion with

see

To apply these
to a

results to Bessel's equation, the equation has to


;

be reduced
it

normal form
(z) as

both Orr and Nicholson effect the reduction by taking


but, for purposes of solution in series,

z
is

9!> v

simpler to

new dependent variable, take a new independent


-j> ~e Z
, Z
>

variable

by writing

dz~dO~*'

-^

so that

$%$ + (* - *) / (*) = 0.
satisfied

Hence the equation


d_

by J^ (z) Jv (z), when


8

ft*

^ v*,
2

is

dd
that
is

0+2(2^-^-i, )^| + 4^y| + (^-^)

y = 0,

to say

(3)

[&-2(p* + v*)** + ( fi*-v>Y']y + 4e(*r + l)(% + 2)y =


satisfied

>

and the equation


(4)

by

(z)

J (z)

is

*(*-4)y + 4"(ar + 1)0 = 0.


{-)m cm

Solutions in series of (3) are


*

where a
m

/*

and
4 (a

+ 2m !)( + 2m) ctn _i (a + ft + + 2m)(a + p -v + 2m)(a- p+ v + 2m)(a- fi-p + 2m) If we take a = /* + v and
1>

^-2^+"r(/*+i)r(i/ +

i)'

we

obtain the series


o

(_)w

w?o m!r(/* + v + m + l)r( A* + w+l)r(i/+w+l) and the other series which are solutions of (3) are obtained by changing the
signs of either
/i

Qgy,+p+m, Y(
/*

fl

+ y+ 2m + 1)

or v or both

and

v.

"

5*41]

MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS
considering the powers of z which occur in the product
if 2/*, /M (z)

147

By
is
fi*

Jv (z)

it if

easy to infer that,

2v and 2
(~)m

(/* + v)

are not negative integers and

^ ,

then
r t .\ T u\- v J|lW,/rW

m w W
and,

(^Y ++im r (^ + + 2m + 1)
series,

"".r iir(fi + ir+m+i)r(/+iii + i)r(+t+i)"

In like manner, by solving (4) in


negative integer, then

we

find that,

when

2i> is

not a

'

W -wr /!r(2
2
=0 (w!)
2

+ m-Hl){r(j/ + m+l)}
(-)m (zYm (2m)\

'

when

>

is

not a negative integer, then

(7)

J(s)J_(s)=

r (i/ + m + 1) T(- v + m +

1)

reasoning which resembles that given in 4'42, it may be shewn that (6) holds when v is half of an odd negative integer, provided that the quotient T (2v + 2m + l)/r {2v + i + 1) is replaced by the product (2v + + l)m

By

5*41.

Products of series representing Bessel functions.

It is easy to obtain the results of 5*4

by

direct multiplication of series.

This method has the advantage that special investigations, for the cases in which fi* = v* and those in which y. + v is a negative integer, are superfluous.

The

coefficient of (-)"*

(yY +v+sm

in the product of the two absolutely

convergent series

(_y ( fr)M m =o! r((i + m+ 1)


m
is
tt

n=nn\T(v + n + l)

(-)w (**)"+w

= n!

Y(v

+n+ l).(m-n)! T(/i-m-n + l)


w+ Ii\ r<\ x,xn (v + m + l,)*=o tR m 1) I
l)

_l r (/* + w!ir/

Cw

(-'-)w_n .(-/A-m)

fl

m!

T(/*

+ m+

p (i> + w +
l)m

l)

(n

+v+m +

m!r(/t + w+l)r(i/+m + l)'

when Vandermonde's theorem


Hence,
for all values of
/*

is

used to
v,

sum the

finite series.

and

n\ (1)
and

g t /.-\ t {z)-^ (.\ j^z)J

(-)m

m]

(i^ +,,+aw (^ + + m+l)TO r{fJt + m + i )r ( v + m + iy


i>

this formula comprises the formulae (5), (6)


'

and
.

(7) of 5*4.
----H--'
'

*~
S

148

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP.

earlier writers; it

This obvious mode of procedure does not seem to have been noticed by any of the was given by Nielsen, Math. Ann. lii. (1899), p. 228.
series for

cos z and J {z)e,mz were obtained by Bessel, Berliner Abh. 1824, and the corresponding results for Jv (z) con z and Jv {z)smz were deduced from Poisson's integral by Lommel, Studien uber die BesseVschen Functionen (Leipzig, 1868), pp. 16 18. Some deductions concerning the functions ber and bei have been made by Whitehead, Quarterly Journal, xlii. (1911), p. 342.

The

{z)

[1826], pp.

38

39,

More generally, if we multiply the series for J^(az) and an expansion in which the coefficient of ( w orb" (fcY +v+am
m
,o!
Qitn2n A2n

J (bz),
v

we

obtain

is

T (y + n + 1) .(m - n)l T (ft + m-n + l) 2 m a _ a tB\(-m,-iA-m\ v + 1 6 /a ) ml r<> + m + l)r(i/ + l)


;

and so
(2)

J, (az) Jv (bz) -

V2

'

r ^ ^J (~)w QaiY" . fi (- m, - /i - m x | t! r(/i+TO+l) m=0

i/

+1

fr/q')

and

this result can

be simplified whenever the hypergeometric

series is

expressible in a compact form.

One
another

case of reduction
is

is

the case b

the case

b = ia,

provided

= a, which that ft* = v*.

has already been discussed

In this case we use the formula*

and then we see that


/o\

r/
v

w/
;

\
'

v
wt=0

r(|m
-

(-)m (^azy" +m cos fymr + i)r(i/ + |w + i)r(i/+in (-)m (\azf" +im

i)

- %

=0 w! T (v +

m + 1) r

(i/

+ 2w +

1)'

(5)

/fa*)/

fart- v
in (3)
a

(-f (ifliycM(i + ht)T


we
find that

If
(6)

we take a = el"*
ber (z)

+ bei

(z)

- 2

ptt

it***"*
3*8.

an expansion of which the leading terms were given in


* Cf.

Kummer, Journal fUr Math.

xv. (1836), p. 78,

formula

(53).

5*42]

MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS
(3), (4), (5)

149
(5)

The formulae

xv. (1906), pp. 490 497 and Monatshefte fiir Math, und Phys. xix. (1908), pp. 164170, from a consideration of the differential equation satisfied by Jv (az)Jv (bz).

were discovered by Nielsen, Attidella R. Accad. dei Lined,

Some
types

series

Jy3 (z) and J% (z) t/_ (z),


giving
-
fi

have been given, Quarterly Journal, xli. (1910), p. 55, for products of the but they are too cumbrous to be of any importance.

By
(7)

the special values | in

(2), it is

easy to prove that


6).

J^ (z sin 6) = iig (2 sin 0)-*^ r *2y + n) <V (cos


this formula in

The special case of by Hobson*.


5*42.

which 2v

is

an integer has been given

Products involving Bessel functions of the second kind.


series for the products

The

J {z)Yn {z), Jm (z)Yn (z),


IL

and

Ym {z)Yn {z)
is

have been the subject of detailed study by Nicholson f; the following outline of his analysis with some modifications.

an

We

have
irJ, (z)

Yn (z) = 1
to

J* (,) Jw ()}

- (-) i {/, (z) J. (*)},

where

i/

is

to be

made equal

n after the differentiations have been performed.

Now
l~
{

JM (,) J, (*)} - log {\z). J (z) J (z)


v
I"

(~)r (^>t+,,+8r

T(p + v + 2r + l)

and

r=0 Lr:

r (fi - v + 2r + 1) rO-i/ + r+l)r(/* + r+l)r(-i/ + r + l) fi/r (p - y + 2r -H 1) - ^ (/* - v + r + 1) - yfr (+ r + 1)}


(-)" (^y4-"*"*
1/

We

n-l

oo
.

divide the last series into two parts,

2 and X

In the former part we

have

* Proc. London Math. Soc. xxv. (1894), p. 06 8 je also Cailler, ilfm. d ia Soc. de Phys. de Geneve, xxxiv. (19021905), p. 316. t Quarterly Journal, xliii. (19i2), pp. 78 100. The expansion of Jq(z) Yq (z) had been given previously by Nielsen, Handbuch der Theorie der Cylinderfunktionen (Leipzig, 1904), p. 21.
;

150

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


is

[CHAP.

while in the latter part there


r is replaced in this part

no undetermined form to be evaluated.


it is

When

by n + r,

seen that

(1)

wJ,(b)Yu <*)%
9

r!r</*
n +* r

+ r+l)
l) r

(A* + n + r + | (-Y {hzY+ r!(n+r)ir(^ + r+l) r -o

{2 log (*)

2^r (p

+ n + 2r + 1)
l)

-^r(^ + n + r+l)-^r(/* + r +

- -^ (?i + r+l)-yjr(r + 1)}.


The expression on the
vn

right

is

a continuous function of

fi

at

/tt

=m

where
fi

= 0,

1, 2, ...,

and so the
(1).

series for

irjm

(z)

Yn {z)

is

obtained by replacing

by

m on
The

the right in
series for

Ym (z) Yn (z)
|_

can be calculated by constructing series


~

for

[ d-J h (z)Jv (z)

dfldv

jn-m, v-n

in a similar manner.

The details of the analysis, which is extremely laborious, have been given by Nicholson, and will not be repeated here.

5*43.

The integral for J^ (z)

Jv (z).
integral ( 2*6) for

A generalisation of
applying the formula*

Neumann's

Jn

(z) is obtainable

by

eo**-+Jo
to the result of 5
-

cos fr

41 ;

+ m + 1)r(v + m + 1) provided the integral has this value when m 0, 1, 2,


r(fJ
, . .
.

v)

0d0 = 2iL++M

that

R (jM + v) > - 1.
then evident that

It is

J(*)J(*) =
so that

when

J?

(/u.

- 2 m -o.'o + *>) > 1,


7r

^s(fi-v)dd0, ,w .. + m ..n m!r(/*+v + l)

/M (s) J (z) = -

V,^, (2* cos 0) cos (fi-v)0d0\

TJfl

the change of the order of summation and integration presents no serious


difficulty.
* This formula is due to
p. 263.

Cauchy

for

a proof by contour integration, see Modern Analysis,

5-43-5-51]

MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS

151

If n be a positive integer and


(2)

R n) > 1, then JM (z) Jn (z) = *i~L P'j^ (2z cos 6) cos + n) 0d0, T
(jj,

(fi

Jo
/*

and

this formula is also true if

and n are both integers, but are otherwise


when nv

unrestricted.

Formula

(1)

was given by

Schlafli,

Math. Ann. in. (1871),

p. 142,

are both

integers; the general formula is due to Gegenbauer, Wiener Sitzungsberichte, cxi. (2a),
(1902), p. 567.

5*5.

The expansion of (\zY+ v as a


that

series

of products.

A natural generalisation of the formulae of Neumann (2*7) and Gegenbauer


(

5 2)
(1)

is

(**r

r{/M

+ v+1 y
m-0

m.
v are

The formula

is

true if
if

fi

and

not negative integers, but the following

proof applies only

R(fi

+ v + l)> 1.

From

5*2

we have

(.>-.- 1 0>+>+)ro. + > + m) J


If

^^
;

we multiply by

cos

(fi

v)0 and
to-0

integrate, it is clear from 5*43 that

2^+

:p\*".co.-)M- 2 0>+ + )ro.+>+)


Jo

ml

of

and the result p and v the


The formula
beriehte,

follows
result

by evaluating the integral on the left for other values may be established by analytic continuation.

is at

once deducible from formulae given by Gegenbauer, Wiener Sitzungs-

lxxv.

(2), (1877), p. 220.

5*51.

Lommel's

series

of squares of Bessel functions.

An

expansion derived by

Lommel* from

the formula

i8

j>

+h)<J,yW, H (.).i"' Z dz n=0


=
J

so that
(*) <fc 2 J'xJK-i
*
p.

(*

+ 2) JV2 (*)1
ii.

The
;

results of this section will be

532

MUnchener Abh.

xv. (1886), pp.

found in Math. Ann. 548549.

(1870), pp.

632633

xiv. (1878),

152

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


5*11 (11),

[CHAP. V

Hence, by
(1)

we have

**

{./

_ x (z)

- J^ (z) J (z)} = 2
n-0

(i;

+ 2n) JV (*),
2
;

beginning of the
fluous.

by adding on terms at the on taking zero as the lower limit when R (v) > is superseries, it may be seen that the restriction R,(v) >
If we take in turn we have ( 3*4)
(2)

= \, v = f

and add and subtract the

results so obtained,

-= 2
n=0

(n

+ *)JV(*).

(3)

*.
by taking i>=
1,

(-r<n + *)/+(*).

while,
(4)

we

see that

\z* {J *

(jr)

+ J (5)} = I
is

(in

-0

1) An+x

(*)

Another formula of the same type

derived by differentiating the series

2
-o
for it is evident that

J\ + (s)

a
^-

2 n=0

2 eJ\+n (*) = 2 2
00

e /"+ (*)/'+(*)

=0
n
t/"

= 2
t=0

+n (s) (Jv+n-i (^)

Jv+n+i (*)}

= ivJ?(z)\z,
and so. when iJ(v) >0, we obtain a modification of Hansen's formula (2 namely
00
-

5),

(5)

2
=o

en

J\+n (z) = 1v\ Jf(i%.


Jo
*

f*

fit

An

important consequence of this formula, namely the value of an upper


for
j

bound

Jv (x)

\,

will

be given in
found that

13 42.

By

taking

v \,
v 2
m=o

it is

, \ t e J n+i (*)

2 dt = - P sin** 1 "

tJo
f
|_

2 sin2 *]*
7T
t

2 f*
7T.I

_ ,cft
*

Jo

and

so

(6)

2
n=0

/'

n+J (*)

= -i(2*), T

where, as usual, the symbol Si denotes the "sine integral." This result is given by Lommel in the third of the memoirs to which reference has been made.

5-6]
5*6.

MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS
Continued fraction formulae.

153

Expressions for quotients of Bessel functions as continued fractions are deducible immediately from the recurrence formula given by 32(1); thus,
if

the formula be written

/,_,(*)

%zJ v+x (z)j v'

Jv (z)
it is

at once apparent that

*/_,(*)

\z-j{(v+m-l)(v\-m)}

\z

J + m+1 (z)/{v + m)
v

This formula
is

J v+m\ z )

easily transformed into

'

J ^ (z)
v

2v/z

-2(v + l)/z-...-2(v + m)lz - Jv+m (z)


for general values of v\

'

These results are true


Bessel*
for integral values

(1)

was discovered by
is

of

v.

An

equivalent result, due to Schlomilchf,

that, if Q {z)

= Jv+l {z)l{\z Jv (z)},

then

Other formulae, given by LommelJ, are

Jv+1 (z)
(4)

z
2(i/

z*

Jv (z)
/<

+ l)-2(i/ + 2)-2(i/ + 3)-...-2(/ + m)*'


i
i

J*

z2

zJv+m+1 (z)
J, +m (z)
x
'

W
The

,k\

^+2 (*) _

zJv+m + {z) i! + 2fel) 2(i/ + l)-2(* + 2)-...-2(> + m)- J +m (s)


all

'

Bessel functions in

these formulae

may

obviously be replaced by any

cylinder functions.
It

was assumed by Bessel

that,

when

m -*-

<x>

the last quotient

may be

neglected, so that
,x (b)

AA^L-^ll
J_i(*)~"
1

i^l\ V (v

+ l)}

$*/{(+ !)(+
1

2)}

* Berliner Abh. (1824), [1826], p; 31. Formula (2) seems not to have been given by the earlier writers; see Encyclopedic des Sci. Math. n. 28, 58, p. 217. A slightly different form is used by

Graf, Ann. di Mat. (2) xxin. (1895), p. 47. integral values of t Zeitschrift fiir Math, und Phys. n. (1857), p. 142; Schldmilch considered
v only.

J Studien

fiber die

Math, und Phys. xxx. pp. 292297.


W. B.
F.

BesseVschen Functionen (Leipzig, 18G8), p. 5 see also Spitzer, Archiv der (1858), p. 332, and Gunther, Archiv der Math, und Phy*. lvi. (1874),
;

154

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


It is not obvious that this assumption is justifiable,

[CHAP.

though it happens to and a rigorous proof of the expansion of a quotient of Bessel functions into an infinite continued fraction will be given in 9'65 with the help of the theory of " Lommel's polynomials."
be
so,

[Note.
the fraction

The reason why the assumption

is

not obviously correct

is that,

even though

pm /qm tends
;

to a limit as m--oo

it is

not necessarily the case that

aw ^">

^m+1

tends to that limit

this

may be

seen by taking

pm =m+amm,

q m =m,

a,=-l.]

The reader will find an elaborate discussion on the representation of Jv (z)/Jv -i (z) as a continued fraction in a memoir* by Perron, Munchener Sitzungsberichte, xxxvn. (1907), 504; solutions of Riccati's equation, depending on such a representation, have pp. 483

been considered by Wilton, Quarterly Journal, xlvi. (1915), pp. 320323. The connexion between continued fractions of the types considered in this section and the relations connecting contiguous hypergeometric functions has been noticed by Heine, Journal fiir Math. lvii. (1860), pp. 231247 and Christoffel, Journal fur Math, lviii. (1861),
pp. 9092.

5*7.

Hansen's expression for J,(z) as a limit of a hypergeometric function.

It

was stated by Hansen f that


J.

(i)

W -iin r a^
the

..i'1
J

>

M;+i;-^).
\ and

We shall prove
fi

this result for general (complex) values of v and z when tend to infinity through complex values.

If

1/8, fi

= 1/t),

(m -f
K

l)th term of the expansion on the right

is

This
is

/,

=-,

[(1

+ rh) (1 + rv )\
,

a continuous function of 8 and rj and, if 8 r) are arbitrary positive (less than 2 z j"1 ), the series of which it is the (wi + l)th term converges uniformly with respect to 8 and 77 whenever both 8 ^ 8 and 17 ^ i For the term in question is numerically less than the modulus of the (m + 1 )th
;

numbers

term of the (absolutely convergent) expansion of

r^,+\)

& W*., ^
is

>

+ 1 K^o),
>

and the uniformity of the convergence


Since the convergence
* This

follows from the test of Weierstrass.

uniform, the

sum

of the terms

is

a continuous

(1908), pp.

memoir 8588.

is

the subject of a paper by Nielsen, Milnchener Sitzungsberichte, xxxvni.

t Leipziger Abh. n. (1855), p. 252 ; see also a Halberstadt dissertation by F. Neumann, 1909. [Jakrbueh ilber die Fortschritte der Math. 1909, p. 575.]

5-7, 5*71]

MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS
($, rj)

155
is

function of both the variables

at (0, 0), and so the limit of the series


;

the

sum
/

of the limits of the individual terms

that

is

to say

^o\r(v + l)

\B

r}'

m . m!r(i/ +

m+l)

and

this is the result stated.

5*71.

Bessel functions as limits of Letfendre functions.

known that solutions of Laplace's equation, which are analytic near the origin and which are appropriate for the discussion of physical problems connected with a sphere, may be conveniently expressed as linear
It is well

combinations of functions of the type


rn

Pn (cos0),

rn

Pnm (cos 0) cos m<f>; sin


.

these are
coordinates

normal solutions of Laplace's equation when referred to polar


(r, 0,
<f>).

Now

consider the nature of the structure of spheres, cones and planes

associated with polar coordinates in a region of space at a great distance from

the origin near the axis of harmonics.

The spheres approximate to planes and


;

the cones approximate to cylinders, and the structure resembles the structure
associated with cylindrical-polar coordinates

and normal solutions of Laplace's


( 4*8)

equation referred to such coordinates are of the form


e k*Jm

(kp)^m<f>.

It is therefore to be expected that,

when r and n

are large* while

is

small

in such a

way

that r sin

(i.e.

p) remains bounded, the Legendre function

should approximate to a Bessel function; in other words,

we must expect

Bessel functions to be expressible as limits of Legendre functions.

The

actual formulae by which Bessel functions are so expressed are, in

effect, special cases of

Hansen's

limit.

The most important formula


(1)

of this type

is

limPn (cos^)=/ (4
result,

This

which seems to have been known to Neumannt in 1862, has been

investi-

gated by Mehler, Journal fiir Math, lxviii. (1868), p. 140; Math. Ann. v. (1872), pp. 136, 141 144; Heine, Journal fur Math. lxix. (1869), p. 130; RayJeigh, Proc. London Math.

Soc. ix. (1878), pp.


i.

(1899), pp.

pp. 236 and Rayleigh.

6164 Proc. Royal Soc. xcii. A, (1916), pp. 433437 [Scientific Papers, 338341 vi. (1920), pp. 393397]; and Giuliani, Giorn. di Mat. xxn. (1884), 239. The result has been extended to generalised Legendre functions by Heine
; ;

It has usually been

assumed that n tends


it is

to infinity through integral

values in proving (1); but

easier to prove

it

when n tends
would be

to infinity as

a continuous real variable.


* If
?i

were not large, the approximate formula for

Pnm (cos 0)

(sin

m 0)/m

!.

t Cf. Journal fUr Math. lxh. (1863), pp.

3649.

156

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP.

We

take Murphy's formula

Pn (cos z/ri) =
modification that

sjFx

n,

+1

1
is

sin2 \z\n)\

and the reasoning of the preceding section

applicable with the slight

we use the

inequality

|rin(f/)|*f|(*/n)|,

when
|

\z

$ 2 n
|

,
|

and then we can compare the two


1
;

series
;

& (where B
is is

n,

n+

sin2 \z\n\

,F, (1/S

1/S6

+1
|

^$

2
1

2
!

),

an arbitrary positive number less than z _1 atid the comparison made when \n\>lj8 The details of the proof may now be left to the reader.
|

When
the proof.

is restricted to it is

be a positive integer, the series

for

Pn (coaz/n)

terminates, and

convenient to appeal to Tannery's theorem * to complete This fact was first noticed by Giuliani the earlier writers took for
;

granted the permissibility of the passage to the

limit.

In the case of generalised Legendre functions (of unrestricted order m),


the definition depends on whether the argument of the functions
is

between

+1

and

1 or not

for real values of


v

x (between
n,
;

and

ir)

we have
sin" **/).

Pw- (cos -J =
so that
(2)

'

'

^_

& (-

n+ 1 m + 1;
(as),

lim n m

Pn~m (cos -) = Jm

but otherwise, we have


z\ tanh (iz/n) ( ,, Pn~m (cosh = F (~ n,n + l; m + 1; ~ sinh \z\n), r m ^i) -J
r>
i

_,

so that
(3)

lim n m

Pn-m (cosh -) = Im (z).


for functions of the

The corresponding formula

second kind

may be deduced
;

from the equation which expressesf


,,,

Qnm
~

in terms of
,

Pnm and P~ m

it is

(4)

w _.ooLsm

hm

,.

m sinri7r rn -^
(

m+

z\ r Qnm ( cosh n)7r nj \

Km

(z).

This formula has been given (with a different notation) by Heine +; it is most easily proved by substituting the integral of Laplace's type for the Legendre
function, proceeding to the limit

and using formula

(5) of

62 2.

* Cf. Bromwioh, Theory of Infinite Series, 49. t Cf. Barnes,' Quarterly Journal, xxxix. (1908), p. 109

the equation
1

is

2r(-m-n)
in Barnes' notation,

BinVlir

nnir

P~" Q n= r(l-m +

P-"*
?j)

r(l + i + n)

which is adopted in this work. + Journal fur Math, i/xix. (1868), p. 131.

5*72]

MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS
slightly different from those just discussed, is

157

Another formula,
(5)
this
is

K
.

"/(il*)" /,(
it

);

due to Laurent*, and

may be proved by
.

using the second of Murphy's

formulae, namely

Pn (cos 6) = cos" %6 F
2

(-

n,

-n

- tan

\6).

[Note. The existence of the formulae of this section must be emphasized because it used to be generally believed that there was no connexion between Legendre functions and
Bessel functions.

Functions, Lame's Functions


[i.e.

in his Elementary Treatise on Laplace's BesseVs Functions (London, 1875), p. vi, that "these Bessel functions] are not connected with the main subject of this book."]
it

Thus

was stated by Todhunter

and

5*72.

Integrals associated with Mehler's formula.

section was given

completely different method of establishing the formulae of the last by Mehler and also, later, by Rayleigh this method depends
;

on a use of Laplace's integral, thus


1 Pn (cos $) f*

(cos

i sin

I TT.'O

V cos $) n d<j>
fifo

en Iok (cos* + < sin cos $)


7T T.'o
' (

Since

n log
uniformly as n
-- oo

{cos (z/n)

+ i sin

(z/n) cos

<} -*-

iz cos

<f>

when
lim

$ <f> ^ ir, we have at once


d<f>

Pn (cos z/n) - - f *

=J

(z).

Heine f and de Ball J have made similar passages to the limit with integrals of Laplace's type for Legendre functions. In this way Heine has defined
Bessel functions of the second and third kinds
results in 6*22
;

reference will be

made
(z).

to his

when we

deal with integral representations of F

Mehler has also given a proof of his formula by using the Mehler- Dirichlet integral
2 Pn (cos6) = If n<f>=yjr, it

; o

*<&4*L
V{2 (cos <p -COS0)}

may

be shewn that

- I' zln\ i n (cos (cos*/*)*-J


o

-^

C0S

but the passage to the limit presents some proper integral.

little difficulty

because the integral

is

an im-

Various formulae have been given recently which exhibit the way in which
* Journal de Math. (3) i. (1875), pp. 384385; the formula actually given by Laurent is trioneouB on account of an arithmetical error. t Journal fur Math. lxix. (1868), p. 131. See also Sharpe, Quarterly Journal, xxiv (1890)

pp.

383386.
X Attr. Nach. cxxvm. (1891), col. 1

1.

158

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


its

[CHAP. V
infinity.

the Legendre function approaches its limit as

degree tends to

Thus, a formal expansion due to Macdonald*


(1)

is

Pn -(cos0)
= (n + )"' (cos 0)- [Jm (x)
+ sin
2

\0 {^x

J^ (x) - Jw (x) + ^x' Jm+l


1

(x)}

.],

where x = (In

1) sin \0.

Other formulae, which exhibit an upper limit for the error due to replacing a Legendre function of large degree by a Bessel function, aref
(2)

Pn (cos

rj)

iir- 1

Qn (cos rj)

= ^(sec rj)

e <* + i>,- t*n '>> [Jo {(

+ h) ^n v}

iY

{(

+ ) tan rj\]
4^i-\/(sec v)

+ 7r{R(n)

+ ^'

(4)

Qn (cosh f) = e -(+i)(f-tanh ^( S ech f)

K
+

{(n

+ \) tanh f
V(sechg).e-(+*>*

ffl3

R{n)+$
; ,

and (4), f > the numbers lt 2 < t) < where, in (2), 3 are n may be complex provided that less than unity in absolute magnitude, and its real part is positive. But the proof of these results is too lengthy to be
%tt, and, in (3)

given here.
5*73.

The formulae of Olbricht.


a Bessel function
is

by Hansen's formula as a limit of a hypergeometric function has led Olbricht j to investigate methods by which Bessel's equation is expressible as a confluent form of equations associated with Biemann's P-functions.

The

fact that

expressible

If

we take the equation


dz*

dz

V
is

z*

'

of which a fundamental system of solutions

the pair of functions

z~*Jv (z),
fa,
b,

z-Y
c,

v (z),

and compare the equation with the equation defined by the scheme
1

Pio,
l',
* Proc.

,
ff,

y,

z\,
-I

7.

London Math. Soc. (2) xm. (1914), pp. 220 221 eome associated results had been obtained previously by the same writer, Proc. London Math. Soc. xxxi. (1899), p. 269. t Watson, Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xxn. (1918), pp. 277308 Messenger, xlvii. (1918),
; ;

pp. 151160.

X Nova Acta Caes.-Leop.-Acad. (Halle), 1888, pp. 148.

5*73]

MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS

159

namely
d* y

Q- a -a
\
(

'

\-fi-fi'

l-y-yl
z-c
(b
)

dy
dz
yy' (

dz*

z-a
z-a

z-b
+ fifi'

aa'(a-b)(a-c)

-c)(b-a)

-a)(c- &)

z-b
(z

z-c
y

) )

-a)(z -

b) {z

c)

= 0,

we

see that the latter reduces to the former if

a
while
b, c, fi, fi', 7,

= 0,

= v fi, + 1)
0,

= v fi,
way
that
2

y tend

to infinity in such a
2/*

fi

remain

finite (their

sum being

while

yy - $b fifi'
-2ifi,
y,
\

+ fi' and 7 + and b + c = 0.

7'

We

thus obtain the scheme


(

2ifi,
fi,

limPJ
~*

v-p,
2

z\,
J

l-v-fi,
where
7,

-fi,

7,

- M + i V{0* + ) + tf
is
(

2
}-

Another similar scheme

0,

ifi,
fi,

oo,
J

limP<
"*"

v-fi,

y,

z\
)

i-v-fi,

-fi,

y,

with the same values of 7 and y

as before.
is

scheme

for

(z)

derived directly from Hansen's formula


(

0,

qo,

-4a&
0,

lim

pj

\v

a-\v,
fi-\v,

zA.
J

ilZl)
those which have
Note.
It

[-% v>

v+l-a-fi.

Olbricht has given other schemes but they are of no great importance and

now been

constructed will be sufficient examples.


fiir

has been observed by Haentzschel, Zeitschrift

Math, und Pkyt. xxxi.

(1886), p. 31, that the equation

whose solution

( 4*3) is xS'Wv (hit),

may be

derived by confluence from Lamp's equation

when the
zero.

invariants

g2 and g3

of the Weierstrassian elliptic function are

made

to tend to

CHAPTER VI
INTEGRAL REPRESENTATIONS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS
6*1.

Generalisations of Poisson's integral.


shall study various contour integrals associated with

In this chapter we

Poisson's integral ( 2*3, 3"3)

of the contour of integration, large

and Bessel's integral ( 2-2). By suitable choices numbers of elegant formulae can be obtained

also be applied in

which express Bessel functions as definite integrals. The contour integrals will Chapters vu and VIII to obtain approximate formulae and

asymptotic expansions for

Jv (z) when

z or v is large.

It happens that the applications of Poisson's integral are of a more elementary character than the applications of Bessel's integral, and accordingly

we

shall

now study
which we

integrals of Poisson's type, deferring the study of integrals

of Bessel's type to 62.


integral
shall

The investigation of generalisations of now give is due in substance to Hankel*.

Poisson's

The simplest

of the formulae of

33

is 3'3 (4),

since this formula contains

a single exponential under the integral sign, while the other formulae contain
circular functions,
shall

which are expressible in terms of two exponentials. We therefore examine the circumstances in which contour integrals of the type
r

e izt
J a

Tdt

are solutions of Bessel's equation;

it is

not of
of
z.

z,

and that the end-points, a and

supposed that T is a function of t but b, are complex numbers independent

The

result of operating

on the integral with Bessel's

differential operator

V,, defined
b

in 3*1, is

as follows:

V,

izt

Tdtl

= z v+i
izt

lzt

T{\h

dt
b

(2i/

izt +1 1) iz j e

Ttdt

= iz"+
*

T (t* -

1)1

+ iz+*

e izt \{2v

1) Tt

- ^ {T (i 2

1)}1 dt,

Math. Ann. i. (1869), pp. 473 485. The discussion of the corresponding integrals for Iv(z) is due to Schlafli, Ann. di Mat. (2) i. (1868), pp. 232242, though Schlafli's results are expressed in the notation explained in 4-15. The integrals have also been examined in great detail by Gubler, Zurich Vierteljahrsschrift, xxxm. (1888), pp. 147 172, and, from the aspect of the theory of the linear differential equations which they satisfy, by Graf, Math. Ann. xlv. (1894), pp. 235 2C2 lvi. (1903), pp. 432 444. See also de la Vallee Poussin, Ann. de la Soc. Sci. de

and

K v (z)

Bruxelles, xxix. (1905), pp.

140143.

6-1]

INTEGRAL REPRESENTATIONS
integration.

161

by a partial
if T, a, b

Accordingly we obtain a solution of Bessel's equation

are so chosen that


%- {T(t>-l)}
t

= (2v + l)Tt,

izt

T(t2 -l)

= 0.

The former of these equations shews that


(P

is

a constant multiple of

I)" - *,

and the
t

latter

either so that
initial

it is

shews that we may choose the path of integration, a closed circuit such that e izt (t2 l) v+i returns to its
e
izt

value after

has described the circuit, or so that

(&-

l) v + i vanishes

at each limit.

A
t

contour of the

first

type

is

a figure-of-eight passing round the point


t

=1

counter-clockwise and round

clockwise.

And,

if

we suppose

temporarily that the real part of z

is

positive, a contour of the second type is

one which starts from

+ coi and

returns there after encircling both the points

1,

1 counter-clockwise (Fig. 1

and Fig.

2).

If

we take

a, 6

1, it is

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

necessary to suppose that


integral.

R(v +

> 0, and we
(t
2

merely obtain Poisson's

To make the many- valued


of
t

function

1)""* definite*, we take

the phases

and

1 to

vanish at the point


t

where the contours

cross the real

axis on the right of

1.

We

therefore proceed to
/(1+,

examine the contour integrals


/-(-i+.i+j

-1-)

z"

e (a - 1)"-* dt,

z"

eizt

(t*

- 1)--* dt.

at

* It is supposed that v has not one of the values \,\,\\ 1, and both integrals vanish, by Cauchy's theorem.

...;

for then the integrands are analytic

162

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. VI

It is to be observed that, when R (2) > 0, both integrals are convergent, and differentiations under the integral sign are permissible. Also, both

integrals are analytic functions of v for all values of

v.

In order to express the

first

integral in terms of Bessel functions,

we

expand the integrand in powers of z, the resulting series being uniformly convergent with respect to t on the contour. It follows that
/"(1+.-1-)
00

zu

Ja
2

J*(P-l)'-*dt= 2
m=o
or

;m z Vrm,

^-r-jm+, -1-) V*(P-l)*dt.


ml
Ja

an odd function of t according as m is even or odd; and so, taking the contour to be symmetrical with respect to the origin, we see that the alternate terms of the series on the right vanish, and we are
then
left

Now tm (t I)" - * is an even

with the equation

t"
J

J* (t* a

1)"-* dt = 2

= 2
on writing
u
is
t

(2m)! m-o w (\m z v+2m


K

;a

t* (t2

1)"-* dt

Jo
,-(1+)

'

w -o

(2m)

,
!

u"-i(u-l)-*du,
Jo

= <Ju;

in the last integral the phases of


1.

u and u

vanish

when

on the real axis on the right of u =

To evaluate the

integrals

on the right, we assume temporarily that


into the straight line
to
1,

R(v + %)>0;
from
to
1

the contour

may then be deformed


first part,

taken twice; on the


,

u 1 (1 u)e~ vi u 1 = (1 ii) e +ni We thus get


fd+>
I

going from and on the second part, returning from where, in each case, the phase of 1 u is

1 to 0,

we have we have

zero.

*-* (u

1)"-*

Jo

du

= =

{-(-
. 2t COS

- e<"- '}

n
/

um -l (1 - )"- du
'
.

Jo
Z>7T

Now

r(m + )I> + ) Z \,/ - r(m + /;+l)

both sides of the equation


"

(1+

V- ( -iy-iau- u cos ri + r(+


r (w + v +
i)

are analytic functions of v for all values of v) and so, by the general theory of analytic continuation*, this result, which has been proved when (v + ) > 0,

persists for all values of


*
Ii ("

v.

Modern Analyst*,

5-5.

The

reader will also find

it

possible to obtain the result,

when

+ )~-0,

by repeatedly using the recurrence formula

Jo
which
is

++J Jo
(>,

obtained by integrating the formula

l{ u '+i( U -l)-'+'+i. =(Ml + v + n + l )Mw-i (u _ ir + M +l +


the integral
is

+ n + i)um-*

{M

1)

v+ M -i.

then expressed in terms of an integral of the same type in which the exponent of

u - 1 has a positive real part.

6-1]

INTEGRAL REPRESENTATIONS
for all* values of v,
oo

163

Hence,

r(l+, -1-)
J

(\m z v + *m Y( m
</ (z).

a.

1\
l)

m-o (2m)!r(j/+m +

= 2" +i i r (i) r (i + $> cos i/tt


Therefore,
(i)
if v
-f-

is

not a positive integer,


,

j.

w - ^"ty /r
|

" ** ((> - i)"

and

this is Hankel's generalisation of Poisson's integral.

Next let us consider the second type of contour. Take the contour to lie wholly outside the circle 1 = 1, and then (t 2 l)" -i is expansible in a series of descending powers of t, uniformly convergent on the contour thus we have
1

m=o

(|

and

in the series the phase of

lies

between

it and + ^tt.
i')

Assuming^ the
/(-i+,i+)
J<*>i

permissibility of integrating term-by-term,


<*>

we have

zy

TVA

A-m\ r(-i+.i+)
V)
J
oot

m -Q Wil (-

But
J

oo i

aa

exp ia

where a

is

the phase of z (between + \tr)\ and, by a well-known formula*, the

last integral equals

1iri\Y (2m 2v + 1).

Hence

,J

r
*><

'

1+)

*- <* - 1)-'

s * - ,-o

"

->7;%7r " ( - r (2m i~; 2^


!

r(

v)

-h

1 1)

when we use the duplication formula T(%-v + m) and T (- + m + 1).


1/

to express

T (2m

2i>

1) in

terms of

* If v

-J

is

a negative integer, the simplest

way

of evaluating the integral is to calculate the

residue of the integrand at

u= 1.
/
'
|

t
its

To

justify the
A'.

term-by-term integration, observe that


(t
2

tzt

dt

is

convergent

let

are given a positive

- l)" it follows that, wheu we independent of t, such that the remainder an integer We then terms of the expansion does not exceed e/K in absolute value when M ^ after have at once
value be

Since the expansion of

-^

J oot converges uniformly,

number

e,

we cau

find

cot

jnir{-i>) J aci + > ,izt f(-l+.l1 '\e tzt dt\=e, V <eK--1


=o
'

aud

J cot the required result follows from the definition of the

sum
Cf.

of

an

infinite series.
12-15.

X Cf. Modern Analysis, 12-22.

Modern Analysis,

164
Thus,

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


when

[CHAP. VI

R (z) >

and v + %

is

not a positive integer,

This equation was also obtained by Hankel.

Next consider
(-1+.1+)
eizt

{t*-iy-*dt,

J oo
of z which
is

exp ( - 1*>)

where co is an acute angle, positive or negative. This integral defines a function


analytic

when

\ir +
and,
if

a>< arg z <

fyrr

+ co;
| J

arg 2 < 77-, the contour can be deformed into the second of the two contours just considered. Hence the analytic continuation of J- V (z) can be defined by the new integral over an extended range of values of arg z; so that we have
z
is

subject to the further condition that

(3)

J-*(')~
giving
co

r^-\,>" n7V/'(-i+,i+)
f

\j?rm
.1Tl

X \-%)

f ociexp(-Ju)) J

**V-iY-*dt,
\ir

where arg z has any value between

\ir + to tr

and

co.

By
for

a suitable value*,

we can

obtain a representation of J_ (z)

any assigned value of arg z between

and

it.

When R (z) > and ^( + J)>0we may

take the contour to be that shewn in Fig.

3,

\/ /\

Fig. 3.

in

which

By

it is supposed that the radii of the circles are ultimately taking each straight line in the contour separately, we get

made

indefinitely small.

J-> {z)=

T{

K^n\)

ei

[/I
+

"

' sni(v ~

h)

(1

-^" *
i

Je * e-3rC4
1

J)

(1

- #)-\

dt

izt e -Hi>-l)

(\-t*y-l dt

e*t

e^C-V (l-Py-h dt
(1

+
* If
I

f*

e* **("- i)

- t*y~i dt~]
*-),

w be
I

increased in a series of stages to


valid for

sentation of

J- v (z)

an appropriate value (greater than any preassigned value of arg z may be obtained.

a repre-

6-11]

INTEGRAL REPRESENTATIONS
bisecting the third path of integration
t,

165
by
it,

On

and replacing
is

in the various integrals

-t, t,

it

respectively,

we

obtain a formula for

J- V (z), due

to Gubler* which corre-

sponds to Poisson's integral


(4)

for

Jv (z)
S

the formula
" f jo

J_ v (s)=

\f W 7Y-J r (v+#) "($) |_


,

2{

mvn

e-'til

+ tty-hdt+f'cosizt + v^.il-fiy-idt],
Jo
it is

and,

if

this be combined with Poisson's integral,

found that

'V-Tb$&l[fl'*<*< 1

- f>rl

*-K'
it

rm,:l+ *r ~ >

*l

a formula which was also discovered by Gubler, though "Weber t in the case of integral values of p.

had been previously stated by

After what has gone before the reader should have no difficulty in obtaining a formula
closely connected with (1),

namely

(6)

*w- r -*k^/>-ir.~>.*
it is

in which

supposed that the phase of

t2

vanishes

when

is

on the

real axis
i

on the

right of t\.

6*11.

Modifications of Hankel's contour integrals.


6*1 into the contours

Taking R (z) > 0, let us modify the two contours of shewn in Figs. 4 and 5 respectively.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

By making

those portions of the contours which are parallel to the real xxxm.
(1888), p. 159.

* Ziirich Vierteljahrsschrift,

See also Graf, Zeitschrift fur Math, und

Phys. xxxvin. (1893), p. 115.


pp. 8690.

t Journal fUr Math, lxxvi. (1873), p. 9. Cf. Hayashi, Nyt Tidsskriftfor Math. xxni. b, (1912), The formula was examined in the case v=0 by Escherich, Monatshefie fiir Math,
(1892), pp. 142, 234.

und Phys. m.

166
axis

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


move
off to infinity (so that

[CHAP. VI

the integrals along them tend to zero),

we

obtain the two following formulae:

0)

J.{z)

2ttiT(i)
d+)
e
izt

(t

l)"-i dt

+
J

e izt (t2
-1+ooi

iy-i dt

_J l+i

(2)

J _{*)-

2 7nT()
r(i+)
e
.'

rzt

(t

f(-i+)

I)""* dt

+
J

eizt (t2
-1+ooj

- 1)*-* dt

l+ooi

In the

first

result the
t
2

the phase of

1
is

to

be

many-valued functions are to be interpreted by taking at A and to be + ir at B, while in the second the

phase of

t-

at

and

is

it

at B.

in
t
1

To avoid confusion it is desirable to have the phase of t2 1 interpreted the same way in both formulae; and when it is supposed that the phase of
is

1
(3)

+ 7r at

B, the formula (1)

is

of course unaltered, while (2) is replaced

by

J-.(*)1

2r(i)
/(i+) d+)
e
J 1+ooi
izt

(t

1)"-* dt

f(-i-)
e
J -1+ooi
izt

-i

+ e~ vin

(t

1)"-* dt

J
2

In the

last of these integrals,

the direction of the contour has been reversed


t

and the alteration in the convention determining the phase of


necessitated the insertion of the factor e~ 2{y ~^ )H
.

1
(2),

has

On
(4)

comparing equations (1) and (3) with

3'61

equations (1) and

we

see that

T(\-v).(\z

y[^

(5)

unless v

is

an integer, in which case equations

(1)

and

(3) are not independent.

We
value

can, however, obtain (4)

and

(5) in the case


all

when

v has

an integral

from a consideration of the fact that continuous functions of v near v n. Thus


(n),

the functions involved are

HJ

(z)

lim

HJV

(z)

dt

and similarly

for

Hn

(z).

6-12]

INTEGRAL REPRESENTATIONS

167

(5)

As in the corresponding analysis of 6*1, the ranges of validity of (4) and may he extended hy swinging round the contours and using the theory of
Thus,

analytic continuation.
if

\nr < a> < f ir, we


J5Tr

have
Z)V
*""

(6)

(z)

T(

*~rn?

f
" 1_)

(*

W*

dt '

while, if

f 7r < a>< \ir, we have

(7)

gw(#)B E fl-^-y):
7r * * <.)

^(^-i)"-*^
*exp(-t)
lies

provided that, in both (6) and

(7),

the phase of z

between

\ir + <u

and

Representations are thus obtained of

H^ (z) when
s has

arg z has any value

between ir and 2tt and jr.

2tt,

and of

{z>

(z)

when arg

any value between

If co be increased beyond the limits stated, it is necessary to make the contours coil round the singular points of the integrand, and numerical errors are liable to occur in the interpretation of the integrals unless great care is taken. Weber, however, has adopted this procedure, Math. Ann. xxxvn. (1890), pp. 411 412, to determine the for-

mulae of 362 connecting


Note.

HM
V

- z),

HW
V

- z)

with

HJ (z),
it

V V) (*).

The formula

2i*F

(z)

= ffvW(z) Hv V)(z) makes

possible to express

Yv (z) in

terms of loop integrals, and in this manner Hankel obtained the series of 3'52 for Y(); this investigation will not be reproduced in view of the greater simplicity of Hankel's other method which has been described in 3-52.

6*12.

Integral representations offunctions of the third kind.

In the formula 6'11 (6) suppose that the phase of z has any given value between tr and 2tt, and define by the equation
arg z
so that

a)

\ir<fi<

+ @,

\tr.

Then we

shall write

so that the phase of

= e-l z- (- u), u increases from tt + /3 to


t

ir

+ fi
/

as

describes the

contour
(1)

and

it

follows immediately that

*,"(*)-

iTilt

^x*) -.Ur^-K
+ \iujz
has
its principal value.

vSe* I'-l**

t>

f o+i

in \ _ i
1

^)
if /3

du

where the phase of

Again,

be a given

acute angle (positive or negative), this formula affords a representation of

H w (z) valid over the sector of the s-plane in which

\ir

<

arg z

<

f ir

+ 0.

168

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


611
(7),

[CHAP. VI

Similarly*, from

where

is

any acute angle (positive or negative) and


3-61 (7),

Sincef, by

by restricting

v so that

f 7r 4- /S < arg z <%ti- + /3. #_W (*) = "* # (*), it follows that we lose nothing R (v + |) > and it is then permissible to deform
;

the contours into the line joining the origin to

oo

exp i/3, taken twice

for the

integrals taken round a small circle (with centre at the origin) tend to zero with the radius of the circle J.

On
(3)

deforming the contour of

(1) in the specified

manner, we find that


*,.

^-(i)
/3

'tf/.

r-^(l + )
.

where

may

be any acute angle (positive or negative) and

R (v + \) > 0, - |tt + j3 < arg z < f v + 0.


In like manner, from
(4)
(2),

ff.(,).(l.)

T?

_r
-fir

Jt

^^ (!_)

*,,

where

# may

be any acute angle (positive or negative) and

R(v + $)>0,

+ <arg*<lir + .

The results (3) and (4) have not yet been proved when 2v is an odd positive integer. But in view of the continuity near p = n+$ of the functions involved (where n = 0, 1, 2, ...) it follows, as in the somewhat similar work of 6'H, that (3) and (4) are true when v \, f f .... The results may also be obtained for such values of v by expanding the integrands
,
,

in terminating series of descending powers of

z,

and integrating term-by-term; the formulae

so obtained are easily reconciled with the equations of 3*4.

The general formulae

(3)

and

(4) ar_e of

fundamental importance in the


for large values of \z\.

discussion of asymptotic expansions of

Jv (z)
is

These

applications of the formulae will be dealt with in Chapter vn.

A useful

modification of the formulae

arg z = /3 (so that arg z is u 1z cot 0, it follows that


<5 >

due to Schafheitlin. If we take restricted to be an acute angle), and then write

^*)~
H<*(,) "

r(y+1)r(|)

W
( 6) *

W=
t

eoe-lg.ar**-* ^ sin T(ir+J)r(i)Jo


2 " +1

^
z" 1
{

s^h,,

r"eW.
e
dtf >

To

obtain this formula, write

+ 1 = 6"^

- u), ~ U( ~

- l = 2e

w (1

- iujz).

f There seems to be no simple direct proof that

T{h - v)
is

2
vi,

u)V

~^ i+i^

hdu

an even function of v. % Cf. Modern Analysis,

12-22.

Journal fur Math. cxrv. (1894), pp. 3144.

V
6*13]

INTEGRAL REPRESENTATIONS

169

and hence that


(7)

J "W-r(

y +|)T(i)Jo

sin+^
cos-*
f**
.

**'

to

-*-

cos (

- vO + \6)

^ cntede
were

These formulae, which are of course valid only when


( 15'32-*-15*35).

R (v + 1) > 0,

applied by Schafheitlin to obtain properties of the zeros of Bessel functions

They were obtained by him from the consideration

that the

expressions on the right are solutions of Bessel's equation which behave in the

appropriate manner near the origin.

/ e-'" uv ~i (l + tt)'1- * du, which


occurring in (3) and (4)
lix. (1904), pp.

is

reducible to integrals of the types

when

fi

= v, has

been studied in some detail by Nielsen, Math. Ann.

89102.
from the aspect of the theory of asympby Brajtzew, Warschau Polyt. Inst. Nach. 1902,

The
nos.
1,

integrals of this section are also discussed

otic solutions of differential equations

2 [Jahrbuch iiber die Fortschritte der Math. 1903, pp. 575677].

6*13.

The generalised Mehler-Sonine

integrals.

of a positive variable of a suitably restricted order.

Some elegant definite integrals maybe obtained to represent Bessel functions To construct them, observe that, when z is positive (= x) and the real part of v is less than \, it is permissible to take a = ?r in 6*11 (6) and to take to = - \ir in 611 (7), so that the contours are those shewn in Fig. 6. When, in addition, the real part
is

of v

greater than
of

it is

permissible to deform the contours, (after the

manner
to

612)

so that the first contour consists of the real axis from

taken twice while the second contour consists of the real axis from 1 to oo taken twice.
oo

^A-'J
Fig. 6.

<rS,\

r,^< l'^
" e-^-^) f>< (* 2

We

thus obtain the formulae

HP (w) = r
#<*> (as)

-.{?7fr^- (1

1)"-* dt,

=-

^~$;$^

(1

- e2 <"-i>)

te < (

- l)r~* dt,

the second being derived from

611

(7)

by replacing thy t.

170

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


In these formulae replace v by

[CHAP. VI

given by 361

(7).

It follows that,

when x >

and use the transformation formulae and \<R(v)<\ then


t

(2)

bj* (x) - r
"
/
v

iT{ i-

v)

r(i).($xy
f"
J i

11

'-ir*
- i)- + *

so that

w
(4)

,o\

w " r(i-.or(*).(iy
2
(x)

ain (xt).dt
(*
2

=-

f <*<*>*
.'i

r<*-iOr(*).tt*) F

(*-ir**

Of these results, (3) was given by Mehler, J/a*A. Ann. v. (1872), p. 142, in the special case v==0, while Sonine, Math. Ann. xvi. (1880), p. 39, gave both (3) and (4) in the same special case. Other generalisations of the Mehler-Sonine integrals will be given in & 621.
6 "14.
Hargreave and Macdonald.
it is

Symbolic formulae due

to

When R (*) > and R (v +) > 0,

evident from formula 6-11

(6)

that

where the phase of


If

t2

lies

between

and

\n.

D denotes (d/dz) and /is any polynomial, then


f{it).e<=f(D)e",

and

so,

when

v+i

is

a positive

integer,

we have

r(v+i)r(i)

(1+

When

+\

is

representation of HJV>

not a positive integer, the last expression may be regarded as a symbolic (z), on the understanding that/ (D) (e^'jz) is to be interpreted as
Afci
i
I

M /(it)dt.
*

J i+i

Consequently
(1)

(1)

(?)=

r(v+i)r(i)
,

(l+^)
(i

and similarly
(2)

#<

W - r(+J)r(j) m

+i^- 5Elti22L'
'

so that
<

3>

jr

'-f5lrIB (1+1 ^-..

<

4>

r'Vfi$fmO +Br**T-

6-14, 6'15]

INTEGRAL REPRESENTATIONS
from
(4)

171

The
unless

series obtained

by expanding in ascending powers of

does not converge

it

terminates; the series obtained in a similar manner from (3) converges only

when R(y)>\.
The expressions on the right of (3) and (4), with constant factors omitted, were given by Hargreave, Phil. Trans, of the Royal Soc. 1848, p. 38 as solutions of Bessel's equation. The exact formulae are due to Macdonald, Proc. London Math. Soc. xxix. (1898), p. 114.

An

associated formula, valid for all values of

v, is

derivable from 6'11

(4).

If

is

any

positive integer,
v

we

see from the equation in question that


z)
"

v) H W(z) = T ^~ 7rtr ;^
C?/

U+)

f
J
l

(<2-l)"--l(-).(l + Z)2)e*<fc

+ o

= (-)"r(W)(^
so that
(5)

p
(1+i)2)W

{ti

_ iy - n . iiztdtf

Bv ,_ r(.+t-.).) F (1 +i)J).

m^ H^
^
',

w)

A similar equation holds for the other function of the third


(6)

kind, and so
(z)} -

^^ = r(y+rV+i) (K
result,

"y

^-"

This
v

proved when
;

R (z) > 0,

is

easily extended to all values of z

by the theory of

analytic continuation

it

was discovered by Sonine, Math. Ann.

xvi. (1880), p. 66,

when
in the

= r and
when

used by Steinthal, Quarterly Journal,


v

xvm.

(1882), p. 338

when

= n+%;

case

= n+%

of Bessel functions)

the result was given slightly earlier (without the use of the notation proof by Glaisher, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. ill. (1880), pp. 269271.

based on arguments of a physical character has been given by Havelock, Proc. London Math. Soc. (2) II. (1904), pp. 124125.

6*15.

Schlafii's* integrals of Poissons type for


<o =

Iv (z) and
iz,

v (z).

If
i

we take
|

\tt in 6*1 (3)

and then replace z by

we

find that,

when

arg z

<

\tt,

and the phase of

at the point where

crosses the negative real axis is

2tt.

-1

Fig. 7.

4
of the circles

If

we take

R (v + ) >

to secure convergence, the path of integration

may be taken to be the contour of Fig. 7, in which the radii may be made to tend to zero. We thus find the formulaf #)r r( (* 2
T-" {2) =

*2^r<i)

(1

" <^> i?~* ( ' ~


+
i (e

dt

- ""

+ e-3vni )

e~zt (1

- <2)"-* dt

* Ann. dt Mat. (2) i. (1868), pp. 239241. Schlafli obtained the results (1) and (2) directly by the method of 6-1. t Cf. Serret, Journal de Math. ix. (1844), p. 204.

172

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


t
2

[CHAP. VI

in which the phases of

and of

are both zero.

Now, from

3'7l (9),

we have
(2)

and so
(

-T<MmL'*<
/_, (.)
to say*

-*r-

- irt

3)
is

_ /.

W = r <*-*?*"<* .c*"
v

((a

that

(4)

K
K
v

(,)

^j^ffi J"*-*

(*

- I)""* dt,

whence we obtain the formula


(5)
(z)

T = ^) ^iT [V* c08h< sinn^A, v


>

a result set by Hobson as a problem in the Mathematical Tripos, 1898. The and args < \ir. The reader will formulae are all valid when R (v + \) > find it instructive to obtain (4) directly from 6*11 (6).
j

6*16.

Basset's integral for


is

K
(

(xz).

When x arg * < i


i

positive

and z

is
v

a complex number subject to the condition

77"'

tne integral for

H ^ (xze^) derived from


r( + *)-(i*>(1+)

611

(6)

may be

written

in the form
v> _ (xze )^xze n_ H
v

*
(^-l)-+i-

^T(^)

f J +00

Now, when R(v)^

\,

j"-t-*arg Z) tends to zero as p p e

the integral, taken round arcs of a circle from p to <x> by Jordan's lemma. Hence, by Cauchy's

theorem, the path of integration

may be opened
zt

out until

it

becomes the
2
2

line

on which

R (zt) = 0.

If then

we write
(8) that

= iu,

the phase of

- (u /z ) -

1 is fl-

at the origin in the it-plane.


It then follows from

37

(xz) = \Ttie-l H% (xze^)

-*" r (v + ) _ = 2TQ)

(%xz)~ v

r xi z
'

)i,z
f

e~ xzt dt * (* -l)" +
2

r (V 4-

1)

00 (2z) v f*

_e e-" du

(i)

J->(^

and so we have Basset's formula


Kl)

^
when

\xz)a;

V (\)
1

] o

(u2

+z

v+ i'
)

valid

R (p + |) ^ 0,

>

0,

arg 2

< \tt

The formula was obtained by

Basset f,
*

for integral values of v only, by regarding

K (x)

as the limit of

Chemie,

was examined in the case i=0 by Biemann, Ann. der Physik und 130139. (Cambridge, 1888), p. 19. t Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. vi. (1889), p. 11 ; Hydrodynamics, n.

The

integral on the right

(2) xcv. (1855), pp.

6*16, 6-17]

INTEGRAL REPRESENTATIONS

173

a Legendre function of the second kind and expressing it by the corresponding limit of the integral of Laplace's type {Modern Analysis, 1533). The formula
for

Kn (xz)

j
is

obtainable by repeated applications of the operator


{xz),

zdz
jis

Basset also investigated a similar formula for /


in his result.

but there

an error

Among
some

on the right in (1) was studied by numerous mathematicians before Basset. these investigators were Poisson (see 6'32), Journal de V&cole Polytechnique, IX. (1813), pp. 239241; Catalan, Journal de Math. v. (1840), pp. 110114 (reprinted with
integral
Serret,

The

Mem. de la Soc. R. des Set. de Liege, (2) xn. (1885), pp. 26 31); and Journal de Math. vm. (1843), pp. 20, 21; ix. (1844), pp. 193210; Sohlonrilch, Analytischen Studien, n. (Leipzig, 1848), pp. 96 97. These writers evaluated the integral in finite terms when v+$ is a positive integer.
corrections,

(1841), pp. 65

Other writers who must be mentioned are Malmsten, K. Svenska V. Alcad. Handl. lxii. -74 (see 7'23) Svanberg, Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsala, x. (1832), p. 232 Leslie Ellis, Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. vm. (1849), pp. 213215 Enneper, Math. Ann. xi.
;

Glaisher, Phil. Trans, of the Royal Soc. clxxii. (1881), pp. 792 815 J. J. Thomson, Quarterly Journal, xvnr. (1882), pp. 377-381 ; Coates, Quarterly Journal, xx. (1885), pp. 250260; and Oltramare, Comptes Rendus de V Assoc. Francaise ' xxiv. (1895), part n. pp. 167171.
(1873), pp.
;

360365

'

The

last

named

writer proved
.

by contour integration that


1

/ cos xu du
o

(u*+z*)*

_ (-) n-1 jr r d"' ~ 2**-. (n-1)! [dp^

(~)w
~ iff
i

/e~ xs ^P\~\

\~^fr~)] p=1
~

The former

of these results

r d*~ e xtp i ~^-i.(n-l)! U/>B - 1 (l+jo)J p =r may be obtained by differentiating the


C

equation

cos

Jo
and the
latter is

xu du u*+z2 p ~
.

ire~ xz ^P

2zjp

'

then obtainable by using Lagrange's expansion.

6' 17.

Whittakers* generalisations of Hankel's integrals.


3'32

Formulae of the type contained in

suggest that solutions of Bessel's

equation should be constructed in the form


z*

fa J

eia Tdt.

It

may be shewn by

the methods of 6'1 that

and

so the integral is a solution if T is a solution of Legendre's equation for functions of order v - \ and the values of the integrated part are the same at each end of the contour.
* Proc.

London Math. Soc. xxiv.

(1903), pp.

198206.

174
If

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. VI

and end at

taken to be the Legendre function Q_j (t), the contour may start is an acute angle (positive or negative) provided that z satisfies the inequalities

T be

+ ootexp( ia>), where w

^7r + o>< arg Z<^TT + CD.


If

T
it

be taken to be P_j()> the same contour


{t)

is

possible;
is

but the

logarithmic singularity of P_j

at

= 1

(when

not an integer)

makes

impossible to take the line joining

to 1 as a contour except in

the special case considered in 3*32; for a detailed discussion of the integral
in the general case, see 10'5.

We now proceed
First consider

to take various contours in detail.

oo

iexp (tui)
t

where the phase of

t is

zero at the point on the right of


lie

=1

at which the

contour crosses the real axis. Take the contour to


| |

wholly outside the circle


It is thus found, as in

and expand

Q v -{t)

in descending powers of

t.

the similar analysis of


(1)

6*1,

that
}

(*)

P Kt) 7rl
,

xiexp(-iw)

#* Q.-i (0 dt,

and therefore
(2)

J_ r (,) = "*>

S* Q__j (I)
^f^
J o&iexp(-i<o)

<fc

vr 1

If

kinds of Legendre functions,


#,<*> (*)

we combine these formulae and use the we find that

relation* connecting the two

(3)

^f

4* P,_i (0

(ft.

Again, consider

this is a solution of Bessel's equation, and, if the contour

right of the line


z
_.
i.

R (t) = a,
that

it is

clear that the integral is


is

+ oo Hence -* oo i, we find

the integral

a multiple of

be taken to lie on the [z* exp (a\z ))} as


Similarly by

(l i

(z).

making

J
*

oo *

exp ( i)

The

relation, discovered

by

Schlafli, is

cf.

Hobson,

Phil.

Tram, of

the

Royal Soc. clxxxvii.

(1896), p. 461.

6-2]
is

INTEGRAL REPRESENTATIONS
(z).

175

a multiple of Zf(2)
(4)

^
9

a,

<*)-

(5)

H
J5Tr

(z)

WJrm - W ra
'
v

From a consideration
I

of (1)

it is

then clear that

**Q.-Mdt,
e'*

&- (*> dt

>

and hence, by 361 combined with


(6)

Schlafli's relation,

(#) from

ffl (I) cos vir J ,- P


(3).

^^
(l*\i

**<" + >

r(-l+)

(-M

4* P,_ x <fc; V * (0

this is also obvious

The
of

integral which differs from (6) only

by encircling the point

+1

instead

is

zero since the integrand

is

analytic inside such a contour.


real axis

In (5) and (6), arg (t+ 1) vanishes where the contour crosses the on the right of 1, and, in (5), arg (t 1) is ir at that point.
6*2.

Generalisations of Bessel's integral.

We shall next examine various representations of Bessel functions by a system of definite integrals and contour integrals due to Sonine* and Schlaflif. The fundamental formula which will be obtained is easily reduced to Bessel's integral in the case of functions whose order is an integer.
We
integral
1
1 (v

take Hankel's well-known generalisation J of the second Eulerian


1 1)
/(

+>
'

+m+

Ittx) _,

in

which the phase of

increases from
(|,) 2iri

- ir

to

ir

as

describes the contour, and


)2wt
>t

then

{-r(\ z y+ _ m= om\r(v + m+l)

no + ) _)m

,t,J

m!

* at"

Consider the function obtained by interchanging the signs of summation

and integration on the

right; it is

This

is

an analytic function of z

for all values of

z,

and,

when expanded

in

ascending powers of z by Maclaurin's theorem, the coefficients may be obtained by differentiating with regard to z under the integral sign and making z zero
after the differentiations^

Hence

(Moscow, 1870) ; Math. Ann. xvi. (1880), pp. 929. t Ann. di Mat. (2) v. (1873), p. 204. His memoir, Math. Ann. m. (1871), pp. 184149, should also be consulted. In addition, see Graf, Math. Ann. lvi. (1903), pp. 423432, and Cbessin, John*

* Mathematical Collection, v.

Hopkins University Circulars, xiv. X Cf. Modern Analysis, 12-22.

(1895), pp. 20

21.
Cf.

Modern Analysis,

532,

4-44.

176

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. VI

and so we have at once


(i)

*W-^n '-pI'-sI*
,

This result, which was discovered by Schlafli, was rediscovered by Sonine;

and the

latter writer
|

was the

first

to point out its importance. until

When
it

arg z

< \ir, we may swing round the contour about the origin

passes to infinity in a direction

making an angle arg z with the negative

real axis.

On
< 2>

writing

\zu,

we then
1

find that,

when arg z <


|

\tr,

J' = 2S
= e w we
,

f(+) 1\) .L """ e*P |** [U ~ i)\ du


(

This form was given in Sonine's earlier paper


Again, writing u
(3)

(p.

335).

have
j
r oo

+ B-t
e
first
z8inh '-

/., (z)

= =-.
is

dw,
by
Schlafli.

valid

when arg^ <


|
|

\ir.

This

the

of the results obtained

In this formula take the contour to consist of three sides of a rectangle, as in Fig. 8, with vertices at oo tri, tri, vi and x> + iri.

ni

-ni
If

Fig. 8.

4
w
-

we

write

+
l

iri for

w on
iri,

the sides parallel to the real axis and id for

on the
(4)

lines joining

to

we

get Schlafli's generalisation ofBessel's integral


z sin 0) d$

Jv (z) = - J'cos {yd when arg z <


|

^^ J"
known

-t-z**t

dt>

valid

\tr.

If
if

we make arg z
true

~-

\tt,

the

first

integral on the right

is

continuous and,

R (y) > 0, so also is


when
z
is

the second, and

{z) is
if

to be continuous.

So

(4)

is still

a pure imaginary

R{v)

is positive.

The

integrals just discussed were

examined methodically by Sonine in his


:

second memoir; in that memoir he obtained numerous de. te integrals by be an acute angle appropriate modifications of the contour. For example, if

(positive or negative)

and

if

- tt + ^ < arg z < \ir - yjr,

6'21]

INTEGRAL REPRESENTATIONS

177

the contour in (3)


oo

may be replaced by one which goes from oo (w yfr) i to + (V + yjr) i. By taking the contour to be three sides of a rectangle with corners at oo {ir ^) i, (ir ^jr) i, (ir + ^r) i, and oo + (tt + yfr) i, we obtain,
as a modification of (4),
(5)

J(z) =

efc-^^cos^tf-scos^sintf)^
Jo
e -"*sin>7r r~

_, ginh ,,^_,

if

JO

Again, if we take ifr to be an angle between and ir, the contour in (3) may be replaced by one which passes from oo {\tr 4 ^r)i to oo + {\tr -4- >fr) t, and
so

we
(6)

find that

J,

(*)

=1

+
provided that
|

f cos(i/0-*sin0)d0 ""Jo 1 f g-zrinht *.*-,,(


I

gin (s^gjj

C08

^ - $ 1/W - 1^)
take

(ft,

arg z

is less

than both
positive

<ty

and

When
(7)

J?

(i)

>

and z

is

(= x),

^. we may
tt

^=
cosh
*

in the last

formula, and get*

J (#)=-!
I? J

cos

(i/0

- x sin 0) d0 +

I
|)

*->* sin

(a?

- Ai/tt) dt.

TT J

Another important formula, derived from (1), is obtained by spreading out the contour until it is parallel to the imaginary axis on the right of the origin; by Jordan's lemma this is permissible if R(v) > - 1, and we then obtain the
formula

in which c

may have any

positive value

this integral is the basis of

many

of

Sonine's investigations.
Integrals which resemble those given in this section are of importance in the investigation of the diffraction of light
(1899), pp.
;

by a prism see Carslaw, Proc. London Math. Soc. xxx. 121161 W. H. Jackson, Proc. London Math. Soc. (2) I. (1904), pp. 393414; Whipple, Proc. London Math. Soc. (2) xvi. (1917), pp. 94111.
;

6*21.

Integrals which represent functions of the second and third kinds.


Schlafli's integral

If

we substitute

62 (4)

for

both of the Bessel functions

on the right of the equation

Y
we
ir

(z)

= J (z) cot vir J_ v (z) cosec vir zamd)dd- cosec vir


cosv7r/
Jo
I

find that

(z)

= cot vir

cos (vO

cos (v$

+ z sin 8) dO
/>

J o

Jo
/"oo

e- t

-ZBinht

dt-l e**-""** dt.


Jo

Cf. Oubler,

Math. Ann. xlii. (1897), pp. 583584.

178
Replace

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


by
it

[CHAP. VI
it is

in the second integral

on the right, and

found on re-

duction that

(1 )

(z)

=-

! "sin (z sin

0-v0)d0--

7TJo

vt ( (e TTJo

+ e~

yt

cos vir) e"* 8inh *

dt,

a formula, practically discovered by Schlafli (who actually gave the corresponding formula for Neumann's function), which is valid when arg z < \ir.
| \

By means

of this result

we can

evaluate
tjzsinhw-i-w

when arg z <


|
\

r<x>
.

+iri

dw>
9,

TTIJ _oo

%ir

for

we take

the contour to be rectilinear, as in Fig.

and

ni

Fig. 9.

write

t,

i0, t

+
is

7rt

for

on the three parts of the contour

we then

see that

the expression
_
J

equal to

Too
.

yt-zsmhtfa

+_

fir
/

eHzsiiiO-ye)

0 +

g vni _
7TI

foo

e -v-sinh

<ft,

7rl.'o

'"Vo

Jo

and this is equal to Jv (z) + 1 F (s) from formula Hence, when arg z < \tr, we have
|
|

(1)

combined with

62 (4).

(2)

{1)

(*)

A
1

feo+iri

e*

Mnh W-' M dw,


'

(3)

#<*>(*)=-

"V *""""^.
811

pp. 327

Formulae equivalent to these were discovered by Sommerfeld, Math. Ann. xlvii. (1896), 357. The only difference between these formulae and Sommerfeld's is a rotation

of the contours through a right angle, with a corresponding change in the parametric
variable; see also

Hopf and Sommerfeld, Archiv der Math, und Phys.

(3)

xvm.

'{1911),

pp.

1-16.

By an obvious change
(4)
J5T.M (z)

of variable

we may

write (2) and (3) in the forms

=A
|

u--> exp ^z (u
o

- -^ du,

(5)

HJ* (*)

-.
I

Wo

<*P \\z u -u)\ du {

6-21]

INTEGRAL REPRESENTATIONS

179

the contours are those shewn in Fig. 10, emerging from the origin and then bending round to the left and right respectively results equivalent to these were discovered by Schlafli.
;

Fig. 10.

[Note.

There

is

no

difficulty in

proving these results for integral values of


;

v,

in view

of the continuity of the functions involved

cf.

6*11.]

proceed to modify the contours involved in (4) and (5) to obtain the analytic continuations of the functions on the left.
If
o> is

We

an angle between

tr

and

rr

such that

to

arg z < %ir, we have


|

(6)

HW
r

(*)

= -.
1
/>

exp hz ( u - )
exp (-)*
(

du,

and
/
is")

(7)

^"W-sL,,.

^p{*.(-J]
left

du,

the contours being those shewn in Fig. 11 and Fig. 12; and these formulae
give the analytic continuations of the functions on the

over the range of

Fig. 11.

Fig. 12.
to

values of z for which

\tr< args< m + ^rr;


difficulties

and

o>

may have any

value

between* v and
|
I

ir.

* If u were increased beyond these limits, the phase of u.

would

arise in the interpretation of

180

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Modifications of (2) and (3) are obtained

[CHAP. VI

by replacing

why w \iri

it is

thus found that*


(8)

H^
v

(Z)

g^vwi foo+Jirt
re TTl J _ao-Jiri

i*cosh-vu>

fa

/"oo+Jiri

TTl

Jo
j'ao

eizcosh

v>

cogh vw dW)

(9)

(z)

= -^\
Wl

p\vni

^iri
e-izcoshu>-*w

dw

J -ao+tni

=
provided that arg z
| \

Qghrxi
:-

( Jtt*
e

-izcosh w

^h vW

^ Wj

7rt

Jo

< \tt.
by taking z
positive

Formulae of

special interest arise


1.

(=#)

in (6)

and (7)

and
take

1 < R (*>) <


a>

double application of Jordan's

lemma

(to circles of

large

and small radius respectively) shews that, in such circumstances, we may = %-rr in (6) and to = \tt in (7). It is thus clear, if u be replaced by
that
HJti (x) =
p\vai

ie l ,

(10)

^7T?

foo

eixcoaht-H fa
J_oo e

=
<ft

OgJnrt
.

Too
/

Tt

ecosh t

cogh

<ft,

JO
^-r"TTl
/

(11)

H (x) = -r\ Wl
v
a;

- ixcoah -
f

<r tecosht cosh

itf

<ft,

J -oo

7o

and hence, when


(12)

>

and

1 < R (v) <


<

1,

we have
cosh
i/tf .

Jv (x) =

2 r - j sin (x cosh 2 r
I

i>7r)

dt,

(13)

(x)
(cf.

cos (# cosh

vtt)

cosh vt.dt;

TTJo

and, in particular
/ta\ (14)
/, -.

6*13),

*<*>-; j, v^T)'
TT
,
.

2 fsinarf.<ft

(15)

f " cos #

<fo

when we
The

^'"iJ.W^U'
replace cosh
t

by

two formulae are due to Mehler, Math. Ann. v. (1872), p. 142, and Sonine, Math. Ann. xvi. (1880), p. 39, respectively ; and they have also been discussed by Basset, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. "in. (1895), pp. 122128.
last

slightly different

form of (14) has been given by Hardy, Quarterly Journal, xxxn.


in (14)

(1901), pp.

369384;

if

we

write

x=2

y/(ab),

xt=au+b/u, we

find that

(16)

f"
The reader

n (+)
/"

^= "A {2 J{ab)}.
from the formula
,.
rf

Note.

will find it instructive to obtain (14)


i>

n i cos0)=as (
(1).

sin (

combined with the formula 5*71

)} j v{2(co This was Mehler's original method.

^^
+ )*

* Cf. Coates, Quarterly Journal, xxi. (1886), pp.

183192.

6-22]
6*22.

INTEGRAL REPRESENTATIONS
Integrals representing

181

Iv (z) and

(z).

The
due to

modifications of the previous analysis which are involved in the dis-

cussion of

Iv {) and
t)

(z) are of sufficient interest to

Schlafli*,

function F(a,

though he expressed of 415.

his results

be given fully; they are mainly in terms of the

The

analysis of

62

is

easily modified so as to prove that

/-<>- (
|

&L'-*(' + s)*
\ir,

and hence, when arg z <


<2 >

''W- s?/.T u"" exp


1

*(*
f

1)}

du-

foo -Hri

(3)

/ (z)=er-.
(2)

^coshw-wr fa

ITTIJ aa-ni

The formulae
at 00
(4)

and

(3) are valid

when arg 2 = $-rr

if

R(v) > 0.

If in (3) the contour is taken to be three sides of a rectangle with corners

in, tri,

in, 00

+ iri,

it is

found that

/,(*)*

ifV^'coBi/tfcW-^^f
ttJo

-***--cft,

jo

so that

/_.(*)-/,(*)

= ^52^ f V^'coshitf.cfc, T Jo
=
I

and hence, when arg .z <


|

\tr,

(5)

jBT.,

(z)

e-"osh * C osh

i><

<ft,

a formula obtained by Schlafli f by means of somewhat elaborate transformations.

From

the results just obtained,


1

we can evaluate
ezcoshw-vw

foo+irt

fa

when arg z <


j

\ir.

For

it is

easily seen that


1
f
I

/*oo+irt

/ iri
J

roo+irtl

escoshto-^afo^
^"n"* I

+
-0O-1T*

gzcoshw-rv, J

ATTIJ -OO-Trt

(../

JoO-lrt)

raoiri

= 5

ezeoshw-vw
Too

ATTIJ -a>- w i
gviri

^w + /^ (^

= 5.

e-*cosh*- dt

+ jv (^

* 4nn. di Jlfot. t Ann. di Mat.

(2) v. (1873),

pp.

199205.

(2) v. (1873),

pp. 199

201

Math. lxix. (1868),

p. 131, as the definition to

this formula was used by Heine, Journal which reference was made in 5*72.
;

fiir

182

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. VI

and hence
(6)
2ttc

2i sin vtt

Again,

we may

write (5) in the form

(7)

K
1 j

(z)

= ^r

e -*cosht-,.t dt}

and hence, by the processes used in


yooexp(-i*>)

621,
exp-J

(8)

K, <*)
7r

^
I / Oexpt'u

\z (u +

-\\ du,

when 7r < &><


Similarly
(9)

and

\ir + a> < arg z <

\tt

+ a>.
- " -1
f
/

e"" /_ (*)
valid

- e~ vwi Iv (z)

sinv7T /""expOr-ult

Jx")

J Oexp (-+)

exp -Us ( u
(

+ - )\ du
tt/J

this

is

when
for

< a>< 2ir and $tt + &> < arg z <

^7r

+ eo.

The contours
respectively.

the formulae (8) and (9) are shewn in Figs. 13 and 14

Fig. 13.

Fig. 14

Further,
tion in (8)

when

is

positive

(= x) and

1 < R (v) <


it

may
;

be swung round until


it is

1, the path of integrabecomes the positive half of the

imaginary axis

thus found that


v-"-1 exp

K* 0*0 = i r_ *"**
so that

- \ix

(v

dv,

(10)

(x)

= le-fc"* f
j'*

e~ i* 9inht -' t dt,

J -ao

and, on changing the sign of


(11)
JSrr

v,

<

(*)=*J*'

<ri*sinht+,t

(fc i

6*23]

INTEGRAL REPRESENTATIONS
these results

183

From
(12)
so that

we

see that
.

2 cos | mr

K
^

/oo

(x)

e-**sinh t cos h vt

^
.

(13)

(x)

=
all

cos

(a;

sinh

t)

COS|l/7Tj

cosh

j/

dt,

and these formulae are In particular


(14)

valid

when x >

and

- 1 < R (v) <

1.

jr.<.)-(*.<ho*-["!=|2fc* .'o Jo v(f + -U


=T

a result obtained by Mehler* in 1870.


It

may

be observed that

if,

in (7),

we make the substitution

^ze t

we

find that

(15)

jr.W-K^^expj-r-^}^,
R (z2 > 0.

The integral on the right has been studied by numerous mathe) among whom may be mentioned Poisson, Journal de VEcole Polytechnique, ix. (cahier 16), 1813, p. 237; Glaisher, British Association Report, 1872, pp 1517; Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. in. (1880), pp. 512; and Kapteyn, Bvll. des Sci. Math. (2) xvi. (1892), PP 4144. The integrals in which v has the special values \ and f were discussed by Euler, Inst. Calc. Int. iv. (Petersburg, 1794), p. 415; and, when v is half of an odd
provided that
maticians,
integer, the integral

has been evaluated by Legendre, Exercices de Calcul Integral,

I.

(Paris,

1811), p. 366; Cauchy, Exercices des Math. (Paris, 1826), pp.

5456; and Schlomilch,

Journal fur Math. xxxm. (1846), pp. 268280. The integral in which the limits of integration are arbitrary has been examined by Binet, Comptes Rendus, xn. (1841), pp. 958
962.

6'23.

Hardy's formulae for integrals of Du Bois Reymond's

type.

The

integrals

f"
I

a?

sin

sin

P"
t

f*
dt,

a?

cost. cos

f.

dt,

Ja

Jq

in

of

which x > 0, 1 < R(v) < 1, have been examined by Hardy f as examples Du Bois Reymond's integrals
f(t)*
/, o

m t.t~*dt,
By constructing a differential equation

cos

in

which f(t)

oscillates rapidly as

* 0.

of the fourth order,


functions
;

Hardy succeeded in expressing them in terms of Bessel but a simpler way of evaluating them is to make use of the results
*

of

^621,

6-22.

Math. Ann. xvm.

(1881), p. 182.

t Messenger, xt. (1911), pp. 44

51.

184
If
f"
I
.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


we
t

[CHAP. VI

replace
.

by x&,
dt

it is

clear that
(a?e*)

2 a?

sin

sin

f'
.

= x" __

f
I

sin

JO

_
1

sin (xe~ l ) e vt dt
.

in

fgitzcosht

g 2&ccosht

girfzsinht

g2tassinhtJ

git

fa

./

00

= - \af [Trie-*!! (2a?) - Trie* H^\ (2x) - 2er** Kv (2a?) - 2^"'* #_ (2a:)],
and hence we have
(1)
/

sin

sin

JO

%
t
"K2

--

?\ A = 4sin|i/7r
.

(2a?) [/ L

- /_ (2a?) + /_ (2a?) - / (2a?)],

and similarly
(2)

lob
f

cos

r-

eft

"ITT"
,
,

(X (2a?) -

Jv (2a?) + /_ (2a?) - / (2a?)].


become
(2a?),

When
(3)

v has the special value zero, these formulae

sin*sin^.^ = 7ry
Jo

it
t

(2a?)

+ if

(4)

r Cos<cos^.^=-iTrF
Jo
t

(2a?)

Jfir

(2a?).

6*24.

Theisinger''s .extension of BesseFs integral.

curious extension of Jacobi's formulae of 2*2 has been obtained in the case of J {x) and Jx (x) by Theisinger, Monatshefte fur Math, und Phys. xxiv. (1913), pp. 337 341 we shall now give a generalisation of Theisinger's formula which is valid for functions of order

where
If

-\<v<\.
is

any positive number*,

it is

obvious from Poisson's integral that


(
" >-aii. C os (x cos 0) sin2 " 6dd
**

j9

<

X) =

flf)"

+
Now
2

(y

(l

- e-enn#) cos (# cos 0) sin 2 " 0tf0.

(l-e _ !,in *)cos(;FCos0)sin8 "0cW


ir

_ g oxsinfl

-/.o sinh (x sin ff) sinh (a? sin


'

- ix cos 0)
sml1

sin 2 " 0cW

ft
'

1-expJicm^-l/i)} -i~~5nh{i (*-V)}

(*jzl!*f* "^
2f

*'

where the contour passes above the origin. Take the contour to be the real axis with an indentation at the origin, and write z= tan < on the two parts of the contour; we thus
find that the last expression is equal to

exp(-cmcot<6) y ^
Jo
sin(.rcot<)
,

,.

sin (x tan id>) x "^

,_..

ml cot2" <h "*


.,
,

+ .[**
J
o

- eXl (a
sin
;

(.r

cot
j.

^
<)

-^-r ^sin<p

d<b

</>)

sin

<*tan v
i.

W ^ .e-cot<j>\ ^sin0
2
.

=4
,

r**
I

sm

cot (iax cot <6) vs f/ cos (Max Vi

/i

j\

/i

f vir)
<f>

sin
.

2 \ r-^V cot " <f -r-1-^ , ^sin#' sin(#cot</>)

(.r

tan

i<A)

rf<

* In Theisinger's analysis, a is

an even

integer.

6'24-6'3l]
and therefore

INTEGRAL REPRESENTATIONS

185

r(y+
(1)

^ J
2 +
/

A.) [

**

e -.in C08

(-p

cos 6) sin*"

0d0

/**"

Jo

cot sin (iax 2

/i

d>)

j\

.sin (a? tan Ad>) ,,, /i AJ cot8 " d> cos (4<m; cot <b - vn) r-^-.

vi

sm (j;cotd))

^~

^sind)

^-^

dd>

The transformation fails when v >, because the integral round the indentation does not tend to zero with the radius of the indentation. The form given by Theisinger iu the case v = \ differs from (1) because he works with 3-3 (7) which gives
r(-j)r(j)
(2)

Z-r a

{*)

( ** e-"infl sin (x cos

2 6) sin

""2

6 cos 6d6
,,_.,,
'

+4
provided that \

f**
/

,1 j x jx /i sm (lax cot <6) cos (*a# cot <A - vir)


i.
.

sin 2 (Aar tan Ad>)


r-f
,

2 ?Z cot "

d>

-r-~

cW>

<v<
the integral representations

6'3.

2%e equivalence of

of

K
v

(z).

obtained in

Three different types of integrals which represent 6'15 (4), 622 (5) and 616 (1), namely

(z)

have now been

'

(,,

'i|frr
=
Jo
f

e~*

{t *~

iy ' h dt

e zcoaht

cosh vt.dt,
.

_ !> + ). (25)" f cos as* cfo A 'W" (u> + /+*


,
x

^T(J)

The

equality of the

first

and second was

directly demonstrated in 1871

by

Schlafli*; but Poisson proved the equivalence of the second and third as early as 1813, while Malmsten gave a less direct proof of the equivalence of the

second and third in 1841.


in question.

We

proceed to describe the three transformations

6*31.

Scklq/li's transformation.

We
pp.

first give an abstract of the analysis used by 199201, to prove the relation

Schlafli,

Ann. di Mat.

(2) v. (1873),

r
which
arises

t e-'^'coahvddB ffl*y I" tr*(fi-l)"-idtK r ' Jo ("+i) J


i

from a comparison of two of the integral representations of


to suppose that

v (2),

and which
convenient

may
at

be established by analysis resembling that of 2*323.

We have, of course,
first

R(z)>0 to secure

convergence, and

it is

to taket

-<R(v)<l.
(1837), pp.

* An earlier proof is due to Kummer, Journal filr Math. xvn. much more elaborate than Sclilafli's investigation.

228

242, but

it is

The
W.

result is established for larger values of

R {)

either

by the theory of analytic continua7

tion or by the use of recurrence formulae.


B. P.

186

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


<S

[CHAP. VI

Now define

by the equation
Ji
'

(*-0 r

'

where x >

and then,

if

t=x - (x -

1) ,

we have

on expanding the
Replacing

last factor of the

integrand in powers of u and integrating term-by- term.

x by

cosh

6,

we

see that

Ji
so that, by a partial integration,

(coah 6

-ty

v r($)

'

2"

-* ooBh^cM-?!^^ ("c-'^flsinhdsinh^dd w"il^ f" r (l) jo r(J)


J

= 7^

, r(l-i') Jo

tf-'w'MtfsuihdcM

dtdx

-w=i)l'!'"^r*r(i-r)Ji

J/

'

1}

*(*-<)*
1}

r(i-0 J, J.*

('

the inversion of the order of the integrations presents no great theoretical difficulty, and the transformation is established.

6*32.

Poisson's transformation.

The

direct proof that

-~^-

ft_

I>+*)-(2*)"

r cos(*M

)rftt

due to Poisson* Journal de VEcole Polytechnique, ix. (1813), pp. 239241. The equation true when |argz|<r, x>0 and R(v)> -, but it is convenient to assume in the course of the proof that R (v) > | and arg z < w, and to derive the result for other values of z and v by an appeal to recurrence formulae and the theory of analytic continuation.
is is
| |

If

we

replace

by ajnew variable defined by the equation v=a**'~ w, we see that

it is

sufficient to

prove that

,.

f coa(xu)du

4r(A)

,,

,,

See also Paoli, Mem. di Mat.

e di Fit. della Soe.

Italiana delle Sci. xx. (1828), p. 172.

6-32, 6-33]

INTEGRAL REPRESENTATIONS
is

187

Now
r

the expression on the left

equal to
s"-i exp

Jo Jo

s 2

<v,..n )* + i +*2
.

dtdu=

{-sfvP+z2)} cos xit.dsdu


*"- J

Jo Jo
/OO
o
/"OO
I

{exp (

- 2) cos #m dv)
.

exp ( ss2 )

ds,

Jo
of the integrations*.

when we

write

ts (uP+z*) and change the order


/

Now
and so we have

exp( **) cos #u.efa=r()*-i exp ( #*/*),

y o

r(v + ^ )

/o"^Spi ==ir(*
result.

'"

IeXp{

/o"'

-^- i

<i8

v(2z])"J

which establishes the


[Note.

It is evident that

8=\xe~ tlz=\v1 lvlz.


i

The only reason

for modifying

r
is

by taking v as a parametric variable

to obtain an integral which is ostensibly of the


;

same form as the integral actually investigated by Poisson


exp
(

with his notation the integral

is

jf - a2 .*~ B

dx.]

/;

6*33.

Malmsten's transformation.
in proving that,

The method employed by Malmstent


then

when R(z)>0 and

R {?)>

-i,

m coB(xu)du r(i)(^)- m r(+*) - v*, * _ [ [ c {l t (**)T(J);. (*+^)" + i~ ro+*) Ji


is

1Y X)

- idt

ah

not so direct as the analysis of 6*31, 6*32, inasmuch as it involves an appeal to the theory of linear differential equations. It is first shewn by Malmsten that the three
expressions

qua functions of x, are annihilated J by the operator

*d^-V v - l) dx- XZ
and that as x-*~
that

2 <*

^ d

9
'

+ oo

the third

is

(**)

while the

R (v) > 0.

It follows that the second

first and second are bounded, provided and third expressions form a fundamental system

of solutions of the equation

S- <*->-*'-*
t

Bromwich, Theory of Infinite Series, 177. Svenska V. Akad. Handl. lxii. (1841), pp. 6574. X The reader should have no difficulty in supplying a proof of
A'.

* Cf.

this.

188

THEORY OF BBSSBL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. VI

and the first is consequently a linear combination of the second and third. In view of the unboundedness of the third as a?-^+oo, it is obvious that the first must be a constant
multiple of the second so that
(cos xu)

du
C,

/;
where

V is

independent of x.

To determine

make x-*-0 and then

so that

r()r(i)

^cryv)
Z**
'

2z*T(v+$)
follows,

and the required transformation


for the

when R(v)>0,

if

we use the

duplication formula c a ?

Gamma function.
consequence of Malmsten's transformation
;

An immediate

gtt
.'

'

is

that

7o
expressible in finite terms
for it is equal to

(*+82 r

is

n-i

(2^)(2n-m-

1)
*

(2s)"-*(-l)! m=0

m.'(ra-ro-l)!

This method of evaluating the integral is simpler than a method given by Catalan, Journal de Math. v. (1840), pp. 110 114; and his investigation is not rigorous in all its stages. The transformation is discussed by Serret, Journal de Math. vnr. (1843), pp. 20,

21;

ix. (1844),

pp.
i.

193216;

see also Cayley, Journal de Math. xn. (1847), p. 236

[Collected Papers,

(1889), p. 313.]

6*4 Airy'8

integral.

The

integral

cos

(<*

Jo o

act)

dt

which appeared in the researches of Airy* "On the Intensity of Light in the neighbourhood of a Caustic" is a member of a class of integrals which are

The integral was tabulated by Airy by quadratures, but the process was excessively laborious. Later, De Morgan f obtained a series in ascending powers of ar by a process which needs justification either by Stokes' transformation (which will be explained immediately) or by
expressible in terms of Bessel functions.

the use of Hardy's theory of generalised integrals^.


*

Tram. Camb.

Phil. Soc. vi. (1838), pp. 379

402.

Airy used the form

cos |t (tc* - mw) du>,

/:
but this
is easily reduced to the integral- given above. t The result was communicated to Airy on March 11, 1818
;

see Trans.

Camb. Phil. Soc. vni.

(1849), pp.

595599.
;

X Quarterly Journal, xxxv. (1904), pp. 2266

Trans. Camb. Phil. Soe. xxi. (1912), pp. 1

48.

6'4]

INTEGRAL REPRESENTATIONS
satisfies

189

Stokes observed* that the integral

the differential equation

as!

**-<>,

and he

also obtained the asymptotic expansions of the integral for large


x,

values of

both positive and negative.


(foe. cit. p. 187),

As was

observed by Stokes
;

this differential equation can be reduced

to Bessel's equation

cf.

4*3 (5) with 2g

= 3. The expression
first in

Bessel functions of orderst


Berichte dea natur.-med.

was published

of Airy's integral in terms of a little-known paper by Wirtinger,


(1897), pp. 7

Vereins in dnruibruck,

xxm.

15,

and

later

by

Nicholson, Phil. Mag. (6) xvn. (1909), pp.

617.

Subsequently Hardy, Quarterly Journal, xli. (1910), pp. 226 240, pointed out the connexion between Airy's integral and the integrals discussed in 6*21, 6*22, and he then

examined various generalisations of Airy's integral

(.10*2

10*22).

To evaluate

Airy's integral J,

we observe
exp (***

that

it

may be written in the form

ixt) dt.

\r.

Now
The

consider this integrand taken along two arcs of a circle of radius p with
p,

centre at the origin, the arcs terminating at

pe** and pe**1 pe*% respectively.


,

integrals along these arcs tend to zero as p

-*-

oo

by Jordan's lemma, and

hence,

by Cauchy's theorem, we obtain Stokes' transformation


cos
(t*

(<*>

xt) dt

co

expert

Jd

exp (?

ixt) dt

Zjooexpfiri
Ti

=\
~

I* {^
Jo

exp (- t **'T) + -** i exp(- t 3 e-^xr)} dr;

the contour of the second integral consists of two rays emerging from the
origin
rays.

and the third integral

is

obtained by writing re*", re**1 for

on these

Now,

since the resulting series are convergent, it

may be shewn

that

exp(-T +
/,
* Trans.

^a!T)dT=

2
w=0

; -

T*exp(-T)<*T,
.'o

Camb. Phil. Soc.

ix. (1856), pp.

166187.

[Math, and Phys. Papers, h. (1883),

pp. 329349.] See also Stokes' letter of May 12, 1848, to Airy, Sir G. O. Stokes, 160. Scientific Correspondence, n. (Cambridge, 1907), pp. 159

Memoir and

+ For other occurrences of these functions, see Rayleigh, Phil. Mag. (6) xxvm. (1914), 609619; xxx. (1915), pp. 329338 [Scientific Papers, vi. (1920), pp. 266275; 841349] on stability of motion of a viscous fluid; also Weyl, Math. Ann. Lxvm. (1910), p. 267, and, for
pp.

approximate formulae, 8*43 infra.


X The integral

is

convergent. Cf. Hardy,

toe. cit. p.

228, or de la Vallee Poussin, Ann. de la

Soc. Sci. de Bruxelles, xvi. (1892), pp.

150180.

Bromwiob, Theory of Infinite

Series, 176.

190

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


= 2

[CHAP. VI

and so
|

cos

(<*

Jo

+ ~

art) eft

'?

m =o

ml

Jo

(- t*) dr rm exp r\
/

= i 5 (x)sin(m + l)7r.r(m + )/m!


o m =o

"*
This
is

U-omir(m + |)
De
Morgan.

+ **

mt.iti!r(m + |)J
the series on the right

the result obtained by

When

are expressed in terms of Bessel functions,


a;

we

obtain the formulae (in which

is

to be taken to be positive)

due to Wirtinger and Nicholson


.

(i)

/;oos ( , - **> = j, v(w

I/-,

d$) + a $%)]

(2)

.(,+*)*- w<*.>. [/., (f$H(|$)]


V# v
(1x\lx\

6*5.

Barnes' integral representations of Bessel functions.


Mellinf, Barnes J

By using integrals of a type introduced by Pincherle* and


proof of

has obtained representations of Bessel functions which render possible an easy

Kummer's formula

of 442.

Let us consider the residue of

- T (2m - s)
at s

{izy
is

- 2m + r, where
is

= 0,

1, 2,
.

. . . .

This residue

(iar)

lm+r/r

!,

so the

sum

of the residues

( ) m zim e~ iz

Hence, by Cauchy's theorem,

J ^ Z)e
if

27ri\ntoJoo

2.m\r(p + m +
1, 2,

aS
l)

'

the contour encloses the points 0,

It

may be

verified,

by using

Stirling's formula that the integrals are convergent.

Now suppose that R (v) > \, and choose the R (y + s) > $. When this last condition is satisfied r ( 2 m - g> 5 .m!r(i/ + w + l) =o2 m
2r'l

contour so that, on
the series

it,

is

convergent and equal to

r <-*)

wt l.l

l..

r(-)l> + j + t)
559562
;

* Rend, del R. Istituto Lombardo, (2) xix. (1886), pp.

Atti delta R. Accad. dei

Lincei, ser. 4, Rendieonti, iv. (1888), pp.

694700, 792799.

t Mellin has given a summary of his researches, Math. Ann. lxviii. (1910), pp. 305 337. X Gamb. Phil. Tram. xx. (1908), pp. 270 279. For a bibliography of researches on inteRraU of this type, see Barnes, Proc. London Math. Soe. (2) v. (1907), pp. 59 65.

'

6*5]

INTEGRAL REPRESENTATIONS
If therefore

191

by the well-known formula due to Gauss. of summation and integration* we have


t (,\ *-*

we change the

order

-_<*

l0+)

r(-)r( y + +

|).(irr<to

The only poles of the integrand inside the contour are we calculate the sum of the residues at these poles, we

at 0,

1, 2,

When

find that

so that
(1)

^
is

( ^ )e

- =

_(ML- F
i

(I

i; -2iz),

which
(2)

Rummer's

relation.
{

In

like

manner, we find that


*-,

M*) *= r *+ x yK ( +

2"

l;

2iz).

These formulae, proved when B(v) > , are relations connecting functions of v which are analytic for all values of v, and so, by the theory of analytic continuation, they are universally true.
It is also possible to represent Bessel functions

by

integrals in which no

exponential factor

is

involved.

To do

this,

we

consider the function

r(-*->r (-)(!)'+
qua function of s. It has poles at the points
5

= 0,
is

1, 2, ...;

- v ,-v+l,-v + 2,
(~)m (^Y +Sm

....

The

residue at s

iri

sin vnr

'

ml r

(v

+m+

1)

while the residue at s

= v + in
iri-"

is

(-)w (|s)- y+OTt


'

sin V7r

ml T

(v

+m+
v

'

1)

so that
(3)
7re-4<" +1 >'rf

H (z) = - 2^.
v

T (-

- s) T (- s) (^iz)"^ ds,

and, in like manner,


(4)

irew H

w ( z)

-~lr(-v-s)r (- *) (- \izy*" ds,


and return
to

where the contours


in (4) the contours

start from

+ oo
\

after encircling the poles of


\ir in (3) or arg ( iz)
|
\

the integrand counter-clockwise.

When

arg iz

<

<

\tt

may

be opened out, so as to start from

oo i

and end at

oo

i.

If

we

reverse the directions of the contours


f" H (z) = -U I'm
J

we

find that

c+ l

(5)

7re-*<" +1 "*

r ( _ _ ,) r (- *) (ii>)' +M ds,
Infinite Series, 176.

-c-aoi

* Cf

Bromwich, Theory of

; ; ,

192
provided that argiz
|

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


I

[CHAP. VI

< \ir and


;

(6)

vJW H
|

o)

( z)

= -L r
frm]

e+x>%

r (_ _ S ) r (- s) (- \%zy*~ ds,
is

-c-oot

provided that arg ( iz) \<\nr; and, in each integral, c

any positive number

exceeding jR

(v)

and the path of integration

is parallel

to the imaginary axis.

There is an integral resembling these which represents the function of the and the argument first kind of order v, but it converges only when It (v) >
of the function
is positive.

The

integral in question is

'.-K,$g&*>
and
it is

obtained in the same

way

as the preceding integrals

the reader

will notice that,

when

is

large

on the contour, the integrand

is

0(\s |~* -1 )-

6*51.

Barnes' representations offimctions of the third kind.

By

using the duplication formula for the

Gamma

function

we may

write

the results just obtained in the form

m UJ
Consider

(z) ** j >rW 2ty*rJ.

r( -M+j).(2uy* ^- r r^ + ^r^ + s+^sin**-*


y

now

the integral
1

_ *l.
Ziyir
in

I"
J _aot

r(-8)r(-2p-8)r(p + 8 + i).(2igyd8,

periodic in

which the integrand differs from the integrand in (1) by a factor which is It is to be supposed temporarily that 2v is not an integer and s. that the path of integration is so drawn that the sequences of poles 0, 1, 2, ... 2v, 1 2v, 2 2i/, ... lie on the right of the contour while the sequence of poles v \, v~\, v \, ... lies on the left of the contour. In the first place, we shall shew that, if arg iz < f ir, the integral taken round a semi| \

circle of radius
for, if s

= pe**,
v

p on the right of the imaginary axis tends to zero as p * we have


v

<x>

'

'

r (s) T (2v + * -f l)sin*7rsin(2i' + *)7r

and,

by
1

Stirling's formula,

T(v + s+i).(2izy g r(s + l)JT(2i/ + s+l)

~ pe

i9

log (2iz)

- {v + pe") (log p + id) + pe ie -

^ log (2tt)

and the real part of this tends to co when ^7r<6<\ir, because the dominant term is p cos 6 log p. When is nearly equal to |7r, sin sir is comparable with \ exp [pir sin 6 and the dominant term in the real part of the logarithm
|

j)

of s times the integrand

is
.

p cos 6 log 2z
|

and

this tends

p sin $ arg 2iz pcosd log p + pd sin 6 + p cos 6 - 2p7r|sin &\ arg iz < \w. to - <x as p -* oo
if*
j j

6*51]

INTEGRAL REPRESENTATIONS
s times the integrand tends to zero all along the semicircle,
if

193

Hence
to pass

the integral round the semicircle tends to zero

the semicircle

is

and so drawn so as

between (and not through) the poles of the integrand.

It follows from Cauchy's theorem that,


integer, then

when arg iz < \tr and 2v


j J

is

not an

- ^rJLi^/tr j
may be
contour.

Pr
-oof

(-

r (-

2*

- ) r (* + + j)

^y

ds

calculated by evaluating the residues at the poles on the right of the

The

residues of

r(-s)r(-2v-s)r(v+8 + i).(2izy
at s

and

= 2v + m

are respectively

7T

ein2inr

r(v+m + $).(2iz)m m\T{2v + m + l)

_
'

tt_ r (sin2*"7r

v + m + \) (2iz)-+m mlV(2p + m + l)
.

and hence

_(2z

p r(-s)r(-2v-s)T(v +

+ l).(2iz)ds
+

= ( 2,M r(, + i) sin 2vir I (2j/ + 1)

sin 2v7r

'

It follows that,
(2)

when

j.argiz

< f ir,

B.*to-

rn~' mi r>-Mr
rrrt

x ["* r(-)r(-2v-)r(i +
J -oe

f).(2w)<fo

>

and

similarly,

when arg ( iz) < f tt,


| |

(3)

*,(*)--

i*->n)

cog

(,.)

^2^)"

7T*

*r

r(-)r(-2v-*)r(i/+s + ^).(-2wyrf*.

The restriction that v is not to be an integer may be removed in the usual manner by a limiting process, but the restriction that 2v must not be an odd integer cannot be removed, since then poles which must be on the right of the contour would have to coincide with poles which must be on the left.

CHAPTER
Approximate formulae for
ill

VII

ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSIONS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


7"1.

Jv {z).

In Chapter
cases

various representations of Bessel functions were obtained

in the form of series of ascending powers of the

z1

is

argument z, multiplied in some by log z. These series are well adapted for numerical computation when since the series not large compared with 4 (v + 1), 4 (v + 2), 4 (v + 3),
.

converge

fairly rapidly for

such values of

z.

But,
initial

when

is large,

the series

converge slowly, and an inspection of their

terms affords no clue to the

approximate values of Jv (z) and Yv (z). There is one exception to this statement when v + \ is an integer which is not large, the expressions for J v (z) in finite terms ( 3*4) enable the functions to be calculated without difficulty.
;

The

object of this chapter

is

the determination of formulae which render

possible the calculation of the values of a fundamental system of solutions of


Bessel's equation

when

is large.

There are
gation
large.

really

two aspects of the problem to be considered

the investi-

when v is large is very different from the investigation when v is not The former investigation is, in every respect, of a more recondite
it is

character than the latter, and


It must, however,

postponed until Chapter


first

vm.
before Poisson 's -J"

be mentioned that the

step towards the solution of

the more recondite problem was


published.

made by Carlini* some years

investigation of the behaviour of

(x),

for large positive values of x,

was

The formal expansion obtained by Poisson was


/o( *)
r
z N

/ 2

\T
COB
[

U)

<

12

.3 2

"^>-t -2l(8^

+
(

l2

.3 8 .5 2 .7 a
4!(8*)'

-"j
3 2 52

+ sin(*-i7r).j
when x
is

l2

IT

^-3^
l2

..

large and positive.

But, since the series on the right are not con-

vergent, and since Poisson gave no investigation of the remainders in the


series, his analysis (apart

to be regarded as suggestive

from his method of obtaining the dominant term) and ingenious rather than convincing.

is

* Iticerche sulla convergenza delta serie che serva alia soluzione del problema di Keplero (Milan,

1817).

An

account of these investigations has already been given in

1*4.

t Journal de VEcole Polytechnique, xn. (cahier 19), (1823), pp. 350 352 ; see l 6. An investigation of Jv (x) similar to Poisson's investigation of J (x) has been constructed by Gray and
-

Mathews, A Treatise on Bessel Functions (London, 1895), pp. 34

38.

7-1]
It will

ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSIONS
-

195
;

be seen in the course of this chapter that Poisson's series are asymptotic has been proved by Lipschitz, Hankel, Schlafli, Weber, Stieltjes and Barnes.

this

It must be mentioned that Poisson merely indicated the law of formation of successive terms of the series without giving an explicit expression for the general term such an
;

expression was actually obtained by

W.

R. Hamilton*
for

(cf.

1*6).

The analogous formal expansion


written in the form

(x) is

due to Hansenf and a few


;

years later, JacobiJ obtained the more general formula which

is

now

usually

Jn (x)~(
(

COS(#

|W7T \tr) -3)


2

(4n2 - I s) (4rt2

f
.

2UMf
,
,
,

~ +(

4n2 -

(4n*

- 3 ) (4>n* - 5
2

(4n 2

7 2)

_
Y\
.

4!(8*)<

-sin^-^Tr-i^.j-yj^

(42 -l 2

(4n 2

-l 2)(4n2 -3

)(4n2 -5 2)

gy^^

L +

...JJ

These expansions for J (x) and Jx (x) were used by Hansen for purposes of numerical computation, and a comparison of the results so obtained for isolated values of x with the results obtained from the ascending series led Hansen to infer that the expansions, although not convergent, could safely be used for purposes of computation .

Two years before the publication of Jacobi's expansion, Plana had discovered a method of transforming Parse val's integral which placed the expansion of / (x) on a much more satisfactory basis!". His work was followed by the
||

researches of Lipschitz**,

who gave the


(z)

first

rigorous investigation of the

asymptotic expansion of Jo
tion
;

with the aid of the theory of contour integraLipschitz also briefly indicated how his results could be applied to Jn (z).
for

The general formulae


plex) value

Jv (z)

and

v (z),

and z is Hankelft, written in 1868.

large and complex, were obtained in the great

where v has any assigned (commemoir by

* Some information concerning W. R. Hamilton's researches will be found in Sir George Gabriel Stokes, Memoir and Scientific Correspondence, i. (Cambridge, 1907), pp. 130135. + Ermittelung der absoluten Storungen [Schriften der Stermoarte Seeburg], (Gotha, 1843),

pp. 119123.

is

t Astr. Nach. xxvm. (1849), col. 94. [Get. Math. Werke, vn. (1891), p. 174.] obtained by making the substitutions

Jacobi's result

n+1>cosx+(- l^-^sinx, J2 cos(*- iir-iir) = - l)*<


.

^/a.8ln(*-iii-J)=:(-l)*" (
in the form quoted.

" +1) Bin*-(-l)*" (, '- 1, cos*,

a note by Niemoller, Zeitsehrift fiir Math, und Phys. xxv. (1880), pp. 4448. della R. Accad. delle Sci. di Torino, (2) x. (1849), pp. 275292. expansions of Jv () and IV (z) by If Analysis of Plana's type was used to obtain the asymptotic JVlcMalion, Annals of Math. vin. (1894), pp. 5761. ** Journal fur Math. lvi. (1859), pp. 189196.
See
II

Mem.

+t Math. Ann.

I.

(1869), pp.

467501.

196

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


for

[CHAP.

VH

The general character of the formula


iiber die Bessel'schen

Yn (z)

had been indicated by Lommel, Studien

memoir

Functionen (Leipzig, 1868), just before the publication of Hankel's and the researches of Weber, Math. Ann. vi. (1873), pp. 146 149 must also be

mentioned.

was investigated (and proved to be this result was reproduced, with the addition of the corresponding formula for / (z), by Kirchhoff f and a littleknown paper by MalmstenJ also contains an investigation of the asymptotic
of

The asymptotic expansion

(z)

asymptotic) at an early date by

Kummer*

expansion of

(z).

close study of the remainders in the asymptotic expansions of

(x),

(x),

(x)

and Kq{x) has been made by Stieltjes, Ann. Sci. de VEcole norm. sup. (3) in. (1886), pp. 233 252, and parts of his analysis have been extended by Callandreau, Bull, des Sci. Math. (2) xiv. (1890), pp. 110 114, to include functions of any integral order; while results concerning the remainders when the variables are complex have been obtained by Weber, Math. Ann. xxxvu. (1890), pp. 404416.

The expansions have


1906, pp. 239

also been investigated

by Adamoft, Petersburg Ann.

Inst, polyt.

265, and by Valewink|| in a Haarlem dissertation, 1905.


is fixed,

/ (z) and Yv (z), when seem to be most simply carried out with the aid of integrals of Poisson's type. But Schlafli1[ has shewn that a large number of results are obtainable by a peculiar treatment of integrals of Bessel's type, while, more recently, Barnes** has discussed the asymptotic expansions by means of the Pincherle-Mellin integrals, involving gamma-functions, which were examined in 65, 6*51.

Investigations concerning asymptotic expansions of


large while v

is

7'2.

Asymptotic expansions of
shall

H^ (z) and i/
|

(2)

(z) after

Hankel.

We

now

obtain the asymptotic expansions of the functions of the

third kind, valid for large values of


modifications, will follow that given

;
|

the analysis, apart from some slight

by Hankel ff.

Take the formula

6*12 (3),

namely

valid

when -\ir<fi<\ir and


of the factor (1

|7r + j8<

args <

|7r

+ jS,

provided that

The expansion

+ $iu/z) v -l in descending

powers of

z is

(v-j)iu
"*"

2z

+ (,,-fr)(-f).(^ +

270

*"'

* Journal fUr Math. xvn. (1837), pp. 228242. f Ibid, xlviii. (1854), pp. 348376. t K. Svenska V. Akad. Handl. lxh. (1841), pp. 6574. See the Jahrbuch Uber die Fortschritte der Math. 1907, p. 492.
Ibid. 1905, p. 828. IT Ann. di Mat. (2) ** Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xx. (1908), pp. 270279.
II

vi. (1875),

pp.

120.

tt Math. Ann.

i.

(1869), pp.

491495.

7-2]

ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSIONS

197

but since this expansion is not convergent all along the path of integration, we shall replace it by a finite number of terms plus a remainder.

For
1

all

positive integral values of p,

we have*
{1
J

+ 2z)

-J -^TWz)
=0

+ (p-l)\{2iz)

tf
I
;

dt
2iz)

It is convenient to take

so large that
satisfies

R {v p \) ^

and we then choose

any

positive angle 8

which

the inequalities

||^|7T-S,
The
effect of this choice is that,

|arg*_(|7r + )| $ 7r-$.

when

8 is given, z is restricted so that

7r + 28 ^ arg z % 2?r 28.


When
the choice has been made, then
ut
1

>sin8,

|arg(l-^)

<7T,

2iz
for the values of
t

and u under consideration, and so P~i < e'l 'wi (sin 8)*<"-p-*> (i _

~Y~

= Ap

say,

where

A p is independent

of

z.

On
term,

substituting its expansion for (1


find that
1

+ liu/*)*"*

and integrating term-by-

we

**-**> Pi - (AY e H *'w (z) w-UJ


where

(*-*>- r ( ,> + , +*>

U-o ir(v + i).(Kf)-

1L1 + jKp
J'

where

2?p is

a function of v,

p and

8 which

is

independent of z.

Hence,
(1) v 7

when R {v - p - f) <
v '

and

R (v + J) > 0, we have
(#->)]
'J
,

**- 1" Pi' ^""hi^^ H (*) - (--Y + m!(2t)m \irzj m=0


[

when
angle
;

is

such that

it + 28 ^ arg z ^ 2tt 28,


is

8 being any positive acute

and the symbol

function

Bachmann-Landau symbol which denotes a of the order of magnitude^ of z~* as z -* oo


the
| \

The formula

(1) is also

valid

when

R (v - p |) >

this

may be

seen by

* Cf. Modem Analysis, 5-41. The use of this form of the binomial expansion seems to be due to Graf and Gabler, Einleitung in die Theorie der BesseFschen Funktionen, i. (Bern, 1898) pp. 8687. Cf. Whittaker, Modem Analysis (Cambridge, 1902), 161; Gibson, Proe. Edinburgh Math. Soc. xxxvm. (1920), pp. 6 9 ; and MaoBobert, ibid. pp. 10 19.

t Cf.

Modem Analysis,

2-1.

198

THEOBY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. VII

supposing that

R {v p J) >
if

and then taking an integer q so large that


is

R(? q \) <0;

the expression which

contained in

[ ]

in (1)

is

then

rewritten with q in place of p throughout, followed by q p + 1 terms each of which is


of these q

it

may be

expressed as

terms

(z~ p ) or o (z~ p ) ; and the

sum

p + 1

terms

is

therefore

(z~ p).
i

In a similar manner (by changing the sign of


work) we can deduce from
(2)
6*12 (4) that

throughout the previous

Hi* (.)-)'.----

g;<i^|^ +
tr

(*-,)]
is

provided that

R (v + |) >
we

and that the domain of values of z


2tt

now given

by the inequalities

+ 28 % arg z ^

25.

If,

following Hankel,

write

{4>v*

I s } {4* 2

-3

2
}
.

..

{tv*

- (2m -

l)2 }

2 2m .w!

these expansions become

(4)

H,

W = (A)*e-<-^g |^ +
o

<)(*-*)]

For brevity we write these equations thus


(5)

HP (z) ~ f A) V^-w

m>
t

-=-.<f'

(6)

fc^}. jJ(,)^,(A y e--<S-i.or-i*> m y ' ' WzJ . (2iz)m


(7),
(j>, m) is an even function of v, it follows from the formulae of which connect functions of the third kind of order v with the corre-

Since

361

sponding functions of order v, that the restriction that the real part of v exceeds - \ is unnecessary. So the formulae (1) (6) are valid for all values
of
v,

when z

is

confined to one or other of two sectors of angle just less than

Sir.

In the notation of generalised hypergeometric functions, the expansions are


(7)

HP

(z)

~ (A)* ^*~-w

.f, (i

+ ,

_^
.

(8)

HP (z) ~ (A)* e-uz-ir-iu)


is

(^ + v>i
(8)

_ v _ _1_
2-ir

y
arg z

of which (7)

valid

when

tt < arg z <

2-tt,

and

when

<

< ir.

7*21]
7*21.

ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSIONS
Asymptotic expansions of Jv {z), J- V (z) and
the formulae of 7
2,

199

v {z).

If

we combine

we deduce from the formulae of 3*61


first

(which express Bessel functions of the


functions of the third kind) that
/-n (1)

and second kinds


(-)w -(">2m)

in terms of

/ i Tt\ / VT i s [coe^-W-iir).^ *(*)-[-)


^

{2gym
(-)w -(^,2m

/ i \ v i -sin^-Ji/w-iir).^

+ iy

J2zj^i
.(f,

(2)

n W ~(iy

i sin(z \ vtt

i x v $ir). 2.

(-)w

2w)

m-0
i

(2zfm
(-)'*('.

/i

2w+l)"

'

- Sin (* + |7T - iTT)


( 4)

^.(ij^^w-wyt^-)
n
only),

" (-)m .(^,


(

2m +

1)"
'

^y w+1

and

(in the case of functions of integral order

(5)

T.(.)~(

T)

Ln(*-W-i).jS o
+ cos(^-^7r-|7r).^
o

(2 , )m
v (

^ )2m+1
|

J.
|

These formulae are

all valid for

large values of z provided that arg z


| |

<

tt;

and the error due to stopping at any term is obviously of the order of magnitude of that term multiplied by \\z. Actually, however, this factor \\z may be replaced by ljz2 this may be seen by taking the expansions of HJ$ (z) and {z) to two terms further than the last term required in the particular v combination with which we have to deal.
;

(2)

As has been seen

in 7'2, the integrals


{l)

which are dealt with when

R (v) > - \ represent H

(z)

and

(z),

but,

when R(p)% ^

the integrals

from which the asymptotic expansions are derived are those which represent {2) .ff (,) _ (z) and -y (z). This difference in the mode of treatment of J, (z)

and

{z) for
is

such values of v seems to have led some writers to think* that


not valid unless jR
(v)

formula (1)
* Cf.

> \.
;

Sheppard, Quarterly Journal, xxm. (1889), p. 223 Searle, Quarterly Journal, xxxix. The error appears to have originated from Todhunter, An Elementary Treatise on Laplace's Functions, Lamfs Functions and Bessel's Functions (London, 1875), pp. 312 313.
(1908), p. 60.

1 l 1

200

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


The asymptotic expansion
(1
i.

[CHAP. VII

grating

e***

and
f
J

+ oc

of J (z) was obtained by Lipschitz* by interound a rectangle (indented at 1) -with corners at + 1 Cauchy's theorem gives at once

8 )-*
2

eizt (1

- < )-* dt + e**

-1

f V-">*
.'o

-* (2
rct>

+ tu)-* du
M -i (2

- l
o

e-(f+)z

- tu)-* du = 0,
but in order to
it

and the analysis then proceeds on the

lines already given;

obtain asymptotic expansions of a pair of solutions of Bessel's equation

seems necessary to use a method which involves at some stage the loop integrals discussed in Chapter vi.
It

may be
m v (-)

convenient to note explicitly the

initial

terms in the expansions

involved in equations
.

(1) (4); they


(4i/
2

are as follows
2

(v,

2m)

) (4i/

-3

m-o

(2*)*

2!(8*)

+
(-)
.

(4i/

(4y

- 32) (4y2 - 5) (4/a - 7 8 )


4!(8s)
4>

(y,

2m + 1)
2+ 1

4^ l!8s

(4g

(4i^

mt

(2^)

3!(8s)T

- 32) (4 - 5 8 ) +....

The reader should

notice that

a formula given by Lommel, Studien,


Note.

p. 67.

The method by which Lommel endeavoured to obtain the asymptotic expansion of Y n (z) in his Studien, pp. 93 97, was by differentiating the expansions of J v (z) with respect iX> v but of course it is now known that the term-by-term differentiation of an

asymptotic expansion with respect to a parameter raises various theoretical


It should

difficulties.

be noticed that Lommel's later work, Math. Ann. iv. (1871), p. 103, is free from the algebraical errors which occur in his earlier work. These errors have been enumerated by Julius, Archives Nderlandaises, xxviit. (1895), pp. 221 225. The asymptotic expansions of Jn (z) and Yn (z) have also been studied by McMahon, Ann. of Math. vni. (1894), pp. 57 61, and Kapteyn, Monatsheftefiir Math, und Phys. xiv. (1903), pp. 275282.

A novel

application of these asymptotic expansions has been discovered


:

in recent years

they are of some importance in the analytic theory of the

In such investigations the dominant terms of the exThis fact combined with the the of Bessel functions that theory forms only a trivial part of consideration has made it seem merely to mention in question desirable the investigations and more by Hardy . Wigert the recent papers the work of Voronoif and J
divisors of numbers.

pansions are adequate for the purpose in view.

* Journal far Math. lvi. (1859), pp. 189196. t Ann. Sci. de Vticale norm. sup. (3) xxi. (1904), pp. 207'86b. Math. Kongresses in Heidelberg, 1904, pp. 241 245.

459534

Verh. des Int.

% Acta Mathematica, xxxvn. (1914), pp. 113


Quarterly

140.

Journal, xlvi.

(1915), pp.

263283

Proc.

London Math.

Soc. (2) xv. (1916),

pp. 125.

w
7*22]
7*22.

ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSIONS
Stoked phenomenon.
for values of z

201

The formula 7-21 (1) for Jy (z) was established and arg z < 7r. If we took arg z to lie between between tr and tt) we should consequently have
| |

such that
lies,

2ir (so that

arg ze~ ni

Jv {z) = e vwi Jv (ze~


oo e v
/

1ci

V* T

-i
,-i

m v (-)
x

(*.

2m ) 2m +
)

5
m-o

(-)"*

(v,

1)"

\&ze

so that,

when

<

arg z

<

27r,
}

*w~ **<(-)
and

[cos <,

+ i^)j

v2 ;r
/.

-sin(* + i.wr + iw) 2


JH-0

2 , Vj^h V/^

this expansion
(1).

is

superficially quite different close

from the expansion of

721

We

shall

now make a

examination of this change.

The expansions

of 7*21 are derived from the formula

and throughout the sector


the asymptotic expansion

in

which

ir < arg z <

2rr,

the function

HP (z) has

W
(1)
is,

\irtj
for

TO -o

(2iz)m

The corresponding expansion

HP
i

{z),

namely

HM(z)co(--)
,irz)

e-i-l<>-i*

X m.
it.

("'

w)
'

(2iz)m

however, valid for the sector

27r

< arg z <

To obtain an expansion
3'62 (6),

valid for the sector

< arg z < 2tr we


.

use the formula of


VTd

namely

HP (z) = 2 cos vtt


and
this gives
( 2)

HP (zer*) + e HP (ze-),

iw>~)'.^^.sj$
VtTS/
TO _o

(2t^) TO
tt
]

difference between

The expansions (1) and (2) are both valid when < &rg z < them has the asymptotic expansion
2COBV7T.

now the

()'*<#*"+* 5
Kir* J

m-o

<7^J2>, m
(2t*)

and, on account of the factor e

iz

of lower order of magnitude (when

which multiplies the series, this expression -is z is large) than the error due to stopping
j

202
at

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


definite

[CHAP. VII
(e~ iz z-P-l)
(1)

any

term of the expansion (1);


tt,

for this error is

when
which

we

stop at the pth term.

Hence the discrepancy between


is

and

(2),

occurs

when 0< arg*<

only apparent, since the series in (1) has to be

used in conjunction with


Generally

its

remainder.

we have

where the constants c,, c2 have values which depend on the domain of values assigned to arg z. And, if arg z is continually increased (or decreased) while \z\'\% unaltered, the values of c x and c have to be changed abruptly at various 2 stages, the change in either constant being made when the function which multiplies it is negligible compared with the function multiplying the other constant. That is to say, changes in c, occur when I (z) is positive, while changes in c2 occur when I(z) is negative.
It is not difficult to prove that the values to be assigned to the constants
Ci

and
Cl

g2 are as follows
C3

= e*p(*+iW +1) +V"\ <h = i^


{v

= $a**"4) c, = i**+iM

[(2p

1)

7T

< arg z < (2p +

1)

tt],

[2P

7r

<

arg 2

< (2p + 2) tt],

where p

is

any

integer, positive or negative.

This phenomenon of the discontinuity of the constants was discovered by Stokes and was discussed by him in a series of papers. It is a phenomenon which is not confined to Bessel functions, and it is characteristic of integral
functions which possess asymptotic expansions of a simple type*.

The fact that the constants involved

in the asymptotic expansion of the analytic function

Jv (z) are discontinuous

was discovered by Stokes in (March?) 1857, and the discovery was apparently one of those which are made at three o'clock in the morning. See Sir George
Gabriel Stokes, Memoir and Scientific Correspondence, I. (Cambridge, 1907), p. 62. The papers in which Stokes published his discovery are the folio wing t: Trans. Cavib. Phil. Soc. x. (1864), pp. 106128; xi. (1871), pp. 412 425; Acta Math. xxvi. (1902), pp. 393 397. [Math, and Phys. Papers, iv. (1904), pp. 77 109 ; 283298 v. (1905), pp. 283-287.]

The

third of these seems to have been the last paper written

by Stokes.

7*23.

Asymptotic expansions of Iv
7*2 (5)

(z)

and

{z).

The formula

combined with equation

3*7 (8),

which connects

(z)

and if

(l)

(iz),

shews at once that

-(2z)
* Cf.

~nr +
( 6-4).

2i(8^

-J'
and
^

Bromwich, Theory of Infinite Series, 133. t Stokes illustrated the change witb the aid of Bessel functions whose orders are
the latter being those associated with Airy's integral

7*23, 7*24]

ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSIONS
\

203

when arg z <


|

tt.
,

And

the formula I (z)

= e* vni J
<

(e

-* z) shews that

<o\

(-) w ( y

m)

r'+(,,+ *"''

(",

"0

provided that

\ir < arg s <

f 7r.

On

the other hand, the formula / (z)


TO
(>,

er*"*
,

Jv (e* ni z)
|
TO

shews that
(y,

<*\

* V (-) ) t t \ ^~(2,r*)i m%> (2*) +


|7r < arg z <
between
\ir.

e-'-<"+*>"

m)

(2tt^

to(2^r'
z has a value for

provided that

The apparent discrepancy between


which arg z
lies

(2)
is,

and

(3)

when

\tt and

|7r

of course, an example of Stokes'

phenomenon which has just been


The formulae of this
(1837), pp.

investigated.

section were stated explicitly by Kummer, Journal far Math. xvn. 228242, and Kirchhoff, Journal fur Math, xlviii. (1854), pp. 348376, except that, in (2) and (3), the negligible second series is omitted. The object of the retention of the negligible series is to make (1) and (3) formally consistent with 37 (6).

p. 135,

The formulae are also given by Riemann, Ann. der Pkysik unci Chemie, (2) xcv. when v = 0. Proofs are to be found on pp. 496 498 of Hankel's memoir.

(1855),

A number of extremely interesting symbolic investigations of the formulae are to be found in Heaviside's* papers, but it is difficult to decide how valuable such researches are
to be considered

when modern standards


is

of rigour are adopted.

A
x
f

remarkable memoir

due to Malmste'n f, in which the formula

cos

ax dx
.

tre~ a
1

jo (1

+ a*) M+1 ~2+

.M!

x[(2a)n
is

+ nC

(n

+ l).(2a)n- + n C.
1

(n-rl)(n+2).(2ay-*-r...]

obtained

(cf. 6*3).
f

This formula
cos

is

written symbolically in the form


f

ax dx
.

ire~ a

Jo (1

+x

2
)

n+1

2 :W+1 .?i!(

\2a

1
_1

|>]
,

the

[ ]

denoting that \n\~ m

is

to be replaced

by (n)_ TO and

this, in

Malmsten's

notation,

means
l/{(w+ l)(+2)...(n

m)}.

It will

be observed that this notation

is

different from the notation of 4*4.

7*24.

The asymptotic expansions of her (z) and

bei(z).

From the formulae obtained in 721, 7*23, the asymptotic expansions of Thomson's functions ber (z) and bei (z), and of their generalisations, may be written down without difficulty. The formulae for functions of any order have been given by Whitehead^:, but, on account of their complexity, they will not
* Proc.

Royal Soc.

lii. (1893),

pp.

504529; Electromagnetic Theory,

ii.

(London, 1899).

My

thanks are due to Dr Bromwich for bringing to my notice the results contained in the latter work. t K. Svenska V. Akad. Handl. lxii. (1841), pp. 65-74.
X Quarterly Journal, xlii. (1911), pp.

329338.

204 be quoted here.

THEORY OF BESSBL FUNCTIONS


The
it

[CHAP. VII

functions of zero order had been examined previously by

Russell*; he found

convenient to deal with the logarithms! of the functions

of the third kind which are involved, and his formulae

may be written as follows

n ^ K
'

ber <*) - exP a (*) cos r (,\ \bei(z)~ V(27r^)sin^


)

'

(9\
V

'

ker (*)

_ ex P(-^) c OS o
V(2*/tt)
\

(kei(s)

sin^
13
128*4

;'

where
. .

a (z)

z ~ -r= +
'

25

-v/2

8^V2
7r

384^ V2
*

'

^^~V2~8~~8772"T6V~384*V2
The ranges
|

R(

25

+ ""
in the case of (1)

of validity of the formulae are


in the case of (2).

arg^

< \ir

and

arg z

< |tt

These results have been expressed in a modified form by Savidge, Phil. Mag.
(1910), p. 51.

(6) xix.

7*25.

Hadamard's
which
is

modification of the asymptotic expansions.


of considerable
theoretical

result

importance

is

due to

Hadamard J; he has shewn

that

it is

possible to modify the various asymptotic

expansions, so that they become convergent series together with a negligible re-

mainder term. The formulae will be stated for real values of the variables, but the reader should have no difficulty in making the modifications appropriate to complex variables.

We
u,

take

first

the case of / (x)

when

> \. When we

replace sin

\B by

we have
I' ( * )=

uMml?
2
(2a?)" e*
J
i

a"' ,An'' em
.

i>+i)r<i).Jo
2
(2a?)" e*

exp (- 2u*x) uiv (1 - u*y~i du


{\

- v)m
m!

-I> + 1)1^)^0
We may
C\\ {)

Wa +2m eXp(

,~ , 2Ma?)rfW '
is

io

the last result being valid because the series of integrals


write this equation in the form

convergent.

T (t\ K{a!)

-r( V + l)V(i)^2x)J: ml(2xr]


e*

(J

v )m

rzx

fv+m-hf-tfif l dt e

V(27r) TOto

(l-v)m .y(v + m + ^,2x) I> + i).ro!(2aOm

'

where 7 denotes the "incomplete Gamma-function" of Legendre.


* Phil. Mag. (6) xvn. (1909), pp. 531, 537. t Gf. the similar procedure due to Meissel, which will be explained in 8-11. Of. Modern Analysis, 16-2. t Bull, tit la Soc. Math, de France, xxxvi. (1908), pp. 7785.

7*25, 7*3]

ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSIONS
x,

205

For large values of

the difference between

y
is

(v

+n + \,
r( + $)

2x)

ana

tt

+v >

0(x v + n + i.e~ Sx ) which

is

o(l) for each integral value of n.


for

In the case of the ordinary Bessel functions, we take the expression


the function of the third kind

*' w

H, 1+ <>-U)T>+tfJ.' "^( s)

WxJ r(v+t)
so that

OT

m!(2#) w

and

similarly

(3 )

^w

-( i) r
;

^- M
\
is

From

i^K^ ^
)+o
;

>

these results

it is

easy to derive convergent series for the functions

of the first

and second kinds.


for functions of order zero only

Hadamard gave the formulae


functions of any order exceeding

but the extension to

obvious.

7*3.

Formulae for

the

remainders in the asymptotic expansions.

In

7*2

we gave an

investigation which shewed that the remainders in

(z) are of the same order of and v magnitude as the first terms neglected. In the case of functions of the first and second kinds, it is easy to obtain a more exact and rather remarkable theorem to the effect that when v is real* and x is positive the remainders
the asymptotic expansions of
v

Hw

(z)

after a certain stage in the asymptotic expansions of

J v (x) and Y v (x)

are

numerically

less

than the

first

condite investigation ( 7*32), it same sign as the first terms neglected.

terms neglected, and, by a slightly more recan be proved that the remainders are of the

Let us write

i).f;--{(^ir-(-r }*=^->'
*

We may

take

v^Q

without losing generality.

206
so that

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


\*

[CHAP. VII

(2
(2)

[cos (x

T \vtt - {-n) P (x,

v)

- sin (x *\vir-\ir)Q (x, v)\

Yv (x) = (^) yrrx/

[sin (x*\vTr-Tr)P (x, v)

+ cos (x + \mr

tt)

Q (x,

v)\

Now I(v)

and, in the analysis of 7*2,

we may take

B to be \ir since

the variables are real, and so A^,


It follows that, if

1.

p be taken

so large that 2j>i/

J,

there exists a

number

0,

not exceeding unity in absolute value, such that


(i 1 I

2^

<*-"> f !?Y" + *'<*-"> f 2!\* Y~* _ ~ TOto m! V2tW "^ (2^)! ^2**/

'

and, on adding the results combined in this formula,


/i

we have*
2* (-*> / (2p)I

+
_,_
1

2x)
|

Y~* + fi
j.

**)

-2 Y~* "
O

"v

(WW
(2m)!

to

UW

JLY" 4.

M* W

'

where 6

^1

and, since

is

obviously real,

- 1 ^ $ $ 1.

It follows

on integration that

P( *'* )=
and since

mto
"
f
9

(2,n)!(2*)-

(2p)!(2^r(, + |)J

^
P

du

>

e~

W +2p-* cZw U

e~tt u+w-* dw

= T (/ + 2p +

(x, v) does not we see that the remainder after p terms in the expansion of exceed the (p + l)th term in absolute value, provided that 2p>v \.

From

the formula
(i

V-2W
we
of

j.

*U

Y~*

V"* _ t (*-"> f Y" 4. ?iftr y W' f * ",* 2**/ (2p+~l) ml \2**/ \

1
'

find in a similar

manner that the remainder after p terms

in the expansion

Q (x, v) does 2p>v-.

not exceed the (p

1 )th

term in absolute value, provided that

These results were given by Hankel, Math. Ann. I. (1869), pp. 491 494, and were reproduced by Gray and Mathews in their Treatise on Bessel Functions (London, 1895), p. 70, but small inaccuracies have been pointed out in both investigations by Orr, Trans.
Camb. Phil.
Soc.

xvn. (1899), pp. 172180.

In the case of

(x)

we have the formula

* This result
(1859), pp.

was obtained 189196.

in a rather different

manner by

Lipschitz, Journal filr Math. lvi.

7-31]

ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSIONS
p

207

and
(i V

+ iX' = * (-lJLz2!k ( u y
h

2x)

mZ

ml

\2x)

and,

when

p>v \,

the last term

may be

written

(p-D!
where

<

<$

1,

and

so,

on integration,

*.()where
This

()V
v

v -\(
,t

(2ar)

(2a )"pJ'
f

$ #2
is

<$

when p >

- \.

a more exact result than those obtained for


;

P (x, v)
is

and Q (x,

v)

by the same methods

is, of course, the fact that (1 + %ut/x)"-P-l is positive and does not oscillate in sign after the manner of (1 + \iutjx) v -P-* liut/asy-P-*. (1

the reason

why

the greater exactness

secured

7*31.

The researches of Stieltjes on


-

(x),

(x)

and

(x).

The results of 7 3 were put into a more precise form by Stieltjes*, who proved not only that the remainders in the asymptotic expansions associated with J (x),Y (x) and (x) are numerically less than the first terms neglected,

but also that the remainders have the same sign as those terms.
Stieltjes also
it+.

It is only to
all

the terms

(x), but his result is complicated and we shall not reproduce be expected that I is intractable because in the dominant expansion have the same sign whereas in the other three asymptotic expansions the
(..)

examined I

terms alternate in

sign.

It is evident from the definitions of 7 '3 that

P (*' 0) =
Q (X
'

2^r

~ UX
~ UX

U~k K 1

+ ** M) "* +

(1

** M >"*J
~'
]

du

>

0)

2J^So

^
1

{(1

+ url " (1 ~

hiu)

du

In these formulae replace (1 +

j'w) -i
/'*

by
d<f>

_
</>'

"".'o
*

|iw

sin 2

Ann.

Sci. de

VEcole norm. sup.

The function Iv (x) has


in Taylor's

also been

Math.-Vereinigung, xix. (1910),

pp. 233252. examined by Schafheitlin, Jahresbericht der Deutschen pp. 120129, but he appears to use Lagrange's form for the
(3) in. (1886),
it is

remainder

theorem when

inapplicable.

208

THEORY OF BESSBL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. VII

It is then evident that

[*"{!

-} w*sintf> + ... +(-)*-

($u*Bm*<i>)r-1

+ (-)p ($ sin* 4>/{l + \u* sin4 0)} (ty,


where

is

any positive integer (zero included).

Now,

obviously,

Jo

l+Ksin
and
1
;

2
</>

Jo

K%

*'

where 8

lies

between

and hence

\ (a + \iu)-i + (i

- \wr*} - 1 -

~f ({uY + ^jf^- ) w_i and

If

we multiply by

M the positive function e" *

integrate, it is evident

that
(1)

P(*.0)-l-g^ s ^,+

..+(-)

(2p-2)!(8a>)*-

+ ^ rUi
and jj is any positive integer result which had to be proved for P (a?, 0).
where

i.y.y...(4p-iy
(2p)!(8<r)v

<

0,

<

1,

(zero included);

and

this

is

the

Similarly, from the formula


-

i ((1

4 , n ii + iiu) 4 _ (i _ itU )-i - - j o


,
.

fi"

6 *^&
ittsin9
dd>

we

find that

m
(2)

n/ n\ c^,o)_-

la
(ai),

i'-

3*- 5'
1

8! (8*)

"

l'.ff.5...(4p-8y (2p-l)!(8)- 1

and p is any positive integer (zero included) and result which had to be proved for Q {x, 0).
where

< 6t <

1,

this is the

In the case of

Stieltjes took the formula

K
and replaced
(1

(a)

* C/ e- u-i (1 +!)"* du,


i
.

+ $w)~ J by -

i,

t ^ie

Proced ure then

follows the

method just explained, and gives again the

result of 7*3.

By an ingenious device, Callandreau* succeeded in applying the result of Stieltjes to obtain the corresponding results for functions of any integral order ; but we shall now explain a method which is effective in obtaining the precise results for functions of any real order.
* Bull, det Sci.

Math.

(2) xiv. (1890),

pp. 110114.

"

7-32]
7*32.

ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSIONS
The signs of

209

the remainders in the asymptotic expansions associated

with

(x)

and

(x).

been seen that Jv (x) and Yv (x) are expressible in terms of two functions P(x, v) and Q{x, v) which have asymptotic expansions of a simpler type. We shall now extend the result of Stieltjes ( 731) so as to shew that for any real value* of the order v, the remainder after p terms of the expansion of P (x, v) is of the same sign as (in addition to being numerically
It has already
less

thanf) the (p
(x,

holds for

on

which these conditions Q enable the theorem to be stated in the following manner:
.

+ l)th term provided The v) when 2p > v - f

that 2p

>

- \:

a corresponding result
lay

restrictions

In

the oscillatory parts

of the series for

P {x, v) and
7 3,

Q {x,

v),

the

remainders

are of the same sign as, and numerically less than, the first terms neglected.

By

a slight modification of the formulae of

we have

p {x

>

v)

2T^ry)/

" e~ ux " v-i


~ ux

{{1

* iu)v

~h

+(1 "
(1

iu)v

~ i]

du

'

Q{x, p)=

2iT^Y) \1
;

"""' {{l

+ ** M) ""*

~ * iuy ~ i] du

'

and, exactly as in 7 3

we may shew

that

IRi + nay-* + (i - iiuy-i]


(

Ji
(1

trAtz^itr
\&ni).

wi=0

)P(i

ur~7
(2p~2)?
o

- typ

"

{(1

^y^ - & - wr**)

dt.

The reader will see that we can establish the theorem if we can prove that, when 2p > v \. the last term on the right is of fixed sign and its sign is that of

It is clearly sufficient to
1
[

shew that
{(1

is

v $] positive. Now this


2p

\\ _ t?P-* U
expression

+ \%vty-** - (1 - liuty-v+l)
equal to J
-

dt

is

1 f (1 - 1)**-* ii \w-*-i \e~ K {i+i * Jo (2p-v-$)T(2p-v-$)] K '


.

iut)

- e~ x

<1

- i M 1 d\ dt
'

=r7K-
1

f {2p-v + $)JoJ 9

I "( 1

- m-2 \v->-* sin ($ Xut)


2

e~x d\dt

= --_^ ,- f"\*--^ P(l -t)*1 {2p v + $)Jo Jo


*

sin ($\ut)dtd\.

As

in 7-3

we may take

v^O

without loss of generality,

t This has already been proved in 7*3. t Since isin^Xwt) |^$Xuf, the condition
infinite integral.

2p>-b

secures the absolute convergence of the

210

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Now
(1

[CHAP.
t;

VH

t)w~*

is

a monotonic decreasing function of


f,

and hence, by the


exists such that

second mean- value theorem, a number

between

and

1,

|(1Jo

t)

2?-*

sin ($\ut) dt

( sin (l\ut) dt

> 0.

Jo
is positive,

Since

T (2p v + )

we have succeeded
+

in transforming

2F-T^Ti

1 (1 C ~ O^"*** K

W-*

- (1 " ImO'-*^} dt

into an infinite integral in which the integrand is positive, and so the expression

under consideration

is positive.

That

is to say,

i{(i

+ 4y-*+(i-iwy-}
"
mto
(2wi)!
it

(2p)!
( 7*3)

where

0^0 when 2p> v \. And


|

has already been seen

that in

these circumstances

6 ^
|

1.

Consequently

the last equation by e~ux u v ~* and integrating,


stated for

^1 we at once
;

and then, on multiplying


obtain the property

P (x, v).
v) follows

The corresponding property for Q (x,


\.

from the equation

i + 1 r. - (i

_ })-*) =

-g

<->"-^ -;^ft">""
(

the details of the analysis will easily be supplied by the reader.


Note.

The
lies

analysis fails

when

\<v<\

if

we take p=0, but then the phase


\

of

(l$m) r -*

between

and \{v-\)ir, and so


like
v)

{{l+\iu) v -\ + (\ -iiw)"

*}

has the

same sign as unity, and, in \{v-\)u, and hence P{x,

and

manner, {(1 + %iu) v ~h (1 - \iu) v ~ i}/t has the same sign as $(j-, v) have the same sign as the first terms in their
still

expansions, so the conclusions are

true

and the conclusion

is

true for

Q (x,

v)

when

7*33.

Weber's formulae for the remainders in the expansions of functions

of the third kind.

Some

inequalities which are satisfied


ll)

by the remainders

in the asymptotic

expansions of H,

have been given by Weber*. These inequalities owe their importance to the fact that they are true whether z and v are real or complex. In the investigations which we shall give it will be supposed for
(z)
(2

and

>

(z)

simplicity that v

is real,

though

it will

pe obvious that modifications of detail

only are adequate to

make the mode

of analysis applicable to complex values


404416.

Math. Ann. xxxvn. (l|890), pp.

,,

7-33]

ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSIONS
There
is

211

of

v.

no further

loss of generality in

We

shall write \z\

= r,

and, since large values of z


j

assuming that v^O, R(z)^0. are primarily under con|

sideration,

we

shall

suppose that
have*, by

1r^v \.

If v

- \ > 0, we

612 (3),

j(iy y- -'-'.r e
,

-.,

>->f 1

y-'

2\i e'G-W-1")
\TTz)

;iy
If

w
r(- +
i)

/ *oxp {-
(l
j.

(l

- ^*)} - A*
-

_^p
1)

^ v<

we use

the recurrence formula

// (z) = (2/*) ( +
It is thus (1)

and apply the inequality just obtained


found that

(*)

- f>, (z)
on the right.

to each of the functions

HM (z)^G\ (%Trz)-i

e*(-W-

and similarly
(2)

H (z)^0\ ($ir*)-*e-*fr-*"-W

where

(3)

("<t)

The

results

and v (z). more refined inequalities from them in the following manner
'

may be called Weber's crude inequalities satisfied by Hv (z) By an elegant piece of analysis, Weber succeeded in deducing
{1)

Take the first p terms of the series involved in Hankel's two expansions and denote them by the symbols 2 (z p), 2 2 (z p), so that
(1)
( '

u>

(z

v)

V
m=0 dz

(-)m -(v>)

2 m

(z

o)

V (W)

It is easy to verify that

Yd
dz*

Z%

+
z>

z " {z,p)

-z*{-2izy-i

We

regard this as an equation to be solved by the method of variation of para-

meters; we thus find that

(z;p) = {\ttz)* e -^-w-H |4 (^ jyr

,i,

^+B ^^
(

(2)

* In the third line of analysis the inequality e x

^ 1 + x (x^O)

has been used,

t When !< we take 2r>y + $.

212

THEOBY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP.

Vn

where

A (z)

and

B (z) are functions


(z)

of z so chosen that

(A' (z) H v v

(z)

+ B' (z) H (z) 0,


+ B (z) H.
(z)

|4' (z) H."


It follows that

= - (*x#)-* e^M

/^^
9

A' (z)

= * <*)r* *<- W

^
P

Jfr

(,),

and so
il (#)

- 4 - 1 Tr/^ {tT (5 + t)}-> 6**-*~-W

h 2 :^'f

H (Z +

t) dt,

t)]p

where

A is a constant. We obtain a similar expression


(*
;

for

B (z), and hence

it

follows that

2, m

p)

- {-4#

(1
>

(*)

+ ##,

,2)

-'(*-*--i') (*)} (**)* e

-**P-toP)J. \^t)

F*F+0|5
-*-

*
+ oo
,

By considering
is

the behaviour of both sides of this equation as z


that

it

not

difficult to see

A=l

and

B = 0.
in the forms

Hence we may write Hankel's formulae

Hu
y

(z)

\ttz)
(z)

J*-*"-**) {2 r (z; p)
e -*- W-i*> {2<*>

+ Rp

<

H,
where the remainder

= (~\

(z;p) +

Rp %

Rp w may
j,

be defined by the equation

" ***

'

{V

'

P)

\JTV
\z

\-2i(z

+ t)}*
so,

dt

Sinee

R (z) ^ 0,
we

we have

+ t\^ ^/(r2 + t'), and Q3


|

by using the crude

inequalities,

see that. the modulus of the last integrand does not exceed
2*-p 7T"1
.

(r3

+ t*)-* lp+1)
|

Hence
|

Rp w
1,

^ 2 1-* G*p

(v,

p)

f
.'

(t*

+ )-*<p+ dt,

and

so,

when p >

we have

(4)

IVI<l(y)l^f|^r
I-p

and similarly

r(Jp + J).|(2*)r and it will be observed that in Weber These are the results obtained by the relative values of v concerning made the analysis no hypothesis has been results obtained by from the differ and p\ in this respect Weber's results
;

K^w

,p;i

other writers.

7'34]
7*34.

ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSIONS
Approximations
to

213

remainders in

the asymptotic expansions.

When
expansion

the argument of a Bessel function


is

term in

it

is not very large*, the asymptotic not well adapted for numerical computation because the smallest (with the remainder after the smallest term) is not particularly

small; at the same time the argument

may

be sufficiently large

for

the

ascending series to converge very slowly.

An
by

ingenious method for meeting these numerical difficulties was devised

Stieltjesf;

we
(x)

shall explain the

method

in detail as applied to the function

K (x) and state the results which were obtained by Stieltjes by applying the
method
to

and

(x).

We
so that

apply the transformation indicated in

7*31 to

the formula 6"15 (4),

\- e

~x

~mi du

e~ xu dOdu _ ejV2 f * J** ~ it J Jo m*(! + |wsin2 0)

V
7T

2
m = oJo
JO

*-?-(lu V
M*

m Bin* 0) '

d0dn

JO

That

is

to say,

n"^"(-i-^^ds*."
.'( 'o

*(1

+ |usin

0)

where

D Rp=~i\

at f"

f*
.'o

e~ xu (hi sin8 0)*

t'.'o

w*(l
(0,

w,

+ usm
,

r~-^rd0du. 2
0)
is

Now
when x

the value of
is

m for which

m)j(2x) m

least is nearly equal to

2x

large

accordingly, in order to consider the remainder after the

smallest term of the series for

(x),

we choose p hp +
;

so that

x=
where a
is

<r,

numerically less than unity

and then
.

Rp=-i
e _1

tt*Jo Jo

2 (1 -*" sin 0)p

m*(1

..,

$usm +\
:

2
-

0)

m d0dn.
up
to a

Now, as u increases from to qo \ue~* H increases from (when u = 2) and then decreases to zero so we write
,
;

maximum

$-*

= e~

~S\

where increases from

to oo

and, for similar reasons,

we

write

sin 2

= ef.
J
(x),

* The range of values of .r under contemplation for the functions from about 4 to about 10. t Ann. Sci. de VEcole norm. sup. (3) in. (1886), pp. 241252.

(x)

and

A' (x) is

214

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


of integration becomes the whole of the
(f, rj)

[CHAP. VII
plane
;

The domain
found that

and

it is

R
where
a o,o

2f^r
7T*

f-

pM)
2o- 2

a r>s

J -oo J -oo

? v>}dtdV
)

lr%=0

= i

2,o

^j,

ao,2

= i>

by some rather tedious arithmetic.


the asymptotic expansion of

It follows* that the

dominant terms of

Rp for large values

of

are

so that

It is easy to verify

by

Stirling's

theorem that
K

(2xy
term omitted.

'

W
if

'

so that the error due to stopping at one of the smallest terms

is

roughly half of the

first

In

like

manner

Stieltjes

proved that,

P (x, 0) and Q (x, 0) are defined as


K

in 7-3, then
(3)

{>

~Jlo

(2*)

'

where
(5)

(6)

provided that

is

chosen so as to be nearly equal to

x,

and t

is

defined to

be x

p.

Results of this character are useful for tabulating Bessel functions in the critical range;

some similar formulae have been actually used for that purpose by Airey, Archiv der Math, und Phys. (3) xx. (1913), pp. 240 244-; (3) XXII. (1914), pp. 30 43 and British Association

Reports, 1913, 1914.


It would be of some interest to extend the results, which Stieltjes has established for Bessel functions of zero order (as well as for the logarithmic integral and some other

functions), to Bessel functions of arbitrary order.


* Cf.

Bromwich, Theory of
8*3.

Infinite Series, 133, 137,

and 174, or the lemma which

will

be

proved in

7*35, 7'4]
7'35.
If

ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSIONS
Deductions from Schafheitlin's integrals.
replace a by 2 tan
in the formulae of
f*
]

215

we

732, we deduce that


t

p/

(2x) v+ i
1

sin-* 6 cos (v
cos 2 " +1 6
sin"-*
sin
(i;

- V) 6

(v

+
+

i)

n,

(2x) v+ l
A

[**
o

- 4)

(v

f).

cos 2 " +1

which resemble Schafheitlin's integrals of


It is obvious

612.

from these results that

P (X,
Q (*,

V)>0,
*)

(_<<

3)

>

o,

(!<"<!)

Q(ar,i')<0.

(~\<v<\)
that

An
is

interesting consequence of these results

is

we can prove

that

Q(x,v)/P(x,v)
an increasing function of x when

< y < and that

it is

a decreasing

function of #

when

<

i>< f

For we have

Q'(x,v)P(x,v)-P'(x,p)Q(x,v)
(

(2x) v+ l

2 )

ft* ft*

where

F (e
>

*>

l^^
(cos0cos<)
:

<

tan *

- tan *> c s <* (tan

*>

e sin ("

*)

<*>>

so that

!(, *)

+ *<*

0)

g=|^|^
;

tan

</,)

sin (i

-,,)(-

*).

If we interchange the parametric variables 0, $ in the double integral and add the results so obtained we see that, when | < v < f the double integral has the same sign as \ - v and this proves the result.
,

7"4.

Schlafli's investigation

of th e asymptotic expansions of Bessel functions.

its

In a memoir which seems hardly to have received the recognition which importance deserves, Schlafli* has given a very elegant but somewhat

elaborate investigation of the asymptotic expansions of the functions of the third kind.

The

integral

formulae from

generalisations of Bessel's integral

which he derived these expansions are although Bessel's integral is not so well

adapted as Poisson's integral


*

for

constructing the asymptotic expansion of


in

Ann. di Mat.

(2) vi. (1875), pp.

the importance of this

memoir

is

recognised

120. The only standard work on Bessel functions is the treatise by Graf and Gubler.

which

216

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


when
z
is

[OHAP.

VH

(z)

large

and

v is fixed, yet Schlafli's


it

method not only succeeds

in obtaining the expansion, but also

expresses the remainders in a neat and

compact form.
Schlafli's

procedure consisted in taking integrals of the type

and selecting the contour of integration in such a way


Ire* (u
is constant.

that,

on

it,

the

phase* of

+ l/)
is

He
it
;

took two contours, the constants for the respective contours

being
(I)

and

and

it is

supposed that r

positive

and a

is real.

Let us

first

take the phase to be


u

ir

write
,

+ pe a

where p

is

positive

and 6

is real,

and then

reia p*e2i0 l(l


is

+ pe *)
1

negative,

and

is

consequently equal to

its

conjugate complex.

Hence we have
(1) {L)

sin(a

+ 2fl)

sm(a + 6)'

U
variable

sinfl

sin(a
<f>

+ 0)

Next choose a new parametric


<f>

such that

= 20 + a - 7T,
.

and then
' ( v2)

/^

w=
as
<f>

cos \ (a T7 cos |(a

- <b)
+
<p)

,,

(u

- l)
u

TT e *.

re

~=

T7 cos | (a

- r sin JX cos i/ a ~ 9) f( +
2
,

.x

9)

(ir a) to (ir a), u traces out a contour emerging from the origin at an angle {ir a) with the positive real axis and passing to < a < 2v. infinity at an angle (ir a) with the positive real axis, provided that
Now,
varies from If this restriction is not laid

on a the contour passes to

infinity

more

than once.

We
value
a,

shall

now lay

this restriction

on a

specified for formula 6*22 (9), provided that

and then the contour is of the type we give a> and arg z the same

as is permissible.

It follows that

2i sin vrr

^bC'-'M-DI-J*
<f>

where u
*

is

defined in terms of

by equation

(2).
this section with the

The reader
viii.

will find it interesting to

compare the general methods of

"method
Chapter

of steepest descents" which

is

applied to obtain various asymptotic expansions in

7*4]

ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSIONS
<f>

217

Changing the sign of is equivalent to replacing u by 1/u, and so, replacing the expression on the left by its value as a function of the third kind, we have
(8)
e*""

H (re'>-**>) = TV"' +
.

i*")

exp

\reu (u

+ 1)1

^~to

d<f>.

From
as
<

(2) it follows that

varies monotonically from

re* (u Yf/u increases steadily* from to it a and, if we write


;

oo

- re u (u so that
t is

iy/u

t,

positive

when u

is

on the contour, we have


dt
'

du
~u

dt

- reu (w - 1/u) ~ e -t(T-)i ( wi + u-*) *J{rt)


ir.

the range of values of arg w being less than

Next, by Cauchy's theorem,

it is

outside the contour because the origin


It follows that
( 4)

convenient to take the point = 1 inside the contour, but f = is a branch-point.

must be

n. +u-. = <*+j

-f

,jr?(.t-}W
Jo
J

Hence

W
Now
1

'

'"
p- 1

27rirM"

(f-iy +
(-)p
tP

W^)

'

it is

evident that
(-)
g>

" w = (C- l)""* (r+r + (- l)v (re-)P {(?- 1)' + #/(re*)} (f - 1)' + #/(re*)
where

ft>

is

any

positive integer (zero included).

It will be convenient subse-

quently to suppose that

exceeds both

R(p )

and

R ( v $).
and observing that

On making

this substitution in the last integrand


,

j_

h+ w+
,

1+

2-Tri]

*
-

^
2),

a*

I>-m + ).(2m!)
I

I> + m + i)

= m\(v,m)
(2m)!
*

(with the notation of 7


(6)

we deduce

that

H.

(<-.-.)

= (^)*exp {nf //(+, l/w+.n-)

) [ <=^> + V>]
<?-#>-* "+p-*

where
(_)p

ddt

"*
, .

2mV(2V); 27rtV(27r)io
d
dtp cos

J i
sin 2

(- V)^ (re{(r1

1)'

+ ?*7(ia )}

a + cos ft

_ ~

sin

ft

(1

+ 2 coa a cob ft + cos" ft) (cos a + cos ft) 2


*

W.

B. F.

218
First consider
I

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


r(+,i/+,i+)

[CHAP.Vn

" +*>-*dZ

When p
circles

(c-iy^-M^-iy+w^M is so large that it exceeds both R (v ) and R{v ^), we take the
ton]

contour to be as shewn in Fig. 15; and

when the

radii of the large

and small
to zero.

tend to

oo

and

respectively the integrals along

them tend

If

now we

write

=e ,ri (l-a;)Joo
on the two rays (which are
1
r (+, l/t*+,

all

that survives of the contour),

we

find that

i+)

+p-i

d
(-)* cos
vir
1

ton)

(-l)*p->{(f_l)*+#/(re*)}
f

aP-* (1

- xY+*-*dot;
'

tx(l-x)/(reia )

Fig. 15.

Now

the numerator of the integrand is positive (when v is real), and the modulus of the denominator is never less than 1 when \nr< a< tr\ for other
values of a
it is

never less than

sin

Therefore

where
is

is 1

or

cosec a

according as cos a

is

negative or positive.

When

complex,
(7)

it is

easy to see that

Vk

cosi/tt

\(R(v),p)
|

cos

(i/tt)

(2r)*>

7'4]

ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSIONS
finally,

219

Hence,
(8)

when

*.<,

w.

$v~ [s fcg^>
>
| |

ir < arg z < w,

+ * fcggtfj
is

where
fied

0j

does not exceed 1 or sec (arg s)

according as I(z)
|.

positive or

negative, provided that v is real

and p + $ >

When v is complex, the modisee that, in (8),


X

form of the remainder given by (7) has to be used.


Since

has

its real

R{1 -te(l - x)jfrd*j\ > when ^(e^^O, we part positive when v is real and l(z)^0.
by
iz in (8)

If z be replaced

we

find that,

when arg z\<ir,


|

and,

when

v is real,
(i)
(ii)

i2(0,)>Oand|08 j<l, ifR(z)>0,


|0,|<|cosec(args)|,ifl*(s)<O.

The

modifications necessary for complex values of v are left to the reader.

(II)

We

next discuss the consequences of taking the phase of

ire<-(M-2
to be zero.

+ l/tt)

As

before,

we

write

u=

+ pe**,
therefore equal to its conjugate
(1).

and then reu />9 **/(! +pei9) is positive, and complex, so that we obtain anew equation
preceding analysis by writing
<p

We

then diverge from the

= -(20 + a)
(-iy =
u
rsin'ft

so that

(10)

tt-" *^**) sin(a-0)


11
<f>

rCfa
'

sin(a-)sin(a +

4>)'

Now,
angle

as

varies from

to

a,

traces out a contour


real axis

origin at

an angle a with the positive


with the positive real
axis,

emerging from the and passing to infinity at an provided that a lies between ir and it.
6'22 (8)
if,

The contour is then of the type specified for formula missible, we give a> and argz the same value a.
It follows that,

as

is

per-

when tr < a <

tt,

K
where u
(11)
is

(re**)

= cos vir

u-"' 1 exp 1

- ^re* (u +
;

-) f

jt d<t>,

defined as a function of
<

<f>

by equation (10)
1

and therefore

(/*'<-*>)

-^1T( m-k + u) exp |- Ire * (u + =1

d log u
1)

220

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


if

[CHAP. VII

and hence,

now
t

= reu (u-lflu,

we

find that

have consequently expressed a second solution of Bessel's equation in a and the analysis its asymptotic expansion can be deduced (z), the final result being that, when proceeds as in the case of v
form from which
;

We

{1)

- tt < &rg z <


(13)

fa,
pz 1

H 0) = (}
|

e-*

<*-*'*-*>

(m)

(v,p)

L-o(2i*)"
|

(2**)M

argz according as I{z) ^ or I(z) > 0, and .ft (02 ) ^ when I(z) ^ 0. If v is provided that v is real and p + 1 > u complex the form of the remainder has to be modified, just as in the case of (8).
where
2
|

does not exceed 1 or

sec
|

It should be observed that, since the integrands in (3)

and (11) are even

functions of

v, it is
,

must exceed |
Poisson's type.

unnecessary in this investigation to suppose that R (v) as was necessary in investigations based on integrals tof

7'5.

Barnes' investigation * of asymptotic expansions of Bessel functions.

The asymptotic expansions of functions of the third kind follow immediately from Barnes' formulae which were obtained in 6*5, 651. Let us consider " t " '~p r (- s) r (- 2v - s) r ( v + s + j) (- iizy ds
,

/.

ao

ivp

= (- 2u)-*-*
If arg
|
|

["'
J -TCi

T(-s + p+p) r(-s-v +p) V(s-p + 1) (- 2iz)ds.


8,

( iz) ^ f it

we have

r(-s+v+p)r(-s-v+p)r(s-p + i)(-2izyds\
I/:
1

< j"
J -coi

\r(-s + v + p)r(-s-p+p)r(s-p + $)el*- s)


convergent and so the
first

'

ds\,
is

and the

last integral is

integral of all

0{(-2i*)-'-p}.
But, by the arguments of
6'51,

the

first

integral

is

2iri

times the
it is

sum
at

of the residues at the poles on the right of the contour, and so

equal to

7T- Hv w {z)j\ei(z~ v " s = - p , p f,

cos pit (2z) v ] plus


...,

27ri times the sum of the residues p p + \. The residue at v m \ is


r (p + m + ) T(- p + m + $)
m\(-2izy +m+ *
(1908), pp.

(-)"'

* Trans.

Camb. Phil. Soc. xx.

273279.

7'5, 7*51]

ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSIONS
j

221

and

so,

when arg ( iz) < \ir $


|

M
and

- 1Fr(,

:yS +
i

' ti)

^-H
investigation of

this is equivalent to the result obtained in 7*2.


(z)

The

HJ

may be

constructed by replacing

by - i throughout.

The reader should notice that, although the determination of the order of magnitude of the remainders by this method is transparently simple, it is not possible to obtain concrete formulae, concerning the magnitude and the sign
of the remainders, which are ultimately supplied

by the methods which have

been previously considered.

7'51.

Asymptotic expansions of products of Bessel functions.

It does not seem possible to obtain asymptotic expansions of the four products Jn(z) J,(z) in which the coefficients have simple forms, even

when
ifM
<2>

fi

= v. The

reason for this

(z)

H^ (z)

have asymptotic expansions

exists for the general

term

(z) (z) and which no simple expression the leading terms in the two expansions are
is

that the products


for

H^

2 eg**ri0+>+i).ri
trz

2/^+2^-1
4dz
...}.

The productsiTM (*)HW * (z) and J? M (z)H^(z), however, do possess simple


asymptotic expansions ; and from them
for

we can deduce asymptotic

expansions

j;(i)/P (#)+r,(i)F,(i)
and
for

J, (z)
simplest

(z)

- FM (z) J (z).
is

The

way of constructing the expansions


7*5.

by Barnes' method,

just explained in 541 suggests that

consideration of series of the type obtained in

we should examine

the integral

is to be chosen so that the poles of T (2s + 1) lie on the left of the contour and the poles of the other four Gamma functions lie on the right of the contour and it is temporarily supposed that /*, v and fiv are not

the contour

integers, so that the integrand has

no double

poles.

The

integral is convergent

provided that

arg(t>)

< f 7r.

222

THBOBY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


First evaluate the integral

[CHAP.

VH

by swinging round the contour

to enclose the

sequences of poles which


is

lie

to the right of the original contour ; the expression

equal to minus the

sum

of the residues at these poles, and the residue at

m + JO* + v) is
ggH+ww
~~

sin fiir .sin vtr

r (fi + v + 2m + 1) (-)m (^zy+* +am ) sin (/a + v)ir' m\T + m + 1) T (v + ra + 1 ) T (ft + v + m + 1


.

(jj.

It follows that

^D<^ +1 r (H-H r
>

ft

?--)

xr (^- a r (-^-^) (
)

)s,<fo

~ sin fiir sin pit \


e*"->- J_^ (z)
sin (v

sin (ji

+ v) tr
sin
(/*

sin

(ji

- v) ir
| )

J (z)

g-(M+")X JL (*) /_, M

(,g)

fi) w

+ v) ir

sin (^

+ v) 7r sin (/* i>) ir


(^

2lnT^ ^
C

)J' (^)+

(^

)F ' (

- cot | (/* - *) ir {/M (*) Fr (s) - FM (z) J (*)}]


"*

2 COS J

(/LI

+ V) IT

.[{/(*)/,(*)+ r,(*)F.Cr)}

+ \,*&\(r-v)Tr{J {z)Y {z)-Y


ti

tl

{z)J (z))l
if

By
| |

writing
|

for i
\

arg iz and arg ( iz) are

throughout the analysis we deduce that, less than $ w, i.e. if arg z\<ir, then
|

both

- COt J (/. " ")

(J (*)

F, (*) - 1 , (*) J. Wl]

r (=*-) r(-^-*)cos*7r.(|*)<fc,

7*51]

ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSIONS

223

and
(2)
-

M . t +>))r [|J">WJ.W+F,(,)r.(.)
+ tan i 0 - ")

[J* (') Y. (*) 1

F () /, (*))]

-BD^^er-'-) "^-)
xr(J- s) r (-^-) sin, w .(i,)-<&.
These results hold for all values of p and v (whether integers or not) provided that, in the case of the former p + v and p p are not even integers, and. in the case of the latter p + v and p p are not odd integers.

We
(1)

now

obtain the asymptotic expansions of the functions on the

left

of

and

(2) after the

manner of

7*5.

We first

take

to be

tegrands on the

left

of the line R(s)


/oof

an integer so large that the only poles of the in= -p-\ are poles of Y (2s + 1) ; and then
raoi-pl
J

-x*

-xj p J

(when either integrand is inserted) is equal to 2wt times the sum of the residues at the poles between the contours. Since
, x.-p-J J

-xt-p-J

^ ^ ^ ^ ^_^
when arg z <
j i

we deduce
(8)
.

that the asymptotic expansions,

ir,

are

Jh (z) Jv (z) + F (z) F, (#)] - cot \{p - v) 7T


+

/*

[J, (,) F Cr) -

(z)

F (*)]

7T

.=o

"

(2m +

1) !($*)*+

ipi-rini^-Oir-^l
and

+1

'

+^ -- +

1,

g"

2'"W

2
4
2

At +
\

|/

+1

/A-I/

+ 1 I/-/A+1
2

1-/A-1/
2
'

_1\
?/*

~7rzcosi(/*-v)7r"

2'

224

THEOEY OP BESSEL FUNCTIONS


In the special case when fiv, the
last

[CHAP. VII

formula reduces to

(5)

JS(*)+7S(s)~2- 5 {1.3.5...(2m-l)}^,

and, in particular,
(6)

Jo

(,)+I.

<*)~~J& o
I.

(2m)l(&)-

Formula
formulae
(3)

(5)

seems to have been discovered by Lorenz, K. Danske Vidensk, Sehkabs


[Oeuvres scientifcpies,
(1898), p. 435], while the

Skrifter, (6) vi. (1890).

more general

were stated by Orr, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. x. (1900), p. 99. A proof of (5) which depends on transformations of repeated integrals was given by Nielsen, Handbuch der Theorie der Cylinderfunktionen (Leipzig, 1904), pp. 245 247 the expansion (5)

and

(4)

is,

however, attributed to Walter Gregory by A. Lodge, British Association Report, 1906,

pp.

494498.

It is not easy to estimate exactly the magnitude or the sign of the remainder after any number of terms in these asymptotic expansions when this

method
of J,2
(z)

is

used.

An

alternative

F2 (z) will be given in

method of obtaining the asymptotic expansion 13'75, and it will then be possible to form

such an estimate.

CHAPTER
8*1.

VIII

BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF LARGE ORDER


Bessel functions of large order.

The subject of this chapter is the investigation of descriptive properties, including approximate formulae, complete asymptotic expansions, and infunctions and the probe examined are of primary importance when the orders of the functions concerned are large, though niany of the results happen to be, true
;

equalities of various types connected with Bessel

perties

which

will

for functions of all positive orders.

We

shall first obtain results

which are of a purely formal character,


Next, we shall obtain certain

associated with Carlini's formula (1*4).

approximate formulae with the aid of Kelvin's* "principle of stationary phase." And finally, we shall examine the contour integrals discovered by

Debyef

these will be employed firstly to obtain asymptotic expansions


real,

when

the variables concerned are

secondly, to obtain

numerous

inequalities of

varying degrees of importance, and thirdly, to obtain asymptotic expansions of Bessel functions in which both the order and the argument are complex.

In dealing with the function J (as), in wfiich v and x are positive, it is found that the problems under consideration have to be divided into three
classes,

according as xjv

is less

than, nearly equal to, or greater than unity.

Similar sub-divisions also have to be

made

in the corresponding theorems

concerned with complex variables.

The
and

trivial

problem of determining the asymptotic expansion of J,

(),

when

v is large

z is fixed,

may be noticed
by applying

here.
Stirling's

It is evident,

theorem to the expansion of

3*1,

that

^(*)~exp{v+vlog(^)-(v+|)logv}.[co+^+^ +
where
p. 369.

...l,
lii.

1/J(2n)',

this result has been pointed out

by Horn, Math. Ann.

(1899),

For physical applications of approximate formulae for functions of large order, may be consulted: Macdonald, Proe. Royal Soc. lxxi. (1903), pp. 251 258; lxxii. (1904), pp. 5968; xc.A (1914), pp. 5061; Phil. Trans, of the Royal Soc. cxx. A 144; Debye, Ann. der Physik und Chemie, (4) xxx. (1909), pp. 57136; (1910), pp. 113 March, Ann. der Physik und Chemie, (4) xxxvii. (1912),, pp. 2950; Rybczynski, Ann. der
[Note.
the following writers

* Phil. Mag. (5) xxiii. (1887), pp. 252255. [Math, and Phys. Papers, iv. (1910), pp. 303306.] In connexion with the principle, see Stokes, Trans. Comb. Phil. Soc. ix. (1856), p. 175 footnote.

[Math, and Phys. Papers, n. (1883), p. 341.] t Math. Ann. txvu. (1909), pp. 535 558; MUnehener Sitzuvgsberichte, xl.

[5], (1910).

226

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


;

[CHAP. VIII

Phyrii und Ckemie, (4) xli. (1913), pp. 191208 Nicholson, Phil. Mag. (6) xix. (1910), Love, Phil. Trans, of the Royal Soc. ccxv. A (1915), pp. 105 131 Watson, pp. 516 537 Proc. Royal Soc. xcv. A (1918), pp. 8399, 546563. The works quoted all deal with the problem of the propagation of electric waves over the surface of the earth, and are largely concerned with attempts to reconcile theoretical with experimental results.]

8*11.

Meissel's first extension of Carlini's formula.


( 1*4)

The approximation

obtained by Carlini

is

the
;

first

term of the

asymptotic expansion of a Bessel function of large order


in the expansion were formally calculated
(1892),
col.

subsequent terms

281284,

It is clear that Bessel's equation


)

(1)
if

we

define a function

^
us>
...

in the following

by Meissel, Astr. Nach. cxxix. manner:


be written

may

+^-^(i-^.W=o;
u

u (z) by the equation

^( y*>* r(iT+l) exp {/


then equation
(2)
(1)

^ dz
2

transforms into
* [it' (*)

{u (s)} 2 ]

+ zu (z) -

i/

(1

- 5 ) = 0.
(z) is

If

now we assume

that, for large values of


v,

v,

expansible in a series

of descending powers of

thus

u (z)

vu +

it,

+ v^/v + u

3 /v*

...,

where

i*o,

i, Ma,

denote functions of z which are independent of

v,

by

substituting in (2) and equating to zero the coefficients of the various powers
of v on the
left,

we

find that

,{V(i

-)}/*,
s

^=20^).
Ui
'

"2== 3

Ws=
iu

45+105* + 8(1 -i-y


I62
8

_
s

64^ + 560a

+ i28(i-^)V
9

8 (i!^r 4565 5 + 25s 7


'

+ 3685 + 9245 + 374* + lSz


7

32(l-5 )
it is

2 7

Hence, on integration,

found

(cf.

1*4) that

J'u (z) dz -

v {log
1
1

+
(

^
(

_ 2, +
)

V(l

*)
2

- l} - i log (1 - z*)
2

+ 353 _ 24i/|(i_^
2

\
j

4>z

+ z*
|

16r> 2

(l-5 )3
3

+ 57607
+
3252

16

-1512s 2 - 3654^-3755" (l-*8 ) 1

2 88-g4

23 25s

13-g8

128^(1

-5 )

2 6

'

8*11, 8*12]

FUNCTIONS OF LARGE ORDER


Meissel's formula

227

Hence we have
(3)

( pz)=s

<?*y ex p y

&T (v + 1) (1

- * ^ *)* {1
4>z*

exp (- F*>

V(l

- *s )}'

where
<*>

(1-*)t 16i^(l-^) *-tS-}j

+ z*

1__

!6

- 1512.? - 3654g - 375s _


8

J
J

5760^1
32**

(i_*.)*

+ 288** + 232* + ISz* + ""


128v*(l-^)8

It will appear in 8*4 that the expression given for

is

the

sum

of the

four dominant terms of an asymptotic expansion which is certainly valid

when

lies

between

and 1 and v

is large.

It is stated

by Graf and Gubler* that the first approximation derivable from

(3),

namely

j
is
;

(ve)

*pW(r-/
(2irv)i(l-**)i{l+V(l
-*)}''

due to Duhamel but a search for the formula in Duhamel's writings has not been and it seems certain that, even if it had been discovered by Duhamel, his discovery would have been subsequent to Carlini's.
successful,

Note.
(5)

The reader should


t/, v (v

observe that (3)

may

also
.

be written in the form


.

= seen a) '

y/(2trv

' , '

tanh o)

where
(6)

^=^^(2 + 3secha)-^^(4secha+sech*a)
- gsLrJ (16 - 1512 sech8 a - 3654 sech4 a - 375 sech8 a)

-C

Ma
4

(32 sech* a+ 288 sech* a + 232 sech8 a + 13 sech*- a)

+ ....
8*12.

Meissel's second expansion.

The expansion obtained


z
is real

in 8*11 obviously fails to represent


for

Jv (vz) when
may

such values of z, Meisself obtained two formal solutions of Bessel's equation and, if we write z = sec /3, the reader
;

and greater than unity;

will see,

by making some modifications

in

81 1

(5),

that these solutions

be written in the form

/(*-*) P{f Attr. Nach. exxx. (1892),


col.

A tM.
i.

* Einleitung in die Tfieorie der BeueVsehen Funktionen,

(Bern, 1898), p. 102.

363368.

228

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. VIII

where*
(1)

P, = ^(4sec*,8

+ sec</3)
+
s

^^

(32 sec8

288 sec4

+ 232 sec

+ 13 sec8 )
8

+ g^T (768 sec + 41280 se&0+ 14884 sec/S + 17493 sec

+ 4242 sec
(2)

10

+ 103 sec

12

Q,

= ,(tan-/3)-^^(2 + 3sec
I

/3)

5 yg

^ (16

- 1512 sec 8

3654

sec*

- 375 sec

0)

+
to far,

3 225(30i;
....

< 256

+ 7872 sec2 3 + 18 9!200 sec4 + 4744640 sec6 + 1914210 sec8 /3 + 67599 sec )
'

10

To determine

Jv (vsec 0)
;

in terms of these expansions,

we take

to tend

and compare the

results so obtained with the expansions of Hankel's

type given in 7'21

we see that, as -*- \tt, P* 0, Q v ~v (sec -

%tt),

and we
(3)

infer that

JT. (v sec 0) =

J(~~)

e-^+^-K
e- p-- iQ-+ini

(4)

#<"

(i/

sec

0)

= J(r^!~)
/

'

It follows that
(5)

J, f> sec

/S)

^/

(^~

- p" cos (Q
- p " sin
(Q,

- ^r\

(6)

F, (v sec 0) =

^/(~^)

- ,

where P and Q are defined by (1) and (2). It will appear subsequently ( 8 41) that these formulae are actually asymptotic expansions of Jv {y sec 0) is any assigned acute angle. and F (y sec 0) when i> is large and
#

of

Formulae which are valid for small values of 0, i.e. asymptotic expansions valid when z and v are both large and are nearly (z) and F (z) which are equal, cannot easily be obtained by this method but it will be seen in 8*2 that, for such values of the variables, approximations can be obtained by rigorous methods from Schlafli's extension of Bessel's integral.

The reader

will observe that the

approximation has been carried two stages farther than in

the corresponding analysis of 8*11.

8*2]
Note. form
(7)

FUNCTIONS OF LARGE ORDER


The dominant terms
in the expansions (5)

229

and

(6),

which

may be written

in the

Jv (x)=Mv coa(Qv -br),


*'-

Yv {x)=Mv &va{Q v -ir),

Wh6re

(**-*) )*>
(v/x),

Qv ~ */(*? v 2 ) - \vir + v arc sin

had been obtained two years before the publication of Meissel's paper by memoir on Physical Optics, K. Dantke Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, [Oeuvres Scientifiques, L (1898), pp. 421 436.]

L. Lorenz in a
(6) vi. (1890).

The procedure of Lorenz was to take for granted which has been proved in 7*51,

that, as

a consequence of the result

-* Jf *'

t*L

Til + 8'
y2

y2

-*,

1-3 (*>-*). (*-f) ** 2.4

"I

-J

-JLTi
*#!_

-*T*
J
'

tf*

and then to use the exact equation


(8) V
'

SL'._L_
dx
-nxM*'
(1),

which

is easily

deduced from the Wronskian formula of 3*63

to prove that

whence the approximation stated

for

Qv follows without difficulty.

Subsequent researches on the lines laid down by Lorenz are due to Macdonald, Phil. Trans, of the Royal Soc. ccx. A (1910), pp. 131144, and Nicholson, Phil. Mag. (6) xiv.
(1907), pp.
ix. (1911), pp.
is closely

697707 (6) six. (1910), pp. 228249; 516537; Proc. London Math. Soc. (2) 6780; (2) XL (1913), pp. 104126. A result concerning Qv+1 -Q which connected with (8), has been published by A. Lodge, British Association Report,
;

1906, pp. 494498.

8*2. The principle of stationary phase. Bessel functions of equal order and argument.

The principle of stationary phase was formally enunciated by Kelvin* in connexion with a problem of Hydrodynamics, though the essence of the principle
is to be found in some much earlier work by Stokes f on Airy's integral ( 6'4) and Parseval's integral ( 2*2), and also in a posthumous paper by Riemann %.

The problem which Kelvin propounded was


integral
1

to find

an approximate expression

for the

2irJ

cos [to {x tf(m)}] dm,

which expresses the effect at place and time (x, t) of an impulsive disturbance at place and time (0, 0), when /(to) is the velocity of propagation of two-dimensional waves in water
corresponding to a wave-length 2n/m.

The

principle of interference set forth

by Stokes

* Phil. Mag. (5) xxra. (1887), pp. 252255. [Math, and Phys. Papers, rr. (1910), pp. 303306.] t Comb. Phil. Trans, a. (1856), pp. 175, 183. [Math, and Phys. Papers, n. (1883), pp. 341, 851.] t Ges. Math. Werke (Leipzig, 1876), pp. 400-406.

230
and Rayleigh
of values of

THEOBY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


in their treatment of group-velocity

[CHAP. VIII

that, for large values of

and wave-velocity suggested to Kelvin x-tf(m), the parts of the integral outside the range (ft -a, /* + ) are negligible on account of interference if /x is a value (or the value) of m

which makes

^[{*-*/(i)}]=0.
In the range (ji-a, /a+a), the expression m{x-tf(m)} three terms of its expansion by Taylor's theorem, namely
is

then replaced by the

first

M {*-<f (m)} + 0. (m
and
it is

-/0-iW .00 + 2/'

0*)}

(m-tf,

found that, if*

W2
"n/[-Mm/"(m) + 2/'(m)]'
cob
{*//' 0)

then

f ~7r^/[-2t{hf"( H.) + 2f'(H.)}]

+ !*} Ar

{/' Qi) + jir}


V["2ir<{f*/"(M) + 2/'0*)}]-

In the last integral the limits for


replaced by
It will
the case

a,

which are large even though a be small, have been

oo

and

+ oo

due

to

be seen from the foregoing analysis that Kelvin's principle is, effectively, that in of the integral of a rapidly oscillating function, the important part of the integral is that part of the range of integration near which the phase of the trigonometrical
is

function involved

stationary \.

It has subsequently been noticed J that it is possible to give a formal mathematical proof of Kelvin's principle, for a large class of oscillating functions,

by using Bromwich's generalisation of an

integral formula
will

due to
for

Dirichlet.

The form of Bromwich's theorem which

be adequate

the applica-

tions of the principle to Bessel functions is as follows

let

ybea function
i
jo

Let F{x)be a function of x which has limited total fluctuation when x^O; Then, ifl<fi<l, of v which is such that vy -* oo as v -* oo
.

v*

a?- 1

F (x)smvx

dx-~

(+ 0)

tr~ l sin t dt
.

= F (+ 0) V (ft) sin \fitr

Jo

and,

if0<fi<l,the

sines

may

be replaced by cosines throughout.


will

The method which has just been explained


*

now be used

to obtain
at =/*;

an

This

is

the appropriate substitution

when m{x-tf(m)} has a minimum

for a

maximum
e.g.

the sign of the expression under the radical is changed.

t A persistent search reveals traces of the use of the principle in the writings of Cauohy. See equation (119) in note 16 of his TMorie de la propagation des Ondes, crowned Sept. 1815, Mem. prisent&s par divers savants, i. (1827). [Oeuvres, (1) i. (1882), p. 230.]

t Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. xix. (1918), pp. 4955. Bromwich, Theory of Infinite Series, 174.

8*2]

FUNCTIONS OF LARGE ORDER


is

231
This formula,

approximate formula for J (v) when v which was discovered by Cauchy*, is


(1)

large

and

positive.

J9 (v),

r(*)
2^.3*7T^'

This formula has been investigated by means of the principle of stationary phase, comparatively recently, by Nicholson, Phil. Mag. (6) xvi. (1909), pp. 276 277, and Rayleigh,

Phil.

Mag.

(6) xx. (1910), pp.

10011004

[Scientific

Papers, v. (1912), pp. 617620]; see

also Watson, Proc.

Camb. Phil.

Soc. xix. (1918), pp.

4248.

From

6'2 (4) it is evident that

J( v) =
and obviously

tJo

1 f'cos

[v

(0-

sin 0)}

d$-^^ Jo
ff

( V-ie-fsinh*) dt,

smw
Hence

"
e

^ {t+Anh() dt
[v

["^t dt=Q ^i v)
d$

J
Now
let
<f>

()

f T JO

1 'cos

(6

- sin 6)}

(1/v).

= sin 0, and
f 'cos { v (0 Jo

then
I'

- sin 0)\ d0 l

cosv<l>

Jo 1

-cos

d<f>.

But
and hence,
it

im

_i_
-cos0

2
6*
(0, v),

*-ol
if
<f>*/(l

cos 0)
['
I

has limited total fluctuation in the interval

follows from Bromurich's theorem that


cosi/0
,. -* dq>

Jol-costf

6 r ~ -= r 6* Jo
|

/*

...

* cos v<bd<b

,.

r ^
'

=S

ra)C Si7r

and then
It
still

(1) follows at once.

this result

has to be proved that 0*/(l we observe that


.
4>*
f

- cos 0)
1

has limited total fluctuation

to establish

<# (1-costfJ
where
so that

_ <fr~*sinflg(0)
3(1 -cos 6)*

'

o ^ * v '

2(1-008^ _
sin ^

3 $ _ 8m 0)

^(0)=0,

gr(,r-0)=+a>,

^ (0) (1 - cos 0)*/(l + cos 0) > 0,


and therefore, by integration, g(0)^0 when O$0<tt. Consequently <*/(l-cos0) monotonic and it is obviously bounded. The result required is therefore proved.
* Compte* Eendus, xxxvm. (1854), p. 993. Cauchy's methods will be given in 8-21.
is

[Oeuvret,

(1)

xn. (1900), p. 663.]

proof by

232

THEORY OF
By means
of

BjSSSEL FUNCTIONS
it is

[CHAP. VHI
possible to obtain

some tedious integrations by parts*,

a second approximation, namely

and

it

may

also

be proved that

(3)

J/W-lr^ + o (*"*);
is

an associated formula
(4)

F.(,)~-?
2*7Tl/*

The asymptotic
in 8-42.

expansions, of which these results give the dominant

terms, will be investigated with the aid of

more powerful analytical machinery

8*21.

Meissel's third expansion.

The
It will

integral just discussed has

obtain the formal asymptotic expansion of

now be explained how this a more complete form) by Meissel the theoretical cesses employed will be investigated in 8*42.
;

been used by Cauchyf and Meissel $ to Jn (n) when n is a large integer. expansion was obtained by Cauchy and (in
justification of the pro-

Taking the formula

Jn (w)
let

=-

cos {n (0

sin

0)} d0,

us write

sin $*

it

then follows that, for sufficiently small values of t,

m=0

and

\q =

1,

\ = $,

\2 = TlW

^* =

26&00>

^<

~ T7 llooo

>

It follows that

Jn (n) - -

f( I

(2m +

1)

X. *"l cos Qnfi)


limit,

d0.

When n

is large,

\ni? is large at the

upper

and Meissel inferred that


(\n&)dt,

/n(w)~- 2 (2m
7Tt=0

+ l)*. O .'0
\

t*" cos

* BeeProc. Camb. Phil. Soc. xix. (1918), pp. 4248. t Comptet Rendu*, xxxvm. (1854), pp. 990998, 11041107. [Oeuvret, (1) xu. (1900), pp. 161164, 167170.] t Astr. Nach. cxxvn. (1891), col. 359 362; cxxviu. (1891), col. 145154. Concerning formula (1), Meissel stated "Sohon vor dreissig Jahren war ich zu folgenden Forme! gelangt."

8*21, 8*22]

FUNCTIONS OF LARGE ORDER


the sign indicating a "generalised integral"
( 6*4)
;

233

where

is

and hence, by

integrating term-by-term and using Euler's formula, Meissel deduced that

(1)

I I A T (fm + i) Jn (*) ~ 7T (l ) \/
in _

,m+}
cos

(*m +

*) .

Meissel also gave an approximation for X m , valid

when
(1).

m is large;

and

this approxima-

tion exhibits the divergent character of the expansion

The approximation is obtainable by the theory developed in the memoir of Darboux, "Sur l'approximation des functions de tres grands nombres," Journal de Math. (3) iv. (1878), pp. 556, 377416.

We consider the singularities of 6 qua


be monogenic) are the points at which

function of

the singularities (where 6

fails

to

dirn and

t=(12rir)*, where

r +1, 2, 3,

...

and near*

**=

(12w) the dominant terms in the expansion of 8 are


2*- + (36r)*{l 1 J

* + -41'

By the theory of Darboux, an approximation to X m is the sum of the coefficients of fr** 1 in the expansions of the two functions comprised in the last formula ; that is to say
that

Xw ~2.(36,r)i

*-M-<.->
(2w + l)!(12ir)*" +
,
'
1

2r(2m+)
3^r(|)r(2m + 2).(127r)*m
and
so,

by

Stirling's formula,

(2)

Xm

~
;

(18)*r(|)(m+J)*(12ir)*
This is Meissel's approximation by Cauchy, loc. tit., p. 1106.

an approximation of the same character was obtained

8*22.

The application of Kelvin's principle

to

J
i.

(v sec 0).

The

principle of stationary phase has been applied


for

by Rayleighf

to obtain

an approximate formula and v is large J.

J (v sec 0) where

is

fixed positive acute angle,

As

in 8'2

we have

J, (v sec 0)

= - (cos [v (0 - sec

sin 0))

d0+O (1/v),
= 0.
in-

and

sec

sin

is

stationary (a

minimum) when
<f>,

Write sec creases from to

sin

tan +

so that

<f>

decreases to zero as
to
tr.

and then increases as

increases from

* These are the singularities which are nearest to the origin,

t Phil. Mag. (6) xx. (1910), p. 1004. [Scientific Papers, v. (1912), p. 620.] % See also Macdonald, Phil. Traru. of the Royal Soc. ccx. A (1910), pp. 131144; and Proc. Royal Soc. lxxi. (1903), pp. 251258; lxxii. (1904), pp. 5968.

234

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Now
cos [v (0

[CHAP. VIII

sec

sin 0)}
r/-0

dd
f-/5

Jo

+ tan/5-]

dd

and 0*
Hence,
i/^

as

0-/8.

V(2 tan 0)
<f>*

(d0/d<f>)

has limited total fluctuation in the range


tftat

0^0 ^ tt,

it

follows from Bromwich's theorem

cos \v (0

- sec

J*

sin 0)}

d0 ~ 2

cos (v (<

+ - tan 0)}

//

2 <f>tan)

^i/

tan 0,

and

so
(v / "\

n\ (1) v '
The formula
/0 \ (2) '
is

ti

o\ sec r'/ 0)

{ir) ~ cos {y tan 0-0)m


*

V(i*"rtanJ)

( 777

sin{*>(tan/9-#)-?r} v/ o\ 7 * ^ Y (y sec #-/ 0) ~ i-v os v(i/7rtan/8)


v
-

derived in a similar manner from 6 21

(1).

The reader
expansions

will observe that these are the


(6).

dominant terms in Meissel's

8*12 (5),

To complete the

rigorous proof of these formulae

we have

to

shew that 0*

(d$/d<f>)

has

limited total fluctuation.

Now

the square of this function, namely

<f>

(dO/chf))

2
,

is
.

equal to

- sec ft sin - ft + tan ft _ ... _AW cos tf)* (1 - sec


say.

'

But
.,
^

'~

cos

ft

cosecd

(1

- sec ft cos fff- 2 (fl-secftsin - ft+tanft)


cosftcosecd(l-secftcos0) 3

The numerator, k (0),

of this fraction has the differential coefficient

- cos ft cos $ cosec2 0(1- sec ft cos 0) 2


and so k(0) decreases steadily as $ increases from
as $ increases from \ir to
to

ir, and then increases steadily since k(0)=O wben 0=ft<r, it follows that h! (0)^0

when

0^0 <ft
|

and

A'(0) changes sign once (from negative to positive) in the range

ft^d^JT.

Hence
point (a

yjh

(ff)

is

monotonic (and decreasing) when


ft

< 6<
|

minimum)
it

when
proved.

< 6 <

slh (6) consequently has limited total fluctuation


in the range
ir
;

<6<

since

and it has one stationary bounded and continuous when ^ 6 ^ r, as had to be


ft,

is

8'3]
8*3.

FUNCTIONS OF LARGE ORDER


The method of steepest
descents.

235

A development of the theory of contour integration, called


steepest descents*, has been applied
tions

the method of by Debyef to obtain integral representaof Bessel functions of large order from which asymptotic expansions are
If,

readily deduced.

in general,. we consider the integral


e"/<"
J,
<f>

(w) dw,

v is supposed to be large, the contour is chosen so that it passes through a point w at which /'(w) vanishes and the whole of the contour is then determined by the assumption that the imaginary part of f(w) is to be constant on it, so that the equation of the contour may be written in
[
|

in which

the form

If(w)=If(w ).
are real

To obtain a geometrical conception of the contour, let w = u + iv, where u, v and draw the surface such that the three coordinates of any point
;

on

it

are
u,
v,

Rf(w).

If

absolute
all

Rf(w) = z, and if the z-axis be supposed to be vertical, the surface has no maxima or minima except where /(w) fails to be monogenic; for, at
other points,
dv 2

du*

The

points [u

R/(w )]

are saddle points, or passes, on the surface, so that


is

the plan of a curve on the surface which goes through one of the passes on the surface. This curve possesses a further property derived from the equation of the contour for the rate of change of the contour of integration
;

f(w), at any given value of w, has a definite modulus, since /(w) is supposed to be monogenic and since If(w) does not change as w traverses the contour,
;

it

follows that
is

Rf(w) must change

as rapidly as possible

that

is

to say, that

the curve
it,

characterised

by the property that

is

so chosen that it is

any point of the steepest curve through that point and on the
its direction, at

surface.

It may happen that we have a freedom of choice in selecting a pass and then in selecting a contour through that pass our choice is to be determined from the consideration that the curve must descend on both sides of the pass for if the curve ascended, Rf(w) would tend to + oo (except in very special
;

cases) as

left

the pass, and then the integral would diverge

if

R (p) > 0.

* French "Methode du Col," German "Methode der Sattelpunkte." t Math. Ann. lxvii. (1909), pp. 535 558; Miltichener Sitzmigsberichte, xl. [5], (1910). The method is to be traced to a posthumous paper by Biemann, Werke, p. 405 ; and it has recently been applied to obtain asymptotic expansions of a variety of functions.

236

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. VIII

oscillate rapidly

The contour has now been selected* so that the integrand does not on it and so we may expect that an approximate value of
;
:

the integral will be determined from a consideration of the integrand in the

neighbourhood of the pass


the interference effects
(cf.

8*2)

from the physical point of view, we have evaded which occur with any other type of contour.

The mode of derivation of asymptotic expansions from the integral will be seen clearly from the special functions which will be studied in 8*4 8*43,

8*6, 8'61

convenient to enunciate at this stage a lemma f which will be useful subsequently in proving that the expansions which will be obtained
;

but

it is

are asymptotic in the sense of Poincare.

Lemma. Let F{r)

be analytic

when r ^ a
\

8,

where a

> 0,

>

and

let

F(t)= I am ^ m^~\
when
|

^ a,

r being positive ; also,


t,

let

F (r)

<

lTe*

r
,

where

and

b are
the

positive

numbers independent of

when t

is positive

and r > a.

Then

asymptotic expansion

is

1 am T (m/r) v~ m lr m=l valid in the sense of Poincare when \v\is sufficiently large and
e- VT F{r)dT~
/,

where

is

an arbitrary positive number.

It is evident that, if

M be any fixed integer, a constant K


m=l

can be found

such that

whenever t

whether r ^ a or t
j
J

> a and
;

therefore

e- vr F{r)dr=

2
\.

m=l JO

e^a^^^dr + RM

where

l^jfl^f

\e~T

K^i^^dr

Jo
x

= K r (M/r)/{R (v) - b) M* = 0(v-x'r


),

provided that

R (v) >

b,

which

is

the case

when

> b cosec A. The

analysis

remains valid even when b is a function of v such that compared with v. We have therefore proved that
f JO

R (p) b is not small


{v~ M'r ),

erF (t) dr = X am T (m/r) it-**" +


m-l
is

and

so the

lemma

established.

an account of researches in which the contour is the real axis see pp. 1343 Burkhardt's article in the Encyclopadie der Math. Wits. n. 1 (1916). t Cf. Proe. London Math. Soc (2) xvu. (L918), p. 133.

* For

1350 of

8*31]
8*31.

FUNCTIONS OF LARGE ORDER


The construction of Debye's contours* when

237

the variables are real.

It has

been seen in 6*2, 6*21 that the various types of functions associated

with J, (x) can be represented by integrals of the form

taken along suitable contours.

On

the hypothesis that v and x are positive,


of the contours appropriate for the
in 6*2, 6*21.

we

shall

now examine whether any

method of steepest descents are of the types investigated

explained in

In accordance with the principles of the method of steepest descents, as 8*3, we have first to find the stationary points of

x sinh w vw,
qua function of w,
(1)
i.e.

we have

to solve the equation

a;

cosh

w v 0;
consider,

and it is at once seen that we shall have three distinct cases to in which xjv is less than, greater than, or equal to 1, respectively.
sider these three cases in turn.
(I)

We con-

When xjv < 1, we

can find a positive number a such that

(2)

x v sech
is

a,

and then the complete solution of (1)

w = a + 2mri.
It will

be sufficient to confine our attention to the stationary points + a; at f


a?

these points the imaginary part of


of the contour to be discussed
is

sinh

w vw

is zero,

and so the equation

/ (x sinh w vw) 0.
Write

w = u + iv,
= 0,
or

where

u, v are real,

and

this equation

becomes

cosh u sin v
so that v
/ox (o)

v cosh a = 0,
v cosh siny
a
.

coshw =
,

The contour

gives a divergent integral.


(3).

We

therefore consider the

contour given by equation

and ir, correspond pairs of values of u which are equal but opposite in sign and as v increases from to n, the positive value of u steadily increases from a to + x
;
.

To

values of v between

* The contours investigated in this section are those which were discussed in Debye's earlier paper, Math. Ann. lxyii. (1909), pp. 535 558, except that their orientation is different; cf. 6-21. t The effect of taking stationary points other than a would be to translate the contour parallel to the imaginary axis.

238

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP, vin

is unaltered by changing the sign of v and so the contour is symmetrical with regard to the axes the shape of the part of the contour

The equation
between v

= tr

and v = tr

is

shewn in
TTl

Fig. 16.

>
-77
Fig. 16.

If
it is

= sinh a a cosh a (sinh w w cosh a),


is real

easy to verify that t (which

increases in the directions indicated

on the curves shewn by the arrows.

in the figure)

As

travels along the contour from oo

mi
since,

to oo

+ iri,

t decreases from

+ oo

to

and then increases to

+ oo

and

by

6*2 (3),

IlTlJ ao-vi

we have obtained a curve from which we can derive information concerning Jv {x) when x and v are large and x\v< 1. The detailed discussion of the
integral will be given subsequently in 8*4, 85.

iri give information concerning a second but this problem is complicated by Stokes' phenomenon, on account of the two stationary points on the contour.

The contours from

oo

to oo

solution of Bessel's equation;

(II) (4)

When x/v>l, we

can find a positive acute angle


a;=i'sec)9,

/3

such that

and

the relevant stationary points,


cosh

which are now roots of the equation

w cos /8 = 0,

are

w= i#.
take the stationary point
if$,

When we

the contour which

we

obtain

is

I (sinh
so that, replacing
/

w w cos /3) = sin ft fi cos ft,


the equation of the contour
sin ft
is

why

+ iv,

5\

cos h

u=

+ 1^_J^ __
(v
ft)

cos

ft

8*31]

FUNCTIONS OF LARGE ORDER


for values of v

239

Now,

between
sin ft

and

tr,

the function

+ (v ft) cos ft sin v


is

has one

minimum

(v

= ft) at which the value of the function


and
ir,

zero

for other

values of v between

sin ft

+ (v ft) cos ft > sin v.


and
ir,

Hence, for values of v between


of

equation (5) gives two real values

(equal but opposite in sign), and these coincide only

when

= ft.

They

are infinite

when

v is

or

ir.

The shape

of the curves given by equation (5)

is

as

shewn

in the upper

half of Fig. 17; and if

tsj (sin ft ft cos ft) (sinh w w cos ft),


it is

easy to verify that r (which

is

real

on the curves) increases in the

directions indicated
to oo

by the arrows. As

travels along the contour from


to
-f-

+ iri,

r decreases from

+ oo
\

to

and then increases

oo

and so we

^^

ni

S^3

-"""*^

-ni
Fig. 17.

have obtained a curve from which [ 6'21 (4)] we can derive information concerning (#) when x and v are large and x/v > 1. The detailed discussion v of the integral will be given in 8*41, 15'8.
{1)

If

we had taken the

stationary point

ift, we

should have obtained the

curves shewn in the lower half of Fig. 17, and the curve going from
oo

oo

to

7rt

gives an integral associated with

{i)

(x); this also will be discussed

in 8*41.

The two

integrals

solutions of Bessel's equation, so that there

now obtained form a fundamental system of is a marked distinction between


1.

the case x/v

<

and the case xjv >

240
(III)

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


The
case in which v = x

[CHAP.Vm
to be con-

may be

derived as a limiting case either


0.

from

(I) or

from (II) by taking o or

equal to

The curves now

sidered are v
(6)

and
cosh u
18.

v/sin

v,

and they are shewn in Fig.

Fig. 18.

We

obtain information concerning

H,

ll)

(v)

and

{i)

(p)

by considering the

curves from

oo

to oo

iri,

while information concerning


oo

Jv (v)

is

obtained

from the curve which passes from oo mi to tion will be given in 8'42, 853, 8*54.
Geometrical properties of Debtee's contours.

+ vi. The

detailed investiga-

8*32.

An interesting result which will be found to be important in dealing with zeros of Bessel functions ( 15*8), and which is also used in proving certain approximate formulae which will be stated in 8*43, is associated with the second of the three contours just discussed (Fig. 17 of 831).

oc

to

+ jrt

is

positive

The theorem in question and does not exceed *JZ.

is

that the slope* of the branch

from

It is evident that, for the curve in question,

smh u -T- =
.

du
dv

sin( /3) (v ff)convcos3

sin 8 v

But sin(; /3)secv-(i>-/3)cos/3 has the positive derivative cos /3 tan 2 v, and hence
follows that
sin

it

(v- /9) - (v f3) cos

v cos

has the same signt as v /3. Therefore fur the curve under consideration, dv/du

since v /3 and u
is positive.

are both positive or both negative

* Proc. Comb. Phil. Soc. xix. (1918), p. 105.

Since, in the limiting case (Fig. 18) in


is

which

3=0,

the slope

is

on the

left

of the origin

and

^3

immediately on the right of the origin, no

better results of this type exist.

f This

is

obvious from a figure.

8*32, 8*4]

FUNCTIONS OF LARGE ORDER


</3,

241

Again, to prove that dv\du does not exceed


1

we

write

Wr) = ^

8iDg + (i, ~ i3)COS


sin v
'

and then

it is sufficient

to prove that

3^'*(*>)-iP(t;)+l>0.

Now
2*'

the expression on the


()

left

(which vanishes when v=j8) has the derivate

W
:

[*" ()(v)
3

+ ()]
{sin'p+3 cos2 } cos 0+ sin 2 v sin
,

- [(*-)

0- 3 cos v sin

(i>

- /3)J.

v, But
.

/o\ o (v - 0) cos 0+
x
'

8in 2

vsin-3cost>sin(v-/3) -' i
sin2 r +3 cos* v
--5
s

has the positive derivate


positive

*.

T~\%> an<*

^ ^ nce
8i
(v)

it is positive

when =0,
it

it is

when

<v<

ir.

Therefore, since

has the same sign as

- 0,

follows that

2*' [3*'>) -*()]

has the same sign as v 0, and consequently

3^'()ip()+l
has =/3 for its only minimum between This proves the result stated.

v0 and

t>=r

and therefore

it is

not negative.

8*4.

The asymptotic expansion* of Jp {v sech a).

the results obtained in 8'31 we shall now obtain the asymptotic first kind in which the argument is less than the order, both being large and positive.

From

expansion of the function of the

We retain the notation of 8*31 (I) and it is clear that, corresponding to any positive value of t, there are two values of w, which will be called wx and Wj the values of wx and w% differ only in the sign of their imaginary part, and it will be supposed that
; ;

l(w )>0,
1

J(>8)<0.

We

then have

where x v sech a.

Next we discuss the expansions of /i and w% in ascending powers of t. Since t and dr/dw vanish when w = a, it follows that the expansion of t in powers of w a begins with a term in (w a)* by reverting this expansion, we obtain expansions of the form
;

Wl
*

_= i

_^! Ti(+D =o> + l

Wa _ a=

2
=0

(-)'n+1

ni+1

-^

T*<"+1 >,

The asymptotic expansions contained


lxvii. (1909), pp. 535

by Debye, Math. Ann.

558.

in this section

and

in 8*41, 8*42 were established

242

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Moreover
1

[CHAP. VIII

and, by Lagrange's theorem, these expansions are valid for sufficiently small

values of Ti.

f(Q+.o+)/d t i;A

am

dr
>

~2wJ
2vi]

Ut/t*< +1

dw
Ti(m+i)
*

The double
fractional

circuit in the T-plane is necessary in order to dispose of the


;

powers of t and a single circuit round a in the w-plane corresponds to a double circuit round the origin in the T-plane. From the last contour
integral it folio ws that

am

is

the coefficient of l/(w

o)

in the expansion of

T-j(m+i)

m ascending
wa=
t

powers of

w a; we

are thus enabled to calculate the

coefficients a m .

Write

= - sinh a (cosh
c,

W and we have W 1) cosh a (sinh W W)


= cosh a,
c8
{c -t

where

= | sinh a,

coefficient of

in the expansion of

= ^ sinh a, Therefore a m c W + c F + ...}-* {m+l)


. . . .

is

the

The coefficients and so we have


fa
(wi)

in this expansion will be called

a (m),

a, (m), Oa (m), ...,

= c -* (wt+1)

ai(w)
a l(TO)
/
\

= Co-H-,|_^.|},
(m + l)(m + 3) m + 1 .Ca f _ <v *i*n|__ + s
i.

<,j.t>

2!

a,(m)
(1)

= c -Hw|-||
Co

(m + l)(m + 3) 2dc,
2s 21
.
'

c2

(ro+l)(i + 3)(wi
2*. 3!

+ 5)

c^
'c*

(m +

1)

(m +

(m+l)(m + 3)(ra + 5)
2s 3!
. '

W 3^
c
8

3) /2cj c8

CoV

(to

+ 1) (m + 3) (wt + 5) (m + 7)
2*. 4!

c^)

'cA

On

substitution

we find that fa =a (0) + (-! sinh o) *, (- | sinh a)-1 {J a, = a, (1) =


a,
2

coth

a},

(2)
| I

= a, (2) = - (- J sinh a)"* {$ - ft coth* }, 8 a, a, (3) = - (- 1 sinh a)" {-& coth a - ft coth a}, coth'a 4 fljfr cotha}, 4 - a* (4) - + (- i sinh a)"t T ^ {

ff

8*4]

FUNCTIONS OF LARGE ORDER


->-i
is sufficiently

243

Now
when t
|
j

^= 2

a, m

T"-

small

and since

-7it

aw

= cosh o cosh w,
to zero as r tends to

follows that

d (u\ w^jdr tends

+ oo
and
so

Hence the conditions stated


Jo

in the

lemma
dr)

of 8*3 are satisfied,

\dr
"

has the asymptotic expansion

o^IVm + l )

when x

is large.
{(a/,

Since arg

-o)/t*}-- \ir as t

-*-

0, it follows that, in

($5),

the phase of a

has to be interpreted by the convention arg a


(8)

= + ^7r,

and hence
>

Jr ( y secha)^
v(2

^ tenha) J
!

-^^--. (||;taDha)TO

where
(4)

(A =l, ^^-^cotn'o, 1 ^ 2 = TlF-tVVcoth 'a + ^^coth*a,


(v sech o) valid (3) gives the asymptotic expansion of number and v is large and positive.

The formula

when

a is any fixed positive

The corresponding expansion


contour from
,_, (5)

for the function of the second kind, obtained

by taking a

oo

to

oo

+ irt,
. ,

is

v , r,(,secha)~-

K-tnha)

V(iffytanha)

^-T^T -(^vtanhard^-w^ldr,
qua function of the

r(m+i)

(~)m A m

The

position of the singularities of

complex variable t, should be noted. These singularities correspond to the points where w fails to be a monogenic function of t, i.e. the points where dr/dw vanishes. Hence the singularities correspond to the values a + 2ntri of w, so they are the points where
t = 2mri cosh
a,

* = 2 (sinh a - a cosh a) + 2mri cosh ,

and n assumes

all

integral values.
;

It is convenient to obtain
(W( To)

a formula for dw/dr in the form of a contour integral be a pair of corresponding values of (w, r), then, by Cauchy's theorem,
'

if

fdw\ = J_ /"('+) dw dr Jl_ f (*+> dw_ tt 2tri J dr t-t \drJo 2irt J where the contour includes no point (except w ) at which t has the value t

244
8*41.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. VIII

The asymptotic expansions of Jv (v sec 8) and F (v sec 8).

In 8*4 we obtained the asymptotic expansion of a Bessel function in which the argument was less than the order, both being large ; we shall now obtain the asymptotic expansions of a fundamental system of solutions of
Bessel's equation

when the argument is greater than the order, both being large.
;

We

retain the notation of 8*31 (II)

it is

clear that, corresponding to

any

positive value of t, there are

two values of

lying on the contour which

passes from oo to be supposed that

oo

+ tri

these values will be called Wj and

it

and

it will

R(w )>Q, R(w )<0.


l

We

then have

HJm (v sec 8) =
where x =
third kind.
It is thus found that
v sec 8.
is

wi

XT
\

Jo

[dr

~-

-r- \ dr,

dr)

The

analysis

now proceeds
by

except that a

replaced throughout

exactly on the lines of 8*4 %8, and the Bessel function is of the

Jo

\dr

dr)
of o
,

m=0
that
is

xm+*

To determine the phase


arg {(Wi

of ( i sin )""*,

we

obseive that

i8)/r} -* + \w

as t -* 0,
a

and so

= el7V(sin/8).

Consequently
(1)

H
like

{1)

(v sec

8)

we

*JQvrr tan 8) M =
find that

T ()

1,

L-*l
'

*
. *

(| pi tan )*

In

manner, by taking as contour the reflexion of the preceding contour

in the real axis of the w-plane,


(2)

HjHv*e*e)~^T*~;: 5 T tt h) V(Wtan/8) '(-i^tan/S)**


.-

w=0

T(i)

In these formulae, which are valid when /8 is a fixed positive acute angle and v is large and positive, we have to make the substitutions
:

(3 >
j

^2 = Th
and
(2),

+ ih cot2 y3 + $& *,
we
find that

If
(4)

we combine

(1)

J (v8ec8)rsj
\pwtaa 8/ L
_i_

^
*>

^
i

*
n

=o

T(i)

(i/tan/S)

m ? (-)

r(2m + 8)

Atn+r

"I

8'41, 8-42]
(5)
(

FUNCTIONS OF LARGE ORDER

245

F(i/sec)~
/

w r(2m l) ilw, / \*T sin(>tan-i//3-7r) a a x v ?'.- 2 (-) =-r + *-'.,-. 3/ Vi^rtan^/ L r<$) (|itanJ* =o

*.

'-

-cosCi/tan^-iz/g-iTr)
*
'

|
)W =o

0-)"-r(2m + f)
r(i)

(^tan/9)2 ' +1

The dominant terms

in these expansions are those obtained

by the principle

of stationary phase in 8*21.

8*42.

Asymptotic expansions of Bessel functions whose order and argument

are nearly equal.

to give adequate approximations

The formulae which have been established in 84, 8'41 obviously fail when a (or ) is small, that is when the

argument and order of the Bessel function concerned are nearly equal. It is, however, possible to use the same method for determining asymptotic expansions in these circumstances, and it happens that no complications arise by
supposing the variables
to be

complex.

Accordingly we shall discuss the functions

#.(*),

HJ*(i)

where z and v are complex numbers of large modulus, such that \z v\ not large. It will appear that it is necessary to assume that z v *= o (z$), order that the terms of low rank in the expansions may be small.

is

in

We shall write
v

= z(l-

),

and

it is

convenient to suppose temporarily that

We
(1)

then have

H^
v

(z)

= .j

exp

\z

(sinh

w w) + zew] dw,

where the contour and negative.

is

that shewn in Fig. 18; on this contour sinh

w w

is real

We write
t=

w sinh w,
Y

and the values of w corresponding to any positive value of t will be called w and wt of which wx is a complex number with a positive real part, and w2 is a real negative number.
,

We
(2)

then have

H& (z) = i [ V" iexp (zew,)

^-

exp (zews )

^l dr.

246

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


The expansion
of t in powers of

[CHAP. VIII
its*,

begins with a term in

and hence we

obtain expansions, of the form

exp (zeWi)

-j-i
*"

= t~ 3 2 m T Jm
b.

m=

exp (zewt)

^p = t-3 2
is sufficiently

e <"*+

bm t*

and these are valid when t


|

small.

To determine the

coefficients bm
1
/-(0+.0+.0+) 0+.0+) /(<>+,

we

observe that

/dw

rf

<+!)

_j_r(o+)

~
As
is

6wt J

6XP (

^w ^W) (w - sinh /)*

<' +1 >

in the analogous investigation of 8*4, a single circuit in the r-plane


is

inadequate, and the triple circuit

necessary to dispose of the fractional

powers of t; a triple circuit round the origin in the T-plane corresponds to a single circuit in the w-plane.
It follows that bm is equal to Je* ,m+1,w * multiplied

by the

coefficient of

wm

in the expansion of

exp (zew)

{(sinh

w w)/w*}~l

("*+1 >.

The coefficients in this expansion will be called b (m%

&i(w), b2 (m),

...

so that

It is easy -to

shew that

(b,(m) = &*"**,
bx

(m) = &<*+*&,

w.).a- {-*}.
(3)

w=

61(m+l)

tT--V-|'
--

o*{m)

o
|

24

12Q

504()0

j.

For brevity we write


&w ()

= 6*"+m (e*),

8-42]
so that*

FUNCTIONS OF LARGE ORDER

247

5 B
(4)

= l, - fa % (m) - \ <?z*
(e*)
(e)

4()-e* B (es) = *V - ^,
t

^5

- ^J- " ifo*

*3

+ **,
4.(0)

[3,(0)

We

then have

exp

-^ ^=
(jreto,)

ft<0)-T7*flfanr.

^jb.}
TO (e*) t**
t

ttT

ir~*

2
=0

ei<+u 6* <M+1

>

ezp(#e^)^*-iT-< 2
\

e^

m+1

(IT
.

^Q^m+li Bm (e2)T^n
lemma

TO=0

and [exp (zew) (dw/dr)]


It follows

satisfies

the conditions of the

of 8*3.

from the lemma

of 8'3 that
(ez) S

(5)

H^(z)^^^i^^Bm
h *{*)
9

mUni + l)^.^^,

and

similarly

(6)

AJ^-i( ^
+

5TO(

^)sini(m + i )w .r|i^i|)

We
(7)

deduce at once that

j^z
F,

^Lh

Bm{ez)

^ Hm+l)v '~m^
821
(2), it is to

(8)

W ~-^2

(->.^Min4(m + l).5jg^).
f

From
<)

the Cauchy-Meissel formula

be inferred that, when

m is large,
^m(0)~ r() (w + i)J(127r)Jw
,

but there seems to be no very simple approximate formula

for

Bm (ez).

The dominant terms in (7) were obtained by Meissel, in a Kiel Programing 1892; and some similar results, which seem to resemble those stated in 8'43, were obtained by Koppe in a Berlin ProgrammX, 1899. The dominant terms in (8) as well as in (7) were also investigated by Nicholson, Phil. Mag. (6) xvi. (1908), pp. 271 279, shortly before the

appearance of Debye's memoir.

The values of B (0). Bt (0), ... B w (0) were given by Meissel, Astr. Naeh. czxvii. (1891), 359362; apart from the use of the contours Meissel's analysis (of. 8*21) is substantially the same as the analysis given in this section. The object of using the methods of contour integration is to evade the difficulties produced by using generalised integrals. The values of B (tz), Bj (cz) and JB9 (ez) will be found in a paper by Airey, Phil. Mag. (6) xxxi.
*
col.

(1916), p. 524.

t See the Jahrbueh liber die ForUchritte der Math. 1892, pp. 476 178. I See the Jahrbueh itber die ForUchritte der Math 1899, pp. 420, 421.

248

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. VIII
|

We
The

next consider the extent to which the condition

arg z

<

\tr,

which

has so far been imposed on formulae (5)

(8), is

removable.

qua function of t, are the values be a monogenic function of t, so that the t 2 singularities are the values of r corresponding to those values of w for which
singularities of the integrand in (2),

of t for which

(or

w)

fails to

drjdw

= 0.

They are

therefore the points

Intri,

where n assumes

all

integral values.

It is consequently permissible to
less

swing the contour through any angle w than a right angle (either positively or negatively), and we then
analytic

obtain the

continuation of

(l)

(z) or

H
v

(z)

over the range

V < arg z < \ir t\. By giving v suitable values, we thus find that the expansions (5) (8) are valid over the extended region

w -

7r <

arg z <tt.

If we confine our attention to real variables, we see that the solution of tbe problem is not quite complete ; we have determined asymptotic expansions of Jv (x) valid when x and
v are large

and

(i)

xjv

<1,

(ii)

are transitional regions between

x/v>l, (iii) x- v not large compared with #*. But there (i) and (iii) and also between (ii) and (iii), and in these
|

transitional regions xjv is nearly equal to 1 while

a?

is large.

In these transitional

regions simple expansions (involving elementary functions only in each term) do not exist.

But important approximate formulae have been discovered by Nicholson, which involve Bessel functions of orders + J. Formulae of this type will now be investigated.

8*43.

Approximate formulae valid in


failure of the formulae of 8*4

the transitional regions.

The

8*42 in the
n,

transitional regions led

Nicholson* to investigate second approximations to Bessel's integral in the


following

manner

In the case of functions of integral order

Jn () = and,

cos (n0

x sin 0) d$,
it

when x and n
is

are nearly equal (both being large),

follows from Kelvin's

principle of stationary phase ( 8*2) that the important part of the path of

integration

the part on which


consideration,

is

small

now, on this part of the path,

sin 6 is approximately equal to

\ 0*.

It is inferred that, for the values of

x and n under

Jn (*0 ~ - I'gos (n0


ffJQ
f

-x0 + %x0) d0

OS -

"cos (n0

-x0 +

\x0*) d0,
und Phys.

ir J a
* Phil.

Mag.

(6) xix. (1910),

pp.

247249

see also Erode, Archiv der Math,

(3)

xxiv. (1916), pp.

239250.

8*43]

FUNCTIONS OF LABGB ORDER


last expression is

249
It follows that,

and the

one of Airy's integrals (6*4).

when x<n,
(1)

Jn (x) ~ - {-^^-} *1 [
a?

>

and,

when

> n,

(2)

^(^^Ij^iOp^H.^,
{2

where the arguments of the Bessel functions on the right are

(x- n)] }/#*by

The corresponding formula


Nicholson
(3)
;

for

Yn (x)

when

a;

> n was
it is

also found

with the notation employed in this work

r.(.)~-p^(V-i-^-

The chief disadvantage of these formulae is that it seems impossible to determine, by rigorous methods, their domains of validity and the order of
magnitude of the errors introduced in using them.
remedying this defect, Watson* examined Debye's integrals, and discovered a method which is theoretically simple (though actually it is very laborious), by means of which formulae analogous to Nicholson's are obtained together with an upper limit for the errors involved.

With a view

to

The method employed x(~


j/sech o)

is

the following
its

Debye's integral for a Bessel function whose order v exceeds

argument

may be

written in the formf


g(tanha a)
v

J
where
t

(v sech a)

~
1)
is

rx>-\-ni
/

e~XT dw,

= sinh a (cosh w

cosh a (sinh w w),


on
it.

the contour being chosen so that r


If r
is

positive

when we approximate by -\wn sinh a; and when a =


'

expanded in ascending powers of w, Carlini's formula is obtained neglecting all powers of w save the lowest,
all 0, Cauchy's formula of 8 2(1) powers of w save the lowest, \wi
.

is

similarly ob-

tained by neglecting

first

These considerations suggest that it two terms, namely \vP sinh o -

is

desirable to

examine whether the

w3 cosh a,
iirst

may

not give an approximation valid throughout the


integral which

transitional region.

The

we

shall investigate is therefore

\e-**dW,
where
* Proc.

r
Camb.
is

= - \ W* sinh a - W

cosh

a,

Phil. Soc. xix. (1918), pp.

t This w.
B. F.

deducible from 8-31 by

96110. making a change

of origin in the u-plane.

250

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. VIII

positive

and the contour in the plane of the complex variable is so chosen that t is on it. If U + iV, this contour is the right-hand branch of the

W=

hyperbola

tftanha
and

+ Jtf^F

2
,

this curve has contact of the third order

with Debye's contour at the origin.

It therefore has to

be shewn that an approximation to


+ni
/ocexp(Jn-i)

r<x>
I

e~ ZT
oo

dw

is

e'^dW.

-ni

J ooexp( Jirt)

These integrals

differ

by

i/:+/;H-^K
and so the problem
|

is

reduced to the determination of an upper bound


it

for

{d(w W)fdr)
will

j.

And

has been proved, by exceedingly heavy analysis

which

not be reproduced here, that

d (w dr
and so

<

Sir sech a,

ifj>j:H-i*
Hence

<

6-7T

~
ZTTl J ao-ni

e-*r

dw = J_l
ATI J
,

e-*rdW
ex p (- Jiri)

+ -l,
V

where 6l
j

<

1.

To evaluate the
6*4),

integral on the right (which is of the type discussed in modify the contour into two lines starting from the point at which

W = tanh a and making angles + %ir with the real axis. If we write W= - tanh ^e ini on the respective rays, the integral becomes
4-

e*

ni

exp (^ tanh3 a) [ exp {- & v?


Jo
<

- \ v%e$ ni tanh2 a}
a)
|

dl-

e~ ini exp (Xv tanh


Expand the integrands
procedure which
is

exp

\-%v?- |i>e-* tanh

powers of tanh 2 a and integrate term-by- term and we get on reduction easily justified
in

7ri tanh a

exp (1/ tanh3 a)

[7~_j (1/

tanh 3 a) - /j {\v tanh 3 a)],

and hence we obtain the formula


(4)

Jv {v sech a) =
IT

75-

VO

exp

{v

(tanh a

-f

3 ^ tanh a

a)} if
exp
[v

j (

i>

tanh3 a)
a)},

-I-

3#i

i.-

-1

(tanh o

whore d
]

<

1.

This

is

the more precise form of Nicholson's approximation

(1).

8*43]
It can be

FUNCTIONS OP LARGE ORDER


shewn
that,

251

whether \v tanh8 o be small, of a moderate size, or a smaller order of magnitude (when v is large) than the approximation given by the first term on the right.
large, the error is of

Next we take the case x (= v sec 0).

in

which the order v

is less

than the argument

We

then have

H (v sec 0) =
where
T

gvi(tanj30)
:

foo+Hir-p)

Tn

e~*r div,
J -co-ip

= - i sin

(cosh

w - 1) cos
is

(sinh
it.

w - w),

the contour being so chosen that t

positive on

The

process of reasoning already employed leads us to consider the integral

/
where
r

e-^dW,

= -\i W* sin

cos 0,

and the contour in the plane of the complex variable is such that t positive on it. If WsU+iV, this contour is the branch of the cubic

is

(U*-V*)ta,n0 + $V(3U*which passes from

r*)

=
oo

oo t'tan/9
foo+t(ir-/3)
I

through the origin to

exp^Trt.

It therefore has to

be shewn that an approximation to


roeexpini

e-^dw

is

e~XT dW.

The

difference of these integrals is

and

it

has been proved that,

when*
UiT

\ir,

then

d(w- W)
Hence
it

<

127r sec 0.

follows that

-.
TTIJ

e-^dw^.
-*-ip
irXJ- oo-i tan
fi

e -xr

dW + zl^ v

where

& <
j

1.

To

evaluate the integral on the right, modify the contour into two lines

meeting at
real axis.

W=

tan

and inclined at angles


tan

Kir

and

ir

respectively to the

On

these lines, write

W= *

-f

- i tan

+ %&\
If
/3

The important values


8'32 is

of

/3

are, of course, small values.

is

not small, Debye's formulae

of 8-41 yield effective approximations.

The geometrical property

of Debye's contour

which was

proved in

used in the proof of the theorem quoted.

252

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


in

[CHAP. Vin
it is

expand the integrands


found that
e~XT d

powers of tan a

j3,

integrate term-by-term, and

W=f
=

iri

tan # exp (- \ vi tan3 )

[-**

J_j

(4 v tan8

+ e**' Jj (^ v tan
3

#)]
3

7re<rttan

^ exp (- J i* tan
it is
3

#j<'>

(^ tan

).

On
(5)

equating real and imaginary parts,

at once found that

Jv (p sec /3) = tan cos {* (tan /3 - tan -)}. [J"_j + /j]


+ 3 -* tan sin
[v

(tan

(6)

F (i/ sec )

= | tan /3 sin

{i>

- 3"* tan cos


;
! \

{*/

- tan - )} [J. j - Jj] + 240 (tan - tan - )} [J"_ j + J] (tan - tan -)}. [7"_ - </j] + 240 M
3
.

2 /i/,

where the argument of each of the Bessel functions J>. on the right is %v tan 3 and and are both less than 1. These are the more precise 2 3 forms of Nicholson's formulae (2) and (3); and they give effective approximations except near the zeros of the dominant terms on the right.
|
|

It is highly probable that the

upper limits obtained

for the errors are

largely in excess of the actual values of the errors.

8*5.

Descriptive properties* of
integral,

Jv (vx) when <

a?

< 1.

which was obtained in 8*31(1) to represent an asymptotic expansion of the function. v But the contour integral is really of much greater importance than has hitherto appeared for an integral is an exact representation of a function, whereas an
(v sech a)

The contour

was shewn

in 8*4 to yield

asymptotic expansion can only give, at best, an approximate representation.

And
is

the contour integral (together with the limiting form of

it

when x =

1)

peculiarly well adapted for giving interesting information concerning


v is positive.

Jv (vx)

when

In the contour integral take v to be positive and write


/

= log {reie

so that

u = log r,

},

= d.
selected,

With the contour

x sinh w w is equal to its conjugate complex, and the path of integration flexion in the real axis. Hence
1

is its

own

re-

roo+n-t

(vx)

= rJ
i __
rw
I

e"

,a

" inh -"

dw

gv(as8inhww) fly^

ttJo
*

The

results of this section are investigated in rather greater detail in Proc.

London Math. Soc.

(2) xvi. (1917), pp.

150174.


8-5]

FUNCTIONS OF LARGE ORDER


find that the equation of the contour is

253

Changing the notation, we

20

r
so that

sin

and,

when

this substitution is
,

made
2

for r, the value of

(w x sinh w)
a 2

is

log

e + y/ifr-X* sin 0)
-.

x sin

.a a at cot y (tr
.

a;

sin 2 0).

*m

This last expression will invariably be denoted by the symbol* F(0,x),


so that

(1)

J {vx)=^{'<r'>de,
(a procedure

and by differentiating under the integral sign


justified) it is (2) K '
/o\

which

is

easily

found that
l \ Ti J (vx) =
w
f

e- *<.*<

fib*

ttJo

x */(&* x* sm* 0)

- Ja
fl- a'Binflcosfl .

dv.

This

is also easily

deduced from the equation


1

raa+iri
.

JJ (vx) =

(x*inhu>-w)

sinh

^
it

Before proceeding to obtain further results concerning Bessel functions,


is

convenient to set on record various properties! of F(0,x). The reader will

easily verify that

<

3>

m^'^

w
so that
(5)

4^.,-^a^
fl-g'sinflcosfl

^-M)*^-^' ^
6
n

F(0,x)>F(O,x)>F(O,l) = O;
d
V(<* \

and

also

ia\

Next we
(7)

shall establish the

more abstruse property


a? sin 2 0)/V(l

F(0, x) >F(0,x) + $ {& it,

+ x>).

To prove

we

shall first
i

shew that
O aPsmO cos 6
..,
.

t It is

This function will not be confused with Schlafli's function defined in 4-15. supposed throughout the following analysis that O<.c^l,O^0<ir.

254
It is clear that

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


g(0,x)

[CHAP. VIII

= s'(\-x*)<<J(\+x*),

g(Tr,x)=\
so that, if

<J(\+x%
0,

g (0, x), qua function of

attained its greatest value at


2

or

tt,

that value would be less than


greatest value

^(1+x
O

).

If,

however, g(0,x) attained

its

when
1

had a value

between
2

and
O

ir,

then

a;

cos

2fl
2

_ (0 - x
O 2

si n

cos
o

f_

(tfo'-^sin ^)*

(0o -a?sin 2

)i

'

and therefore

g {0, x)^g (8
so that, no matter

x)

= V(l - a? cos 20 ) ^ V(l + *),


o

where g(0,x) attains


2
)-

its

greatest value, that value does

not exceed ^(l

+#
a

Hence

^W-*w^^
1

sin

cos
2

V(l+a )

and

so

whence

(7) follows at once.


is

Another, but simpler, inequality of the same type


(8)

F (0, x) > F(0,


this,

x)

+ * 0* V(l - *").

To prove

observe that

dF
e f

'

X)

>

\/(0*

- " sin
is

0)

> V(l - &),

and integrate

then the inequality

obvious.

From

these results

we

are

now

in a position to obtain theorems concerning


v.

J (vx) and

JJ (vx)

qua functions of

Thus, since
OV

IT JO

the integrand being positive by

(5), it follows

that

creasing function of v, in like manner,

JJ {vx)

is

Jv (vx) is a positive dea positive decreasing function

of v.
Also, since d {**<*>

JAva:)\ = _ 1

n
(

SF{0> x)

OV

_ F ^ 0> x)}

*-*>. *>-"*.*>

d0 <0,

7T.' o

the integrand being positive by

(5), it follows
e"

that e vF({t x
'

>

Jv (vx) is a decreasing

function of v; and so also, similarly, is

F,0,x)

'

(vx).

8*51]

FUNCTIONS OF LARGE ORDER

255

Again, from (8) we have

Jv ( vx) ^
<
so that

Jo

exp {- i v0- V( 1

- a )} dd
8

eF(0,x) roo

exp {- i/0\/(l
p -vF(0,x)

- x*)\ d0,

(9)

<L(vx)^
(1
is

x*)l

^(Zttv)'

The

last expression

easily reduced to Carlini's

approximate expression
is

( 1*4,

811)

for

J(px); and so Carlini's expression


v.

always in error by

excess, for all

* positive values of
result for
0*

The corresponding
and replace G(0,x) by

JJ {vx)
2

is

derived from

(7).

Write

- a? sin

=(#,#),

for brevity.

Then

2xj;{vx)=
fi

/V-.*
fir
I

dG ( >^ {G(0,x)}-id0

-vF(0,x)
7T

expi-^GyVa+a^.G-MG
.'o

e -F(Q,x) fao
IT

Jo
(vx)

Texp {- J^(l+^)j
^ -'*<. )
2 a? ) (

G-idG,

and so
(10)

xj;
factor

+ *)VV(2 w).
is

The absence of the

^(1

from the denominator

remarkable.

It is possible to prove the formula f

(11)
J

*<*>*~ (2ir*y (1 -*)

+ V (l

-W-

in a very similar manner.

This concludes the results which we shall establish concerning a single


Bessel function whose argument
is less

than

its order.

8'51.

Lemma

concerning F(d,x).

We
(1)

shall

now prove
dF{0,x)

^ x ^ 1 and ^ 0-^sintfcos0 ^, ^ A >0. je--{F(0,x)-F{O,x)}


the
that,

lemma

when

< ir, then

y,^^
is

The lemma

will

be used immediately to prove an important theorem con,/

cerning the rate of increase of


* It is

(vx).
in error by excess for sufficiently

evident from Debye's expansion that the expression


v.

large values of

t Cf. Proc.

London Math.

Soc. (2) xvi. (1917), p. 157.

256
If

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


V(^ - a
2

[CHAP. VIII

sin2 0)

= H{0, x), we

shall first prove that


,

dF(0,x) dH(0,x) d0 d0 /
is

a non-decreasing function of

that

is
i

to say that

(\-0cot0)2 +

-a?sm*0

a? sin
is

cos

a non-decreasing function of

0. is

The

differential coefficient of this last function of

(0 - x* sin

cos 0)-* [(0* cosec2

- 1 - sin 0) (1 - x*) + 2 (0 cosec - cot cosec - % sin* 0) (1 - ar ) + 2a- (1-0 cot 0) (0 cosec - cos 0) + sin 0(12 2 2

2 2

a,-

) ],

and

every group of terms in this expression is positive (or zero) in consequence

of elementary trigonometrical inequalities.

To

establish the trigonometrical inequalities,


(i)
(ii)

we
1

first

observe that,

when

< 6 ^ *r,

d+sindcosd-2^sin

sin

d>0,

6 + sin 6 cos 6 - 26* cot 6

> 0,
positive differential

(iii)

- 6 cos - sin 3 0^0,


wheu 60 and have the
(iii)

because the expressions on the left vanish


coefficients
(i)

2(cos0-0 -1 sin0) 2

(ii)

2 (cos 6 - 6 cosec 6)\

sin 6 (6

- sin

6 cos 6),

and then
2

cosec2 6 - Q3 cot 6 cosec 2

sin 2 6
)

= (6* cosec2 6 - 1) (1 - 6 cot


2

+ cosec

(sin

- 6 cos - J sin 3 6) ^ 0,
cos 6 - sin 3 6)

cosec2

0-l-$sin 2
(5

= 6 cosec2

+ sin 6 cos - 2d"

sin 2 0)

+ cosec 6 (sin

>

0>

so that the inequalities are proved.

It has consequently been

shewn that

(}><>
where
the. variables are

understood to be
0.

and

x,

and primes denote

differ-

entiations with regard to

It is

now

obvious that

ifiM-*{S>*
and,
if

we

integrate this inequality from

to 0,

we

get

Since F' and /7/i/' vanish

when = 0, F>(0,x)H{0x) _
if (0, #)

this inequality is equivalent to

>Q

and the truth of the lemma becomes obvious when we substitute the value
of

(0,

x) in the last inequality.

8*52]
8*52.

FUNCTIONS OF LARGE ORDER


The monotonia, property of Jv (vx)jJv {v).

257

We
is fixed,

shall

and

now prove a theorem of some importance, to the effect that, if x ^ x ^ 1, then Jv (vx)/Jv (v) is a non-increasing function of v, when

is positive.

be valid only when S^.r^l, (where 8 is an some expressions introduced in the proof contain an x in their denominators; but the theorem is obvious when ^ x < 8 since e vF > z Jv (vx) and e -vF{o, x)/jv () are non-increasing functions of v when x is sufficiently small moreover, as will be seen in Chapter xvn, the theorem owes its real importance to the fact that it is

[The actual proof of the theorem

will

arbitrarily small positive number), since

>

true for values of

x in

the

neighbourhood of unity.}

It will first

be shewn that

(1

Jv{vx) *M"*)_ dJ*W dJAvx)


Ovox
ox
Cv
establish this result,

To

we

observe that, with the usual notation,

and,

when we

differentiate

under the integral sign,

OV

7T

L\/^
W

> <*

<* *))-*
>

or

' e vn$,x)

de
"

\\C((l -rVh

dFie X ^

IP/A \in(A

^W^1^L

A,)

x e-J?ie,x)d0,
if

we

integrate by parts the former of the two integrals.


it

Hence

follows that

where

by using the inequality F(yfr, x) > ^(0, x) combined with the theorem of 8*51.

'

258
Since CI
that
is

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


(0,
yfr)

[CHAP. VIII

is

not negative, the repeated integral cannot be negative


that

to say,

we have proved

J
so that

( vx

^H^} _ dJAvx) dJ (vx ) > "


dvdx
dx
dv

'

\dJv (vx)

Integrating this inequality between the limits x and

1,

we get

~dJv (vx)
so that

,"|*

dJv (vx)
dv

r -I J v (VX)

*Z

dJv (v) J* (") fo~ J


may be
written

Since

(vx)

and

(v) are

both positive, this inequality

in the form
(2)

^{J
v.

(vx)/Jv (v)}^0,
to

and
is

this exhibits the result

which was

be proved, namely that

(vx)jjv (v)

a non -increasing function of

8*53.
If,

Properties of Jv (v)

and

J '(v).
v

for brevity,

we write F(0)

in place of F(0,

1),

so that

(1)

F (0) ^ log +
J
v

^
v

~ Sin2 0) - cot J V( are

^n*

B),

the formulae* for

(v)

and

J '{v)

The

first
5

4^/(9 V3)

and we

is term in the expansion of F (6) in ascending powers of shall prove a series of inequalities leading up to the
s

result that

F (0)1

is

a non-decreasing function of

0.

We

shall first

shew that

To prove

this

we observe
6-*

that
cot *)/*}
sin* 0)

*"(*>

IP-* ~ ^~ V(^ -

^
*

Vi &2

,,

_ siR2 ,.

'

* It is to

be understood that

JV (v) means

the value of

dJv (x)/d.v when x has

the particular

value

v.

^
FUNCTIONS OF LARGE ORDER
d^
1

8-53]

259

and that
j

dd
d_
f

-0 cot 0) _ ~
fr~~~)
a

fl

cosec 2

fl

+ flcotfl-

2
'

p
"'"

vW-sin
0*

fl))

d&\
Hence
it

= _ (ffcosec'fl + flcot 0-2) sin "^VO^^-sin^) J"


. ,

2
'

follows that

d (F'(0)}
<** I

#- | - * (* - sin

0-sin0cos0
2

W <*

//te

C0Sec2 *

0/1

+ ecot0 ~
x (0 + sin

v 2>
cos

- 20* cot 0)

by inequalities proved in
Consequently
(3)

851.

0F"(0)-2F'{0)>Q,
to say

that

is

^ [OF'

(0)

3F (0)} > 0.
to

If
(4)

we integrate

this inequality

from

we get

0F'(0)-SF(0)>O,
F(0)/03 should be a non-decreasing function of
0.

and

this is the condition that

It follows that

*m
\

9V3'

and therefore

(v)< -

exp j-

(*
"SIalways in error by
is

<

ii."

9lp |-

T(i)

2*3**'
so that Cauchy's approximation for
/

(v) is

excess.

An
(5)

inequality which will be required subsequently


2
(tf*

- sin 2

8)

F'

{&)

- 3 (0 - sin 6 cos 0) F{6) >

0.

The truth

of this

may be

seen by writing the expression on the

left in

the form
%

{&*

- 2 sin 2 6 + 6 sin 6 cos 6) F' (0) + (0 - sin 6 cos 6)


is

{BF'

{$)

- ZF{fi)\

in

which each group of terms


[Note.
(6)

positive

(cf.

8-51).

A formula resembling those which


l

have just been established

is

Jv

( vt )

dt

~ J- - T

see

ZVtiV.

Mag.

(6)

xxxv. (1918), pp. 364370.]

260
8*54.

THEOBY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Monotonic properties of Jv {v) and JJ
(i>).

[CHAP. VIII

It has already

been seen
v.

( 8'5)

decreasing functions of

It will

and JJ (v) are now be shewn that both v*Jv {v) and v*Jv '(v)
that the functions
v

(v)

are steadily increasing* functions of

v.

To prove the
dv

first

result

we

observe that

dj^ioi _

Sir J

r
o
|_

e vFi e )de

^r
tJo
f
./

F(d)e-.F W dd

= *Ll \$e -FW~Y + il


07T

'
o

Jo

oTT

fl

'

(0)

_ 3F(0)}

e~' F

^ dd

>0,
since the integrated part vanishes at each limit
positive.

and

8*53) the integrand

is

Hence v*Jv (v)


(1)

is

an increasing function of v; and therefore

v*J9 {v)< lim {v*J9 (i>))


it

= r(J)/(2*S*ir)- 0-44731.
noted that
2/8 (8) =0-44691.

In connexion with this result

may be

J
To prove the second
o7T

(1)

= 0-44005,

result,

by following the same method we

find that

dl'

|_

JO

>o,
by

8*53 (5), and so

v*Jv'(v)

is

an increasing function of

v.

Hence
(2)
v*

J: (v) < lim

{*i

JJ (v)} - 3* T (f )/(2*w) = 0-41085.

It is to

be noted that

J
8*55.

'

(1 )

= 0-32515,

4J6

'

(8)

= 0-38854.

The monotonic property of v*JJ {v)jJv (v).


is

A
is

theorem which

slightly

more recondite than the theorems just proved


{!*/, (*)]

that the quotient

W(V)} +
15

a steadily increasing function of v.


* It is

as v-*-<z>

not possible to deduce these monotonic properties from the asymptotic expansions. If, /(*)~ </>(), and if ${) is monotonic, nothing can be inferred concerning monotonic

properties of f() in the absence of further information concerning/^).

8-54, 8-55]

FUNCTIONS OF LARGE ORDER


use the integrals already mentioned in

261

To prove this result we 854 for the four functions

853,

U,
place of
0,

vKTAv\

Ti/

lv
to be
>/r

Taking the parametric variable

in the first

and third integrals

in

we

find that

" dv {v*J (y)

ir

J o J o

where
n,
(0,

t) =

r (0> </(*-

si,,'

0)

^01 ^rtf F <*>


V(0"-sin'0)

uT

yT '

KY "

>

^^
;

{* (*) - *<*)) -

^#

+*" <*> - *<+>

by 8'51. The function fi x (0, i/r) does not seem to be essentially positive (cf. 8*52) to overcome this difficulty, interchange the parametric variables B and yjr, when it will be found that

Now, from the inequality just proved,

^V^-sin'^^-s^
+

^ + VrgJnVrC0B^-2gin'Vr U
^V(^
2

-sin2 ^)

_
'

"

fl

+ flsinflcosl-2sinl
&)/(&- sin* 0)
l5r
J

vr '

vr/;

Since 0"1 ^(0*


of
6,

- sin

0)

and

&F'(0)

- F(0) are both ( 8'53) increasing functions

term in the sum on the right are both positive or both negative; and, by 851, 853, the second and third terms are both positive. Hence fl! {6, yfr) +- llj (yfr, 6) is positive, and therefore
the factors of the
first
x
'

dv

Jv {v)

which establishes the result stated,

262
8*6.

THEOBY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. VIII

Asymptotic expansions of Bessel functions of large complex order.


results obtained
{x)

and

(8'31 8*42) by Debye in connexion with J (x) where v and x are large and positive were subsequently extended* to the case of complex variables. In the following investigation, which is, in some respects, more detailed than Debye's memoir, we shall obtain asymptotic

The

expansions associated with


It will first be

(z)
|

when

and z are large and complex.

supposed that arg z\<\Tr, and we shall write


v

= z cosh 7 = z cosh (a + i/3),

where a and # are real and 7 is complex. There is a one-one correspondence between a + ifS and vjz if we suppose that ft is restricted to lie between^ and 7r, while o may have any real value. This restriction prevents z/v from lying between 1 and 1, but this case has already ( 8'4) been investigated.

The

integrals to be investigated are

HJV

(z)

TTIJ

e-^ w

>

dw,

H
where f(w) =

(z)

=-

e-'/M

*.'-

dw^-~\ mJ
is

_.+

*/(* dw,

w cosh 7 sinh w.
at 7,

stationary point of the integrand

and we

shall therefore in-

vestigate the curve whose equation is

If(w) = //( 7 ).
If

+ iv, this equation may be written in the form (v - fi) cosh a cos & + (u a) sinh a sin - cosh u sin v + cosh a sin /8 = 0.
replace

we

by u

The shape
{(u

of the curve near

(a,

#)

is

- ay - (v -fif} cosh a sin /3 +


\tt

2 (u

- a) (v - 0) sinh a cos /3 =
yS),

so the slopes of the

two branches through that point are

arc tan (tanh a cot

i if +
creases as

i arc tan (tanh a cot /8),


;

where the arc tan denotes an acute angle, positive or negative Rf(w) inw moves away from 7 on the first branch, while it decreases as w moves away from 7 on the second branch. The increase (or decrease) is steady, and Rf{w) tends to + 00 (or - x ) as w moves off to infinity unless the curve
has a second double-point t.
* Mnnchener Sitzungsberickte, xl. [5], (1910) ; the asymptotic expansions of Iv were stated explicitly by Nicholson, Phil. Mag. (6) xx. (1910), pp. 938943. f That is > say 0<yS-cw. X As will be seen later, this is the exceptional case.
'

(x)

and

A" (x)

8-6, 8-61]

FUNCTIONS OF LARGE ORDER

263

If (i) and (ii) denote the whole of the contours of which portions are marked with those numbers in Fig. 19, we shall write

S,v

(z)

f
.

-*/'">
(i)

dw,

TTI

S* (z) = -.( 7Tt


J

e?fM dw,

(il)

and by analysis identical with that of 8 41 (except that i# is to be replaced by 7), it is found that the asymptotic expansions of Sv w {z) and 8^ (z) are
given by the formulae
( i)

s.{.)~
s' a,
.

m
V ;

2)

W ~ ^_
\

\'(- \ viri tanh 7) g~ y(tanhy "

/7
^

h> :"- 1 "-

TO

s ~

r( ",+ * )

T ()
j)
o

'

(h

A"
tanh 7) m
'

yHW

tanh y))

r(t + s i

am

r (i)

_ ^ y tanh 7)w (

= arg z + arg ( i sinh 7), and the value of arg ( i sinh 7) which lies between \tr and \ir is to be taken.
where
arg ( | i/7ri tanh 7)
(i)

Fig. 19.

The values of

A A
,

1}

A.2}

...

are
1

(A =l,
(3)

A = $-ji coth*y, * = ih ~ Mr coth* 7 + Aft coth4 %

n) remains to express v w (z) and (z) in terms of v and to do this an intensive study of the curve on which

It

Sv n)

(z)

and #

( -'

(*)

//()- //(7)
is

necessary.

8'61.

The form of Debyes contours when

the variables are complex.


is

The equation
(1
)

of the curve introduced in the last section

(v

/8) cosh o cos y8 + (u a.) sinh o sin fi cosh u sin v + cosh a sin /8 =
are current Cartesian coordinates and
is

0,

where

(u, v)

<

/S

<

it.

Since the equation

unaltered by

a change of sign in both u and


;

a,

we

shall first study the case in

which a ^ and since the equation is unaltered and it # are written for v and #, we shall also at first suppose that 0</9^^7T, though many of the results which will be proved when y8 is an acute angle are still true when /9 is an obtuse angle.

when

it


264

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


For brevity, the expression on the
d<f>(u,v)
left in (1) will
.

[CHAP. VIII
<f>(u, v).

be called
v,

Since

= sinh
.

o sin

p sinn
.

u sin

it

follows that,

when
u,

v is given, d()>/du vanishes for only

one value of

u,

and so

the equation in

<f>

(u, v)

= 0,
is infinite

has at most two real roots


Of
7T.

and one of these

whenever v

is

a multiple

When

<v<

7r,

we have*
,

<f>

<(+ oo ,v) = oo (a, v) = cosh a {(v /3) cos /3 sin v + sin /3} ^ 0,
<f>(- oo

v)

oo

and so one root of the equation


than a and the other

in u,
< (u,

v)

= 0,
a.

is less

is

greater than

both becoming equal when v =

/3.

By
it is

considering the finite root of the equations


<

(u, 0)

= 0,
0, and

<f>

(u, it)

= 0,
a,

seen that, in each case, this root


as v tends to
ir is

is less

than

so the larger root tends

to

+ oo

or to

ir

for values of v just less

than

or just

greater than
of the curve

the equation

<f>

(u, v)

has a large negative root. The shape


lines in Fig. 20.

therefore roughly as

shewn by the continuous


v lies

Next consider the configuration when


TTi

between

and

ir.

\
)

<z
y-2iri
Fig. 20.

^
TTi

When

is

/3,

d(j>(u,

v)/du vanishes at

= a,

and hence <f>(u,@) has a

minimum
at

value
2 cosh a sin
13

(1

/Q cot y8 a tanh a)

u o. There

are

now two
1

cases to consider according as

yS cot j8 o tanh a
4> (a,

is (I)
*

positive or (II) negative.


d<f> (a,

Since

u)/3t'=cosha(cos/3-coBv), and this has the same sign as v-/3,


at v

r)

has a

minimum value zero

= .

8-61]

FUNCTIONS OF LARGE ORDER


of values of the complex
1

265

The domains

y=a

ift for

which

>8 cot ft a tanh a


are

is

positive (in the strip

0^#<7r)
complex

numbered

1, 4,

5 in Fig. 21

in the

domains numbered responding domains


in Fig. 22.

2, 3, 6a, 66, 7 a, 76 the expression is negative; the cor-

for the

viz

cosh (a 4- ift) have the same numbers

TTl
-1>

7b
1

66
5

la
3
2

6a

Fig. 21.

Fig. 22.

(I)

so that the curve never crosses the line v


is

that

When 1 ft cot ft a tanh a is positive, (a, ft) is essentially positive, = ft. The only possibility therefore the curve after crossing the real axis goes off to 00 as shewn by the
<f>

upper dotted curve in Fig.

20.
<f>

(II) When 1 ft cot ft a tanh a is negative, the equation ( a, v) = and ft 27r, for has no real root between cos v). o<f>( a, v)/dv = cosh a (cos Therefore has a ( a, v) single maximum at #, and its value there is so ( negative, that and $ 27r. a, v) is negative when v lies between
<f>
<f>

Also

(f>

(u,

/S

2tt)
<j>

has a

maximum

at u

a, and its value

there

is

negative,

so that the curve

(u, v)

does not cross v


00

= /S 2<rr
as

hence, after crossing

the real axis, the curve must pass off to

in,

shewn by the dotted curve

on the right of Fig. 20.


This completes the discussion of the part of the curve associated with
S, m (z)

when a>0, O<0^$tt.


to consider

Next we have
line v

what happens

to the curve after crossing the

= + ir.
<f>

Since
the line
<f>

(a, v)

= cosh a {(v (3) cos ft sin v 4- sin ft},


is

and the expression on the right

positive

when

^ ft,

the curve never crosses

u~a;
(u,

also

mr) = (u a) sinh a sin ft + (mr

ft) cosh a cos ft + cosh a sin ft,

266

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


this is positive

[CHAP. VIII
which go
off to

and

when u >
lie

a,

so that the parts of the curve

infinity

on the right must


1

as shewn

in the north-east corner of Fig. 23.

When
i.e.

- a tanh a + (ir - ft) cot ft > 0,

when

(a, ft) lies in

found that the curve does not cross v


v

= 7r

passes off to

any of the domains numbered 1, 2 and 3 in Fig. 21, it is = 2v ft, and so the curve after crossing ac + iri as shewn in Fig. 23 by a broken curve.

Fig. 23.

We now
numbered 6a

have to consider what happens when


in Fig. 21.
1

(a, ft) lies

in the

domain

In such circumstances

- a tanh a + (?r - ft) cot ft <


at v

and
u

^ ( a,

v)

has a

maximum

negative.

The

curve, after crossing v

= 2tt ft, the value of ( a, 2ir ft) being = tt, consequently remains on the right of

=a

until it has got above v


<f>

= 2rr ft. - ft),


it

Now

( a,

v) is increasing in the intervals (2tt

(/3,2rr-0),
let

+ ft,

4tt

(4>Tr

+ ft,

6ir

- ft),

. .

the

first

of these intervals in which

becomes positive be

(2Mtt

+ ft, 2Mtt +2-7T- ft).


minimum
at u

Then
positive,

<f>

(u,

2Mir +

2ir

ft)

has a

therefore go off to infinity on the

and so the curve cannot cross the line left, and consequently goes

o, at which its value is t>= 2Mir + 2tt ft; it must


to

-oo +(2M+l)iri;
it

cannot go to infinity lower than


line in

this, for

then the complete curve would

meet a horizontal

more than two

points.

8-61]

FUNCTIONS OF LARGE ORDER


(a, ft) is in

267

When

6a, the curve consequently goes to infinity at

-oo +(2M+l)Tri,
where

is

the smallest integer for which

tanh o +

{(M

1) tr

/9}

cot

is positive.

We can now construct a


for & (1) (z)
(2)

table of values of the end-points of the contours

and $ (z), and thence we can express these integrals in terms of (z) and (z) when (o, fi) lies in the domains numbered 1, 2 and 6a in v v Fig. 21 and by suitable reflexions we obtain their values for the rest of the complete strip in which < yS < ir. The reader should observe that, so far as the domain 1 is concerned, it does not matter whether /S is acute or obtuse.

{1

>

(i)

If

is

the smallest integer for which

l-o tanh a +
is

{(M

1)

ir

} cot

fi

positive

when

cot

is positive,

and

if

is

the smallest integer for which

l-o tanh o - (Nir + ) cot


is

positive

when cot#

is

negative, the tables of values of

Sv

(1)

(z)

and Sv

(z)

are as follows

Regions

End-points

S0>( 2 )

1,3,4
2,6a
5,

00
oo

iri,
,

76

- oc

+ 7Tl + iri - oo + 2m'


OC

HW(z)
2J
(z)

oo

66 7a

oo
-oo,

2Niri, oo +- iri

2e-^iJ_ v z ) X*iH e v ){ze-if*i)


{
i

cc

+ (2M+l)iri

e-Mvniffv V)(ze-Mni)

Regions

End-points

SyW (z)

1,2,5
3,

oo + iri, oo + ir,
oo

oo

#<*>(*)
iri

7a

oo
oc

2J.(z)
Zevwi

4,66

+ 2ri,
+
(2J/

J_ v ( 2 )
( ze

6a
76

-ao

+ l)ri,
oo

oc

eMvwi ffjM (zeMni)

ao + rt,

2Niri

e-Wvwi ffJP)

Nwi)

From

these tables asymptotic expansions of any fundamental system of

when v and z are both arbicomplex numbers, the real part of z being positive. The range of validity of the expansions can be extended to a somewhat wider range of values of arg z by means of the device used in 8*42.
solutions of Bessel's equation can be constructed
trarily large

268
The reader
pass from

THEORY OF BESSBL FUNCTIONS


will find it interesting to

[CHAP. VIII

oo
1

to oc

+ iri

and from - oc

prove that, in the critical case /3=r, the contours + ni to oo , so that the expansions appropriate to

the region

are valid.
differences

Note.

The

between the formulae

for the regions

regions 7a and 76 appear to have been overlooked by Debye,


Soc. xcv. A, (1918), p. 91.

da and 66 and also for the and by "Watson, Proc. Royal

8*7.

Kapteyris inequality for

Jn (nz).

extension of Carlini's formula (811, 8'5) to Bessel coefficients in which the argument is complex has been effected by Kapteyn* who has shewn that, when z has any value, real or complex, for which z- 1 is not

An

a real positive numberf, then


,g

(1)

\Jn(n*)\*

exp{w\/(l--g2 )}

{l

+ V(l-* )} n
a

2 This formula is less precise than Carlini's formula because the factor (2jrn)* (1 -s )* does not appear in the denominator on the right, but nevertheless the inequality is sufficiently powerful for the purposes for which it is required %.

To obtain the

inequality, consider the integral formula

Jn {nz) = ^.
in

r
J

exp { \nz
w
,

(t

1/t)} dt,

which the contour

is

circle of radius e

where u

is

a positive number to

be chosen subsequently.
If

we

write

eu+i8 we
,

get
[n [\z

Jn (nz) Now,
if

f exp
|

(eV - e^e~ i9) -u-

id}] dO.

M be the maximum value of


exp {\z (eV*

- e- u e~

i0

-u- id]

on the contour,

it is

clear that

\jn (n*)\*M:

But

if

- pe ia

where p

is

positive

and a
u e-*)

is real,

then the real part of

\z (eu eu>
is

\p
this attains its

w {e cos (a

- er -u-id u cos (a e~ + 0) $)} - u,


when

and and
*

maximum

value

tan 6
its

coth u tan a,
+
sin2 a)

value

is

then
s p V(sinh u

- u.

Ann. Sci. de VEcole norm sup. (3) x. (1893), pp. 91120. when z approaches the real axis it follows that the t Since both sides of (1) are continuous sign may be given to the inequality is still true when * - 1 is positive: for such values of z, either radicals according to the way in which z approaches the cuts.
X See Chapter xvii.

' '

8-7J

FUNCTIONS OF LARGE ORDER


for all positive values of u,

269

Hence,

Jn (npe

im

< exp [np

v/(sinh 2

+ sin8 a) nit].
may be
by
as small as
this

We

now choose u

so that the expression on the right

possible in order to get the strongest inequality attainable

method.

The expression
2 p V(sinh u

sin3 o)
is

has a

minimum, qua function

of u,

when u

chosen to be the positive root of


1

the equation*
sinh u cosh u
\/(sinh 2

-f

sin* o)

With

this choice of u it

may be proved
s
"8

that

2 V(l
and,

sinh u cosh u

(cosh 2

g2la ),
must be taken
in

by taking z

to be real,

it is

clear that the positive sign

the ambiguity.

Hence
2 {1

V(l
%
!

- z*)) sinh u cosh


,

u=

e2"

.
|

*,

and

so
z

exp

\/(l

log

T+

-z) _

2 V(sinh a u

+
I

sin2 a)
e
3*

exp
I

\/(l

-z)
a

s \~ V(l - z*) V(i-* )

- e**

= 5V(l-z')-
sinh 2 m

sin2 a

sinh u cosh

w
sin 2 a)

= p \/(sinh 2 u +
and
it is

u,
j
j

now

clear that

Jn (nz) $
I

y rexpV(l-^) fcexp V( 1-^) |"

An
as both

interesting consequence of this inequality


j

is

that

Jn (nz)

1 so

long

'.

and
I

s exp

-v/(l

z')
is satisfied,

To

construct the domain in which the last inequality

write as

before z

= pth,

and define u by the equation


sinh u cosh u

_
a)
"~

V(sinh 2 w

+ sin

The previous

analysis shews at once that,

when

gexp y'(l l+y/(l-Z>)

z*)
2

1'

then
*

2 p \/(sinh a

+ sin

a)

u = 0.

This equation

is

a quadratic in sinh 3 u with one positive root.

270
It follows that

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


2u
sinh 2 m
'

[OHAP. VIII

P*

sin*

sinh u (u cosh u sinh


sin2 a increases from
is

u).

As u

increases from

to

T1997

...,

to 1

and p dea

creases from 1 to* 0-6627434....


inside

It

then clear that

* ex PV(l-^2)
|

+ V(i-* )

$1

and on the boundary of an oval curve containing the

origin.

This curve

Fig. 24.

The domain
it

in

which

J*n (nz)

certainly does not exceed unity.

is

shewn

in Fig. 24

will

prove to be of considerable importance in the

theory of Kapteyn series (Chapter xvn).

When the order of the Bessel function is positive but not restricted to be an integer we take the contour of integration to be a circle of radius e* terminated by two rays inclined + it arc tan (coth u tan a) to the real axis. If we take 1 = ev on these rays, we get
1 1

, ,, T \W)\<X'+\\) % **l-*P
,

\amvir\

/""

cosh (u + v) cos 2a cosh (v-u)

\/(sinh^ + sin^)

, - vV d

"1

j^/l +
[

s
|
I

2!L!^|

w
\\
I

r
J u

e xv{-v(v-u)}dv\
)

and so
|Jr(v*)|< \l

+
is

l/it

pex P V(l- g) )' 1 + ^(1 -*) j

This value

given by Plummer, Dynamical Astronomy (Cambridge, 1918), p. 47.

CHAPTER

IX

POLYNOMIALS ASSOCIATED WITH BESSEL FUNCTIONS


9*1.

The

definition

of Neumanns polynomial

On (t).

is the discussion of certain polynomials which occur in various types of investigations connected with Bessel functions.

The

object of this chapter

The

first

of these polynomials to appear in analysis occurs in

Neumann's *

investigation of the problem of expanding an arbitrary analytic function f(z) into a series of the form 2an n (z). The function n (t), which is now usually

called

Neumanns
l/(t

polynomial,

is

defined as the coefficient of

en

Jn (z)

in the

expansion of

z)

as a series of Bessel coefficients f, so that

W
From

t=z~ Jo (Z) (<) + 2Jl (2)


- S
n~0
this definition
en

(<)

+ 2J* < 2 >

* <*)+

Jn (z)On (t).

shall derive an explicit expression for the function, and it will then appear that the expansion (1) is valid whenever \z\< \t\. In order to obtain this expression, assume that z < t and, after expanding l/(t - z) in ascending powers of z, substitute Schlbmilch's series of Bessel coefficients ( 27) for each power of z.
j \ j j

we

This procedure gives

- =- + t-z
1

2
s=1

<

** +1

7*

1
fr

s
m=0

(,\a.

v
*=1 &

v
=

(s

+ 2m).(s + m-l)l
nl
-

(,i

Assuming
*

for the

moment that the repeated series is absolutely convergent*.


Function en (Leipzig, 1867), pp. 8

Theorie. der Bessel' sch en

Math,
series.

lxvii. (1867), pp. 310

314.

Neumann's procedure,

derive the differential equation which will

15, 33 see also Journal fur assuming the expansion (1), is to be given subsequently ( 9 12) and to solve it in
;

after

t In anticipation of 1611, we observe that the expansion of an arbitrary function by substituting for l/(t - z) in the formula
. ,= f(z)r

is

obtained

/(*+)/()"
(

si/
1st.

+ Cf. Pincherle's rather more general investigation, Rcndiconti R.


pp.

Lomlardo,

(2)

xv. (1882!,

224225.

272

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


a rearrangement by replacing
;

[CHAP. IX
series

we
is

effect

by n 2m, and the rearranged

a series of Bessel coefficients

we thus get
(<i(-D 2"- 2"1" 1 * n^ , n_ m+1
V

i r- = 7 c
*

n/(')+

S
n=l

n.(n-m

m=<\

=0

m!

1)1)
J

/.(*)

r/x

Accordingly the functions


/ox (2)

n (<) are defined 1

by the equations

n u\
o,()

^"i,V ml(i^
-iyt

^"n.in-m-l)!
-

{n>l)

(3)
It is easy to see that

(4)

en

O(0*-^iT

|i

2(2n

2)

+ 2i4t(2n-2)(2M _ + ...|, 4)

and the

series terminates before there is

any possibility of a denominator factor

being zero or negative.

We
l/(*

have now to consider the permissibility of rearranging the repeated series for

- 1).

A sufficient condition is
.i
t
i

that the series


.

2* % % (<+2m).(+m-l)i * iTTTi J 1 * TTi ' *

*/
.

U-o

. \ , +2> \'/ If

should be convergent.
(4),

To prove

that this

is

actually the case,

we observe

that,

by

2' 11

we have

m=0

'MI

m=0

(*+

1)!

+ <3(J|*|) -{exp(i|*P)}/(2m)!

<(il*l)*e*P(il*l

)-

Hence
s

_J1_

(+2m).( + m-l)l
,

,,

||

_,.,_,*

||eipQi|)
'

||(|*|-|*|)

The absolute convergence of the repeated series is therefore established under the hypothesis that \z\ < \t\. And so the expansion (1) is valid when \z\< \t\, and the coefficients of the Bessel functions in the expansion are defined by (2) and (3).
It is also easy to establish the uniformity of the

pansion (1) throughout the regions

1
1

^ R,

convergence of the ex\z\^r, where R > r > 0.

9*1]

ASSOCIATED POLYNOMIALS
these inequalities are satisfied, the
x

273

When

sum
( /)*

of the moduli of the terms does not


+2ro

^_

(8

+ 2m).( + m-l)!
"!

exp

.lo^^lio

*"
(*

(fr*) \

exp

(frr )

+ 2m)!
z

Jand
t,

fl-r

Since the expression on the right is independent of convergence follows from the test of Weierstrass.

the uniformity of the

was called by Neumann a Bessel function of the second now used (cf. 353, 3*54) to describe a certain solution of Bessel's equation, and so it has become obsolete as a description of Neumann's function. The function n (t) is a polynomial of degree n + 1 in 1/t, and it is. usually called Neumann's polynomial of order n.

The function

n ()

kind*; but this term

is

If the order of the terms in

\n m
/k\ (5)

or \{n

\) m
/*\

for

in (2), according as

Neumann's polynomial is reversed by writing n is even or odd, it is at

once found that


r\

* *4

n.fjw
a

+ ma
s

1)1

Q'O-ijSt dn-m)!^^ w n* n ( -2 1 _ J.
r=
1

"

*~

)
i

(n2
-

-4-

-2 )(w
2

-4)
'-

+ ...
(n odd)

(6)

n (t)

j JE o (1

__ 1Jiara=s
3

_n n(n*-l) nfo - l')(w'-3) +.... + -p + ^


, t

These results may be combined in the formula


(*7\
1

'

nnW (t\-"4 mv t
(5), (6)

w T (j n

+ j m) r <>8

j ( t w ) w
'

ran-|m + l).(|Om+1
it is

The equations

and (7) were given by Neumann.


easily proved that

By
(8)
(9)

the methods of 2*11,

lO,(0k*.(n!).(*|*!> ^xpCil*!^
enOn (t) = l.(n\).(lt)--*(l
|

+ 0),

(n>l)

where

<;

[exp (

*
|

- l]/(2 - 2).
Sa n Jn (z)
;

From

these formulae
series

it

follows that the series


is

n (t) is convergent

when z is outside the circle of convergence of the latter series. a n Jn (z) n (t) does not tend to zero as n -- oo and so the former series does not converge. Again, it is easy to prove that, as n -*- oo
absolutely convergent

whenever the

lan (zjt)n

and,

Jn <*)

(t)

^
(2n

{l

<-)}

By analogy

with the Legendre function of the second kind,

Qn (t), which

is

such that

t-z

r.

-=, n=o

+ l) Pn {z)Qn (t).

Cf.

Modern Analysis,

% 15*4.

274

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. IX

and hence it may be shewn* that the points on the circle of convergence at which either series converges^ are identical with the points on the circle at which the other series is convergent. It may also be proved that, if either
series is uniformly convergent in

any domains of values of z and

t,

so also

is

the other

series.
is

Since the series on the right of (1)


analytic functions

a uniformly convergent series of

when
J

<

1
1

\,

it

follows

by

differentiation! that

(10)

(-)g.(p r -^ y

(t-zf + * +1

+ g)!: = T y_ 2

dPjn (z) diQn (t)


dzP

w=0

dV

'

where p, q are any positive integers (zero included).


It

may be

convenient to place on record the following expressions:

o.(0i/.

o
8 5
,

= l/t + 4/f, t (t) = l/t + 16/* +


2 (t)

192/*

= i/< = (t) 3/< + 24/P, = (t) 5/t* + 1 20/t* +


()
2
,

1920/**.

The
Otti,

coefficients in the

polynomial

On (t),

for

=0,

1, 2, ... 15,

have been calculated by

Bern Miltheilungen, 1898, pp.

4, 5.

9*11.

The recurrence formulae

satisfied by

On (t).
l)
n (t)
,

We
(1)
(2)
(3)

shall

now obtain the formulae


n+1 (0

(n

- 1)

+ (n + 1)
1

W _,(0

- 2 (n \~

2n --

n?r
,

(>1)
(n^l)

On_ (0-On+1 (0=2On


-0,()0.'(*)

(<),

The first of these was stated by Schlafli, Math. Ann. in. (1871), p. 137, and proved by Gegenbauer, Wiener Sitzungsberichte, lxv. (2), (1872), pp. 33 35, but the other two were proved some years earlier by Neumann, Theorie der BesseFschen Functionen (Leipzig, 1867),

p. 21.

Since early proofs consisted merely of a verification, we shall not repeat

them, but give in their place an investigation by which the recurrence formulae are derived in a natural manner from the corresponding formulae for
Bessel coefficients.

Taking

<

1,

observe that, by
n

91

(1)

and

2-22 (7),

(t-z)l
7i=0

Jn (z)

n (t)

=1= 2
n=0
if 2fr n is

2 M COS \niT

Jn (z),
is

* It is sufficient to use the

theorems that,

convergent, so also

2&/n,

and that then

Sbjri*

is

absolutely convergeut.
\i) in.

t This was pointed out by Pincherle, Bologna Meviorie,


Cf.

(1881

2), p. 160.

Modem

Analysis, 5-33.

9'11]

ASSOCIATED POLYNOMIALS

275

and hence
z

I
n=0

en

Jn (z)

n (0

=I
=0

en

Jn (z) {tOn (0 - cos' \ntr)


- cos2 \ntr],

=X
since tO (t)=l.
If

/ (z) {tOn (t)

now we

use the recurrence formula for

Jn (z)

to

modify

the expression on the right,

we get
{Jn- X
(z)

2
If

=0

en

Jn (z)

n (t)

=2
n=l

+ Jn+1 (z)}

[tOn (t)

- cos

mr}/n.
it

we

notice that

Jn+1 (z) {On (0 cos2 n7r }/n


x

tends to zero as n-*>oo,

is clear

on rearrangement that
(t)

Jo (z) {0

- tO, (t)} + J
I

(z) {20, (t)

- \t0, (t) + }

= 0. + XJn (Z) \20n (t) - *!*L - *2^> + ?^!l?5l 2 n+1 n1 re 1 j n =2

Now
all

regard

zasa

variable, while
left

the Bessel functions on the

remains constant if the coefficients of do not vanish, the first term which does
;

not vanish can be made to exceed the sum of all the others in absolute value, by taking \z\ sufficiently small. Hence all the coefficients vanish identically* and, from this result, formula (1) is obvious.

To prove

(2)

and

(3) observe that

/d
\dt

+ dz) t-z~

d\ _i

'

and

so, \z\

being

less

than
j

t
j

we have
n' (t)

2
By

Jn (Z)

+2
we

en

Jn

'

(z)

(t)

= 0.

rearranging the series on the

left

find that

5 *nJn (Z) On' () =0

-J

(z)

(t)

- I \J^ (,) - Jn+1


n=l n=l

(jr)}

On (t)

= - J (,) 0, (*) - 2
that
is

Jn (Z) {0 n+1 (0 - On-, ()},

to say,

J. CO {Oo' (0

+ 0, (t)} + i Jn (M) {20 n

'

(t)

n+l

(0 "

n _, (0}

= 0.

On
*

equating to zero the coefficient of


(1),
is

Jn (z)

on the

left,

just as in the

proof of
This

we

obtain (2) and

(3).
if

then

a convergent power series vanishes identically, 3-73). Ttie argument is valid here because the various series of Bessel coefficients converge uniformly throughout a domain containing z = 0.
all its coefficients

the argument used to prove that,

vanish

(cf.

Modern Analysis,

276

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


By combining
(1)

[CHAP. IX

and

(2)
1)
1
)

we

at once obtain the equivalent formulae


'

(4) (5)

ntOn^ (t) - (w2 ntOn+1 (t) - (n2 -.

0 it) = (n - l)tOn
n (t)
(

(t)
'

+ n sin

\mr,

= - n + 1 ) tOn

(t)

+ n sin 2 \mr.

If
(6)
(7)

be written
(n

for

{d/dt), these

formulae become
2

- 1) (^ + n + 1) n (0 = n \tOn-* (t) - sin %rnr}, (n + 1) (^ - n + 1 On (t) = - n {tO n+1 (t) - sin |wtt}
)

The Neumann polynomial


by the equation
(8)

of negative integral order

was defined by Schlafli*

0_(<)
this
n.

= (-)n On (0.
(1)

With
values of

definition the formulae

(7)
n

are valid for

all

integral

9'12.

The

differential equation^ satisfied by

(t).

From the
(*

recurrence formulae 9*11 (6) and


n (t)

(7), it is clear

that

+ n + 1) (* - n + 1)

-L;- (^ + n + 2 1) {- ntOn+1 (t) + n sin \nnr}

=-

Tit

-j

(^

+ n + 2)
2

n+ , (0

+ n sin \mr
8 2

= t {tOn (t) cos


and consequently O n (t)
(%

\n-jr)

+ n sin

\nir

satisfies the differential equation

l)2

n (t)

(<

- n ) On (t) = t cos \mr + n


2 2

sin2 \nir.

It follows that the general solution of the differential equation

is

y = On (0 +
(1)

^(0,

and so the only solution of is On (t).


It is

which

is

expressible as a terminating series

sometimes convenient

to write (1) in the

form

where lere
(w even)

( odd)
*
t

Math. Ann. in.

(1871), p. 138.

Neumann, Theorie der

Bessel'schen Functionen (Leipzig, 1867), p. 13

Journal fur Math.

livii. (1867), p. 314.

9' 12, 9*13]

ASSOCIATED POLYNQMIALS
differential equation is to observe that

277

Another method of constructing the


2

f
and so

z?

+z

l +zj Jo 6-*4 {z) {t)= i

enw2,7n {z)

* (0

'

.**<*> W={*2 ^+4z + Z


2z*
z

t^z t-z

(t-zf

(t-zf

00

00

Now
and hence
Therefore

t^J^ (z), z= 2
00

fin +

(2 + 1)

J2n +

l (z),

+ z = t2

n=0

2 en,gn

(t)

Jn (z).

2jn Jn (z) {< ~ + 3t I + On


as in 9*11,

+ 1* - *} On (t) - V ()] ^ 0.

equating to zero the coefficient of Jn (z) on the left-hand side of this identity, just we obtain at once the differential equation satisfied by On (t).

9*13.
It has

Neumann's contour
been shewn by

integrals associated with


that, if

O n (z).

Neumann*
Jc

be any closed contour,

(1)

Om (z) On (z) dz = 0,
J m (z) On (z) dz =
0,

(m = n and

mn)

(2)

(ma n>)
,

(3)

f Jn (Z) On (Z) dz c

= 27TlA;/n

where k

is

the excess of the

number

of positive circuits of the contour round

the origin over the

number

of negative circuits.

The
larity of

first

result is obvious from Cauchy's theorem, because the only singu-

(z)

n (z) is at the origin,

and the residue there

is zero.

The
grand
is

third result follows in a similar

manner

the only pole of the inteis l/ea .

a simple pole at the origin, and the residue at this point


result,

To prove the second


by zO n (z) and

multiply the equations

V m Jm (Z) = 0,

V n [z0 n {Z)\ = *9n {Z)


and subtract. If

Jm (z)

respectively,
./

U (z)

be written in place of

W iifO|<f)i-, W ^),
BesseVschen Functionen (Leipzig, 1867), p. 19.

the result of subtracting assumes the form

*U' (z) + zll{z) + (m2 - w2 ) zJm (z) On (z) = z*g n (z) Jm (z),
* Theorie der

278

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. IX

and hence
[z

U (z)] c + (m - *) f Jm (z) O n {z)dz=\


2

Jo

Jo

z*gn (z)

Jm (z) dz.

The integrated part vanishes because U(z) is one-valued, and the integral on the right vanishes because the integrand is analytic for all values of z and hence we deduce (2) when 2 n 2
;

Two
(4)

corollaries,
1

due to
/(o /> +
/
)

Schlafli,

Math. Ann.

m.

(1871), p. 138, are that

J* {x+y)
)

m (y) dy = Jn . m (x) + ( -)m Jn + m (#),

/"<-* +
/

(5)

-
first is

Om {x+y) Jn (y) dy=Jm _ n (z) + (-)n Jm+n (*)


(2)

The

obtained by applying

and
00

(3) to

the formula 2*4

(1),

namely

Jn {*+y)=

2 /, +p (i)/.j(y), p 00
variable.

and the second follows by making an obvious change of

9*14.
It

Neumanns

integral for

On (z).

was stated by Neumann* that

(i)

o, (.)
shall

J"

+**+

= /;

^i+i:
2

^
;

+ *

^du.

We
(2)

now prove by induction the

equivalent formula

On (z) =
is

U Jo

/*>

exp ia
[{t

+ V(l +
|

)}

+ {t- V(l + * )} w] *~* dt,


a

where o

any angle such that a + arg z <


j

\ir

on writing

u/z,

the truth

of (1) will then be manifest.

A
(3)

modification of equation (2)


roo+ta

is

0 (z) = \\
(2)

w {e *

+ (-)""} -*** cosh ^0.

Jo

To prove

we observe that
/"ooexpia

racexpia

O
and
so,

(s)

=
Jo

e-*dt,

0,(z)=
Jo

te-*dt;

by using the recurrence formula


oo

911
<f>

(2), it follows

that

we may write

exp ia
gt n (t)e~ dt,

0. <*)-["
Jo

where
(4)
<f> +1

(0 -

2t<j> n (t)

- <_, (0 = 0, =
*.

and
(5)
*

<M0=1>

*!<)

Theorie der BtsseVtchen Functionen (Leipzig, 1867), p. 16; Journal filr Math, lxvii. (1867),

p. 312.

9*14]

ASSOCIATED POLYNOMIALS
solution of the difference equation (4)
<f>

279

The

is

n (t)

= A{t + V(* + l)} n + B {t - V(l + t*)} n


2

where

and

are independent of n, though they

The

conditions (5) shew, however, that

A B=\

might be functions of t. and the formula (2) is

established.

This proof was given in a symbolic form by Sonine*,


/<*> exp ia
<t>n

who wrote

<p n

(D)

(1/z)

where we

(0

*"*** dt>

D standing for (djdz).


is due to Kapteynf, which we now write in

completely different investigation of this result


is

whose analysis the form

based on the expansion of

9*1 (1),

--=X n Jn (S)O n (z).


s

*=o

When

<

s
j

we have

= IT\ 2 9
2" '">
.

oo (n=-<* V.n=
1

Jn (0\ e-du,
j

if

p be so chosen that

u
z
It follows that

We shall now shew that the


will
W

interchange of summation and integration


z

is justifiable; it

be sufficient to shew that, for any given values of ( and


f
\

(such that
|

<

|),

fu + J(u i 4-z )\ n
2

n=N+\
can be made arbitrarily
3^-all

by taking

N sufficiently large J

now

\uJ{u*+z*)\^2(u + \z\),
andso

Jn{0

r\^^p^l\
J
2
|

e -u

du

^J^ fV(+|,|)
z
I \

-*

1*1"

J LI

<|(C/*)"|exp{|| + iim.
*

Math. Ann.

xvi. (1880), p. 7.

For a similar symbolic investigation


(3) x. (1893), p. 108.

see 6 "14 supra.

t Ann. Sci. de VEcole norm. sup.

X Cf. Bromwich, Theory of Infinite Series, 176.

280
Therefore, since
|

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. IX

<
I I

|,

we have
|

r-

.-l+i J.

{uJW+f^jn() (z)
*=
left

If
*

*P

{!!

+*

<f}
'

\*\{\'\-\i\rby taking

and the expression on the when z and ( are fixed.

can be

made

arbitrarily small

N sufficiently large

Hence, when

<

j,

we have
/(f)
.'0

= 2
w = - ee

{w+^+f!)} e~"rfu _
*

y)

tti

'

= 2en Jn (00n (z)


where
n (2;) is defined

by the equation
\*

0 (,) = j"
and
it is
1.

+
n

" + Wj- </(* + ** ^ du


e
(z),

easy to see that

so defined,

is

a polynomial in 1/z of degree

n+

When
term,
it is

the integrand

is

expanded*

in powers of z

and integrated term by

easy to reconcile this definition of

n {z) with the formula 9*1 (4).

9*15.

Sonine's investigation of

Neumann's

integral.

An

extremely interesting and suggestive investigation of a general type

of expansion of l/(a

z)

is

due to Soninef; from


is

this general expansion,

Neumann's formula
difficulty.

(9'1) with the integral of

91 4 can be
(w)

derived without

Sonine's general theorem

as follows

Let
so that

yjr

<fr

(w) be an arbitrary function of is the function inverse to ty.

w;

and, if

yfr

= x,

let

w = ^ ()>

Let

Zn

and

A n be defined
1

by the equations%

z =
Then
it

f<+>

ti)

** m

CL

k> ^=/o
= Zn A n
n =-a>

din

*-"*{*(*)}"<**

being assumed that the series on the right is convergent.

Suppose that
curve

for

C surrounding

the origin and the point


(1918), 264.

any given positive value of x, z, and

w > (x) w < ^ (x)


\ \

-fa

on a closed

on a closed

* Cf.

Hobson, Plane Trigonometry

t Mathematical Collection (Moscow), v (1870), pp. 323 modified slightly, but the symbols ^ and ^ are his.

382.

Sonine's notation has been

J This
Wist.
ii.

is

connected with Laplace's transformation.

See Burkhardt, Encyclopadie der Math.

(Analysis) (1916), pp.

781784.

9-15, 9*16]

ASSOCIATED POLYNOMIALS
z.

281

curve

surrounding the origin but not enclosing the point

Then

+
2iriJ

1
1

oo

/*oo

y%n

gg(w)-

dwdx

\Jc
J
-" x

Jc

w-^{x)

gZ^(W>) a*

2iriJ

=
provided that

Jo

e (z
;

dx =

l/(o

z),

B(z)<R (a)

and the

result

is

established

if it is

assumed

that the various transformations are permissible.

In order to obtain Neumann's expansion, take


y}r

(w)

\ (w

l/w),

vf (x)

= x V( +
2

1)

and then

n= oo

= i KJ(*){4 n + (-)A_n
=

}.

Since

4 n + (-) ^4_ n = ( V'* [>


Jo

vV + l)} n + (-)n {* V(* + 1)}" W

] <*#,

we

at once obtain
Sonine notes
{jp.

Neumann's

integral.

328) that

Jn (z)~(hj) n ln\, *nOn (a)~n\($a)-*, and in the later part of his a\ of the expansion so that lfta-z) converges when J z memoir he giyes further applications of his general expansion.
\

<

9*16.

The generating function of On


series

(z).

The

(-^n^On (*),

which

is

a generating function associated with

On (z),
the

does not converge for any value of t except zero. series after the method of Borel, in the following manner

Kapteyn* however, has

"summed"

n.(n + m-\)\t2n

_
_1

(n

+ $).(n+m)l

2n +

nlomlo
1

(n-)!(i*)* | n.(n + m-l)l

"

t*

n Ion=m

_1

(2w)
2

~ 2 JE

(-)! (^) 2m+2 <^ (!+<) _


!

(2m+l)l
2"* + 2

<* + 1
(1

(l+<^
2m + 2
)

"(**)*" +

(1

-'

2
)

2m+1
'

w=

(i*)

- <a

l+<
*

(-).m! tm

*(l-<*)m=o{*( 1 -< , )} m
Nieuw Archief voor Wiskunde

(2), vi. (1905),

pp. 49

55.
10

282

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


/>
7j

[CHAP. IX
^

e~"du
tot

>

an d this integral

is

convergent so long as

(1

1'*)

z\t is

not negative.

There

is

no great

difficulty in verifying that the series

2
n=o
t

n(

nt

On (z)
|

is

an asym-

ptotic expansion of the integral for small positive values of


integral

may be

regarded as the generating function of

(z).

when arg z < n, and so the Kapteyn has built up much


|

of the theory of

Neumann's function from

this result.

9 '17.
It
is

The inequality of Kapteyn 's type for


possible to deduce from

(m).

Neumann's

integral an inequality satisfied


satisfied

by

n (nz)

which closely resembles the inequality

by

J n (nz)

obtained

in 8-7.

We

have
1 n < n *) = 2i^+i

r*
J

H + V(w + z )] n +{u>- V(/


2

z*)} ]

e~nw dw,

the path of integration being a contour in the w-plane, and so


n (nz)

^
I

~
i

["
|

[{,

y/(vfi

+ *)} e-] | dw
!

,
j

J o

where that value of the radical


greater modulus.

is

taken which gives the integrand with the

Now
is

the stationary point of

[w

+ V(w + z )} e~ w
2

V(l
(!)

-z ),

and

so

On (nz) ^
|

JL_
|

Lt^^p
is

Jl {"

+ VK + z>)} e-\.\dw\,
is

where the path of integration


stationary point.

one for which the integrand

greatest at the

If a surface of the type indicated in 8*3

is

constructed over the w-plane,


;

the stationary point

is

the only pass on the surface


if

and both

w=

and

w = + oo
(2)

are at a lower level than the pass

Vd-*

Hence, since a contour joining the origin to infinity can be drawn when (2) is and since the integral involved in (1) is convergent with this contour, it follows that, throughout the domain in which (2) is satisfied, the inequality
satisfied,

(3)
is satisfied for

O n {nz)<.~
z
i

-z) z exp V(l s )


1 4-

V(l

j"" 1

some constant value of A


8'7.

and

this is

an inequality of the same

character as the inequality of

9-17, 9-2]
9'2.

ASSOCIATED POLYNOMIALS

283

Gegenbauers generalisation* of Neumanns polynomial.


z"/(t

If
z

we expand

z)

in

ascending powers of z and replace each power of

by the expansion

as a series of Bessel functions given in 5*2,

we

find

on

rearrangement that
zv

* z v+s

2 "+*

(v

+ s + 2m).T (v + s + m )
(i/

"

" (<i 2" +n 2m

J iio
no greater theoretical

* -

+ n)

1"

(v

+ n - m)

A
;

~~^.

Jv+n {z)
\

the rearrangement has been effected by replacing s by n


difficulties

2m, and

it

presents

than the corresponding rearrangement in 91.

We are

thus led to consider Gegenbauer's polynomial

A ntV {t),

defined by

the equation

this definition is valid


|

whenever

v is not zero or a negative integer

and when

z\<
(2)

\t\,

we have
t

. =2 A Z =0
M

n>v

{t)Jv + n

{z).

The reader should have no


formulae
(3)
(v

difficulty in

proving the following recurrence


2
\(v
V* + n1
-

+ n-VAn+^M + iv + n + VA^.it)--*
2" (v

1
[

J t

An

(t)

+ n)

\(v

+ nY -1}
t\\\n +

1"

(v

+ \n- \)

Sinz *W7T,

\)

(5)

(i/

+ n) tA n_ 1<v (t) - (n +

+ n - 1) 4,,,, (0 2"(v + n)(v + n-l)r(v + ln-$) , ,, ., I^ 8in2l = ( y + w _l)^' i". n> () + rfln + i)
1) (v
v

(6)

(1/

+ w) ^+1 , (<) - ( + n +

1) (2

+nn)(i

1)

A n>v (t)
,

^ /x + 2"(i/ + = -( + + -v 1)^', ,,(*)


(7)
*

+ n + l)r (i + ln + i) ... ^sin'iuTr, r(in + f)

4^)2T(+l)/t
Wiener Sitznngsberichte, lxxiv.
(2),

(1877), pp. 124

130.

284

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


The
differential equation of

[CHAP. IX
is

which

A n>v (t)

is

a solution
)

(R\

d*y

J>-2vdy

(n+l)( 2in -w-l)


J

where
(9)

^(

.-A
r(J

L__.l

WW
+^ _I ^+n (0also

The

general solution of (8)

is -4 ,,()

Of these
proved that
(10)

results, (3), (4), (8)

and (9) are due to Gegenbauer; and he

_.
J

A n>v (t)e<*dt = 2in T{v).(v + n)Cn (z),


2az + a*)'*
is
;

where

Cn v (z)
is

is

the coefficient of an in the expansion of (1

this

formula

easily proved

by calculating the residue of (izt) m A n> (t) at the


for

origin.

The corresponding formula


(11)

Neumann's polynomial
izt

1
I

/"< 0+)

Lttx J

(t) e

dt

= in cos

n arc cos

z)

The
(12)

following formulae

may

also

be mentioned
v

A m v (z)A n
c
'

(z)dz

= 0,

(m = nandm^n)

(13)

z-*Jy+m (z)A n>v (z)dz = 0,


z~ v

(m2 ^fen2 )

(14)

I
.'

Jv+n (z) A n
n = 0,

(z)

dz =

2irik,

c
1,2,
. . . ,

where

G is any closed
first

contour,

and k

is

the excess of the

number

of positive circuits over the

number

of negative circuits of

G round the origin.


;

The

and third of these


V +m J v+m (z)

last results are

proved by the method of 913

the second

is

derived from the equations

= 0,

V+n

{*-

An

(z)}

= z*-> gnt (*),


z2

whence we

find that

(m - n)

(2v

m + n)

Jo

z~ v

Jv+m (z) A n,,( z ) dz =


Sn (t).

~v

gn<v {z) Jv+m (z) dz

0.

9*3.

Schlafli's

polynomial

polynomial closely connected with Neumann's polynomial


it is

O n (t) was

investigated by Schlafli.
properties,

In view of the greater simplicity of some of its frequently convenient to use it rather than Neumann's poly-

nomial.

9'3]

ASSOCIATED POLYNOMIALS
polynomial
is
1 \

285

Schlafli's definition* of the

(1) (2)

Sn (t) = 2
S.()-0.

<n {n (n

_m_

A)

(iO-"

+MW
,

(n

>

1)

On comparing
(3)

(1) with 9*1 (2),

we

see at once that

n Sn (t) = *0n (0 - cos8 \nir.


n (t) in

If we substitute for the functions

the recurrence formulae 9*11 (1)


cos2 mr,

and

(2),

we

find from the former that

(4)

+!
latter,
x

(t)

+ _! (0 - 2n~ Sn (t) = U~
1

and from the


(n
If

- 1) #n _ (0 - 1 (n +
this

1) +,

(0 = nSn

'

(t)

- nt- 8n (t) - 2*"


1

cos2 fnw.

we multiply
(5)

by 2 and add the

result to (4),

we get

Sn^{t)-Sn+1 (0 =
(4)

25/(0.

may, of course, be proved by elementary algebra by using the definition of Sn (t), without appealing to the properties of
(5)

The formulae

and

Neumann's polynomial.

The
(6)

definition of Schlafli's polynomial of negative order is

S_n (0 = (-)w+1 >SU0,


all

and, with this definition, (4) and (5) are true for

integral values of n.

The
(7)
is easily

interesting formula, pointed out

by

Schlafli,

Sn^(t) + Sn+1 (t) = 40n (t),


derived from (3) and
(4).

Other forms of the recurrence formulae which may be derived from (4)

and

(5) are

(8) (9)

nSn (0 - tSn (0 = 2 cos8 ^nir, tSn+1 (0 - nSn (0 + tSn (0 = 2 cos8 |n7r.


*n_, (0 * '

If

we write ^

for

(d/dt), these

formulae become
2 cos^wtt,

(10) (11)
it follows that

(S

+ n) Sn (0 = tSn ^ (0 -

(^ - n) Sn (0 = - tSn+1 (0 + 2 cos2 wr-

(^

- n ) Sn (0 = t (^ + 1 - n) #n_, (0 + In cos8 \nir = - Sn (t) + 2t sin fnir + 2n cos \nir,


8 t 2
8

and so
(12)

Sn (t)

is

a solution of the differential equation

du - + t-~ + (< - n
d?v
8

)y =

2 sin 2 /wr

+ 2n cos

\rnr.

Math. Ann.

m.

(1871), p. 138.

286
It

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


may be S
1

[CHAP. IX
:

convenient to place on record the following expressions

(t)

= 2/t,
16/t
3
,

&(*)-4/*,

S3 (t) = 2/t +
5

S
5
,

S (t) = 2/t + 4,8/t + 768/*


3

= 8/ + 96/i = S (t) 12/t + 384/f + 7680/tf


4

(t)

1
;

The general descending

series,

given explicitly by Otti, are

-2 2n(n-- 2 )(w -4 = 2n + 2n(n + + t P


i 2
2

) '

'

t-

2 (n2

l2)

2 (wf -

(w 2

-3)
2

polynomial (<)> for n = l, 2, ... 12, have been calculated by Otti, 14 Otti's formulae are reproduced (with some obvious errors) by Graf and Gubler, Einleitung in die Theorie der Bessel'schen Funktionen, II. (Bern,

The

coefficients in the

Ztera Mittheilungen, 1898, pp. 13

1900), p. 24.

9*31.

Formulae connecting

the

polynomials of Neumann and

Schlafii.

have already encountered two formulae connecting the polynomials of Neumann and Schlafii, namely

We

\nSn (t) = t0n (t) - cos \ntr, 8n- (t) + S (t) = 40n(f),
2
l l

of which the former is an immediate consequence of the definitions of the functions, and the latter follows from the recurrence formulae. A number of other formulae connecting the two functions are due to Crelier * they are easily derivable from the formulae already obtained, and we shall now discuss
;

the more important of them.

When we
find that
(1)

eliminate cos2 |/wr from

93 (3) and

either

93 (8)

or (9),

we

(2)

Sn _ (t)-Sn(t) = 20 n (t), Sn+1 (t)+Sn(t) = 20n (t).


1

Next, on
(3)

summing

equations of the type 9*3

(5),

we

find that

Sn (t) = -2

<(i-D

2
w=
(t)

S'n^mr-i(t)

+ Bin*lnir.S

(t),

and hence
(4)
*

Sn (t) + Sn _

= -2 2 fi^-, (*) + &(*).


TO

Comptes Rendus, cxxv. (1897),

pp. 421423, 860863; BernMittheilungen, 1897,

pp.

6196.

9-31, 9*32]

ASSOCIATED POLYNOMIALS

287

Again from
4

93 (7) and (5) we have {<?_, (0 + O n+J ()} = n _ 2 (t) + 2Sn (t) + S n+2 (t) = (Sn_ 2 (*) - Sn ()} - {Sn (t) - Sn+2 (t)\ 4Sn (0 = 2S' n_ (t)-2S\l+1 (t) + 4 Sn (t) 4Sn" (0 + 4^(0,
1
!

so that
(5)

Sn" (t) + Sn (t) - O n _


is

(t)

+ O n+1 (t).
911
(2),

This

the most interesting of the formulae obtained by Crelier.

Again, on
(6)

summing formulae

of the type of

we
2

find that
(t),

On (t) = -2

I
5/1=0

0'n -2m-! 0)

+ 8^4^.0,(0 + cos $mr.O


O'n-^-,

and hence
(7)
n (t)

0^

(t)

= -2 "%
m=0

(t)

0,

(t)

{t).

9*32.

The
(1)

peculiar

Graf's expression of Sn (z) as a sum. summatory formula

Sn (z) = Tr

m= n

[Jn (z)Ym (z)-Jm (z)Yn (z)}

was stated by Graf*


Gubler's treatisef.

Graf and most readily proved by induction it is obviously true when n = 0, and also, by 363(12), when n=l. If now the sum on the right be denoted temporarily by n (z), it is clear that
This formula
is
;

in 1893, the proof being supplied later in

<f>

<n+i (Z)

<n-i (Z)

~ (%n/z)
2

<f>

n {Z)

= 7T Jn+1 {Z) + irJn_


1

m+1

m= n-1

Ym (Z) - 7T

n+1

Fn+j (z)

2
m=n-l

Jm (z)
Jm (z)
m=-n

(z)

2 m= n+l

Ym (z)-7rYn_

(z)

m= +l

-(2n7rjz)Jn (z)

2
m=n

Ym (z) + {2nir[z) Yn (z) 2 Jm (z).

Now

modify the summations on the right by suppressing or inserting terms at the beginning and end so that all the summations run from n ton; and

we then
vanish.
<f>

see that the complete coefficients of the


It follows that

sums 2 Jm (z) and 2

Ym (z)

n+1 (z)

+ <_, (z) - (2n/z) n (z) = 7rJn+1 (Z) Yn+1 (Z) + Y_ n ^ (Z)} - 7T Fn+1 (z) {Jn+1 (z) + J_n_, ( Z)\ - -rrJ^ (z) n (z) + F_M (Z)} + 7T n_ (z) {Jn (z) + J_ n (z)\ _ - {l + (_ l){ \Jn _, ( Z ) Yn (z) - Jn (z) Fn _ (,)}
<f>
{

= 4.2 -1 eos

^wr,
is satisfied

by 363(12); and so n (z) satisfies the recurrence formula which by Sn (z), and the induction that n {z) = Sn (z) is evident.
<f>
<f>

Math. Ann. XLin.

(1893), p. 138.

t Einleitung in die Theorie der BesseVschen Funktionen, n. (Bern, 1900), pp. 34

41.

288
9*33.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Greliers integral for

[CHAP. IX

Sn (z).

If

we take the formula 9*14(2), namely


r ao

exp

ia

On (e)

=h
.'

[{t

V'(l

+ t*)} n +

\t

- V(l + )} w ] e~* dt,


2

and integrate by

parts,

we

find that

eft

_ cos'^wtt + " 5
Hence
it

00

_^ 2zJ

i"

\t

+ \/(l

4-

P)}

V( 1

+ * )} w
2

_rf

V(l+**)

follows that

This equation, which was given by


(2)
is

Schlafli,

Math. Ann. in. (1871),


f

p. 146, in

the form

Sn (z)= j"** {?*-(-)*-'*} e-'**dO


Crelier's researches*, of

fundamental in

which we

shall

now

give an outline.

We

write temporarily

Tn =
and then
so that

[t

+ V(l + *2)} n -

\t

- V(l + ?)}'\

y"+! _ ot 4T
and therefore
7'
C

IT
*

'

+ 2 + 2*+...+2e'

the continued fraction having w elements. It follows that quotient of two simple continuants^ so that

Tn ]Tn
x

is

the

Tn+ l= K(2t,2t,...,2t)n

Tn
the suffixes
n,

K{2t,2t,...,2t) n

^
and since

denoting the number of elements in the continuants.

It follows thatj

Tn /K(2t) n-i is independent of n; T = 2V(1 + I'), #(20o=l,


1

we have

Tn = 2</(l + t*).K(2t)n_
* Comptes Rendus, cxxv. (1897), pp.
;

1 ,

t Chrystal, Algebra, n. (1900), pp.

% Since

all

the elements of

421423, 860863 Bern Mittheilungen, 1897, pp. 6196. 494502. tbe continuant are the same, the continuant may be expressed by

this abbreviated notation.

9*33, 9*34]

ASSOCIATED POLYNOMIALS
fee

289

and hence
exp ia

(3)

Sn (z) = 2
Jo

K(2t)n _ e~^dt,
1

From

this result it is possible to obtain all the recurrence formulae for

8n CO by using properties of continuants.

9'34.

Schlafli's expansion

of Sn (t

+ z)

as a series of Bessel

coefficients.

We

shall

now

obtain the result due to Schlafli * that,

when

<

1
1

Sn (t 4- z)
(1)

can be expanded in the form

Sn (t + z)=

m= 00

I Sn _n (t)Jm (z).

is

The simplest method of establishing this formula for positive values of n by induction f. It is evidently true when n = 0, for then both sides vanish
1,

when n =

the expression on the right

is

equal to

S, (0 Jo (*)

+ X

{Si-m (t)

Jm (*) + S^ (0 J_ m (z)}
2 {Sm^W + S^ityJ^-z)
*=1

= 2Oo (t)J
=
2

{-z) +

I e m Om (t)Jm (-z)

=
by 91(1) and

2/(*

+ z) =

S,

(t

+ z),

93 (7).
truth of (1) for Schlafli's polynomials of orders

Now,

if

0, 1, 2, ... n,

we assume the we have


(t

Sn+i

+ z) = S^ (t + z)- 2Sn

'

(t

+ z)
2
S'n _,n (t)Jm (z)

m=

X
2

Sn-r-i(t)Jm

(z)-2

wi= 00
30

\Sn. m-,{t)-2S'H . m (t))Jm (z)

m= *>
and the induction
is

established

to obtain the second line in the analysis,

we have used the obvious

result that

S'(t
*

+ z) = ^SH (t + z).
;

Math. Ann. in. (1871), pp. 139


the reader
(cf.

141

the examination of the convergence of the series

is

left to

9-1).

The extension

to negative values of follows

on the proof

for positive values,

by

9*3 (6).

290

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. IX

The expansion was obtained by Schlafli by expanding every term on the right of (1) in ascending powers of z and descending powers of t. The investigation given here is clue to Sonine, Math. Ann. xvi. (1880), p. 7 ; Sonine's investigation was concerned with a more general class of functions than Schlafli's polynomial, known as hemi-cylindrical functions
< 10-8).

When we make
(2)

use of equation
n (t

9*3 (7), it is clear that,

when

<

1
1

\,

+ z)=

= 00

O n.m {t)Jm (z).


Wiener Sitzungsberichte, lxvi.
(2),

This was proved directly by Gegenbauer,


pp. 220

223, who expanded


[cf.

(1872),

n (t+z) in ascending

powers of

by Taylor's theorem, used

the obvious formula

$ 9-11 (2)]

(3)

2P

^r-)==

* (-) m pCm .On - p+2m


series.

(t),

and rearranged the resulting double


It

is

easy to deduce Grafs* results (valid

when \z\<

\t\),

(4)

Sn (t-z) = On (t-z)=

I Sn+m^Jmiz),

(5)

Wl =

i O n+ m (t)Jm (z).
oo

9*4.

The

definition of

Neumanns

'polynomial ft n (t).

The problem
formulae of

of expanding an arbitrary even analytic function into a

series of squares of Bessel coefficients


2*72,

was suggested to which express any even power of z as a

Neumann f by

the

series of this type.

The preliminary expansion, corresponding

to the expansion of l/(t

z)

given in 91, is the expansion of l/(F z2 ); and the function ft n () will be defined as the coefficient of n Jnz (z) in the expansion of l/(tfa z*), so that
C1)

ir-r, t*-z

= # (*) Oo (0 +
n=0

<*) fli

(0

W
tft

<*)

n. (0

= 2 c/.'Wfl.^
To obtain an
panding
*

explicit expression for fi n (0>

ke

<

*
I

aQ d, after ex-

l/(s

z})

in ascending powers of
141

z,

substitute for each power of z the

Math. Ann.

xliii. (1893), pp.

142;

see also Epstein, Die vier Rechnung*operationen


iiber die Fortschritte der

mit Bessel'schen Functionen (Bern, 1894).


pp. 845846.]

[Jahrbuch

Math. 18931894,

t Leipziger Berichte, xxi. (1869), pp. 221256. [Math. Ann. in. (1871), pp. 581610.]

9-4]

ASSOCIATED POLYNOMIALS
given by

291
( 2-72).

series of squares of Bessel coefficients


9*1,
1

a 2

Neumann

As

in

we have

z 2*

-s ~,=oM+a

when we rearrange the


presents no

series

by writing

ns

for

this

rearrangement

greater theoretical difficulties

than the corresponding rearrange-

ment

in 9*1.
is

Accordingly the function fl (t)

denned by the equations

V>
(3)

Un

W ~ 4 ,r

(n

- *)! (2s)! (i
we

M+a

'

(n>l)

n i (o-i/'.
the order of the terms in (2)
find that

On reversing
<*)

nW ~4 mto
"nW-i+oir+o ^3.4 2
**
-

* n.(2n-tn-l)l{(n-m)!} ~ m!(2n-2/rc)!(02M 2w+2


full, it

(n>l)
'

while, if (2) be written out in


1

assumes the form

14na

1.2 4n'(4n-2')
/L

1.2.3 4n a (4na - 2 2 )(4tt2 -4a )


+4, s.

(5)

/6

Also

A*
(6)

@44

2.(2w-l)(2n-2)
Hen*
2"

+
)
'

+ 1.2...n.(2n-l)(2n-2)...nf
where

.= ~

2 n-l
2/i

@ = (2n-l)(2n-3) 2n(2n-2)
4

'

_ (2-l)(2n-3)(2n -5) "' W6_


(7)

2n(2n-2)(2n-4)

0 =
Since
(8)

(2m-1)(2w-3)...1 2n(2w-2)...2
211
),

< Bm <

1, it is

easy to shew by the methods of

that

n it)

<*

2*
j

- 2- 2 (n 2 exp !) (
2 2

2
|

and,

when n > 0,
en

(9)

nw (0 2W <- "|

(n!)a (l

+ 0),

where

0\

S {exp|*| a

- l}/(2n- 1).

292

THEORY OF BBSSBL FUNCTIONS


By
reasoning similar to that given at the end of 91,
it is

[CHAP. IX
easy to shew

that the domains of convergence of the series


are the same.

1an Jn* (z) iln (t) and %an (z/ty*


the curious formula, due

The reader should have no


to

difficulty in verifying

Kapteyn*,

ao)

-(')- s

5/r^(a^)Qn
(t).

9*41.

The recurrence formulae for


to

The formulae corresponding


2
(1) K)
t

911

(2)

and

(3) are

n'(t) lln{t)

= n -^

**<*>

n-1

n+

2n 'Q n-l'

{n>4 < n >2) >

(2)

(2/<)rV(o
(2/0

= *n (0-**MO,

(3)

'

(t)

= - 2n, (t) + 2n

(t).

There seems to be no simple analogue of

9*11 (1).

The method by which

Neumann f

obtained these formulae

is

that described in 9*11.

Take the fundamental expansion

9*4 (1),

and observe that

and

that,

by Hansen's expansion of
2 Jo ()
J' (z)

2*5,

= - z 2 JV, (*) - ./Vi (*))/


{

We find by

differentiations with regard to


en

t,

and with regard

to

z,

that

-2t/(t*-z>Y= 5
n=0
a/(ff

Jn*(*)fV(0>
j; to
flo

- *y = 2 j

(#>

(0

J'n., (*)

- Jn+1 (*)} n n (o/n

=* I
n=l

{/*.,

to -/Vito){n(*)-n. (*)}/
it is

On comparing
*-

these results,

clear that
2

en

Jn*(z)a n \t)+ i {Jv to-^


1

+ ito}.{(0-n(o}/n=a
left

On

selecting the coefficient of

Jn

(z)

on the

and equating

it

to zero

(cf.

91),
*

we

at once obtain the three stated formulae.


Sci. de

Ann.

VEcole norm. sup.

(3) x. (1893), p. 111.

+ Lnpziger Berichte, xxi. (1869), p. 251. [Math. Ann.

m.

(1871), p. 606.]

9-41, 9*5]
9*5.

ASSOCIATED POLYNOMIALS

293

Gegenbauer's generalisation of Neumanns polynomial


;L+ "l(t z)

Q n (t).

in ascending powers of z and replace each power If we expand z of z by its expansion as a series of products of Bessel functions given in 55, we find on rearrangement (by replacing s by n 2m) that
gfl

+v

* gH + v + S

2*i+ " + *(

^ r(/j.+s+l)r(v+%s + l)(fji+i>+s+2m)r(iJ. + v + s+m)


\z)

t/

M+ j+i

J v+ ig +m

(z)

=0

i=0 (,m=0

*n swi + i
&

(/A+y + n)r(/i,

+ ^w-m +
m!r(/tx

1) r(i/
i/

+ |n-m + + + w-2i + l)

l)r(/A

+ y + M -w)

it is

supposed that z
|

<

|,

and then the rearrangement presents no greater

theoretical difficulties than the corresponding rearrangement of 91.

We

consequently are led to consider the polynomial

Bnillt (t),

defined by

the equation

m
(-

1)

R ;**(*) -n

+ i>+w) = 2+'+(m ^T+l


X
<J
,t
r(fjL

+ %n-m + l)r(v+$n-m + l)r(fi + v+n-m) m!rV + v + n-2wi + l)

W
,

'

This polynomial was investigated by Gegenbauer*; it recurrence formulae, none of which are of a simple character.
It
(2)

satisfies various

may be noted

that
,;
0,0

(0

= **" (*)
functions in ascending

The
on
series

following generalisations of Gegenbauer's formulae are worth placing

record.

They are obtained by expanding the Bessel


residues.

and calculating the


2^.

(3)

t-"J
J

(2t sin

<f>)

B2n +
dt

1;

>v (t)dt

= 0.

(4)

2^. J

t~ >

J, (2t sin
/

<f>)

Bm

M>

(t)

In the
1

_ 2* + "((j + v + 2n)r(fi, + l)r(fj, + v + n)8m''<b n\T(fi + v+l) x aFa (-n,/ji + l,fj.+ v + n; f* + $* + $, \f- + l v + special case in which ft = v, this reduces to
r(o+)

2 *J sin

<f>).

(5)

t-*Jp {2tam4>)Bm

v, v

(t)dt=2*(v+n)r( v )sm*<l>Cn*(co82<t>).
<f>

This formula

may be still further

specialised by taking
(2),

equal to tt or tt.

* Wiener Sitzungtbcrichte, lxxv.

(1877), pp.

218222.

294
9*6.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


The genesis of Lommel's* polynomial

[CHAP. IX

RmiV (z).

The recurrence formula

Jv+1 (z) = (2v/z) Jv (z) - /_, (z)


may
v

obviously be used to express

Jv+m {z)

linearly in terms of

Jv (z)

and
to

J ^{z)\

and the

coefficients in this linear relation are

polynomials in \jz

which are known as Lommel's polynomials.


obtain explicit expressions for them.

We

proceed to shew

how

The

result of eliminating

Jv+1 (z), Jv+3 (z),... Jv + m_


x

(z)

from the system of

equations

Jv+P+1 (z) is easily

{2 (v

+ p)/z] Jv+P (z) + Jv+P_

(z)

0,

(p = 0,

1,

. . .

m - 1)
=0.

seen to be
-2z- 1
(v
1,

^ + m(2),
0>

+ m-l),
-2z- l

1,

(v

+ m-2),

0,

0,

1,

0,

0, 0,
(z),

0,
0, 0,

Jp('),
Jv .
1

-22- 1
1

("

+ l)

(z)-(2v/z)Jy

0,

By expanding

Jv+m (z)

is

in cofactors of the first column, we see that the cofactor of unity; and the cofactor of (-)"*- 1 Jv {) is
i.

-2?- 1 (v + m-l),
1,

0,
1,

0,
0, 0,

-23~ 1 (v+m-2),
1,

-2-i(i/+i-3),

0,
0,

0,

_2*-J( + l),
1,

0,

-22-1

The

cofactor of (-)m

~1

/I^i (z) is this

determinant modified by the suppression

of the last

row and column.


denoted by the symbol (-)m RmtV (z); and called Lommel's polynomial. It is of degree m in 1/z
1

The
and
it is

cofactor of (-) w,
is

(z) is

Rm, (z), thus defined,

also of degree

in

v.

The
which
unity
;

Rmiy (z) is defined


it

suppressing the last row and column of the determinant by is equivalent to increasing v and diminishing by and so the cofactor of (-)m ~ ./_, (z) is (-) mr " 1 iC-i.r+i (z).

effect of

Hence

follows that

Jv+m (z) - J (z) Rmt


*

(z)

J_
v

( z)

R m_

+1 ( z )

= 0,

Math. Ann.

iv. (1871), pp.

108116.

9*6, 9*61]

ASSOCIATED POLYNOMIALS

295

that

is

to say

(1)

Jv+m (z) = Jv (z) Em>


is

(z)

- J^ (z) R m-h +1 (z).

It

easy to see that*

Rm

(z) is

the numerator of the last convergent of

the continued fraction

2*rl(v

+m~

1>

>-2z->(v+m-2)-2z-*(v + m-3)-...-2z->v-

-R,,(z) was denned by Lommel by means of equation (1). then derived an explicit expression for the coefficients in the polynomial by a somewhat elaborate induction ; it is, however, simpler to determine the coefficients by using the series for the product of two Bessel functions in the

The function

He

way which
It

will

be explained in

9'61.

had been observed by

Bessel, Berliner Abh., 1824, p. 32, that, in consequence of the

recurrence formulae, polynomials

A n . x (2),
2
2)

Z?n _i (2) exist

such that

'.<)-

-2

'

'^- r"

^n-l (*) JiW- *-!

M*

<*.

where

[cf.

962

(8)]

^n_i

(2)

BH (2) - A n (2) 5B _

(2)=

2K^...(2n-2f2n

'

It should be noticed that Graft and Crelierf use a notation which Lommel's notation ; they write equation (1) in the form

differs

from

Ja + >

W-^CT

<*>

Ja <*) " K>-1 <*> '.-1 (*>

9*61.

The

series for

Lommel's polynomial.
(z),

m It is easy to see that (-) J- r -m


shews that
(1)

qua function of the integer m,

satisfies

the same recurrence formulae as J,+m (z); and hence the analysis of

96

also

(-)* J_,_ (z)

= J.

(z)

Rm, v {z)

+ J.v+1 (z) R m- ltV+1 (5).


(z),

Multiply this equation by


It follows that
(2)

J^ (z) and 96 (1) by J"_+1

and add the

results.

J+m (z) J_+1 (z) + (-)m J- -m (z) /.-1 {z) = Rm (z) {Jy (z) J-^ (z) + /_ (z) /_, (z)}
,

2 sin vtt
Rm,v{z),
TTZ
* Cf. Chrystal, Algebra,
11.

(1900), p. 502.

t Ann. di Mat. (2) xxm. (1895), pp. tionen, n. (Bern, 1900), pp. 98109.

4565; Einleitung
131163.

in die Theorie der Bessel'sehen Funk-

t Ann. di Mat.

(2) xxiv. (1896),

pp.

296

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


32 (7).
But, by

[CHAP. IX

by

541, we have

j v+m {z)

j_ +1
X

w(z)

opir{v +

m+p+
+

l)r{ _

+ 2+p y
n)
1

J- v - m (z) Jv -

= 2
n~l

n\T(v- m + n + 1 V (v +
)

_ S
n =o n\

(~) (-

-)n

{\z)- m+tn

T(

m+n

1)

r(y + n)

+ i
when we
that
(jo

P =o(r/i

replace

??

in the

(|*y+g+* (-v+*- P + i) + p + l)!r(-i/ + 2+p)r(i/ + w+p + l)' last summation by m-f jo + l. Now it is clear
!

mw

(m-\p+l)\
and
so,

+ l)m+p+i = (m + 2p + 1) = (m + p + p\(m+p+\)\ p\

2)p

when we combine the

series for the products of the Bessel functions,

we

find that

2 sin vir

__

(-) m+w (-

m + n) n {\z)- m+m-

_ smvir

^~

<* (-)n (m
Mr

-n)\r(v + m- n) (%z)-m + m w!(m-2n)! r(v + w)

'

the terms for which n

> \m

vanish on account of the presence of the factor

in

+ n)n in the numerator. When v is not an integer, we


p
M =o

infer that

<* (-) {m

- n)\ r (p + m n!

w) {\z)- +

(i-2)!
-

r(i/
-

n)

But the
that

(\ n

drZ\~ m +-n

R m>v (z) is
so,

and
for

m (z), by means of a determinant, shews a continuous function of v for all values of v, integral or not by an obvious limiting process, we infer that (3) is a valid expression
original definition of

even when v is an integer. be necessary to replace the quotient

R mv (z)

When
T(-

is

a negative integer

it

ma}'

T(v
in part of the series.

+ m-n)
y
y

-n + l)

T(v+n)

'

r(-v-m + n + l)

The series (3) was given by Lommel, Math. Ann. iv. (1871), pp. 108111; an equivalent result, in a different notation, had, however, been published by him ten years earlier,
Archiv der Math,

und

Phys. xxxvn. (1861), pp. 354

355.

An
(4)

interesting result, depending on the equivalence of the quotients just


first

mentioned, was

noticed by Graf*, namely that

RmA z = (~)m Rm, -,-.+!


) *

(*)

Ann.

di

Mat.

(2) xxin. (1895), p. 56.

9'62]

ASSOCIATED POLYNOMIALS
Pochhammer
.

297

In the notation of
(5)

(cf. 4*4,

4*42),
;

we have
z*).

Rm (z) = (v) m {% z)~m J\ (\-\ m, - \ m v,~ m, l-v-m; Since R mv {z)/z is a linear combination of products of cylinder functions of
+
2
{(i;
2
2
}

m and v 1, it follows from 54 that it is annihilated by the operator + m y + (v~ l) ^ + + my -{v- \Tf] + 4s (^ + 3^ + 2) where ^ = z (d/dz) and so Rmv (z) is a solution of the differential equation [(* + m) (* + 2v + m -2)($-2v- m) (^ - m - 2)] y (6)
orders v

O* -

}(i/

+ 4^-^(^+l)3/-0.
equation equivalent to this was stated by Hurwitz, Math. Ann. xxxm. (1889), p. 251; and a lengthy proof of it was given by Nielsen, Ann. di Mat. (3) vi. (1901), pp. 332 334 ; a simple proof, differing from the proof just given, may be obtained from formula (5).

An

9*62.

Various properties of Lommel's polynomial.

We

proceed to enumerate some theorems concerning

Rm<v (z),

which were

published by

Lommel

in his

memoir of 1871.

In the first place, 9*6 (1) holds if the Bessel functions are replaced by any other functions satisfying the same recurrence formulae and, in particular,
;

(1)

Yv+m (z)= Yv (z)R m v {z),

Y^^R^^iz),

whence
(2)

it

follows that

Yv+m (z) J (,) - J^ m ( Z ) Y^ (z) = R m {z) Yv {z) J _, (z) - Jv (z) Yv ^(z)}= - 2R m<v (z)l(7rz).
,

961 (2), take m to be an even integer replace m by 2m, and v by v - m. The equation then becomes (3) Jv+m (z)Jm+1 _ v (z) + J_ v _ m (z)J_m _ i+v (z) = 2 (-)m sin vir. R^m v - m {z)\{TTz\ and, in the special case v = , we get
Next, in

;
,

(4)

J'^ (z) + J3_ m _


to say

(z)

= 2 (-)- R2m>h ^n (z)/(ttz),


n)!} 8 .n!
_

that

is

(5)

j Wi ( + ./._
is is

2 5 vr~v-)i{*-w W - t^w=o
|(ra

This
order

the special case of the asymptotic expansion of 7*51 when the

half of an odd integer.

In particular, we have

()

J>

M + y_ W - 2

(i

+ ),

298
Formula
(5)

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


was published in 1870 by Lommel*, who derived
#

[CHAP. IX
it

at that time

by a

direct multiplication of the expansions ( 3 4)

followed by a

somewhat lengthy induction to determine the

coefficients in the product.

As

special cases of

96 (1) and

9"61 (1),

we have
cos z
/
.

Jm+i (*)
]

Y sin z.RmA (z) /

(J

# w_

li

(z),

(-)'"
[

J-m -i (z)

2 \4

cos

z.Rm ,i (z) + ^

2 \*
sin *
.

i^

lf

(*).

By
(8)

squaring and adding

we deduce from

(4) thatf

R\
if,

(z)

+ R*m-,, i (z) = (-)'" R, i-m (4


we
replace

Finally,

in 9*61 (2),

m by the
v

odd integer 2ra

and then

replace v by v
(9)

m, we

get
-m-i (f) = 2 (-)" sin vTrR%m+Ai _m (z)/(ire).
(1901), p. 23, is that

Jv+m+1 (z) J- v+m+1 (z) - J-y-m-i (z) J


interesting result, pointed out

An
if

by
n

Nielsen,
v+

.4 ran. rfi J/a*. (3) v.

we have any
z,

identity of the type 2

algebraic in

we can

at once infer

m=o the two

fm (z)J
2

m (z) = 0, where

the functions

fm (z)

are

identities
/, (*) i2m _!, +

2 fm {z) m=0

(*)s0,
in

by writing the postulated identity


s

m=0 the form

(*)

= 0,

m=0 and observing that, by 474 combined with


algebraic function.
pp. 331

/.w (/,(i)Ji;,()-/,.i(i)ii..i, t i(*)}^


3*2 (3), the quotient

Jv -i(z)lJv ()

is

not an

Nielsen points out in this memoir, and

its sequel, ibid. (3) vi. (1901),

340, that this result leads to many interesting expansions in series of Lommel's polynomials; some of these formulae will be found in his Handbuch der Theorie der Cylinderfunktionen (Leipzig, 1904), but they do not seem to be of sufficient practical

importance to justify their insertion here.

9*63.

Recurrence formulae for Lommel's polynomial.

In the fundamental formula

Jv+m 0) = J*
replace

(*)

Rm, v (?)

~ J*-\ (*) Rrn-1, H-l (z),


for

m and
we

by

m+1

and

on comparing the two expressions

Jv +m (z),

see that

,/_! (Z) {i? m _ liH -i (*)


*

+ Rm+1,,-1 (*)} =

{/",

(*)

+ /,-(*)}
(1871), pp.

Rm,u(z).

Math. Ann. n. (1870), pp. 627632. t This result was obtained by Lommel, Math. Ann.

iv.

115116.

9-63]

ASSOCIATED POLYNOMIALS

299
it is

Divide by
(1)

J ^ (z), which
v

is

not identically zero, and


w - l <*)

apparent that

Rm-1,,+1 (*)

+ Rm+l

^- Rm
}

v (z).

To
and

obtain another recurrence formula,

we

replace

m in 9 62 (2)
-

by

w+1

m 1, and use the recurrence formula connecting Bessel orders v + m 1, v + m and v + m + 1 it is then seen that 2 iC->, (*) + R m+ (s) = ^^1 Rm> (z\ (2) z
;

functions of

i,

and hence, by combining


(3)

(1)

and

(2),

R m-i

(z)

+ R m +i, v (s) Rm-i, v+i (t) Rm+i, v-i (*) =

(m +
_

Rm, v (*)

Again, write

962 (2)

in the form
\z-i F_,

-z-*-*R mtV
7T

(z)={z-- m Jv+m (z)}


it.

(*)}-{*--'

Y9m (s)}[r-*J w

(z)},

and

differentiate

We
=

deduce that
~

(4)

R'm, v (^)

z
(2),

Rm,
,

(*)

+ Rm+i, *-i (*) ~ Rm+i, v (^)

and

so,

by

(3), (1)

and

(5)

R'm>

(s)

= i2 TO
Z

,,

(z)

+ Rm (z)

lt

(z)

- Rm-i, v+i (z)>


y

(6)

R' m< v (z)

=
z

Rmt

R m-h +1 (z) Rm+


)

lt

(z),

(7)

R'mA Z) = ~

T"" Z

RmA Z

+ Rm+hv-i (z ) + Rm-h* ( z

)-

of these formulae were given by Lommel, Math. Ann. IV. (1871), pp. 113 due to Nielsen, Ann. di Mat. (3) VI. (1901), p. 332; formula (2) has been used by Porter, Annals of Math. (2) in. (1901), p. 66, in discussing the zeros of Rm> v (z).

The majority

116, but (6) is

It is evident that (2)

may be used

to define
is

Rmv (z),
JLv

when the parameter

m is zero or a negative
of m,

integer; thus, if (2)

to hold for all integral values

we

find in succession from the formulae

R%v\ z) =
that
(8)

4,v(v

+ l)
1>

~i

p 3 )= ^i,A
.

0<

y(z)=l,

R_ltV (z) = 0, R^y(z) = -1,


y

and hence generally, by induction,


(9)

R- m
we compare

(Z)

= (-)* Rm-^y (z).


(2) xxiii. (1895), p. 59.

This formula was given by Graf, Ann. di Mat.

If

(9) with Graf's other formula, 9*61 (4),


1

we

find that

(10)

Rm,y(z) = (-)" R-r^^y (z) = - R-.m^ v+m+1 {z) = (-)" Rm ,.y-m +i (z).
the functions of negative parameter are defined by equation
(9), all

When

the

formulae (1)

(7) are true for negative as well as positive values of m.

300
9'64.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Three-term relations connecting

[CHAP. IX

Lommel

polynomials.

It

is

possible to deduce from the recurrence formulae a class of relations

which has been discussed by Crelier*. The relations were obtained by Crelier from the theory of continued fractions.

shews that Jv+m (z) and Rmv (z), qua functions same recurrence formula connecting three contiguous functions; and so a repetition of the arguments of 9*6 (modified by replacing the Bessel functions by the appropriate Lommel polynomials) shews that
First observe that 9*63 (2)
satisfy precisely the

of

in,

( 1)

Rm+n

(z)

R m> y(Z) R n< +m (Z) J m


in
is

it

\Z)

Kn

i,

v+m+i

\Z)'

Next in 9*63(2) replace m by (m + v)/z from the two equations it


;

and v by v+1, and eliminate

then seen that

**t, v

\Z) -tim.v+i

z)

~~ -^"in+i.v z \ )

Rm-i,v+i \ z )

Rm1, v \Z) Rm~l


and so the value of the function on the left m 1. It is consequently independent of m is unity, we have Crelier's formula
(2)
is
;

v+1 \ z )

Rm, v\ z

Rm2, v+1 \ z )>

unaffected by changing

and, since its value

when

m into m=

Rm< (z) Rm< v+1 (z) - R m+hv (z)


(cf.

m-

lt

v+1 (z)

1,

a result essentially due to Bessel

96)

in the special case v

= 0.
+ n,

More generally, if in 9*63 (2) we had we should have similarly found that
R,n,
v

replaced

m by m n

and v by v

\Z) -tim-n+i, v+n \Z)

~ Rm+i, v \ z ) Rmn, v+h \ z ) = ivm _ \Z) xv m_ n + n yZ) iim


li

v\Z) timni, v+n \z h

and so the value of the function on the left m 1. It is consequently independent of m is R n - i<v (z\ we find from 9*63(10) that
(3)

is
;

unaffected by changing

and since

its

value

when

m into m=n

Rm>

(z)

Rm

-.

n+ i +n (z)
t

Rm +i, v (z) Rm-n, v+n \ z ) = -RjiLommel +.


1 in this equation,
v

1,

\Z),

a result given in a different form by

Replace
(4)

m and wbym-1
v

and n +

and

it is
,v

found that
J-

Rm-\

(z)

#m _n-i, K+M+i (z) Rm,


p

(z)

Rm-n-2, v+n+1 \ z )~

If

we

rewrite this equation with

in place of n

and

R n (Z eliminate Rm ^hv (z)

be-

tween the two equations, we see that

n>

(z) R m -P - v+p+i (z) RPt (z) rt m _w _j v + n+i \z) Rm, v (z) [ Rm-p-2, v+p+i (z) Rm-n-i, v+n+1 ( z ) ~~ Rm-n-l, v+n+i ( z ) Rm-p-^ v +p+i \Z)] Rm, v \Z) Rn-pi, v+p+i \ z
Jt
i

)>

by

(3).

If we

transform the second factor of each term by means of 9*63 (10),


cit.

we obtain
(5)

Crelier's result (loc.

p. 143),
,

ni

(z) jRp_ m_i,+ m +i (z)

Rp
136

\Z)

Rn-mi, i/+m+i \ z )

= Rfn v \Z) Rpni,v+n+i \ z


t

)'

Ann. di Mat.

(2) xxiv. (1896), p.

et seq.

Math Ann
-

Iv<

1871 )'

P-

U5,

9'64]

ASSOCIATED POLYNOMIALS
is

301
;

This

the most general linear relation of the types considered by Crelier

it

connects any three polynomials

R m>v (z) Rn>v (z), RPiV (z) which have


)

the same

parameter v and the same argument symmetrically


(6)

z.

The formula may be written more

Rn, v {z) Rp-m-i, v+m+i (z)


to say

+ Rp, v (z) Rm -n-\, v+n+i (z) + Rm v ( z ) Rn-p-i, K+p+i (z) = 0,


,

that

is

(7)

2 Rn,Az)Rp- m -hv+m+ i(z) = 0.


m, n, p

similar

result

may be
by

obtained which connects any three Bessel


integers.

functions whose orders differ

If

we

eliminate

Jv+m -i (z)

between

the equations*

"c+n \Z)
^Jy+p \Z)

= J+m \Z) K>nm,v+m \Z) Jy+mi \ z ) -">n m-i, p+m+i (*)>


Jy+m \Z)
ltpm,v+m, \ z )

J v+m-i \Z) Rpm-\,t>+m+\ \Z),

we
/

find that

M-n (*) Rp-m-i,v+m+i (z)

Jv +p (z) R n -m-i,v+m+i (z) ~ J +m \Z) L-ftn-m, v+m \Z) -ftp-m-i, v+m+i \Z) -Hp-m, f+m {Z) Rnmi, v+m+i (*)] *= J+m (Z) Rp-n-i, f+n+i (z)
'

the last expression

is

obtained from a special case of (5) derived by replacing


respectively.

m,

n, p,

by

0,

m, p m, v + m

It follows that
(

8)

2 Jv+n (z) Up-TO-i,


m,n,p

+m+1 (*)

= 0,

and obviously we can prove the more general equation


m,n,p

where

^ denotes any cylinder function.

The last two formulae seem never to have been previously stated explicitly, though Graf and Gubler hint at the existence of such equations, Einleitung in die Theorie der BmeVschen Funktionm, n. (Bern, 1900), pp. 108, 109.
[Note.
If

we eliminate J^-i
i

z)

from the equations


1

J+m () = J* (*) Rm, v () - Jv we

()

Rm (*)

1.

p+

1 (*),

Wv + m-l () s= ^k (*) Rm-1, v ()/_!


and use and
(2) to simplify the resulting equation,

Rm-2, v + 1

(*)i

find that
1 (*)>

Jv(z)= -Jv + m (?) Rm-2, r + l() + ^ + -l (*) ^m-1. k +


so, replacing v

by

- m, we have
(')

A--m()= -Jy(t) Rm-2,v-m + l(z)+Jv-i(*) ^w-l,v-m + l

By
that

using 9-63 (10),

we deduce that
()

Jv-m i?)=Jv (*) R-m, v


is to

-Jv -l () R-m-h v +

(*),

say that the equation 9*6 (1), which has hitherto been considered only for positive values of the parameter wi, is still true for negative values.]
* It is supposed temporarily that result is symmetrical, this restriction

m is the

smallest of the integers m, n,

may be removed.

p ; but since the final See also the note at the end of the section.

302
9*65.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Hurwitz' limit of a

[CHAP. IX

Lommel polynomial.

We
(1) V '

shall

now prove

that
lira
<

*-.

**)^.^(*> = j
r(i/

+ m + l)

(,).

This result was applied by Hurwitz, Math. Ann. xxxm. (1889), pp. 250 252, to discuss Jv (z) when v has an assigned real value ( 15*27). It has also been examined by Graf, Ann. di Mat. (2) xxiii. (1895), pp. 49 52, and by Crelier, Bern " Mittheilungen, 1897, pp. 9296.
the reality of the zeros of

From

961

(3)

we have
l)

r(v + m +

n= on\V{v

(m-n)\r(v + m-n + l) + n + 1)' (m-2n)\r(p + m + l)


K+an

'

Now

write

(m n)\T
so that

(v + m n + 1) _ (m-2n)!I> + m + l) =

Q ( ' n)

>

(m, n)

7^

(m

(i/

+ ra)(i' +

w)(ra r-P

1)

...

(m - 2n +
v

m-l)...(i/

-.v

+ m-n +
|

1) TV 1)

>

If

now

N be the greatest integer contained in


ri) is

numerator of 6 (ra,

numerically less

then each factor in the than the corresponding factor in the


,
\

denominator, provided that n

> N.
\0{m,n)\<l,

Hence, when

n> N,

and

m > 2N,
value,

while,

when n has any fixed

lim

(m, n)

1.

Since
is

(->;(*'>+"

absolutely convergent,

lim

it

follows from Tannery's

theorem* that

hZY+"
is

e <m, n)

= i

Jf^Tuniform in any bounded domain t

and the theorem of Hurwitz

established.

Again, since the convergence of 2

=o!

ru++i)
,

rr is

of values of z (by the test due to Weierstrass),

it

follows that the convergence of

$z)" +m
to its limit
is

/^

+ 1 (2)/r(

+ m+l)

also uniform in

any bounded domain of values of z.

* Cf. Bromwich, Theory of Ivjinite Series, 49. f An arbitrarily small region of which the origin excluded from this domain when R (v) < 0.

is

an internal point must obviously be

9*65, 9*7]

ASSOCIATED POLYNOMIALS
the theorem of Hurwitz
it is

303

From

easy to derive an infinite continued


=jfe

fraction for

Jv-

(z)/Jv (z).

For,

when

Jv (z)

0,

we have

^# =
by

lim

r^t^l
L^-l/I^M-l,
m_
,

lim

963 (1). On

carrying out the process of reduction and noticing that

R* v+m-Az)
^i,+m(*)

=2

_
2z
l

1
(v

+ m)

we

find that

^Hi^-2^
ttm,, + i (z)

(i/

+ 1) z- 1

(i/

1 2) r-

. . .

-2

+ m) z~*

and hence
(2 )

^W-J
v

(z)

2(v

+ l)z- -2(v + 2)z1

-...
last

This procedure avoids the necessity of proving directly that, when m-*-ao, the element of the continued fraction

Jv {z)
may
be neglected
;

2( + l)*--...-2>+)*-iis

Jv + m (z)
p. 52.

the method

due to Graf, Ann. di Mat.

(2)

xxnr. (1895),

9*7.

The modified notation for Lommel polynomials.

In order to discuss properties of the zeros of Lommel polynomials, it is convenient to follow Hurwitz by making a change in the notation, for the reason that Lommel polynomials contain only alternate powers of the variable.
Accordingly we define the modified
equation *

Lommel

polynomial gm>v
l)*"
*

(z)

by the

m
(2)

(1)
so that

n ^'

M-^ W- :
tt

ro-

C ntB

(-)*r(

+ m-n + I> + n+l)

Rm

,r +1

(z)

- (hz)~ gmA*) 9*63,

By making
(3)

the requisite changes in notation in

964, the reader

will easily obtain the following

formulae
[

0+i,r (*)

(4)
(5)

= (" + m + l)gm>v (z) - zgm_hv (z), #,+,, r-i (z) = vgm (z) - zg^, +1 (z),
,

963 (2)] [ 963 (1 )]


9-63(7)]

IF*

bTz

P^'W = *9^A*) +gm+h


( z ))

,- 1 (z),

[J

(6 )

^m ^ (,-m-i gmv
gm
,

<,

m+1 _, (*)
+1

gm+1<v (z),
0<

9-63 (4)]

(7)

(z) gm+i< +1 (z)

- gm+2t (z) gm _

1%

(z) = z m g

(z) glt +m+1 (z).

[A
* This notation differs in

special case of 9*64 (5).]

unimportant details from the notation used by Hurwitz.

304

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


will

[CHAP. IX

These results

be required in the sequel


of
all

it will

not be necessary to write

down the analogues

the other formulae of

9'6

964.
(3) is of
2>

The result of eliminating alternate functions from the system some importance. The eliminant is
(f

+ m) gm+2> (z) = cm (z) gm% (z) - (v + m + 2) z*gm _


cm (z)

(z),

where

(v

+ m + 1) \{v + m) (v + m + 2) 2z).

We

thus obtain the set of equations


f

(v

+ 2)gi<v (z) = ca (z)g2>y (z)- (v + 4>)z'g0tV (z), (z) = c4 (z) gitV (z) - (v + 6) *g%w (z), (v + 4) g
St

(8) (v

2s) gv+ % y (z)

= Ca, (z)

<7M)

(z)

- {v + 2s + 2) z g^ {z),
3
t

(y

+ 2m - 2)gvn,* (z) = <hm-* (*) 3W-9... (*) - (v + 2m) z g2m-*, , (z).


2

9*71.

The reality of the zeros of g^^iz) when v exceeds

2.
> 2,
the

We

shall

now

give Hurwitz' proof of his theorem* that when v

zeros of gtm,v{z) are

1 > v > 2,

a ^ real; and also that they are in which case one of them is negative.
is

all positive, except

when

After observing that gmt,v(z)

shew that the

set of functions g*m,*(z), 3W-a.*(s)>

a polynomial in z of degree m, we shall ... g2iV (z), g^ v {z) form a set


(8),

of Sturm's functions.

Sufficient conditions for this to

existence of the set of relations

97

be the case are (i) the combined with (ii) the theorem that

the real zeros of gvm-^vi?) alternate with those oi gimv {z).

To prove that the


9*m,( z )l9im--2,*(z )
is

zeros alternate, it

is sufficient

to prove that the quotient

a monotonic function of the real variable z, except at the where the quotient is discontinuous. denominator, zeros of the

We
where

have

f^ %9
,,

(z)

*M - j dz { {gtm-^Kz))
%

w(

= - 389**, *-*,

Wi r - 9r.* (z) g\ (*) - 9:* (*)#V (*);


9*7 (3) it follows that

and from

B9m-i.m-8 so that

* SK&m-s,*^ + iv + 2m - 2) g\n^y (z),


m
X

i {v + 2r) z- tf^ m,^* - g>*n-*, (z) + (v + 2m) r=l


and
therefore, if

9 (z),

m > 1,

5KK2IW,*W_8

is

expressible as a

sum

of positive terms

when

> 2.
* Math. Ann. xxxin. (1889), pp.

254256.

9-71, 9-72]

ASSOCIATED POLYNOMIALS

305

The monotonic property is therefore established, and it is obvious from a graph that the real zeros of g^^, (z) separate those of g2mv (z).
It follows from Sturm's

theorem that the number of zeros of g^n^iz) on

any

interval of the real axis is the excess of the

number of alternations

of sign

in the set of expressions g*m tV {z),

g^^

(z),

...,g0l/ (z) &t the right-hand

end of

the interval over the number of alternations at the left-hand end.


of zeros is the excess and not the deficiency in that the a decreasing function, and not an increasing function of z, as in the usual version of Sturm's theorem. See Burnside and Panton, Theory of Equations,

The reason why the number


(z)/2,_2, (z) is

quotient gr^

i.

(1918), 96.

The arrangements

of signs for the set of functions

when

z has the values

oo

0, oo

are as follows

2m

2m- 2

2m -4

00

+
+

+
+
~ (~)m l
(

+
+
_)m-2

...

...

+ +

00

(->*

...

The upper
negative
;

or lower signs are to be taken according as v


is

+1

is

positive or

and the truth of Hurwitz' theorem

obvious from an inspection

of this Table.

9*72.

Negative zeros of g<un, (z) when

p< 2.

Let

be

less

than

2,

and

let

the positive integer * be defined by the

inequalities

-2s>v>-2s-2.
It will

now be shewn

that*,

has no negative zero; but

that,

when v lies between 2s and 2s when v lies between 2* 1 and 2s


that, in

1, 2,

gsm ,(z)
t

has one negative zero.


that v

Provided

each case,

m is taken to
any) of

g-mtV (z) be so large

+ 2m

is positive.

It will first be

shewn that the negative zeros

(if

g^^z)

alternate

with those of g*m -%,y{?)'


* This proof differs

from the proof given by Hurwitz

see Proc.

London Math.

Soc. (2) xix.

(1921), pp.

266272.

306

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


By means
of the formulae quoted in 9*7,
it is

[CHAP. IX

clear that

= ^2m-2, zg*m-i, + 9*m+i, v-i( z )} - 9*m, ( z ) l^am-i, 1(2) ~ S'am-i, -(*)} = (1/ + 2m)0 tM -i,r() + gmi~2, v {z)g*m,v-\(z )-g*m-i,v-i(z)gvmAz) = (l/ + 2m)5r 2m_ (^) - ^nrWft.rtW-lW
{

1>

>o,
provided that
i>

+ 2m

is

positive

and z

is

negative.

Therefore, in the circum-

stances postulated, the quotient

is

a decreasing function, and the alternation of the zeros

is

evident.

The

existence of the system of equations 9*7 (8)

now shews

that the set

of functions
g*m,v(z), g*m-2, v(z)>

g+t, *( z )>

.g*,

*( z )>

-g**-*A z)>
form a set of Sturm's functions.

+g*-4,v( z ),

(~Ygo,v( z)

The

signs of these functions +, +,

when

is

oo

are
(-)*,

....

+,+,-,+,

...,

and

there are s alternations of sign.

When

is

zero, the

signs of the

functions are
, ,
-.,

+,-,+,

,(-)*,

the upper signs being taken when 2s > v > 2s 1, and the lower signs being taken when 2s l>v> 2s 2; there are s and s + 1 alternations of sign in the respective cases. Hence, when 2s >v > 2s 1, #,() ^ as no negative zero but when 2s 1 > v> 2s 2, gzm,v(z ) nas one negative
;

zero.

The theorem

stated

is

therefore proved.

9*73.

Positive

and complex zeros of g^^^iz) when v< by the

2.

As

in 972, define the positive integer s

inequalities

- 2s >
It will

v>

2s

2.
between

now be shewn*

that when v
but that,

lies between.
lies

has m 2s positive zeros;


<Jvm v( z )

when v

2s and - 2s 1, gtm, v (z) 2s 1 and 2s 2,


each case,

has

m2sl positive zeros.

Provided

that, in

mis so

large

that

m+v is positive.
;

* This proof la of a more elementary character than the proof given by Hurwitz paper cited in 9*72.

see the

9-73]

ASSOCIATED POLYNOMIALS
first place, it

307

In the

follows from Descartes' rule of signs that, in each case,

9tm,v{z) cannot have more than the specified number of positive zeros. when v lies between 2s and 2s 1, the signs of the coefficients of
1, z,

For,

z\ ...,z*>, z+\ z-+\ *+, +, +, +,


...,

...,

zm in

ffsm v (z)
,

are

+, -, +, -,

...,

(-);

and since there are m 2s alternations of sign, there cannot be more than m 2s positive zeros. When v lies between 2* 1 and 2* 2 the corresponding set of signs
is

_ _ _
and since there are
than

_ _

a.

( V-

m 2sl

alternations of sign there cannot be

more

w 2s

positive zeros.

that there are as

Next, we shall prove by induction from the system of equations 9*7 (8) many as the specified number of positive zeros.

When

v lies

between - 2* and

alternations of sign (being all

the coefficients in gVtV (z) have no +) and so this function has no positive zeros.
1,

2s

On

the other hand

0+ 2 ,(0) > 0, gu+3f (+


,

ao )
;

=-

and so gu+2lV (z) has one positive zero, aM say and, by reasoning already given, it has no other positive zeros. Next, take <7+4,i,(s); from 9*7(8) it follows that its signs at 0, a M + ao are +,, + hence it has two positive zeros, and by the reasoning already given it has no others. The process of induction (whereby
, ;

we prove
function)

that the zeros of each function separate those of the succeeding


is

now

evident,

and we

infer that

gm

y (z)

has

m 2s positive zeros,
2,

and no more.
Again, when v
-

5 4+s,i'(^) no positive zeros.

lies between 2s 1 and have no alternations in sign (being all

2s
),

the coefficients in

and

so this function has

On

the other hand

#+4,r(0)

< 0,

5T +4(K (+ 00 )

=+

CO

and so g4a +4t ,(z) has one has no other positive zero.

positive zero,

and by the reasoning already given

it

By

appropriate modifications of the preceding reasoning

we prove

in suc-

cession that gu+^viz),

gv+8tV (z),

...

have

2, 3, ...

positive zeros,

and in general

that g2m,r(z) has

m 2s 1
v<

positive zeros.

By combining

these results with the result of


2,

972, we obtain Hurwitz'

theorem, that, when

and mis so large


is the integer

that ni

v is positive, gsmfV (z)

has 2s complex zeros, where s

such that
2.

- 2s > v > - 2s -

CHAPTER X
FUNCTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH BESSEL FUNCTIONS
10* 1.

The functions J(#) and E,

(^) investigated

by Anger and H. F.

Weber.

In this chapter we shall examine the properties of various functions whose


definitions are suggested
shall first investigate functions defined

by certain representations of Bessel functions. by integrals resembling Bessel's

We
inte-

gral

and Poisson's

integral, and, after discussing the properties of several

functions connected with

Yn (z) we shall study a class of functions, first defined


case.
(z), is

by Lommel, of which Bessel functions are a particular

The

first

function to be examined, J,

suggested by Bessel's integral.

It is defined

by the equation
J (z)
-=

(1)

7T J o

f 'cos (v$

- z sin 6) d6.
when
v has the integral value n.

This function obviously reduces to


It follows from 6*2 (4) that,

Jn (z)

an integer, the two functions are distinct. A function of the same type as J, (z) was studied by Anger*, but he took the upper limit of the integral to be 27r; and the function J,(z) is
v is not

when

conveniently described as Anger's function of argument z and order

v.

A
(2)

similar function

was discussed

later

by H. F. Weberf, and he also

investigated the function

E (z)

defined by the equation

E (z) = - ('sin (v0 - z sin 0) dd.

In connexion with this function reference should also be made to researches by Lommel, Math. Ann. xvi. (1880), pp. 183-208.
It

may be

noted that the function

Jo cussed by Anger is easily expressible in terms of J (2) and E, 2tt 6 in the right-hand half of the range of integration, we get

2m
1

/"2"-

cos {?6

- z sin

6)

dd which was actually


(z)
;

dis-

for, if

we

replace 6

by

*T

/"2t
/

cos(v0-2Sin0)cW=

fn
/

*w J
2

cos (p6 - z ain 6) dd + 7T.

If' cos(2vir-vd+zain8)dd
I

2,1t

cos

vit

(z)

+ sin

vit cos

vn

E (z).

* Neueste Schriften der Naturf. Ges. in Danzig, v. (1855), pp. 1

29. It was shewn by Poisson that

Vv
to give Anger's

cos (vO - z sin 6) d0 = (z


(cf.

v)

sin v jt,

Additions a la Conn, des Temps, 1836, p. 15 name to the function.

10*12), but as

he did no more it seems reasonable


factor 1/x in his defi-

t ZUrich Vierteljahrsschrift, xxiv. (1879), pp. 33


nition of

76.

Weber omits the

Ev (z).

10-1]

ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS
in ascending powers of
:

309
z,

To expand J (z) and E (z)


in the integrals
sinm 6 sin

write %tr

<f>

for

and proceed thus

vdd$ =

cosm

<f>

sin (^vtt

+ v<f>) d(f>

JO

J-Jir

2 sin \vir
-'o

cos"* < cos i><d</>

it

sin ^yn-

by a formula due

to

Cauchy*.

In like manner,
Sin TO

0COSl>0d0=_-=7-;

But, evidently,

J(*)=- 2
Tr

v
;

/c m =o (2m)! Jo

:,

sin2m

0cosv0d0+ - 2 hr 7r m=0 (2m +

2* 1 rrr sin l)!Jo

sin vddd,

so that
(3)

J r (^) = cos^7r 2

jTT

\:l
co

Tx

(_)m/l^)m+i
=r.

+ Sill &V7T 2
and similarly

T Ti

(4)

B(^) =

sinii/7r

2
TO -

"7 ^ r(m-| /+l)r(m +


.->I

'

i/

+ l)
1

vVi/
i

-cos*i/7r

2 =-

5--

These results may be written in the alternative forms


,-.
1
'

( AZ) ~

._ sini/7r
inr

I"

z*

|_

+ -i^

z^

z6
2

"1

(2

-^)(4

-i/

)~(2

-i/ )(4 -i/ )(6


2
5

-y )
2

"'J

+
(6)

sin

w["
L
12

7T

-;2_ (l 2 -'2 )(3 2 -va ) + (l 2 -i'2 )(3 a -i/2 )(5 a -y2 )~'

.2?

1 s E,(,)= -i:^
VTT

^[l-^L+ r 2 -i>
"

^
2
i/

2 2 2 (2 -i/ )(4 -i/2)

,-...1
*"j
z*

cos virY
tt"

z
2 2

3
2

[l 2 -!/2

~ (l - v ) (3 -

+ (l

-i/2 )(32 -i;a )(5 8 -^)

'

Results equivalent to these were given by Anger and Weber.

memoir) in a
17,

The formula corresponding to (5) was given by Anger (before the publication of his letter to Cauchy which was communicated to the French Academy on July
1854
*
;

see Comptes Rendu*, xxxix. (1854), pp. 128

135.

M&m.

sur les integrates difinies (Paris, 1825), p. 40.

Cf.

Modem Analysis,

p. 263.

310

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


For a reason which
will

[CHAP.

be apparent subsequently
Z3
iy
(

( 10*7), it is

convenient

to write
(7)
So,,

(*)

p^ ~ (p _ y
z2
yi
a ^2
2

3a _

^+

18

_ ^ (32 _ ^(52 _ ^ ~
2 2
i/

2?_

' ' >

(8)

_,,(*)

1 =-- +

z*

_ ^) ~

a(2

_ *) (4 ,

+
)

'

"

and, with this notation,


(9)
,,~x

we have
,
.

J,

(z)

sin vrr

v sin vir

s 0t v (z)

*_,, (*),

(10)

E (z) =
/
^

l+cosj/ir

,
So,

(^)

i/(l

cos i/7r)

*-i. , (z).

It is easy to

deduce the following formulae from these results


cos vB
.

(11)

cos (z sin

6)d6 =
dd

v sin vir

s_hv

(z),

Jo

(12)
Jo

sin vd

cos (z sin 6)

= - v (1 - cos

vjt)

s_i

(z),

(13)

sin v 6

sin (z sin 6)

d6

= sin vtt

s0< (*),

Jo
(14)

f cos Jo
Mir
I

i>0

sin (* sin 0)

d0 =(1

+ cosi/7r)
.

s0> (z),

(15)

cos

v<f>

cos (z cos <f>)d(f>

= v sin ^irr
= cos i/7r.s
,

S- h {z),

Jo
/in-

(16)

cos v<. sin (z cos <)d<

.(*).

Jo
Integrals

somewhat resembling the


[e

integrals discussed in this section,

namely

COS
sin

(ne-cos8)dd,
Sitzungsberichte, lvii. (2), (1868), pp.

have been examined by Unferdinger, Wiener


/oc
I

611620.

Also, Hardy, Messenger, xxxv. (1906), pp.


sin

158166, has investigated the integral


flO

(vO-zsin
equal to

6)

-r=-,

and has proved


according as v

that,

when

v is real, it is

\it

rj

Jn (z),

where

tf n

is 1,

or -

11

is positive, zero,

or negative.

10*11.

Weber s formulae connecting


from the formulae

his functions with


(9), (10),

Anger s functions.

It is evident
(1)

101
/

(15) and (16) that


<f>) d<f>,

J (z)

J_ (z) =

cos \vtt fi" cos


Tr

(2)

J (s)

- J _, (s) =

A.

gin ftvir

v<f>

cos (z cos

f*
I

cos

v<f>

sin (2 cos <)

d<f>,

1011, 10-12]

ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS
E (2;) + E_ (.s) =
a

311

(3)

T T

Jo
.'0

cos

v<f>

sin (s cos

<f>) cUf>,

(4)

E (3)

E_ (s) =

^^

cos

v<f>

cos (2 cos

<) d<f>.

It follows on addition that

J, (z)
so that

= I cot |i/tt {E (*) - E_ (*)} - tan |i/tt {E (z) + E_ (5)}


sin vir
.

(5)

J (z)

= cos vir E (2) - E_ (z),


.
.

and similarly
(6)
sin vir
.

E (z) = J_v (z) cos vir J (2).


due to Weber.

The formulae

(5)

and

(6) are

10*12.

Recurrence formulae for J (z) and E (s).


functions of

The recurrence formulae which are satisfied by the Weber have been determined by Weber.
It is evident from the definite integrals that
_! (z)

Anger and

+ Jr+i (z)

- J (z)

=-

(cos

0--J

cos {v0

- z sin 0) d0

\* ^-{sm(v0-zam0))d0
irz J

d0

_
and
B_, (s)

2 sin vir
irz

+ E, +1 (z)

2i>

2 f'/ cos E (s) = f


J

iA -sin (v0 -zain0)d0


J

= _
It is also very easy to prove that

-J* {cos (i>0

z sin

0)}

d0

2(1 cos vir)


irz

fJ-,(*)- J+1 (*)-2J/(*) = 0,

]_, (z) - E+1 (z) - 2 E/ (*) = 0.


From
(1 )
/i
\

these results

we deduce the
t / \ +J r+1 (0) =
.

eight formulae
(z)
/ \

t / \ J,-! (*>

t J, Z
2l/

2 sin

w
TTZ

(2)

l v^{z)-J v+l {z) = 2J v'{z),


(^

(3)
(4)

+ v) J (z) = zJ v _, (z) + (sin w)/ir, (^ - v) J (z) = - zJ v+ (z) - (sin V7r)/7r,


i

312

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


L m(.) + miM)-m.(M)- *<

[CHAP.

(5)
(6) (7) (8)

-"\

B r _ (#)- r+1 (jr)-2


l

r (*),

(^ + v) E (z) = Z E_, (z) + (1 - COS 1/7T)/7T, O - v) E (z) = - ^B+ (z) - (1 - cos i/7r)/7r,
i

where S, as usual, stands

for z(d/dz).

Next we construct the


(^
2

differential equations; it is evident that

- v>) J (z) = O - v) \z J v _! (s) + (sin w)/ir} = z(^ + l v) J v _! (*) {v sin vji)\ir = z J v (z) + (z sin i>9r)/w - (v sin tnr)/7r,
2

so that
(9)

v.J.(,)-^~.
also

We

have

(^

- v*) E (z) = (*-v) {*_! (z) + (1 - cos i*r)/w} = Z (^ + 1 - v) E,., (2) (1 COS V7r)/7T = Z E (2) Z (1 + COS I/7r)/7T (1 cos v7t)/tt,
J/

1/

so that

(10)

v >B , ( ,)
(9)

p.

iJ!
7T

<'')""
.

7T

Formulae equivalent to
(1879), p. 47, respectively
;

and

(10)

were obtained by Anger, Neueste Schriften der


Vierteljahrsschrift, xxiv.

Naturf. Ges. in Danzig, v. (1855),

17 and by Weber, Zurich

formula

(9)

had been discovered

earlier

by Poisson

(cf.

10"1).

10*13.

Integrals expressible in terms of the functions of

Anger and

H. F. Weber.
It is evident

from the definitions that


i

(1)

J, (*)

E (z) = 7T

r exp {i(v$-z sin 0)} d$.


Jo

By means
is

of this result, combined with formulae obtained in 6'2 622, it possible to express numerous definite integrals in terms of the functions of

Bessel,

Anger and Weber. Thus, from

6*2 (4)

we have

(2) V '

-^ T e-"-i"h< dt = Sin V7T


result
is

{
l

J (z)

- Jv Or)},
jarg.r|

when jarg0|<^7r; the R(v)>Q.


Again, we have
(3) '

valid

when

= |7r,

provided that

f"
J

e"

-"inht dt =

-^ \Jsini/7r

(z)

- J- (*)},

10*13, 10*14]
so that, (4)

ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS
(2)

313

when we combine

and

(3),

(* e~** inht cosh vtdt=\ir tan \ vir {J {z)


Jo

Jv (*)} - \ ir {E (z) +
J (z)}

F (a)},

(5)

f" e-zaiaht sinh


Jo

itf

d<

|tt cot i/tt [Jv (z)

- %w

{E (*)

+ Yv (z)\.
but

The

integral [

e-zcosht cosh

^^ has already been evaluated (63);

Jo

[" e-zco* ht smhvtdt


Jo

does not appear to be expressible in a simple form; its expansion in ascending powers of z can be obtained from the formula of 6*22 (4), 2siny7r M -z^ht sinh vtdt} I_ v (z) + Iv (z) = - PVcose cos v d6 + ( e
7

7TJo

7r

'O

but, since
[*
-

..

cosm
j

(-)m sinv7r

* co8 ***

- V(v + m)
(5) are

*
'

Fl {- m>

+ "2~

m_
;

i/

-f

ra

2-'

"V'
6*21,

*. the integral under consideration cannot be evaluated in any simple form

The formulae 9*33 we have


(6)

(2)

nugatory when v

is

an

integer,

but from

rent Jo

z * inht

dt

= l{Sn (z)-TrE n (z)-TrYn (z)},


{Sn (z)

(7)

I" e- M
Jo

- zainht

dt

= \ (-)n+1

+ 7rE n (z) + ir Yn (z)}.

The

associated integrals

08 tC l" e-* *(x cosh t)dt (xaiuh t)dt, ("e-^ am 8m v Jo Jo xx. Journal, (1885), p. 260. have been noticed by Coates, Quarterly

Various integrals of these types occur in researches on diffraction by a prism Whipple, Proc. London Math. Soc. (2) xvi. (1917), p. 106.

see, e.g.

10' 14.

Asymptotic expansions of A nger- Weber functions of large argument.

It follows

from

1013 (2) that,


and

in order to obtain the


|

asymptotic expansion

of

J v

(z)

when

\z\ is large

args| <%tt,

it is

sufficient to obtain the

asymptotic expansion of the integrals

Jo

out this investigation we shall first expand cosh sinh i/t/cosh t in a series of ascending powers of sinh t.

To

carry

i;/cosh

and

* See Anding, Sechsstellige Tafeln der Besselschen Funktionen imaginaren Arguments (Leipzig, Takeuchi, Tdhoku Math. 1911) [Jahrbuch Uber die Fortschritte der Math. 1911, pp. 493494], ard

Journal, xviii. (1920), pp. 295296.

11

W.

B. V.

314
If en

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


= v, we
have, after the
1

[CHAP.

manner of

7*4,
(

M+,l/+)

ui

i/M *

so that

cosh vt COshy<

cosh*

_ 1 f<+. !/+.!+) "~ fi"-*(f-l)d ~ 2tti 2w7 (^l)2 -4fsinh J


:

<

(+, i/+,

i+)

^ r j>-i 2i*

gm sjn h t
2*p

2^7

L-o

(?-l)2m+1

p sinh *
2

*
2

(f-l^-iftf-l^-^sinh

]dr*}

Now
(i+)f*+m-*d
$7rt J 27rtJ

r(i/

+ m + f)
r(m-t-.^
'

(^-l)am+1

r(|i/-m+).(2m)!
OT _ (-) cos^7r

^)r(m+|-^)
(2m)!

7T

and,

if

we take p
shewn
/(+, l/t+,l + )

so large that

R(p + $$v) > 0,


we
find that

and then take the contour

to be that
1

in Fig. 15 of 7 '4,

fp
1

+ * v ~irf^

2m

(f- 1)^" {(- iy

- 4fsinh 2 }
7r

~
Jo
1

+ 4<c (1 - x) sinh

'

If v

and

are real, the last expression

may be
<2p)I

written in the form

where

dx <

1, since 1

+ 4#

(1

x) sinh <^ 1.
2 j/)

It follows that,

when

R (p + \ ^

^ 0, we have
(2m)!
,

COSh
COSh

I/*

COS V7T
7T

m=o

+ ,, (zmi+M<irW (2 sinh
(2p)!

r]

For complex values of v and < this equation has to be modified by replacing < X ^ 1 by a less stringent condition, in a way with which the reader will be familiar in view of the similar analysis occurring in various sections of Chapter vn.
the condition
Similarly

we have
u h

_ u -* = _L

f( + ,l/M+)

2-iri-J

z *

k-w

1 J - _L_
\

-1/4

d,

10-14]
so that

ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS

315

sinh vt

~ 2iri J sinh 2t
1

+ ,i+) 1_ r(u+,ilu

$.#
( - I) - 4f sinh
2

r(+, i/+, i+)

"as J
whence
sinh
vt
it

r L:
1

r p-i 22w* w sinh 2"1 t f

(t-ir

+a

2 p sinn 2* <r- 1>* {<r- ly -*r ***}]

"I

,*.

follows that, if

we take p

so large that

R (p + 1

\v) > 0, then

= sin^irn- p7T

(-)w

cosh*

|_t
2 ^^

r(m + 1 + \v)Y(m + l -jiQ ginh tym+1 (2 v (2m + 1)!

(-)^( P +
it

ui y)r( P + i-^)
(2p

+ l)!
- )" r(m+ *
1

sinh
'

+1 1

On

integrating these results,

follows that
< o

cosh

* r^.a~qgJg:
.

J
2

;^
2m+2

(ro+

"^
& y)

sinh vt

e-* 8inh * cfe~

sin^Tr * (-)OT r (w +

2
27T

+ jQ r (m + 1 -

OT= o

(f2)

If

i;

is real

and z

is positive,

these asymptotic expansions possess the


is

property that the remainder after p terms


cally less than,

of the

same sign

as,

and

is

numeri-

the (p

l)th term
(2)

when p
(3)
I2

is

so large that

R(p + l

$v) ^ 0.

It follows from
_
,

1013
v

and
1

combined with

10*11 (6) that

(1)

J r (*Wr (*) +

sin vir
trz

-"2

(I 2

~ v*) (32
v (22
a

L.....1
2

sin vir \v
trz
|_i

y(2-y)

?
r, 1

+
2
,

- v ) (4a - y )

?
(!*-*){-*)
;

"'J'
1

/ox (2)

- r (*)~-F(#) x v/n
/

+ CQBinr

^
[z

l
2

-"
2

ii-

-J
2

-cosier Vv
irz

y(2 2

-y )

y (2 2
'"

v*)
z*

(4

- i/ ) _
8

"I

z*

"J

These results were stated without proof by Weber, Zurich Vierteljahrstchri/t, xxiv. 48 and by Lommel, Math. Ann. xvi. (1880), pp. 186188. They were proved as special cases of much more general formulae by Nielsen, Handbuch der Theorie der Cylinderfunktionen (Leipzig, 1904), p. 228. The proof of this section does not seem to have
(1879), p.

been given previously.

Since the only singularities of cosh vtjcosht and sinh vt/cosht, qua functions of sinh t, are at sinh t = i, it is possible to change the contours of integration into curves in the tf-plane on which arg (sinh t) is a positive or negative acute
angle; and then
(1)

we deduce

in the usual
|

manner

(cf.

6*1) that the formulae

and

(2) are valid over the sector

arg z\<ir.

316
10*15.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP.

Asymptotic expansions of Anger- Weber functions of large order and

argument.

We
when
j

shall

now obtain asymptotic


|

expansions, of a type similar to the

expansions investigated in Chapter


v
|

viii,

which represent J (z) and E

(z)

and z are both


|

large. 10*13, it will

In view of the results obtained in

be adequate to obtain

asymptotic expansions of the two integrals


1 -

f*
/

e T M-*Bnh

fa

TTJo

As

in

Chapter

viii,

we write
v

z cosh (a + ift) = z cosh 7,


tri.

where
(I)

^ ft ^

it

and 7

is

not nearly equal* to

We

first

consider the integral

Wo
in which
t

lf vt ~za niit If* g ('<8hy+8inht)^ e~ dt =


^

""Jo

it is

supposed temporarily that v\z is positive.


t

When cosh 7 is positive,


to oo
;

cosh 7 + sinh t steadily increases from to 00 as shall take this function of t as a new variable t.
It is easy to

increases from

we

shew that

is

a monogenic function of t, except possibly

when

= (2n + 1) id cosh y sinh y + y cosh y,


is positive,
rri

where n
positive

is

an integer; and, when coshy


;

number
{

imaginary

iff),
is

none of these values of r is a real cosh y does not vanish, and, when y is a pure the singularities are on the imaginary axis and the origin is not one of
for,

when y is real, (2n + 1)


iti.

them

since

not equal to

The expansion

of dt/dr in ascending powers of t

is

T
where

m=
(ft
,
'

a-=2^j

f<

0+ >

^^
1

~ &S J

If

(0+) <fc
.jjm+i

and so a is the coefficient of I ft in the expansion of t-2-1 in ascending powers of t. In particular we have

a _

~l+cosh7'
8,3

ai

_ ~

2(1
225

cosh 7 )4

'

* ~ 24 (1 + cosh 7
cosh2 7

cosh 7

'

_
From

~"

54 cosh 7
we
are

4-

720(1+ cosh 7)10


8'3,

the general theorem of

now

in a position to write

down

the expansion

* Expansions valid near

y = iri are obtained at the end of

this section.

10-15]

ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS
is

317

This expansion

valid

when
|

v/z is positive
j

it

has, so far,

been established
to cover the

on the hypothesis that

arg z

<

\tr,

but,

by

a process of swinging round the

contour in the T-plane, the range of validity

may be extended

domain in which arg


|

<

ir.

Next, we consider the modifications caused by abandoning the hypothesis that cosh 7 is real. If we write t = u + iv, the curve on which t is real has
for its

equation

u sinh a sin ft + v cosh a cos

#+

cosh

u sin

0.

The shape
of 8'61.

of this curve has to be

examined by methods resembling those


v).

For brevity we write

u sinh a
Since 4>
(u, v) is

sin

+ v cosh a cos /3 + cosh u sin v = <P (u,


> 0.

unaffected by a change of sign of both u and

a,

we

first

study the curve in which a


its centre.

It is evident that the curve has the origin as

Since
it

33> (u, v)ldu

= sinh a sin /9 + sinh u sin v,


value, 34>/3tt vanishes for only

follows that,
w,

value of

any assigned and so the equation in u


v has
<I>

when

one

(m, v)

=
is infinite

has, at most,

two

real

roots; and one of these

whenever

v is a

multiple of

it.

When
and,

> v > tr, we have


3>

oo

v)

= oo

4>

(+

oo
<1>

v)

= oo

when v = - rr,
the value of
<J>

the

maximum
{

value of

(u, v),

qua function of

u, is

at

= a,

(u, v)

then being
I

- cosh a sin fi
If this is negative,

contour does not


v

- a tanh a 4- (it - ft) cot ft}. = has no real root, and so the (u, fi the equation = meet the line v @ ir or (by symmetry) the line
<I>
-rr)

= ir j3.
Hence provided that the point
(a, /3) lies

in

one of the domains num-

v)= lies as in Fig. 25, bered 1, 2, 3 in Fig. 21 of 861, the contour when a is positive contour the continuous curve indicating the shape of the
<
(it,

Fig. 25.

and the broken curve the shape when a increases is marked by an arrow.

is

negative; the direction in which t

318

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


It follows that the expansion (1) is valid

[CHAP.
lies in

when

(a,

0)

any of the

domains

I, 2, 3.

(or, /8) does not any of these domains. To effect our purpose we have to determine the which passes through the destinations of the branch of the curve 4> (u, v) =

Next, we have to consider the asymptotic expansion when

lie in

origin.
first the case in which a is positive and /3 is acute. The function maxima at v (2n + 1) ir $ and minima at v = (2w + 1) tr + fi, tt) is now each minimum being greater than the preceding; and since (a, positive when v is is greater than positive, it follows that <p (a, v) tt.

Consider
has

<S>

(a, v)

<f>

Hence the curve cannot

cross the line a

a above the point at which

v = 7T. and similarly it cannot cross the line u = a below the point at which v tr. The branch which goes downwards at the origin is therefore confined to the strip a < u < a until it gets below the line v 2Kir + tt #, where

is

the smallest integer for which


1

- a tanh a +

{(2K +
v

1 ) ir

- 0}
,

cot J3

>

0. it

The curve cannot cross the line line u = a and goes off to infinity
Hence,
if

(2/'+l)
acute,

7r+j8,

and so

crosses the

in the direction of the line v

= 2Kir.

is

positive

and

is

we

get

TTJo

7m=0

while, if a is negative

and

is

acute,

we get
1

w. + .
(3)
6

ttJo

- (2m)l

a.
1
'

*m-o

J-*

By combining
If,

these results with those obtained in 8*61,

we

obtain the

asymptotic expansions for the domains 6 a and 7 a.


the branch which goes below the = u o below (a, ir /3) and it does not axis of u ao along the line v = (2L + 1) tt, go to must so it again, cross the w-axis for which integer where L is the smallest

however,

is

obtuse and a

is positive,

at the origin cannot cross the line

- a tanh o and

{(2L
is

+ 1) ir +

j3\

cot

/8

> 0.

Hence,

if

is

positive

obtuse,

we get

IT

Jo

~ m=0
and
/8 is

while, if a is negative

obtuse,

we get

(5)

if

r'--^

S.

'

10*15]

ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS
these results with those obtained in 8*61,
4, 5,
is

319

By combining

we obtain the

asymptotic expansions for the domains


Since formula (1)
is

66 and

76.

the only one which

of practical importance,

we shall

not give the other expansions in greater detail.

An approximate

formula for

am when

m is large and y is zero, namely


(->mr <*>

-~
(II)

was obtained by Cauchy, Comptet Rendu*, xxxviii.

(1854), p. 1106.

Next consider the

integral

If j

00

grt-tnnht fa

If* g-(-tcosh y +mnh* _ fa


I

The

only difference between this and the previous integral


lies

is

the change in
1, 4,

the sign of cosh 7; and so, when 7 5 in Fig. 21 of 861, we have


(6) K '

in any of the regions

numbered

ir

1 rV-iainht^^l X J*)***' ir mZo 2am+1 Jo

'

where a^'

is

derived from a, by changing the sign of cosh


1
/

7,

so that

_,_

2
(1

l-cosh7'

-cosh 7)*'

,_

+ cosh 7

24 (1

- cosh 7)'

This expansion

fails to

be significant when 7

is

small, just as the previous ex-

pansion (1) failed

when 7 was

nearly equal to
write

iri.

To

deal with this case


v

we

= z{\ e),

r = t sinht,

after the

method of 8*42.
00

It is thus found that

If

e,t-zinht

dt= -l
ttJ
=s

If -00

e" e~ tzt

dt

7rJo

dr

-T-

dr

__Lj~V
oir.'o

6**+*

m =o
<->"

B m (-ez).(~.y*-*dT
i;"-<">

and hence

O)

l fv-,.,b((ft
TT'Q
result equivalent to this

1 37T

1
m=

r
(f'"+t> (m+l)
(if)*

has been given by Airey, Proc. Royal Soc. xciv. A, (1918),

p. 313.

320
10*2.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Hardy's generalisations of Airy's
integral.
( 6'3)

[CHAP.

The
If s

integral considered
in the following
<f>,

by Hardy*

by Airy and Stokes manner:


2 3

has been generalised

= sinh

then

= 4s + 2 2sinh3=8s + 6s 2cosh4< = 16s4 +16s + 2 5 1 2 sinh 5<f> = 32s + 40s + 10s,


2 cosh
2<f>
2 3
.

and generally

the cosh or sinh being taken according as n

is

even or odd.

Now
so that

write
r(,

a)- *.,*,(- i,*-in;l-n;-4q/*),


7 8 (,o) = e2
T

+ 2a
2 2 2

T
T

(t,a)

= t* + 3at
4 6 s

= e +4at + 2a T (<,a) = t +5at + 5a


Z 4 (,a)
6

Then the
(1)

following three integrals are generalisations f of Airy's integral

Cin ()

= Jcos Tn (t, a)dt,

(2)

flK (a)

-J" sin T, (*,)<**


J"
exp {-

(3)

Ein (a) =

Tn (t, a)} dt

may be shewn J that the first two integrals are convergent when a is But the third integral positive or negative) if n = 2, 3, 4 (whether real fairly obvious that Ein (a) is indeed and it is complex is when o converges
It
;

an integral function of

a.

an even integer, the three functions are expressible in terms but when n is odd, the first only is so expressible, the function of H. F. Weber. the other two involving

When n

is

of Bessel functions

Before evaluating the integrals,

we observe
is

that integral functions exist


;

which reduce to Cin (a) and Sin (a) when a


Gin (a)

real

for take the


a)} dt.

combination

+ iSin (a) =

[" exp {%Tn (t, Jo

* Quarterly Journal, xli. (1910), pp. 226240. + The sine-integral in the case n=3 was examined by Stokes, Camb. Phil. Trans, pp. 168182. [Math, and Phys. Papers, n. (1883), pp. 332349.]

ix. (1856),

J Hardy,

loe. cit.,p.

228.

10*2, 10-21]

ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS
when taken round an

321
arc of a circle of

By

Jordan's lemma, the integral,

with centre at the origin (the arc being terminated radius with complex coordinates R, Re*11"), tends to zero as R-~cc
.

by the points

And

therefore
/ooexp(}irt/)

Cin (a) + iSin (a) =

exp [iTn (t,


Jo
f exp {-

a)} dt

= e W
;

Jo

Tn (r, T*)) dr,

where r = te~^ln and the last integral is an integral function of o. The combination Cin (a)-iSin (a) may be treated in a similar manner, and the
result is then evident.

10*21.

The evaluation of Airy-Hardy integrals of even order.

To

evaluate the three integrals Ctn (a), Sin (a),


is positive,
t

suppose temporarily that a

and then,

Ein {a) when n is even, we making the substitution

2a* sinh (ufn)

in the integrals,

we

find that,

by

621

(10),

Gin (a)

+ iSin (a) = n

2a* f

exp (2a*n i cosh u) cosh (u/n) du


1

J o

= iria* wthat
is

****

1/n

(2a* w)>

to say

Cin (a) + iSin (a) If

nsi

{e*>

/w)

J. Vn (2a*) - rW^ JVn <*)}

we equate

real

and imaginary

parts,

we have

^(.)- E

3=S^ 5

jlJ-*(W-)-^(^}.

In a similar manner,

Ein (a) =
so that,
(3)

2et* f

00

exp(-2a*n cosh u) cosh

(u,'n)du,

J o

by

622 (5),
#iw (a) = (2a*/n) # (2a*).

These results have been obtained on the hypothesis that a is positive; and the expressions on the right are the integral functions of a which reduce to Cin (a), Sin (a) and Ein (a) when a is real, whether positive or negative. Hence,

when a is negative the we have


Gin (a) =

equations

(1), (2), (3)

are

still valid,

so that, for example,

2n sin flw/n) | j!o m! T (m + whether a be positive or negative.

- 1/n) " " Jo \ T (m + 1 + 1/)J

'

"

322

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Hence, replacing a by

[CHAP.
and n
is

/9, we

see that,

when

ft is

positive

even,

then
<*>

Ci <"

" 2n

inU) [J~ " (2


l

^ + '
)

(2/Si0)1 '

(5)

& (-0) = 2);


Ein (-/3) =

J^

/ra)

J-lln (*-) - J-1M (20*)),

(6)

^g^
(9) that,

(/-. (2/3*) + /. (2/?


is

It follows from

431

when n

even, the functions Ci* (a)

and

Sin (a) are annihilated by the operator

and that Ein (a)

is

annihilated by the operator

In the case of the

first

two functions

it is difficult

to obtain this result*

directly from the definitions, because the integrals obtained

by differentiating

twice under the integral sign are not convergent.

10*22.

The evaluation of Airy-Hardy integrals of odd order.

To

evaluate Cin (a)

when n

is

odd,

we suppose temporarily

that o

is

positive, and then, by 6*22 (13),

Cin (a)

= 2a*

00

cos (20*" sinh u) cosh (u/n)

du

Jo
2ftin)

= 2a*cosOWn)
n
That
(1)
is

to say,

CTn(g)

= 2a*o8 (^/n) Jfi/<|(2at, )


n
7ra*

2nsin(^7r/n)

{J_ 1/n

(2a*)-/1/n (2a*)}.
see that,

Using the device explained


<2 >

<-

n& W
(J-'

in 10*21,

we

when

/9 is

positive,

+ *' <**"
by the operator

It follows that the equation 10*21 (4) is true

whether n be even or odd

and, whether n be even or odd, Cin (a) is

annihilated

^+
for all real values of
* It
a.

(-)n 2 n

has been proved by Hardy,

loe. eit., p.

229, with the aid of the theory of " generalised

integrals.

10-22]

ASSOCIATED FTTNCTIOHS
;

323

we

find that,

Next we evaluate Ein (a) when a is positive making the usual substitution, by 1013 (4),
Ein (a)

=
-

exp (- 2a*n sinh


jo
{tan (*7r/n)

u) cosh (u/n)

du

J 1/n (2a*) - B 1/n (2a*)}

Hence the
any value
(3)
is

series

which represents Ein (a) when n

is

odd and a may have

Ein (a)

n cos (i7r/r?)
7T
[

J
g

r (m + 3 _ i/n) r (m + f + 4/f|)
(-)^ttmw

+ sin;(ir/n)
and hence
(4)
it follows

|m =

w!

T(m + 1 - 1/n)

M=0 *! T(m + 1 + l/n)J

(-)m amM

)
'

that

jj^ +

na on

-2
|

Ein () = wofK""3'.
is

Next consider Cin (a) + iSin (a), where a positive. From 10"13 (4) we deduce that
ta'n (a)

temporarily assumed to be

+ % Sin (a) = n
=

2a* f"
.'

exp (2a*" * sinh w) cosh (u/n) du

(tan

Qwln) J 1/n (- 2a*t) - B 1/n (- 2**i)}


J-un ("
2a*t)

.**
, { n sin (7r/w)
l
,

- J-1/n (- 2a*i)}
amn

7ra*<

n+1 U"

n cos (t>>) m=0 T (m


7ra* + n sin ., /x (M* 7_ (-Tr/n)

+ f - */n) r (m + f + /n)
(2o*)

1/n

- -

/1/B (2a*)},

and therefore
(5)

Sin (a) -

7ro* (w+1)

"

<*

mn

wcos(Ww)

r(m + t-i/n)r(TO + f + i/n)

2wcos($7r/w)

whence
(6)

it

follows that,

when # > 0,

Sin (- 0)

^ ^^

r (m + f _ i/n) r (^ + | + */)
W
)}>

W 2 + 2/iCOs(j7r/) ^fl /.x (^/ ( 2# ) " ^/ ( ^ 9

324

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


for all real values of a,

[CHAP.

and hence,
(7)

-1 - n

an

~2
j

Si n (a)

= - not

<

n -3

>

This equation was given by Stokes in the case n =


It should
(8)

3.

be noticed that

Sin (a)

+ (-)*<+ Ei n (a) =

^^
n sin (717/1)
different

{sin

(**/)

+ (- 1 )*<+}

x{/_1/n (2a*) + /1/n (2a*)}

Z^-j-^ {sin (*,r/n) + (where


ft

1 )+>} J

x{/_ 1/n (2*)-J1/n (2/3*)},

= a,

and a and

/9

are real.

The formulae
his

of the preceding three sections are due to Hardy, though

in

methods of obtaining them were the special case n = 3.

and he gave some of them only

10*3.

Cauchy's numbers.

In connexion with a generalisation of Bessel's integral which was defined (see 10*31), it is convenient to investigate a class of functions known as Cauchy's numbers.

by Bourget, and subsequently studied by Giuliani

The

typical

number, N-n,k,m,
t

is

defined by

Cauchy*

as the coefficient of

the term independent of

in the expansion of
/

1\* 1\*/

IV
and

in ascending powers of

t.

It is supposed that n, k,

m are integers of which

the last two are not negative.


It follows from Cauchy's theorem that
1
/'

(0+

1\*

l\ m

(i)

JU*--5RJ
2tt
,

<~'H)
\*\ \e- ni0 Jo
cos (^rriTT

(")
6d6

dt

e~ nie cos* 6 sin -v

+ (-)m eni0

cos*

sinw

6d6

7T

2+*
7T

- n6) cos* 6 sinTO 0d6.


is

Jo

It is evident from the definition that


if it is

N-n^m

zero

if

n+k+m

is

odd or

a negative integer.
473475, 510511; xn.
(1841), pp.

* Comptes Rendu*, xi. (1840), pp. pp.

9293; xm.

(1841),

682687, 850854.

10-3]

ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS
(1) it is seen that

325

From
(2)

#-*,*,

= (~)m

Fn,k.m

= (-)"-* &n.k,m-

These results, together with recurrence formulae from which successive numbers may be calculated, were given by Bourget*.

The recurrence formulae


(3)
-^-n, k.m
t

are

(4)

+ " -n-i, *-i, m N-a t,m = N-n+i,k,m-i ~ "ni,*,i-i>


^-n+i,
Jfc-i,

to

>

and they are immediate consequences of the identities


t~(t

+ 1/0* (t - l/0m - *- (* + 1/0*" (t - 1/0 + 1-~* (t + 1/0*- (* - l/0~ " m_1 - t-n ~ 1/0* (* - I/O" (* r- (* + 1/0* (* - i/0m - p- (* + 1/0* (* - V0
1

By means

of these formulae any Cauchy's

number

is

ultimately expressible in

terms of numbers of the types

N-n

r
t

t,<n -^ -,o,m-

different class of recurrence formulae, also

due

to Bourget,

owes

its

existence to the equation

It follows that

^.*--2^TTi)/
2w(ro

rn

K)
/
i

dA'-i)
d*l
V

dt

l)J

*/

by a

partial integration.

On
t

performing the differentiation we see that


1 ) iV_, *_2, m+2 ,

(5)

(m +

1)

N-n k,m = nN-n> *_!, m+ - (k -

and similarly
(6)

(k

+ 1) iV_n>i m = nN^ k+h m-i - (m - 1) iV_ *+2 m _2


,
p

Developments due to Chessin, ^nnafa o/ Math.


8

x.

(18956),
k-$,

pp.

12, are

(7)

-^-n,k,

2 Cr m= r=Q
t

2r- n+s -.2r,

m>

(8)

#-,*,m = 2 (-y,Cr .N- + ,-tr.


r=0
(3)

*.

m-,-

These may be deduced by induction from


Another formula due to Chessin
(9) s
is

and

(4).

^-.
This
is

*.

2 m" r=0
(

r
)

Cp - r m Cr
.

where p=\ (k+mn).

proved by selecting the coefficient of n in the product

(t+l/0*x(-l/r Journal de Math. (2) vi. (1861), pp.

3354.

326
10*31.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


The functions of Bourget and Giuliani.

[CHAP.

The function
<i)

Jn<k (z)

is

defined

by the generalisation
{*

of Bessel's integral

J,.
is

W = ^ P *~
is

))'

P }'* (' - j)} *

where w

an integer, and k

a positive integer.

It follows that
A..

* (*)

f*
I

2,r

ex P {~

* (

nB ~ z sin

0)\

(2

cos

W de

>

and therefore
(2)

/.*(*)

= - r(2cos0)*cos(n0-ssm0)d0.

T Jo

The function /,*(*) has been studied by Bourget, Journal de Math. (2) vi. (1861), pp. 42 55, for the sake of various astronomical applications ; while Giuliani, Oiornate di Mat. xxvi. (1888), pp. 151 171, has constructed a linear differential equation of the fourth

order satisfied by the function.

[Note. An earlier paper by Giuliani, Giornale di Mat. xxv. (1887), pp. 198202, contains properties of another generalisation of Bessel's integral, namely

i'

cos (nd

- z*> sin p 6) dB,

but parts of the analysis in this paper seem to be incorrect.]

If
<8>

we expand the integrand

of (1) in powers of z,

we deduce from
;

10*3 that

/,*(*>

= I
=o

i\U,*, m ^Jf ml

and

it is

evident from (1) that

(4)

Jn
10*3 (2)

(z)
,

= Jn (z).

Again from
(5)
(6)

and

(3) it is evident that

J-nA*) = i-)n- k Jn,k{z\


Jn,k (*)

= /-!, *-i (z) + Jn +i,k-i (Z)

',

and,

if

we take k

1 in this formula,

(7)

Jn ^z) = ^Jn (z).


proving that
2J'n<k (z)

These results were obtained by Bourget; and the reader should have no
difficulty in

(8)

= Jn .hk (z) - Jn+1 ,t(z).


*
{/-!, *

Other recurrence formulae (due to Bourget and Giuliani respectively) are


(9)

-A*+2 (*) =

~ A*+i

(*)

(?)

- /+,,*(*)},

(10)

4/\*_ CO = /,*(*) " *Jn,k-, {Z\

10-31]

ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS
differential equation is
;

327

The

most simply constructed by the method used

by Giuliani

thus

V n Jn *(*)=ir

f"
.'o

du
C

4 {- (n + z cos 0) sin (nd - z sin


n

0)} (2 cos

0f d$

2k
7T

(n

+ z cos 0) sin (n0 z sin 0) (2 cos 0)* -1 sin 0d0


(2

Jo
cos 0)*"1 sin

= - 2kz J' nk (z) + [\ffi cos (n0 ~ z sin *)}


= - 2kzJ'n k (z) -
'

ed6

cos (n0
./

- * sin 0)

7T

<W

{(2 cos

0?-* sin

0} d0,

and so

V Jn.* (*) = - 2kzJ'n<k (z) - k?Jn<i (z) + 4k (k - 1) Jn<k^ (z).


Operating on this equation by
d* -r9

+
'

and using

(10), it follows that

G& + *) {Vn Jw
.

"*

W + 2kzJ ^ + ^Jn
n k
'

W -*(*-!)
a
}

</.*

CO.

and hence we have


(11)
z*

Giuliani's equation

J\

t (z)

+ (2k + 5) zJ'\ k (z) + {2z* + (k+ 2) - n8 J\ k (z) + (2fc + 5) zJ' n>k (z) + (z* + k + 2 - n2 ) Jnk (z) = 0.
by Giuliani that

It

was

also observed

(12)

*" (2 cos

0)*-

5
n=0

*n J*n,k(z)<sos2n0
ao

+i t
=o
this is verified
right.

M+1

Jm+hk (z)sm(2n + l)0;


on the

by applying Fourier's rule

(cf.

2*2) to the function

A somewhat similar
(1883), col. 1

function J{z\
is

v,

k) has

been studied by Bruns, Atr. Nach. civ.


series

8.

This function

defined

by the

(13)

J(z;

*)-J^ w!r (, + 2 * +m )( v + 2*-2)( + 2A)(+2*+2 + 2)'


of this function is that

The most important property


(i4)

j<
it

,,

q-Jto

..

*+V= {y +_%\*+l + 2y
2* /* + (*)

whence
(16)

follows that

J(z; v,*)=

=t (i/ + 2m-2)(i+2m+2)*

328
10*4.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


The
that
definition

[CHAP.

of Struve's function H(s).


the functions defined by integrals

Now

we have completely examined


it is

resembling Bessel's integral,

natural to investigate a function defined by

an integral resembling Poisson's integral. This function is called Struve's function, although Struve investigated* only the special functions of this type of orders zero and unity. The properties of the general function have been examined at some length by Siemonf and by J. Walker*.
Struve's function

H(4
-

of order

v, is

defined by the equations

(1
>

<*>

r$m

(1

f.

8in

" *

"
provided that R(v)

r^hfel) .C

sin ( " cos $) sin*

> - |.
we have

By

analysis similar to that of 3*3,

r (v + 1) r (f) ,-o (2m + 1)! Jo


r (-)m zim+1 .ml _(i*) | r(|),-o(2w + l)!r(i/ + m + f)'

so that
(2)

H"^ )= J
is

r(m + f)r(, + m + f)all

The function H (z)

defined by this equation for


It is evident that

values of

v,

whether

R (v) exceeds $
tegral function of
It
is

or not.

H (z) is an

integral function of v
is

and, if the factor (\z) v be suppressed, the resulting expression


z.

also

an

in-

easy to see

[cf.

211

(5),

3121

(1)] that

< 3)

H'<*>=r<#rW)< 1+
ii*# P AIit -i},
{T
!

>'

where

w
and
j

+f

is

the smallest of the numbers

+f

I,

*>
I

+f

|>

^
I

+$

(3)

* Mim. de VAcad. Imp. des Sci. de St P4tersbourg, (7) xxx. (1882), no. 8 ; Ann. der Physik, xvn. (1882), pp. 10081016. See also Lommel, Archiv der Math, und Phys. xxxvi. (1861),

p. 399.

t Programm, Luisenschule, Berlin, 1890.


pp. 340342.]
this section, with the exception of (3), (4), (10)

[Jahrbuch uber die Fortschritte der Math. 1890,

J The Analytical Theory of Light (Cambridge, 1904), pp. 392 395. The results contained in and (11), are there given.

'

'

))

104]

ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS
obtain recurrence formulae thus

329

We can

H dz ^
and similarly

"

5 W = Jo

(-)TO (2u
2" +2m+1

+ 2to + 1) z2v+im r (to + 1) T (i/ + m + 1)

d
<
t*

" (

* )}

_ S =
,

.o

2" +

- +1 r (m + f

(-)m (2m

+ l)g2w
)

r (

to

+*

=
,r_i

sF*"* 5 r (to +

1)
,'

r ( v + to + 4

=
On
(5)

2*r( + f)r(iT*~

H +l( *
''

)-

comparing these

results,

we

find that

HU
H^

(*)

+ H +1 () =

- H, (5) +
z

Y^\Wl\)

'

(6)

(,)

- H +1 (,) = 2H/ (z) 1

p (7^|yf(J)

(7) (8)

(^+ v )IH v (z) = zIl^


(* - V ) h (*)
(

(z),

* H " +1 ( * } = r( y +t)r(f ) "

In particular we have
(9)

^ {^
(*
2

(,)}

= *H

(z),

{H

(z)}

= | - H, (*).
(z)}

Again, from (7) and

(8),
2

we have
{*!!_,

- v ) H (*) = (* - v)

so that

H (z)

satisfies

the differential equation

(10)

V.H.
Ii
(a)

W - r(

^
> J.

(t)
(z)

The function
to

which bears the same relation to Struve's function as /

bears

Jv {z) has been


(11)

studied (in the case


is

v=0) by* Nicholson, Quarterly Journal,

xlii. (1911),

p. 218.

This function

denned by the equation

L ()-

r(. + | )P(r+(l+t)

= _2(|^__ f^sinh^cos^sin 2 "^^,


the integral formula being valid only

when R

(p)

The reader should have no


function.
* See also Gubler,

difficulty in obtaining the

fundamental properties of this


p. 424.

Zurich Vierteljahrsschrift, xlvii. (1902),

g
330
10*41.
It

"

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


The loop-integral for
-

[CHAP.

H (z).
H (z)
fails

was noticed in

10 4 that the integral definition of

when

R(v)^ \, because
integral.

the integral does not converge at the upper limit.

We

can avoid this disability by considering a loop-integral in place of the definite

Let us take
(V
Jo

iy-i sin

zt

dt,

where the phase of


*

t* 1 vanishes at the point on the right of t 1 at which the contour crosses the real axis, and the contour does not enclose the point

= -l.
If

we suppose
r(i+)
(t
2

that

R (v) > \
.

ment

(0, 1) of the real axis, taken twice, and

we may deform the contour we find that


ri
I

into the seg-

1)"-* sin zt
1

dt

2i cos wr

(1

2 )"-*

sin zt

dt,

Jo

Jo

where the phase of


Hence,
(1)

t* is zero. when R (v) > \, we have = r <* h, ( .)


in
1
(. )

yr
Jo

v - D-* *. ^
. ;

and
all

Both sides of this equation are analytic functions of v for all* values of v so, by the general theory of analytic continuation, equation (1) holds for
v.

values of

From
(2)

this result,

combined with

6*1 (6),

we deduce
(1+)
ei

that

(z)

+ <*) =
lie

^rVi)*^ /

'

lr

dt

and

a> be any acute angle (positive or negative), between \ir + a> and \ir + o>. We then deform the contour into that shewn in Fig. 26, in which the four parallel lines make an angle a> with the imaginary axis. It is evident that, as the lines

To transform
let

this result, let

the phase of z

move off to infinity, the integrals along them tend to The integral along the path which starts from and returns to 1 + oo ie~ iu is equal to ffw ( z ) and on the lines through the origin we write t = iu, so that on them
parallel to the real axis
zero.
;

(P
It follows that

_ i)*-4 = e =F (r- (1 + u*y-l.

Jv (z) + ill. (z) *

(z)

+r (y + 1) r

e (1 +^)"-*^,
|} j o
is

The

isolated values J, f

|,

...

are excepted, because the expression on the right

then an

undetermined form.

10-41]

ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS
1

331

where the phase of


(3)

2
it

has

its

principal value;
>
)

and hence

< H.()-r. W+r(>+


result,

er^il
r(i) /t

+ u*y-*du.

This

which

is

true for unrestricted values of

z for which

ir

<

arg z

< ir,

will
|

v, and for any value of be applied immediately to obtain the asym-

ptotic expansion of

H (z) when

is large.

Fig. 26.

was obtained by J. Walker*, who assumed that R(z)->0, so that a> might be taken to be zero. In the case = z/ 0, the result had previously been obtained by Rayleighf with the aid of the method of Lipschitz ( 7 "21).
result equivalent to (2)

R(v)> \,

If,

as in 6*12,

we

replace

a>

by args /S,

it is

evident that (3)

may be

written in the form

(4)

H.().y.(, )+

<*)
r(|

j;

e-(i

+7.)

<fe,

where

\tt <

/8

<

\ir

and \ir +

$< arg z < \ir +

(3.

This equation gives a representation of


for unrestricted values of

H (z) when

arg z\<tt. To obtain

a representation valid near the negative half of the real axis,

we

define

H (z)

arg z by the equation

(5)

H (zem' ) = *("+ H (z),


{

and use

(4) with z replaced

by ze*.

* The Analytical Theory of Light (Cambridge, 1904), pp. 394395. t Proc. London Math. Soc. xix. (1889), pp. 504507. [Scientific Papers,

m.

(1902), pp.

4446.]

332
If

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


we write z=ix
in (3),

[CHAP.

where x

is positive,

we

see that,

when R(v)<%>

and, by considering imaginary parts,

we deduce

that

(6)

L (*) = /_ (*) -

r(y

+yr

( |)

siu (** )

^+

tt2 )"" i

<**'

a result given by Nicholson, Quarterly Journal, xlii. (1911),

p. 219, in

the special case in

which i>=0.
10'42.

The asymptotic expansion of

H (z) when

\z\is large.

We
lating

now obtain an asymptotic expansion which may be used for tabuStruve's function when the argument z is large, the order v being fixed.
shall

Since the corresponding asymptotic expansion of

(z)

has been completely


it is sufficient

investigated in Chapter vn, it follows from 10*41 (4) that determine the asymptotic expansion of
/ooexpi/3
/

to

t***\-*

As

in | 7*2,

we have

(p-.l)!*w

V
28.
1

'

We
for

take

so large that

22 (v p ) < 0, and

take $ to be any positive angle

which

|/3|^tt-S,

|args-/3|^7r-o\
which

so that z is confined to the sector of the plane for

7T +

28 ^ arg z ^

ir

We
so that

then have
(

J
1

^sinS,

arg

--

<

tt,

(l
\

^V" "

gftrl/WI Sin ^)2iJW-2p-l (

= Ap>

say,

where

A p is independent of
on integration that

z.

It follows

where

B.

=f

v*
l

;*

e *dtt

(z-w).

10-42, 10-43]

ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS
that,

333

We
(1)

deduce

when arg z <


j \

tr

and z
|

is large,
j

H (,) - Yv (z) +

^ ^
may
r

^-^

{z

^
may
be

provided that

R(p v +^) > 0;

but, as in 72, this last restriction

removed.
This asymptotic expansion
( 2)

also be written in the form

b.

w - y.

(.)

n + ^S*r +

(z

"^-

It may be proved without difficulty that, if v is real and z is positive, the remainder after p terms in the asymptotic expansion is of the same sign term neglected, provided that as, and numerically less than the first ~& established This be by the method used in 7 32. 0. may R (p + \ v)

p.

The asymptotic expansion* was given by Rayleigh, Proc. London Math. Soc. xix. (1888), 504 in the case v Q, by Struve, Mem. de I' Acad. Imp. des Sci. de St Pe'tersbourg, (7) xxx. (1882), no. 8, p. 101, and Ann. der Phys. und C/iemie, (3) xvn. (1882), p. 1012 in the case v = l; the result for general values of v was given by J. Walker, The Analytical Theory of Light (Cambridge, 1904), pp. 394395.
If v has any of the values \,\,
...,

then

(1

+ u /z ) v ~l
2

is

expressible as a
It follows

terminating series and


that,

(z) is also expressible in

a finite form.
is

an odd positive integer, of elementary functions. In particular


v is half of

when

H (z)

expressible in terms

Hj(*)=(^)*(l-cos*),
(3)

.-(s)
10*43.

K)-V*~0vm, which
represent Struve's function
large.

The asymptotic expansion of Struve s functions of large order.

We
H (z)
As

shall

now
|

obtain asymptotic expansions, of a type similar to the

expansions investigated in Chapter

when
usual,

and z are both


j
|

we

shall write

= z cosh (a + lyS) = z cosh y

and, for simplicity,

we

shall confine the investigation to the special case in

which cosh y is real and positive. The more general case in which cosh y is complex may be investigated by the methods used in 86 and 1015, but it is of no great practical importance and it involves some rather intricate analysis.
*

For an asymptotic expansion

of the associated integral

/;s(-r:r.
see Rayleigh, Phil.

Mag.

(6)

vm.

(1904), pp. 481

487. [Scientific Papers, v. (1912), pp.

206211.]

334

THEOEY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


The method of steepest descents has
and
not, as in the previous investigations, to
(3),
v

[CHAP.

to be applied to an integral of Poisson's

type,

one of Bessel's type.

In view of the formula of 10*41


f
/-

we

consider the integral

dw

which we write in the form

where t =

w cosh 7
7
is

log (1

-f

2
).

It is evident that t,

so that, since

qua function of w, has stationary points where w e iy equal either to o or to ifi, two cases have to be considered,
the stationary points
(I) e a ,

which give

rise to

(II)

e*
is less

Accordingly
(II) in
(I)

we

consider separately the cases (I) in which zjv


is

than

1,

and

which z\v

greater than

1.

When 7

is

increases from

to 00
e*

a real positive number a, t is real when w is real, and, as w -2a to e~a cosh a log (I + e t first increases from ),
,
.

then decreases to

cosh

a log (1
.

+ e**) and

finally increases to

00

In order to obtain a contour along which t continually increases, we suppose that w first moves along the real axis from the origin to the point e~, and
angles,

then starts moving along a certain curve, which leaves the real axis at right on which t is positive and increasing.

To

find the ultimate destination of this curve, it is convenient to

make a

change of variables by writing

w sinh f
where
,
i\

it],

e~ a

= sinh f
has for

and are

real.
is real,

The curve in the -plane, on which t


cosh f sin
t\

its

equation

2 cosh a arc tan (tanh f tan


-

17),

and

it

has a double point* at |


write
v>

We now

V) -

2 arc tan (tanh g tan


cos yi

tj)

sm ^
whose corners

and examine the values of F(g, 17) as % 0, A, B, C have complex coordinates


0,

traces out the rectangle

arc sinh
to

1,

arc sinh 1

\tri,

\tri.
,

As tges from
increases from

A, F(^,

i/)is

equal to 2 sinh /cosh 2

and

this steadily

to 1.
* Except

when a=0,

in which case

it

has a

triple point.

10-43]

ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS
f
is

335

When

on AB, F(g,

rj) is

equal to

V2
and

arc tan

i>

cosec
nj

17,

this steadily increases from 1 to trj^l as

increases from

to

%-rr.

Note.

To

establish this result, write tan

*J2

and observe that


arcten

dt

{r

aroten

=
<v(i+2<*)
t,

li+^

7 ^'

because

-=

-5-

arc tan t, which vanishes with

has the positive derivate

When f is on BC, F(g, ij) is equal to ir sech , and this increases steadily from tt/V2 to 7T as f goes from to C; and finally when is on CO, F(^, rj)
is zero.

Hence the
the rectangle

curve, on which F(^,

rj) is

equal to sech

a,

cannot emerge from

OABG,

except at the double point on the side

OA

and so the

part of the curve inside the rectangle


singular point G.

must pass from

this double point to the

The contours in the w-plane for which a has the values broken and continuous curves respectively.

0,

\ are shewn in

Fig. 27

by

Fig. 27.

Consequently a contour in the w-plane, on which t


the singular point
to
i;

is real,

consists of the

part of the real axis joining the origin to e~* and a curve from this point to and, as

traces out this contour, t increases from

00

It follows that, if the expansion of d/dr in

powers of t

is

l-

Tm

336
then

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP.

* m!&
^

2.

1=0 *

and hence, by 10 4
#

(1),

we have

(1)

h.(.)~-<J,(.) +

T7

^^ 2=&.
>

It is easy to prove that

6,-1,
(II)

61

=2coshy,
is

&2

= 6cosh2 y-,

6,

= 20 cosh8 7 - 4 cosh 7
r
is real

When 7
to 00 as

a pure imaginary (=

i0),

from

travels along the real axis from

to 00

and increases steadily and so


;

dw I *~ <* + "^ " j.


Hence, from 1041 (8)
(2)
it follows

~"

{TOT*) 3FJ

dT

that

H,(,)^Fy (,) +
j

r(y + i)r(i)

jS
o

r>

provided that arg z\<\ir. This result can be extended to a somewhat wider domain of values of arg z, after the manner of 8*42.

From the corresponding results in the theory of Bessel functions, it is to be expected that these results are valid for suitable domains of complex values of the arguments.
In particular, we can prove that, in the case of functions of purely imaginary argument,
(3)

1* v
v
I |

(vx)~Iv (vx)

when

is large,

arg v

< \ir, x is fixed, and the error is of the order of magnitude of

i[ -4^w w(i +
i
(

*>}j

times the expression on the right.


a [Note. If in (I) we had taken the contour from w=0 to w=*e~ and thence to w= - i, ufv {). This indicates (z) in place of containing v we should have obtained the formula that we get a case of Stokes' phenomenon as y crosses the line /3=0.]

10*44.

The relation between


the order n
is

H (z)

and

B B (z).
we can deduce from when n

When

a positive integer (or zero),

(z) by a polynomial in z; and n (z) differs from 10-1 (4) that in 1/z. is a negative integer, the two functions differ by a polynomial

10-44, 10*45]
For,

ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS
is

337

when n

a positive integer or

zero,

we have

p (lz) = v = _r(|m+l)r(m + w + l)'


\mtri
,

n +m

and

BW
and
therefore, since

M=0 r(|w+l)r(n + n+l)' Jn (z) Jn (z), we have


n

^w

gi(ml)tri/l^\nm
'

m=\ " (1 - Jm) T (n + 1 - |/n)


that
is to

say

n \ (i)
In
(2)
like

^= 1 e E-^>
manner, when
/., _ (~) B -(*)

^ ^i

<n "

1>r

,,i

ili<if)r! I _ Hw(2> (z) r(n + i-t)

is
1

a negative integer,
'

n+1

Ic*'""

r (n -

m - j)

(js)-"*-^

r(m + |)

H"w( ^

10*45.

TAe

si^ra

of Struve s function.
interesting result that H(a;)
is

We
positive

shall

now prove the

positive

when

a?

is

and v has any positive value greater than or equal to \. This result, which was pointed out by Struve* in the case v = 1, is derivable from a definite integral (which will be established in 1347) which is of considerable importance in the Theory of Diffraction.

To

obtain the result by an elementary method,

we
J,

integrate 10*4(1) by

parts and then


/
^

we

see that, for values of v exceeding


1

(h)"' "-W- rfr'tW

[*"
.I.

d cos (x cos 6)

..,-,)jgi*~edB

l> tf)r(i) {[eos(xcos9)sin-J


- (2i/ 1)
|

'cos (x cos 0) sin 2'- 2

'*?

cos

0dd

Jo

*Y ^"p
V

1 1

- (2v - 1)
*- 2 -'?

^cos (* cos 0) sin2"- 3 cos 6dd\


II

= ( i*?
^0,

1 (i>

i^iV ./ + )r()

1(

f'sin2

cos

- cos (x cos

-9)1

<W

since the integrand is positive.


*

Mem.

proof given here

de VAcad. Imp. des Sci. de St Ptersbour<j, (7) xxx. (1882), no. is the natural extension of Struve'- proof.

8,

pp. 100101.

The

338

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


v is less

[CHAP.
;

When
have

than

J,

the partial integration cannot be performed

and,

when

i/

= J, we

Hj(*)-(^.) 4 (1 -cob *)>(>,


and the theorem
is

completely established.

A comparison of the asymptotic expansion which was proved in 10*42 with that of Yv (x) given in 7*21 shews that, when x is sufficiently large and positive, H (x) is positive
K (x) is not one-signed when v \ and that asymptotic expansion of H (x) is if v

>

<
.

for the

dominant term of the

(ir)

F -

r(,+|)rd)
according
that Struve's function
is

or

/2\*

U>

sin

^-ii-)
x when
v

asi*>ori<. The theorem

of this section proves the more extended result

positive for all positive values of

>\

and not merely

for sufficiently large values.

The theorem
functions
;

indicates an essential difference between Struve's function

and Bessel

for the asymptotic expansions of

Chapter

vn shew

that, for sufficiently large

values of x,

Jv (x) and Yv (x) are


Theisinger's integral.

not of constant sign.

10*46.
If

we take the equation


*j

{/o()-l(*-"f

j^r'dt

and choose the contour to be the imaginary +ttan |0, we find that

axis,

indented at the origin*, and then write

j {h (x) - Lo (*)} = f
and so
(1)

cos (* cot

<f>)

log tan (i*r+|tf>)

^^
, >

7 (*)-I*(jf)

=^ J

*cos(#tan<}i)logcot(^)
(

a formula given by Theisinger, Monatshefte fiir Math, und Phys. xxiv. (1913),
If

p. 341.

we

replace

x by *' sin 6,

multiply by sin

6,

and

integrate,

we

find,

on changing the

order of the integrations in the absolutely convergent integral on the right,


iW

t
so that
(2)

E, (* tan

<f>)

log cot (<) ^$-r

*'

| f

{/ (x sin 6)

-L
1

(x sin 6)} sin

6d6

/o*'E (^tan0)logcot(^)^ = |. -^1

X
,

on expanding the integrand on the right in powers of x.


Theisinger.
*

This curious result

is also

due to

The presence

of the logarithmic factor ensures the convergence of the integral round the

indentation.


10-46, 10-5]
10'5.

ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS

339

Whittaker's integral.

The

integral
a*
I

izt

v _i(t)dt,

is a solution of Bessel's equation only when 2v been studied by Whittaker*.

which

is

an odd integer, has

It follows

from
*

61 7

that, for all values of v,

(1)

V, L*

<$*

P_x

(t) dt\

=-

lira

0*e* (1

- P) P;_j(0]

=
If

cos
7T

* vir .z*e

-&
.

we expand the integrand (multiplied by


it is

e") in ascending

powers of s and

integrate term-by-term +

found that
.

Ji
(2)

2*1

, e^P^CO^-a^e-" S fn rr (r/ _l * ^ * v + f + y) i-i M = r(m+|-p)r(w


,
v ,

.,_

(2r)m .ro!

The formula

of 3'32 suggests that

we

write

and then
the series

it is

easy to verify the following recurrence formulae, either by using

(2), or

by using recurrence formulae

for

Legendre functions
2ii-"z^e- iz

(3)

W_
v

(z)

+ -

W ^{z)
v

2v
z

W
,

'

(Z)

j(2Tr)r(-v)T(%+v)\'
2ii- v z~le- iz
'

(4)

W_

(z)

r+1 (z)

= 2W

(z)

^2ir)r^-v)r^ + v)
2i*~ y z*e~ iz
),

5)

p + ,) w, (,) = ,w... (.) +


()w.w

r(t . t)r(i + ,)
2i*~ y zi e~ u
.

(6)

iw

H ,(.) + V(a|r) r(t _ >)r(t+y)


_

An

asymptotic expansion of

W (z)

for large values of z


|

may be

obtained by

deforming the path of integration after the manner of Lipschitz


* Proc.

( 7 21).

London Math.

Soe. xxxv. (1903), pp.

198206.

t By a use of Legendre's equation the recurrence formula

may
*"

be

verified;
1

and we
4

can prove

that

P^ (t)dt= p
1,

by expanding

(4

- *. 4 + "

- 4')

in ascending powers of 1

and integrating term-by-term.

340

THEOBY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


The
function
is

[CHAP.

thus seen to be equal to

-355-/,
Now
it is

e"

M p-<-'>*-^-/
-

M *-.>*

known

that*, near

<=
i;

1,

iV^(*)-t*i(*
i

-** +
8

_ fcos*7r\ P ^<-*> ^-^"j


*\

i-10. r(m-y + )r(m+i/ + )


.;

/l

- \m

.*

(ml?

VY)
>

x log
|

\T~) ~ 2^ (m + 2 ) + ^ (w ~ v + ) + ^ ( + * + $)}

and since

we

obtain the asymptotic expansion

(7)

W,(#)~ *#(*)
g-i <*+**+*)

COS V7T T

(if,

m)

+ ^(w + ^ + y) ^r(m+
Some
noticed

l)~log2^-^7rt'}

functions which satisfy equations of the same general type as (1) have been by Nagaoka, Journal of the CoU. o/Sci. Imp. Univ. Japan, iv. (1891), p. 310.

10*6.

The functions composing


will

Tn (z).
kind, of

The reader
integral order,

remember that the Bessel function of the second


written in the form ( 3*52)
1

may be

%
+

(n-m- 1)1
"*
j

WM M
,

=0

?.

^(^)r

<

10

<*'> ~ * <ro +

>

- * < + m

The

series

on the right may be expressed as the sum of four functions, each of


fairly

which has
(1)

simple recurrence properties, thus


{log

nrYn (z) = 2

<!)-* (1)} Jn (z) -

n (z)

+ Tn (z) -2Un (z),

* Cf. Barnes, Quarterly Journal, xxxix. (1908), p. 111.

10*6]

ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS

341

where
(2)

Tn (z) = -

"2

^-'--f^1 (^)-

n+2wl

w =o ra!(n + ro)!
and
(cf.

3*582)

<3>

g'<')-.!, ( ;i(,7m)

<< + ' +
l

>-< 1 "-

The
pp. 142

functions 7^(2) and


147,

Un (z) have been studied by Schlafli, Math. Ann. m. (1871), though he used the slightly different notation indicated by the equations
Sn (z)=-2Gn (z),

Tn (z) = 2fn (z), Un (z)= -En (z);

more recent

investigations are

due to Otti* and to Graf and Gublert.

The
(4)

function

Tn (z)

is

most simply represented by the


f'(J 7T

definite integral

Tn (z) = -

0) sin (z sin

nd) dd.

To

establish this result, observe that

(-ra*r*~ 1 r ( ,\ - [l I jfnW ~La m >riw _ i r(m+i+6)r(n+m+i-6)J e o _j_ra | (-)w (|^)w+wt /+> (i + ty***
-&r* [&>-*-*
i_
(n

i
J,.o
,

2w)!
/

J_,
(o+)

m+1+e
*

(-)w (jg)w+2OT

(i

w+2w log t tj)

e | __2 f' ~iriJom>-in-i

nie

(- 1> sin
(n
.

fl)

w+2w

(0

- tt)

+ 2m)\

where

has been replaced by e *""r,i


(

It follows that

Now
3
_ ttt . t m>in~i

ta"

sin 0)n +*l

(n

+ 2m)\

=
and
so

( 1> sin 0) (- iz sin 0) sinfl - + (_)n eiz sin |{ e


(cosh

(n even) (n odd)
}
(

(sinh

-L P(0 _ 1^) yn (s) = 7rt


Jo

-8in#

+ em(e-r)+izsin} <&
4269. Lommel'a

* Bern Mittheilungen, 1898, pp. 156. t Einleitung in die Theori-e der Bessel'tchen Funktionen, iv (Bern,
treatise, pp.

1900), pp.

77

87, should also be consulted.

342
If
is

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


replaced by
ir

[CHAP.

in the integral obtained


(4),

second of the two exponentials, the formula


obtained at once.

which

by considering only the is due to Schlafli, is

The corresponding

integral for

Un (z)
!

is

obtained by observing that


i

un ^ W = -fi
-and
so,

(-rq*)w+2w r (i + 6) Ide Zo m T (n + + 1 + e) J'.?


{<**)-

[I

r (i +

Jn+t (*)} j^,

from

6*2 (4),

we deduce that

(5)

Un (z) = {\og$z)-,fr(l)}Jn (z)


+ - r$ sin (n0 - z sin
7T

0)

d$

+ (-) n

" e-nc-*nhf

<ft.

Jo

Jo

10*61.

Recurrence formulae for


10*6 (4) (z)

Tn (z)

and

Un (z).

From

we

see that

Tn_

+ Tn+1 (z)-(2n/z)Tn (z)

=-

7T J o

I "(h

~ 0) sin (z sin - n0)

{2 cos

- 2n/z} d0

=-
8

irz J o

P(W -0)4b {cos (z sin a"


4
z

- n0)} d0

4 =cos hmr 2
z

Jn (z), '
v

on integrating by parts and using Bessel's integral.

Thus
(1)

Tn.

(z)

+ Tn+1 (z) = (2n/z) Tn (z) + 4 {cos \mr - Jn (z)}/z.


2

Again
and so
(2)

Tn

'

(z)

=7T

!"($ ir-0) sin

cos (s sin

(9

- n0) d0,

Jo

r-iW-ZV+ito-MV^).
these formulae
it

From
(3)
(4)

follows that
2

C* (*
(cf.

+ n) Tn (z) = zT^ (z) - 2 cos

\nir
2

+ 2/ (s),
- 2Jn (z),

- n) T (z) = -z Tn+1 (z) + 2 cos


find that

\nir

and hence
(5)

1012) we

2 2 ^n Tn (z) = 2{z sin \mr + n cos \mr) - 4??

Jn (z).

10*61, 10-62]

ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS

343

for

Jn (z),

With the aid of these formulae combined with the corresponding formulae Y(s) and Sn (z), we deduce from 10*6 (1) that

(6) (7)

(8)
(9)

(10)

Un_, (z) + Un+l {z) - (2ft/*) Un (z) - (2/z) Jn (z), Un _, (z) - Un+l (z) = 2 Un (z) - {21z) Jn (z), (Sr 4 n) Un (z) = zUn ., (z) + 2Jn (z), (*-n)Un (z) = -zUn+1 (z), [cf. 358(1), V n Un (z) = -2zJn+l {z).
'

358(2)]

The reader may


It
is

verify these direotly

from the

definition, 10*6 (3).

convenient to define the function

T_ n (z),
ir

of negative order, by the

equivalent of

106 (4).
(z)

If

we

replace

by

in the integral

we

find that

T_ n

=vr

f "(Itt

7r

6) sin (z sin

nO) dd

Jo

=
and so
(11)

2 [*
I

it

Jo

(1

- 0) sin

(z sin

n0 + mr) d0,
(z).

T_ n (z) =

(-)"+*

Tn

We
it is

now

define

U-H (z) by
U-n (z)

supposing 106 (I) to hold

for all values of

then found that

(12)

(-)
{

Un (z) - Tn (z) + Sn (z)}.

10-62.

Series for

Tn (z)

and

Un {z).
- Jn _ im (z)}

We
(1)

shall

now shew how

to derive the expansion

Tn (z) = I I
10*6 (4).

{Jn+2M

{z)

from

The method which we


,

shall use is to substitute


2,

2 7r

= Z

sin

2m0

in the integral for

Tn (z), and then integrate term-by-term. This procedure needs justification, since the Fourier series does not converge uniformly near
=
To

and
0.

= ir,

and, in fact, the equation just quoted

is

untrue for these two

values of

justify the process*, let 8

and

be arbitrarily small positive numbers.


find

Since the

series converges uniformly

when
I

8
..

% $ ^7r-o\ we can
...

an integer m^ such that

M
2
ro=l

(*tr-d)I

sin2m0| |<c,

The analysis immediately

following

is

due to D. Jackson, Palermo Rendiconti, xxxn. (1911),


is 1-8519...

pp.

257262. The value

of the constant

344

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


all

[CHAP.

of 8 between

throughout the range 8 ^ 8 ^ v 8, for and n, we have

values of

M exceeding m^.

Again, for all values

Ljt-02 2 m =i

=
i

ye

{l+2cos2< + 2cos4* + ... + 2cos2Jft}(fc

_
.

i1* sin(2i/"-H)f J
9
t
'

_J_
sin
.

= Anfor some value of between 8 and a monotonic (increasing) function.

(2JT+ l)t f i* sin 1

a=

/"(if+J)T sin
/

Jjt

eta:

^r,

by the second mean-value theorem, since

/sin

is

By drawing the graph of .r -1 sin# f n sin x exceed \n dx in absolute value * x / o


I

it is

easy to see that the last expression cannot

if this

be called \ rrA, we have

\Tn {z)
i

| *>i

siu

(z

sin 8

n8) dd
I

",=iyo

21
,

["{{ln _ 6 )- 2 -*^lsin(* S intf-tf)^|

<

-{/:

/r*aiK--i
|

!!

^i-'---'-

where

5 is the upper

bound of

sin (z sin 8

n8)

Since

2(AB + e) Bis
that*

arbitrarily small, it follows from the definition of

an

infinite series

2 mn (z) = 2 T

(* sin
J

2m6

, sin (z sin n
.
.

- w0) dd

= 2
m=l
''*

{t/n + fc)

/n-2m (^)}

and the result


It will

is

established.

be remembered that

Un (z) has already been

defined

3*581) as a

series of Bessel coefficients

by the equation

and
as a

that, in

3582, this definition was identified with the definition of

Un (z)

power

series given in

106 (3).

10*63.

Graf's expansion of

Tn (z + 1)

as a series of Bessel

coefficients.

It is easy to obtain the expansion


(1)

Tn (z + t)= 2 T^^Jmiz),
Wl= on
* This expansion

was discovered by

Schlafli,

Math. Ann.

m.

(1871), p. 146.

10*63, 10'7]
for,

ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS
it is

345

from 10-6 (4),

evident that

Tn (z + t)=- P\\tt - 6) sin(* sin 6 -n0 + z sin 6) dO


TT J

J_
771

\
'

(\ir

- 6) Jm (z) {e'(t8in-n9+me) _ e -*(^in9-n+)J


i=-oo
/,

ffl

=
by using

? ["(!.
;

_ 0) I

(0) sin

{*

sin

- (n - w) 0} d0,

under the integral sign is uniformly convergent, the order of summation and integration may be changed, and the

21

since the series

result is evident.

The
plicated

pi-oof of
;

it

the formula given by Graf, Math. Ann. xliii. (1893), p. 141, depends on the use of the series of 10*62 combined with 2*4.
for

is

more com-

There seems to be no equally simple expression

Un (z +

t).

10'7.

The genesis of Lommel's functions

$M> (z) and

sM) (2).

which includes as special cases the polynomials z0 n (z) and Sn (z) of Neumann and Schlafli, was derived by Lomniel, Math. Ann. IX. (1876), pp. 425 444, as a particular integral of the equation
function,

(1)

V v y = kz+\
fi

where k and

are constants.

It is easy to

this equation, proceeding in ascending


,

shew that a particular integral of powers of z beginning with z** is


1
,

z*

+i

z*+*

(2)

[> + If - S
,

{(/T+

If.

1/

2
}

[i>

+ 3)* - v*\

]
'

air

=0 (i> -$V + m=

(-)m

(^r
(\p

|),+i

+ P + |)m+i

wt

r^-^+m+Dr^+^+w+i)
ks^ v {z).

For brevity the expressions on the right are written in the form

The
ft

function sMt 0)
is

is

is evidently undefined when either of the numbers an odd negative integer*. Apart from this restriction the general

solution of (1)
(3)
In
like

evidently

y -#,(*)
manner
the general solution of

+ ***(*)

is

(5)

y = *-*<-!>
*
.

{<$ v

()

+ *V (2)}.
and
v is discussed in 10*71.

The

solution of the equation for such values of n

F.

12

346

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Next
let

[CHAP.

parameters."

us consider the solution of (1) by the method of "variation of We assume as a solution*

y=A(z)J
where

(z)

+ B(z)J_ v {z),
v

A (z) and B (z)

are functions of z determined by the equations

= 0, J\ (z) A'(z) + J'_ v (z) B' (z) = kzr-\

Jv (z) A'(z) + J.
we
see that
v

(z)

B'

(z)

On

using 3*12
v

(2),

A (z) =
'

2 sin

^ V Jw
f J
\_

(z) dz,

B(z)

= - ^~i^2 sin

vir J

VJ

(z) dz.

Hence a

solution f of (1)

is

it

sin vir

where the lower

limits of the integrals are arbitrary.


is

Similarly a solution of (1) which


integers or not,
(7)
is

valid for all values of

i>,

whether

= \1ctt

lY, (z)

[V J

(z)

dz

- Jv (z)

\* z*

Y v (z) dz\

numbers fi v + 1 have positive real and (7) may be taken to be zero. If we expand the integrands in ascending powers of z, we see that the expression on the right in (6) is expressible as a power series containing no powers of z other than ^ +1 z +3 z***, .... Hence, from (3), it follows that, since neither of the numbers /jlv is an odd negative integer, we must have
It is easy to see that, if both of the
parts, the lower limits in (6)
, ,

(8)

,^ r

\*z*J_ (,)*_[,/,(,) l sin vir


|_

{z)dz-J_ v (z) FzJ,(z)dz\


jo
v is not

j o

In obtaining this result

it

was supposed that

an integer

but

if

we

introduce functions of the second kind,


2

we

find that

(9)

8^A*) =
this formula

\v\yAz)\ zJAz)dz-Jv {z)^ z*Yv (z)dz\,


we may proceed
to the limit in

and in

making

an

integer.

It should be observed that, in

Pochhammer's notation
l)

( 4*4),

(10)

^ %(,)

tl)(^> +

x/,(i; i^-ii' + |,i/* +


* Cf. Forsyth, Treatise on Differential Equations (1914), 66;
v is
it is

|i'

+ f; -i*

2 )-

supposed temporarily that

not an integer.

The

of

z,

generalisation of this result, obtained by replacing zn+i in (1) by an arbitrary function was given by Cbessin, Comptes Rendus, cxxxv. (1902), pp 678679 and it was applied by
;

him, Comptes Rendus, cxxxvi. (1903), pp. 1124


Bessel's equation.

1126, to solve a sequence of equations resembling

10-71]

ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS
associated function

347

The

Mi (2)

is

derived from a consideration of a solution

of (1) in the form of a descending series. solution and investigate its properties.

We now

proceed to construct this

10*71.

The construction of the function S^tV (z).


of the equation 10'7(1), proceeding in descending
,

A particular integral
(1)

powers of z, beginning with z*~ l y

is
>

= kz^

- 1)* - v (fl + P

j (/

- 1)* _

,/>}

|(

- 3)* - V>
;

a-.].
if it

it is

This series, however, does not converge unless it terminates but a solution of 10*7 (1), and it will be called kS^iz).

terminates,

The

series terminates if
in

ft

v
//,

is

an odd positive integer, or


case.
1,

if /*

v is an

odd positive integer, and

no other

In the former case we write q


(r \

= v + 2p +

and then we have

K
'

(-rr(ij*-iF+|)r(jj + ii' + l)

m=o

r(i

l)r(i;

+ m+l)

When

fi

v=2p +

l,

the function

vanishes,

and

so,

when

fi

v is

an odd positive integer, we have

(2)

s> ,(*)^,(*) + x ' f. \ /


'

2'~ir(i

''-*"

+ * )r(i '' +
Sln V1T
.

i ''

+ l)
V) IT
.

[COS %(fJL

v) IT

J_ (z)

COS |(/Ll +

Jv (z)].

Since both sides of this equation are even functions of v, the equation is true also when /x + v is an odd positive integer, so that it holds in all cases in

which
of

Sllv (z) has, as yet, been defined. We adopt it as the general definition $M( (z), except that, when v is an integer, we have to use the equivalent form
S^(z) = *,(*) +
shewn
2"" 1

(3)

r (/* - I v

4-

\) r(|A*

+ * +

|)
v) ir
.

x [sin \{yk v)ir.Jv (z)


It will be
is

cos % (fi
;

(*)].

an odd two functions


latter.

in 1073 that S^iz) has a limit negative integer, i.e. when sMi (z) is undefined
sM)V (a)

when fi+
and
so,

v ov

fi-v

of Lommel's

and S^

v (z), it is

frequently more convenient to use the

348

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


It will appear in 10*75 that the series (i),

[CHAP.

defined

when

either of the

of significance
yields, in fact,

by means of which S^iz) is numbers ft v is an odd positive integer, is still when the numbers fi v are not odd positive integers. It an asymptotic expansion of S^ v (z) valid for large values of

the variable
10*72.

z.

Recurrence formulae

satisfied

by Lommel's functions.

It is evident

from

107 (2)

that

**'Wthat
is

fr

+ iy-*
8

to say

(1)

W.., (z) = **
it is

+1

- {i> + 1) -

:*}

M (4

Again,

easy to verify that


j

TZ^ S
so that

*' "

^=

(/*

+ V ~ X ) ^ #-l. r-1 (*).


1) V-1..-1
(*)>

(2)

8\ w (Z) + (v/z) SM> (z)=(fl + Vs' ilLiV

and similarly
(3)

(z)-(v/z)s^ v (z)

= (fi-v-l)s
we

ll

_ltV+1

(z).

On

subtracting and adding these results


{2v/z) SrtV (z)
,

obtain the formulae

(4)
( 5)

= (/M + v-l) s^ _j (z) - (fi - v - 1 ) $_i. m-i (*)> 2s'M (0) = (/i + v - 1 ) v-j, .-i (*) + (/* - v - 1 ) Sp_ ,+1 (z).
lt

The reader

will find it easy to

the type SntV (z) the type #Mi (z)


(6) (7)

deduce from 10*71 (2) that the functions of may be replaced throughout these formulae by functions of
;

so that

(8)
(9)

(10)

= **+1 - {(fi + 1) - #M( , (*), S^ v (z) + (*/,) SM, <) - 0 + * - 1) flMlPU4 (#), 6\, (#) - (v/z) ,(*) - 0 - v - l)8^ v+l (*), (2*/*)^ (*) = (,* + /- 1)^^_ ,,_ (^)-(m-i'- l)iSU.r*(*). 2S'^(z) = (M + v -l)S^. (z) + <ji-v-l)S^+1 (z).
(*)
2
1/

These formulae may be transformed in various ways by using (1) and (6). They are due to Lommel, Math. Ann. ix. (1876), pp. 429432, but his methods of proving them were
not in
all

cases completely satisfactory.

Lommel's functions Sfl>v (z) when fiv is an odd negative integer. The formula 1071(2) assumes an undetermined form when fi v or fi + v
10'73.
is

an odd negative integer*. We can easily define Sv-i,(z) by a repeated use of 10*72 (6) which gives

Sv-vp-\ >v (z)


(-)*&.,,,(*)

in terms of

n\ (1)
*

*-i
<?

J.
o
(z) is

>*+*.,(*)SMl
integer.

2^(- J
of

(-fi^
,)m+1 ( v

-p)tn+1

2^! (1-,)/
which
ix

Since

an even function

v, it is

sufficient to consider the case in

-v

is

an

odd negative

10*72, 10*73]

ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS

349

We

next define

Sv-h ,(z) by

the limiting form of

1072 (6), namely

(2 )

^w^,[

x>

.-Cifey+ i)]fi

The numerator (which is an analytic function of when /* = i/ 1, and so, by L' Hospital's theorem*

near

/*

= v 1)

vanishes

Now
L

it is

easy to verify that


1

pW
3/*

_U,-i

-i-iw n I U + 1,

.> +

(-)"(^)"
(p

l)ir( + m + 2)

x {2log z + yfr(l) + yfr


Also

+ 1) - ^ (m + 2) - yfr(v + m + 2)}.

[^
and

{2m+i

r (i/* - ** + f) r (^ + 1 * + f) cos j i> + v) }]^

r_ x

= 2' r (v + 1) sin i/7T {log 2 + |^ (1) + |^r (v + 1) + tt cot vv},

[^{2^r(^-^+f)r(^ + ^+f)cosH/*-^)^]^_ = 2^7rr( v +i),


and hence
(3)
it

follows that

s^y-i'-rwsJrlfSli)
x
{2 log

\z - ty (p + m +

1)

yjr

(m +
for

1)}

- 2"v

ir

V (v) Y (*),
a negative
(where n
is

and

this formula,
is,

which appears to be nugatory whenever v

is

integer,

in effect, nugatory only

when

when

=n

a positive integer) we define the function by the formula

^n-i,n \8) = >__! (#),


in which the function on the right
is

defined by equation 10-73(1).

To discuss

the case in which v=0,

we take the formula


(/t+1)2

-VWwhichgives
'

Sr

Since

-'.o(*)=^[p{^ +1 -^ +S.o()}]

Mss

_i

()-* {r (J, + f

)}Jo

^t^
.

+2* + i {r (*/*+$)}* (cos &**


it follows,

(z)

- sin &**

()},

on reduction, that
<8L,,o(*)=5 *
* Cf.

(4)

^&#^[{log(^)-f (m+l)}2-4^'(i + l)+i^].


Bromwich, Theory of Infinite
Series, 152.

350
10*74.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Functions expressible in terms of Lommel's functions.

[CHAP.

From the descending series given in 1071 (1) it is evident that Neumann's polynomial On (z) is expressible in terms of Lommel's functions by the equations
(1)
0.im (z)

= (1/*) S^ n i, Sn (z)
is

0^ 0) = {(2m +

1)/*}

S0tWl+1 (z),

and

Schlafli's

polynomial
flU (*)

similarly expressible

by the equations
(*).

(2)

= 4 S-i. (*)

&t*n (*) = 2S0>2TO+1

It is also possible to express the important integrals

#J
;

(z) dz,

z"

(z)

dz

in terms of

Lommel's functions
.

thus we have

dz
d_

{z

Jv (z)

zl ~>

5M_
*-*

]>

_ 1 (*)}

= zJv^ (z) /SM _ ,_ (g)+(jt-v- 1) zJv (z) SM_2,, (*)>


1 1

l {Z ~" /"_! (Z)

dz

SM> (*)} = - Zjv (Z) S^iz) + (fl+V-l) zj^ (Z)

S^^

(z).

On

eliminating
find

8^^-^z)

from the right of these equations, and using

1072 (6), we
(3)

by integrating that
(ii,

P ** Jv (z) dz =

+ v-l) zJv (z) 8^,h _, (z) - zJv-x {z) Sp {z\


t

and proofs of the same nature shew that


(4)
[* z

Yv (z) dz = (p + v-l)zYv (z) /S^^-i (z) - zY^ (z) ,(*),

and, more generally,


(5)

j* z

(z)dz

= ( i + v-l) z<@v (z) 8^ _, (*) - *#_, (*) 6V, (z).


f

Special cases of these formulae are obtained by choosing

p and

i>

so that

the functions on the right reduce to

Neumann's or
l

Schlafli's polynomials,

thus

(6)

f z9g^
f Sf

(*)

dz = Z*

L* j K,n (Z) Otm(*)

(*) -

#_, (*) Om
(*)J

(7)

9Bl+ x (*)

dz = * {#+,
and
(6) are

&m (*) - #m (*) 8am+l (*)}.

(1876), pp.

contained in Lommel's paper, Math. Ann. ix. were given by Nielsen, Handbuch der Theorie der Cylinderfunktionen (Leipzig, 1904), p. 100, but his formulae contain some misprints.

Of these

results, (1), (3), (4)


(6)

425444;

and

(7)

It should

be noticed that Lommel's function, in those cases when

it is

10*74, 10*75]

ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS
is

351

expressible in finite terms,

The

equivalent to Gegenbauer's polynomial of 92. formulae connecting the functions are*

/n
(8)
.

2r

r(y + m) v+ 2m Q

..

2 v+1

T(v+m + l) v+2m+l
III
.

It follows that the most general case in which the integral (5) is expressible in terms of elementary functions and cylinder functions is given by the formula

(0)

/'

^r-wm

(*)

dz ~

ml z*- v tvT (y + m) I

>M-2m \ z ) -2mi,v\ 2; )

+ 2m-l
(

_
The function denned by the
series

&,+tm-l (z)
v

A^

{z)

+ 2m

r(v+2m+i)

r(v-i)
;

,+l,lw

has been studied in great detail by W. H. Young t this Function possesses many properties analogous to those of Bessel functions, but the increase of simplicity over Lommel's more
general function seems insufficient to justify an account of

them
is

here.

The

integral v

f* I Jo

J
,

(t)
'.

t(z t)

dt has been studied (when v

an integer) by H. A. Webb,

Messenger, xxxin. (1904), p. 58; and he stated that, when /=, its value is On (z). This is incorrect (as was pointed out by Kapteyn) ; and the value for general values of v is J

{S1 ,u(-z)-pS ,y(-z)}/z,


()

when

It (v)

>

and arg ( - z)
|

<

ir.

10*75.

The asymptotic eocpansion of S^iV (z).

We
a)
when
|

shall

now shew by Barnes' method

that,

when

ft

y are not odd

positive integers, then

fll<

y(z) admits of the asymptotic expansion


i >'--'M0'-) ,

^. w ~^-[i-^-y-" + tz
j

--, i-...],

is

large

and arg z < w.


|
j

Let us take the integral

27rtJ_ooi- i> +i

r(|-^/A + |i/) rd-i/A-iv)


drawn by taking p
left

'

sins7r

The contour
poles of the
*

is

to be

to

be an integer so large that the

only poles of the integrand on the

of the contour are poles of cosec sir, the

Gamma

functions being on the right of the contour.

Gegenbauer, Wiener Sitzungsberichte, lxxiv. (2), (1877), p. 126. t Quarterly Journal, xian. (1911), pp. 161177. % Of. (rubier, Zurich Vierteljahrsschrift, xlvii. (1902), pp. 422428.
Proc.

London Math.

Soc. (2) v. (1907), pp.

59118;

cf.

6-5, 75, 7 '51.

352

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


The
integral
is

[CHAP.

convergent when arg z


j

<

ir,

and

it

may be

seen without

difficulty that it is

(a*-2?).

It

may be shewn from

the asymptotic expansion of the

Gamma

function

that the same integrand,


centre at

when

integrated round a semicircle, of radius

R with

p \, on

the right of the contour, tends to zero as

R -*- oo

provided

that

tends to infinity in such a manner that the semicircle never passes

through any of the poles of the integrand.


It follows that the expression given above is equal to the

sum

of the

residues of
2

T(j-1ui +lv-s)r(l-l H,-$v-s) nrQir sin^TT r(i-i * + jior<j-*A*-*i')


' i

at the points

0,-1,-2,. ..,-<_p-l),
1,2,3,...,

When we

calculate these residues

we

find that

r(|-|^i + |i')sinj'7r w = oW T(l -v + m)


,
1 -

+
so that

_-i (-yr(i-^-i-iir+m)r(i-^-|y + w)

sini>7r

x [cos i 0* -

v)

/_ (*)

- cos (/* + v) it Jv (z)] =


.

(^~2p),

and

so,

by

1071

(2),

we have the formula

and

this is equivalent to the asymptotic expansion stated in (1).

10*8]
10*8.

ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS
Hemi-cylindrical functions.

353

Functions
(1)

Sn (z) which

satisfy the single recurrence formula

S-* (*) - Sn+1 (z) = 2S' (z)

combined with
(2)

B.W

'(*)
will

have been studied in great detail by Sonine*. They


cylindrical functions.
It is evident that

be called hemi-

S (z)

is

expressible in the form


(*),
;

Sn (s)=/(D).S
where
fn (?)
satisfies

D = d/dz and / (D) is a polynomial in D of degree n


the recurrence formula

and the polynomial

combined with
It follows

by induction

(cf.

91 4) that
tt

n a a /(l)=H(-f + V(l +i)} + {-f-V(l +i)}

],

and therefore
(3)

Bm {M)-ll[-D + J(I* + l)}+[-D-</(l> + l)}*].B,(s).


it is

If
(4)

supposed that (1) holds for negative values of

w, it is

easy to see that

S_ (*)=(-)"Sn
tt

(*).

To obtain an

alternative expression to

(3),

put = sinh

t,

and thenf
(n even)
(re

t Mi)-

jcoshntf

{-sinhn*

odd)

1+ 2! ? + ~4i
]

*
fc '-.
..

(even)
odd)
,,

re

,.

re (re

-jjf
Hence
2
I

l2)

^-31

(re

So <*)

S" (#) |j
*

(5)

Sn (^)=

+ \, n(n2 _ 12)
ft

re

Cre

22 )
'

S (,)+...

(re

even)

It is to be noticed that

but

8n (z), Un (z)
It should be

n (z) Tn (z) and E (*) are hemi-cylindrical and H(s>are not hemi-cylindrical functions.
y

functions,

remarked that the single recurrence formula


Z

gives rise to functions of no greater intrinsic interest than Lommel's polynomials.


* Math. Ann. xvi. (1880), pp. 19, 7180. t See e.g. Hobson, Plane Trigonometry (1918), 264.

354
10*81.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


The addition theorem for hemi-cylindrical functions.

[CHAP.

We
(!)

shall

now

establish Sonine's important expansion*

Sm (z + t) = 2 J n (t)Sm _n (z);
n=
is

the expansion
at the point
z,

valid when z + 1 lies inside the largest circle, whose centre is which does not contain any singularity of the hemi-cylindrical

function under consideration.

inside or

Take as contour a circle G with centre z such that S on the circle. Then

(f) has

no singularity

,, ( , +0

ZlTl] c

ifiM %z
t

=^fc smxo[ ^nO


n

a-z)jn (t)^dc

The

series converges uniformly

on the contour, and so we have

Sw (s + t)=

i
cn

Jn (I)

B* (0 On (t- s)

= $

Jn (t)fn

(-^8m (z)dz

-.!,^>/-(-a)/-(5) (')*
But
so that
it is

easy to verify that


2/n (- *)/

(0 -/_ () + (-)"/-+ (IX


.(

(* + *)-./.(*)*(*) + 2 ^(0{S*-n(^) + (-rS M+n


n=l

2)},

whence Sonine's formula

is

obvious.

S (z) denotes a function of a more general type than a hemi-cylindrical function, namely one which merely satisfies the equation Sn, 1 (z)-8n+l (z)^2Snf (z),
without satisfying the equation

It should be noticed that, if

(z)

=S

'

(z),

we

still

have

f*

V di) Sm W = Sm_n
(1) is
still valid.

( z)

+ ( ~ )n &m+n ( ^'

and so the formula


the formulae of
* Math. Ann.

We

thus have an alternative proof of

53, 91,

934 and 1063.


v. (1872), pp.

xvh. (1880),

xn. (1880), pp. 48. See also Konig, Math. Ann. pp. 8586.

310 340;

ibid.

10-81, 10-82]
10*82.

ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS

355

Nielsen s functional equations.

The

pair of simultaneous equations

1(2)

*U (*) + F

v+1 (*)

- (2v/z) Fv (z) =

%gv

(z)/z,

where fv {z) and g (z) are given arbitrary functions of the variables v and z, form an obvious generalisation of the pair of functional equations whereby cylinder functions are defined. It has been shewn by Nielsen* that the
functions / (z)

and g v (z) must

satisfy the relation

and

it

has been proved f that,

if this relation is satisfied,

the system can be

reduced to a pair of soluble difference equations of the first order.

For brevity write


f (*)

+ 9 (*) = - (*).
is

f (z )

~ 9* (*) - & (*)

and the given system of equations


J
(3)

equivalent to

(^

1(4)
It is

+ v) Fv (z) = zFp -x (z) - a, (z), (* - v) Fv (z) = - zFv+l (z) - ft, (z).


that
x

now evident
<*>*

- tf) Fv {z) = (*-v) [zFv .

(z)

a v (z)]

so that

= - z*F, (z) - z/3^ (z) -&-p) av (z), V V F (z) = - z$ v _ (z) ~(**-v) (z).
x

or,

Again
<*

*2 )

v (jr)

- <* + *) [- zFv+l (z) - fi m (*)] = - z*Fv (z) + za v+1 (z) -(* + p) &, (z).
V,F,(z)

We
(5)

are thus led to the equation

= zv,(s),
-(*-p) (z),
- (* + we
v) /9 (z).

where
|(6)
1(7)

zm v (z) = - *_,
z*r y (z)

(z)

= + zap+1 (z)

On
(8) It

comparing these values of

vr v (z),

are at once led to Nielsen's

condition

/_, (*) +/ +1

(*)

- (2-/*)/r (*) = 9.-i (*) ~ 9*+i (*) " 2S^' (*)


is sufficient for

now has

to be

shewn that Nielsen's condition

the exist(8) to

ence of a solution of the given system.


*

To prove

this,

we assume

be

Ann. di Mat.

(3) vi. (1901), pp.

t Watson, Messenger, xlviii. (1919), pp.

5159. 4953.

356

THEORY OP BESSEL FUNCTIONS


by
(6)

[CHAP.

given, and, after denning ta v (z)

and
is

(7),

we

solve (5)

by the method

of variation of parameters.
(9)

The

solution
1-k

(m)

= / (*)

L - jy

v (t) r (t)

dtl

+ Yv (z) \dy + |ttJ V (t) vt v (t) dtl

where a and b are arbitrary constants; and c and dy may be taken to be independent of z, though they will, in general, depend on v.
remains to be shewn that c and dv can be chosen so that the value of given by (9) satisfies (1) and (2), or (what comes to the same thing) that it satisfies (3) and (4). If (3) is satisfied, then
It

{z)

*/,_, (z)

|c - tt
J

Yv (t) vf (t) dtl - \ttz


e

(z)

F (z) r (z)

+ zYv ^ (z) \d + %tt


= zJr-, (z) c^ - \tt
-j

J (t) (t) dtl + faz Y (z) J (z) TB V (z)

Y^ (t) _, (t) dtl


J

+ zY _
that
is to say,

(z)
I

<*_,

+ |tt

l"

J_, (t) w^, (0 dtl (z),

*/"_! (z)

- c w -WJ"{ Y* (t) v v (t) - Y^ (t) <*_, {t)\ dtl


dv - d_, +
\tt
J

+ zY^
But
Tz
since (6)

(z)

[Jv (t)

r (*)

- J^ (t) r^ (t)}

dt\

+ a (z) = 0.

it is

easy to verify that


( jr)

{^U (z) &_,


and

- V. (z) a (jr)} ;

r (z)

<& (s)

- r r _, (z) V^ (z),

(7) are satisfied

and so (3)

is satisfied if *

zJ^ (z) jc - c,_y - \tt


+ zY,_
and
1

F^ (z) _, (z) - Y (z) (z)

(z)

|^-d-i + iw r^by
3'63-(12),

(^^

(^)-^(^)^(^)l*|

+ a,(z) = 0,

this condition,

reduces to

zj_, (z)

- c_, + \tt [ Fr _, (a) &_, (a) - F, (a) a (a)]} + * F_, (*) {d - d _i - \ir \JV_ (b) &_, (b) - J (b) a, (6)]} = 0.
[c
X

Consequently, so far as (3) is concerned, to satisfy the difference equations


f (10)
{

it is sufficient

to choose c

and d

\(11)

c - c_, - - tt F,_ (a) &_, (a) - F, (a) a, (a)}, d, - <*_, _ | {J^ (6) _, (6) - J, (b) a (6)}
x

10*82]

ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS
will

357

and the reader


the value of

have no

difficulty in verifying that, if these

same two
then

difference equations (with v replaced by v

throughout) are
(4).

satisfied,

v {z)

given by

(9) is

a solution of

These difference equations are of a type whose solutions may be regarded

known*; and so the condition (8) is a sufficient, as well as a necessary, condition for the existence of a solution of the given pair of functional equaas
tions (1)
If,

and

(2).

as z -* *>

/(#)-0
where B >
0,

(**-),
,

5r,(*)

=
,

(**-'),

then we

may make a -* oo
may be
(v)

b -* x>

and we have

so that the general solution

written

(12)

F. (z)

= J9 {z)

|ir,

+ tt

(J

Yv (t) w (t) dt}

+
where ir^v) and
7r 2 (i/)

Y, (z)

(v)

- |tt

rJ

v (t)

v. (0^4

are arbitrary periodic functions of v with period unity.

Note. Some interesting properties of functions which $ati*fy equation (2) only are to be found in Nielsen's earlier paper, Ann. di Mat. (3) v. (1901), pp. 1731. Thus, from a set of formulae of the type

F_
v

(*)

(z)

- (2v/) *T () = 2g y ()/,

it is

easy to deduce that

(13)

Fv+n (z)=F

{z)Rn

(z)-Fv _ l (z)Rn . l

v +i(.z)

n-l

+ (2/)
the
first

2 SWw()-ffn-m-i, + +i(); m=0

two terms on the

right are the

complementary function of the difference equation,

and the

series is the particular integral.


is

* An account of various memoirs dealing with such equations Math. Soc. (2) n. (1904), pp. 438469.

given by Barnes, Proc. London

CHAPTER XI
ADDITION THEOREMS
11*1.
It has

The general nature of addition theorems.

been proved

( 4*73)

that Bessel functions are not algebraic functions,

and

obvious from the asymptotic expansions obtained in Chapter vn that they are not simply periodic functions, and, a fortiori, that they are not
it is fairly

doubly periodic functions.


to Weierstrass*,
it is
v

Consequently, in accordance with a theorem due

not possible to express

JV (Z + z) as an algebraic function
do not possess

of

,/

(Z) and

(z).

That

is

to say, that Bessel functions

addition theorems in the strict sense of the term.

There
coincide

are,

however, two classes of formulae which are commonly described

as addition theorems.
;

and the formula

In the case of functions of order zero the two classes for functions of the first kind is

J y(Z* + i - 2Zz cos


which has already been

<f>)}

= 5 em Jm (Z) Jm (z) cos m<f>,


ro-0

indicated in 4'82.
is

The simplest

rigorous proof of this formula, which


;

due

to

Neumann f,

depends on a transformation of Parseval's integral another proof is due to Heine J, who obtained the formula as a confluent form of the addition theorem
for

Legendre functions.

11*2.

Neumann's addition theorem^.

We
(1)

shall

now

establish the result

J
we

(*0

= 2 m Jm (Z) Jm (z) cos m<f>,


wi-0

where, for brevity,

write
zr

= V( + * - 2* cos
2

0),

and
*

all

the variables are supposed to have general complex values.


stated in 1

The theorem was


;

of

1893)

see

Phragmen, Acta Math. vn.

(1885), pp.

Schwarz' edition of Weierstrass' lectures (Berlin, 3342, and Forsyth, Theory of Functions (1918),

Ch.

xiii for proofs of the theorem. t Theorie der BesseVechen Fuvctionen (Leipzig, 1867), pp. 59 70. XHandbuch der Kugclfunctionen, i. (Berlin, 1878), pp. 340343;

cf.

5*71

and Modern

Analysis, 15*7.

xvi.

In addition to Neumann's treatise cited in (18801881), pp. 201202.

11 -1, see Beltrami, Atti della

R. Accad. di Torino,

11-1-1 1-3]

ADDITION THEOREMS

359

We

take the formula (Parseval's integral)

which

is

valid for all (complex) values of vr


2tt.

and

a,

the integrand being a periodic


is

analytic function of 6 with period

We

next suppose that a


a

defined

by

the equations
ts

sin

ol

Zz cos

<f>,

ta cos

= z sin

<f>,

and

it is

then apparent that

()

= jj-

*
f

exp

{i

- z cos

0) sin

+ iz sm

<

cos 6)

dd

* [* j 27T J _ (

m=-x

JM (Z)e w l
)

efe " in( *"' )rftf

Jm (Z)\
Jm (Z)
"

mie+izain

<*

6)

dd

= J_

%
X

mi <+> - 8in<>

m=

Jm {Z).Jm {z)e*,
<*>

the interchange of the order of summation and integration following from the uniformity of convergence of the series, and the next step following from
the periodicity of the integrand.

we group the terms for which the immediately obtain Neumann's formula.
If

values of

differ

only in sign,

we

The corresponding formulae


Journal fiir
formula; see 11*4.

for Beasel functions of order | were obtained by Clebsch, Math. lxi. (1863), pp. 224227, four years before the publication of Neumann's

11

3.

Grafs gen eralisation of Ne um arm's formula.

Neumann's addition theorem has been extended to functions of arbitrary The extension which seems to be of more immediate importance in physical applications is due to Graf*, whose
order v in two different ways.

formula
(1)

is

*<)

{^-^Y - J_J'+<
pp. 142

Z)Jm

{Z)

*"*'
ze f*

and

this formula is valid provided that

both of the numbers

are less

than \Z\.
*

Math. Ann.

xliii. (1893),

144 and Verhandlungen der Schweiz. Naturf.

Get. 1896,

pp. 59 61. p. 241.

special case of the result has also

been obtained by Nielsen, Math. Ann. ui. (1899),

360
Graf's proof
is

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XI

published, an independent proof was given


;

based on the theory of contour integration, but, two years after it was by G. T. Walker, Messenger, xxv. (1896), pp. 76

80 this proof is applicable to functions of integral order only, and it may be obtained from Graf's proof by replacing the contour integrals by definite integrals.

To prove the general


is

formula, observe that the series on the right in (1)


so, if

convergent in the circumstances postulated, and

argJ?=a, we have

1
HI

= 00

Jv+m {Z)Jm (z)e*


= s-7
S
exp \$Z(t-j) [r--- *Jm {z)e">*dt

there

is

no special

difficulty in

interchanging the order of summation and

integration *.

Now

write

(Z - ze-* )t
where, as usual,
-st

= vru,
z

(Z- ze*)\t = m/u,


2
<f>),

= \/(Z + z 2Zz cos

and
sr

it is

supposed now that that value of the square root


z
-*~ 0.

is

taken which makes

-*-

+ Z when
all

For

admissible values of

z,

the phase of ns\Z


r

is
it

now an

acute angle,

positive or negative.
u- contour to start

This determination of

renders

possible to take the

from and end at

ao

exp ( i/3), where

= arg m.

We

then have

by

6*2 (2);

and

this is Graf's result.


yfr

If

we

define the angle

by the equations
-/r,

Z z cos = r cos
<f>

z sin

<f>

= vr sin

yjr,

where

-*yfr

as z

--*-

(so that, for real values of the variables,


28),

we

obtain the

relation indicated

by Fig.

then Graf 3 formula

may be

written

(2)

*./.()- 2
<f>

m= oo
and

J*+m (Z)Jm {z)e

and, on changing the signs of


(3)

^r,

we have
r

r**J.(w)- 2 J^m (Z)Jm (z)e-mi*,


* Of.

Bromwich. Theory of Infinite

Series, 176.

11-8]

ADDITION THEOREMS
it

361

whence
(4)

follows that

/(r)Ti/^r=
sin

!= oo

2 Jv+ m (Z)Jm {z)*m<l>.


sin

Fig. 28.
If,

in this formula,

we change

the signs of v and m,

we

readily deduce from

3-54 that

(5)

r(t!r)^in/r=
sin

#j=

% T^m {Z)Jm (z).m<f>, sin


ao

and

so

(6)

^o*)V= sin
(5)

ifi= oo

^(^^w^^
Bin

was given by Neumann in his treatise in the special case i>=0; see Ann. xlv. (1894), p. 276; ibid, xlvii. (1896), p. 356. Some physical applications of the formulae are due to Schwarzschild, Math. Ann. lv. (1902), pp. 177 247.

The formula

also Sommerfeld, Math.

If
it is

we

replace Z, z and

in these equations

by

iZ, iz

and

irsr

respectively,

apparent that
I. ()

(7)

*!"*- 2 (-riv+m (Z)Im (z)^ 5 m<f>, Hill sill


m= oo
Sill

(8)

K.(v)"!*v+- 5
TO= 00
stated

K +m (Z)Im (z)*m<f>. BUI


y

1881), pp.

Of these results, (7) was 201202.

by Beltrami, Atti

della R. Accad. di Torino, xvi. (1880

The
(9)

following special results, obtained by taking ^^ir, should be noticed

3?,(cos^= 2

m x

(-y^M-W^mW,
(~r^ +wl+1 (Z)Jm+l (z),
and |^|<|Z|.

(10)

9,(w)mnv+- I
Z=rcos^r,

where

= rsin^r

For the physical interpretation of these formulae the reader is referred to the papers by G. T. Walker and Schwarzschild it should be observed that, in
;

the special case in which v


of the
first

an integer and the only functions involved are kind, the inequalities se*** < Z need not be in force.
is
| I
|

362
11 '4.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Gegenbauer s addition theorem.
generalisation of

[CHAP. XI

The second type of


Graf's paper.
If
cos
<f>,

Neumann's addition theorem was

obtained by Gegenbauer* nearly twenty years before the publication of

Neumann's formula we find that

of

111

is

differentiated

n time? with respect to

Jn (m) _
K

Jm+n(Z) Jm+n(z) dn
em+n

COS

(w +

tt)

<f>

ttr

~,t

Zn

zn

d(cos<}>)n

This formula was extended by Gegenbauer to functions of non-integral order by means of the theory of partial differential equations (see 11*42); but Soninef gave a proof by a direct transformation of series, and this proof we
shall

now reproduce;

it is

to be noted that, in (1),

sr

is

not restricted (as in

113) with reference to Z.

We

take Lommel's expansion of 5*22, namely

MV(C+A)} _ * (-hhyjv+P
and replace f and h by
in place of

m
}

Z2 + z
2

and

2Zz cos

</>

respectively

if

we

write

Jv (vr)/"

for brevity, it is

found that

(Zz cos
pi

<f>)P

Jv+P W(Z*+z*)
(Z*

p-o

+ )*+>"
> <j

_ "

-) zp+i cosp

Jv+p+q (Z)
Z'+*
'

pro ,to

^.p\ql

by a further application of Lommel's expansion with f and h replaced by and z\


But, by 521,

Jy+P+g (Z) hP+g(Z)

_ S
k

q\

+ p+2k
29

T( v + p + k)
T(v

Z
and so
fl

Z k\{q-k)\
(-) (v

+ p + q+k + l)
Jy+p+*(Z) Z

| 2 I
p -o 9 -o*-o

+ p + 2k) T (v + p + k) gP** cosP 2*p\kl(q-k)\r{ V + p + q+k+l)

<f>

the triple series on the right being absolutely convergent, by comparison

with

+2fc p-0g-0A-0 2 P+29 i>

2 2 i

jki

T ( v +p + A;) ^ +a Z-+P+** _ /.)| r ( v + p + 2k) T (v +p + q + k + (g


(2),

1)

Wiener Sitzungsberiehte, lxx.

(1875), pp.

616.

t Math. Ann. xvi. (1880), pp.

2223.

11*4, 11-41]

ADDITION THEOREMS

363

But, for an absolutely convergent series,

q=0k=0

k=0 n=0
k)

and so
rt

_ | | |
To * - o

(-)*+" ( v

+ p + 2k) T (v + p +

z**** cos*

<f>

J,+ p+2k (Z )

*t

2*+ p\kln\r(v +
p\k\

p+2k + n + l)
>

Z'

^
p-oa-u

(~)k 2- +P(v+p
~ (-)* 2"+"t 2t (y
'(-)* 2" +w 2* (v

+ 2k)r( V + p + k)C0SP4 + m) T (y + m - k) cos*{m-2k)\k\

J,+p+2k (Z) Jr+p+oJcjz )

Z"
2

z*

= S ^
k-om-tk

^ J^^Z) J,+m
Z"
z"
<fr

(z)

|
TO

<if"

+ m) T (y + m - k) cos"*- *
2

J, +m ( ) J, +m (*)

-o*-o

(ro-2*)!*!
<*'(-)* 2 w-2*r(i/+m-A;)cos", - 2*<

z"

xt

where, as in
of (1

3*32,
<f>

2a cos

Cm " (cos denotes the coefficient of am in the expansion + a )~" in ascending powers of a. We have therefore obtained
</>)
2

the expansion
(2)

^ip = 2' T ()
W
is valid for all

2(v + m)
m-0
z,

-^^ '^# Cw
It

'

(cos

<f>),

which

values of Z,
2,

and

d>,

and

for all values of v

with the

exception of

0,

1,

In the special case in which v =


(3)

is

we have
.

= . I (m + 4)

^>

-M*) Pm (cos *).


lxi. (1863), p.

This formula

due to Clebsch, Journal fur Math,

227

it

is

also

given by Heine, Journal fiir Math. lxix. (1868), p. 133, and Neumann, Leipziger Berichte, 1886, pp. 75 82. The formula in which 2v is a positive integer has been obtained by

Hobson, Proc. London Math.

Soc.

of Laplace's equation for space of 2v

xxv. (1894), pp. 60 + 2 dimensions.

61,

from a consideration of solutions


Math, mid

An
Phys.

xi. (1900), pp.

extension of the expansion (2) has been given by Wendt, Monatshefte 125 131 the effect of her generalisation is to express

fiir

-"- sin 2?

<j>Jy + ,, (or)

as a series of Bessel functions in which the coefficients are

somewhat complicated

determinants.

11*41.

The modified form of Gegenbauer's addition theorem.

The formula
(1)

^P =

2"

r (v) (-)- iv + m)

-^& %^ <V

(cos

<f>)

may be

established in the

same manner as the Gegenbauer-Sonine formula of

11 "4.

This formula does not seem to have been given previously explicitly,

364

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


it is

[CHAP. XI

though

used implicitly in obtaining some of the results given subsequently

in this section.

Unlike the formulae of


formula,
it is

11*4,
|

the formula

is

true only

when

\z\ is so

small that both the inequalities

ze i^

\<\Z\ are
22

satisfied; but, in

proving the

convenient

first to

suppose that the further inequalities


!>

|2Z*cos<|<iZ 2 +
are satisfied.

\z\<\Z\
the form

We

then use Lommel's expansion of

5*22 (2) in

p=

which

is

It is

when h < then found by making


valid
j | | j

slight alterations in the analysis of 11*4 that

J^>(?)

= I

(- Zz cos

<f>)P

^+

z, ri{v+p)

j_ v y( Z , + ^2)}

v v v 2* 2* 2*
v

(-) p+1 (v
+1 {v (-)p+^ (~)p (y

%
00

qZ k =

2n p \k\(q - k)\V

+p + 2 k)T(-v- p- g - k) zp+* cos? {\ - v-p-k)

<f>

J- V-V ^k (Z)

? _ v t
t

+p+

"",-0*0.-0 =
00

v+*+ cosP <f> J-^-p-a (Z) zP 2k - n) z v - p - 2A; 2fc) T (- / 2k) 2k+M ' p\k\nlT(l-v-p-k) 2*+"p!ib!fi!r(l-v-i>-A) 2
<ft

=
?o *?o
co

(-) P+k 2 ,+p

^ +p + 2k) Tjv + p + k) cosp


piu
( " 2*)"1 A!

J-r-.p_*(Z)

"
<ft

Jy+p+2k (z)

*
*'

<jm (_)m-fc 2 >-Hm-2fc (


*-o

+ m ) f ( y + m - k) COS "*-*
(Z)

/-,-> (Z) J.+m (z)

~ Jo

= 2*i 2 (-r (> + m) m=0


so the required result
is

J-"-w
"
;

^^ cm
Z

(cos

#,

established under the conditions

|2^cos<!<|Z2 + *2 |,

\z\<\Z\.
lies inside

Now

the last expression

is

an analytic function of z when z

the

circle of convergence of the series*

|
m. and

+ m) Z-**- z Gmv (cos "r(l-i'~TO)r(l+i' + m)


(v

<f>)
'

this circle is the circle of

convergence of the series


CW(cos<).

2
Hence the given

(^J

series converges and represents an analytic function of z provided only that ze{* \<\Z\\ and, when this pair of inequalities is satisfied, J- v (w)/-sr" is also an analytic function of z.
|

* Cf. 5-22.

11-41]

ADDITION THEOREMS
is valid

365
through the

Hence, by the theory of analytic continuation, (1) whole of the domain of values of z for which

\ze*\<\Z\.
If in (1)

we
)

replace v

by

v we

find that

(2)

^^if

2"*r(-v) 2

(-r(v-m)Z"Jv^n (Z)z"J_ v+m (z)Cnr v (eos<f>).


we
see that, for the

Again,
values of z

we combine

(1) with 11*4 (2),

domain of

now under

consideration,

(3)

^P =
generally,
TO

2-

T ()

+ m)

%^- %^ Cm
}

(cos *),

and

so,

Tlt=0

If in (3)

we make
<7

i>

-*-

and use the formulae


lim {r
i<-*-0

(cos

<f>)

= 1,

(v) (v

+ w) Cm" (cos <)} = 2 cos m$,

(m + 0)

we

find that

(5)

F,(r)=

2
=o

6 wl

Fm (Z)Jm (^)coswi0.

The formulae (1) and (2) have not been giveu previously; but (3) is due to Gegenbauer, and (5) was given by Neumann in his treatise (save that the functions Ym were replaced by the functions F<m >). The formula (3) with v equal to an integer has also been examined by Heine, Handbuch der Kugelfunctionert, i. (Berlin, 1878), pp. 463 464. Some developments of (4) are due to Ignatowsky, Archiv der Math, und Phys. (3) xvm. (1911), pp. 322

327.

If

we

replace Z, z and

by

iZ, iz

and

its in

the formulae of

11*4

and

this section

(6)

we

find that

= 2" r 00 5

(-)-

{v

+ m)

OT =

%^- %& CV
}

(cos 0),

(7)

!=) = 2T (v)l
o

(-. (v 4 m)

^W ^^
Z)

C, (cos

0),

(8 )

J^ =
157; while

2-r( y

)J
(7)

(,
o

+ m)

^/ ^^Cm

-(cos0).

Of these formulae,
pp. 156

(8) is

(6)

and

due to Macdonald, Proc. London Math. Soc. xxxn. were given by Neumann in the special case v=%.

(1900),

366

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


The formulae
v = \.

[CHAP. XI

in the case z

of 11*4 and of this section are of special physical importance If we change the notation by writing ka, kr and for Z,

and

<j>

we

see that the formulae

become

sin

'

k V(r

</(r2

+ a 2ar cos 0) + a -2ar cos 0)


2 2
2

" +i \kd) J m+i (kr) n v / i a = tt X (m + i) pm (cos $), 7^ /


i

,=o

v?

cos

k ^(r

V(r2

+ a 2ar cos fl) + a ~ 2ar cos 0)


8
2

-
e xp {' A;

5 (-r(+j)i=^^i^>i>,(cos),
m=0

Va

V?'

yXr

'

v (^ +

+ - 2 r
2 ft

2ar cos 0)}


'

cos ^)
77-

= Z (2m +1)
=o

^ (cos V).

V^

These formulae are of importance in problems in which pulsations emanate from a a from the origin, in presence of a sphere whose centre is at the origin. Cf. Carslaw, Hath. Ann. lxxv. (1914), p. 141 et seg.
point on the axis of harmonics at distance

The

following special cases of (4) were pointed out

by Gegenbauer, and

are worth recording


If
<f>

7r,

we have

(12)
If

TZTW~~
= \ir, we
(z

()

w -

M
}

'

&
*'

'm\P(2v)'

<b

have

(13)
If

^^"
and
r

-o

*"

'

'

Z= 2,

= 0,

df is

taken to be

JVi
,

2 2 *r(i/)r(i/

+ i) 2

r (2j/ +

7> ra

/x

a formula already obtained (5*5) by a different method; in this connexion the reader should consult Gegenbauer, Wiener Sitzungsberichte, lxxv. (2),
(1877), p. 221.

More
7

generally, taking

Z=z,
.

y.i.W _ 2
(2s sin 9)*
loc. cit.

$ = JV we have ( + m) j^C)l Ci/ (C03 ^. 2


<j>0,
C
V
,

Gegenbauer,

gives also special cases of this formula, obtained by taking

11*42]

ADDITION THEOREMS
it

367

Again,
.

can be shewn that*,

if

R{v)>
[=0 _
2i

\,

(mp)
"- 1

sin 2"
J

<j>

Cm " (cos

<f>)

Cp ' (cos

<f>)

d<f> <

Y (2v + 7n) ( v + m).m\{T(v)Y


-n

~ p)

and

so,

provided that

R (*/)> J,

and, more generally, (17)


J.
(

y + ^-2^cos^

"

< C0S

*> Sm "

<f>

_ 7T T (2l> + Wi)
2"-1 .mlT(v)

+W1

(g) J,+w
z*

(2)

Z"

simple proof of this formula t, in the special case in which and the cylinder first kind, was given by Sonine, Math. Ann. xvi. (1880), p. 37. Another direct proof for functions of the first kind is due to Kluyyer, Proc. Section of Sci., K. Acad, van Wet. te Amsterdam, xi. (1909), pp. 749755. An indirect proof,
functions are functions of the

w=0

depending on 12-13(1),
pp.

is

due to Gegenbauer, Wiener

Sitzungsberichte,

491 502.
[Note.

lxxxv. (2\ (1882)

An

interesting consequence of (4), which

Sitzungsberichte, lxxiv. (2), (1877), p. 127, is that, if of integration, then (cf. 9*2)
(

was noticed by Gegenbauer, Wiener \ze* \<\Z\ throughout the contour

+)

(18 >

2Tj

^^-^^ rf

^W-(^-)^9^^(cos0).
by taking

Special cases of this formula, resembling the results of 9-2, are obtainable equal to or r.]

11*42.

Oegenbauer's investigation of the addition theorem.


Sitzungsberichte, lxx. (2), (1875), pp. 616, not quite so easy to justify as Sonine's

The method used by Gegenbauer, Wiener


to obtain the addition

theorem of 11-4

is

transformation.

It consists in proving that 3


2

is

a solution of the partial differential

equation

dz*

2i>

+ 1 do
z

dz

+ z*

1_

d*Q
dtf

2v cot

J~ fy + o =
<f>),

dQ

and assuming that Q can be expanded

in the

form

Q=
where

2
m=0

Bm .Cm " (cos

Bm

is

independent of 0, and

tfTO "(cos0) is

a polynomial of degree

in

cos0;

it

follows that

ra

|a02

+ 2 " cot

tf

ai Cm" (cos </>) a^}

* Gegenbauer, Wiener Sitzungsberichte, ucx. (2), (1875), pp. 433443, and Bateman, Proc London Math. Soc. (2) iv. (1906), p. 472 cf. also Barnes, Quarterly Journal, xxxn. (1908), p. 189; Modern Analysis, 16-51 and Proc. London. Math. Soc. (2) xvn. (191S), pp. 241246. t Formula (16) has been given in the special case ,-=0 by Heaviside,
;

Electromagnetic Theory, in.

(London, 1912),

p. 267, in

a somewhat disguised form.

368
is

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Cmv (ooa
<f>),

[CHAP. XI

a constant multiple of

and so
)

of am in the expansion of (1
differential

2a cos < + a2

" ".

Cmv (cos may be taken to be the coefficient And then Bm qua function of z, satisfies the
<f>)
,

equation
ozl
z

vz

so that

Bm is a

multiple of

z~"Jv+m ()> the other

solution of this differential equation not

being analytic near the origin.

From

considerations of

symmetry Gegenbauer
so that

inferred that

Bm qua

function of Z,

is

a multiple of

Z~ v Jv+m (Z),

Q=
where bm
z

is

a function of v
in

2 bm m=0 and m only

^
>
;

lV(cos<),
coefficients of

m Zm co8m

<ji

Q and

in the expression

and bm is determined by comparing on the right.


(3),

A
seems

similar process was used by Gegenbauer to establish 11-41


less

but the analysis

convincing than in the case of functions of the

first

kind.

11*5.

The degenerate form of the addition theorem.

The formula
(1)
e*cos*

^0 |

(2 n

+ 1) in Jn+i (z)
it

n (cos

tf>)

was discovered by Bauer* as early as 1859;

was generalised by Gegenbauer f

who obtained
(2 )

the expansion
e fcco8*

=2 T(i/) i
m=0

(v

^ + m)imJ z

^Cm

-(co8<j>);

Bauer's result

is

In the limit when v


of 2-1.

obviously the special case of this expansion in which v\. -*- 0, the expansion becomes the fundamental expansion

deducible from the expansion of 11 41 (4) by and making Z -*. co it is then apparent from -11*41 (9) and (10) that the physical interpretation of the expansion is that it gives the effect due to a train of plane waves coming from infinity on the axis of harmonics in a form suitable for the discussion of the disturbance produced

Gegenbauer's expansion

is

multiplying by Z" +i

by the introduction of a sphere with centre at the

origin.

A
in

simple analytical proof of the expansion consists in


for
;

expanding ^"etecos *

powers of z and substituting

each power the


find that

series of Bessel functions

supplied by the formula of

52

we thus

==

> =o

t'

n cosn

<

2 v+n (v
2,

+ n + 2k).r(v + n + k)
*
TT

<Ji>+n+sk\Z)'

,.

w!

4=0

Journal fUr Math. lvi. (1859), pp. 104, 106.

t Wiener Sitzungtberichte, lxviii. (2), (1874), pp.

355367;

lxxiv.

(2),

(1877), p. 128;

and

lxxv.

(2),

(1877), pp.

904905.

11-5]
If

ADDITION THEOREMS
we rearrange the repeated
m =o*=o
series

369

by writing n = ra 2k, we deduce that

m-*k (v + m)T (v + m-k)Jv+m (z) ^ efecos* = 2 jri_^?l_*2''+ &!(m-2fc)!

and

this is

Gegenbauer's

result.

Modified forms of this expansion, also due to Gegenbauer, are


(3)

e**

=
2"

2"

T (v) 2
m=0
(*)

(v

+ m)-^r^-Cmr(cos4>)

>

4)

e -*cos*

5
m=0

(-)*

(>

+ m)

"

+m
*y

Gm" (cos
z

<f>),

(5)

cos(*cos<f>)

2I

2
m=0

(-)m .(v

+ 2m)-^^Oim (cos<f>),

(6)

sin(*cos<f>)

= 2"I 2
i=0

(-)" (y +
.

2m +
(s)

1) r(if

"+2"? 1 ( **

0Wi (cos

ft),

(7)

^ +2 = 2-S( V + 2m) zwi;


L i/ -t-

+ o
.

n-0

m,i

(8)

jV~*fi,()^-

* r(>^)r(gr(, + )^ j^w.

The

last is

different

a generalisation of Poisson's integral, which was obtained by a method in 332. It is valid only when R{v)>-\.
first

These formulae are to be found on pp. 363365 of the


to which reference has just been made.

of Gegenbauer's memoirs

Equation (1) was obtained by Hobson, Proc. London Math. Soc. xxv. (1891), p. 59, by a consideration of solutions of Laplace's equation in space of 2* + 2 dimensions, 2v+2 being

an

integer.

A
cos
<t>

more general set of formulae may be derived from (2) by replacing -1 by cos cos + sin sin cos ifr, multiplying by sin 2* i/r, and inte<f>
<f>'
<f> <f>

grating with respect to ^.


I

The
<f>'

integral*
ifr)

Cm' (cos

<f>

cos

<f>

+ sin

<f>

sin

cos

sin2 "

-1
yfr

dty
(cos *)

_
which
/

?^!M Cl
z

Oj (cos

is

valid

when
cos

R (v) > 0, shews that


+ sin ft sin ft' cos ^r)] sin2 *-1 ^r d^r
(

exp [iz (cos

ft'

-2-|r
Cf.

i
to-0

'^^)%Mc^(cos^)^ \Av-\-m)
A
(2),

(cosf),

Gegenbauer, Wiener Sitzungiberichte, lxx.

(1874), p. 433; en. (2 a), (1893), p. 942.

370

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


so
'

[CHAP. XI

and

/Q v (9) '

Jv-\{z sin
(2;

/V sin

<f>

sin <f>') 7-/ sin #)""*


7<f>

T^ exp rL COg

,.

<X

cog J/1 J

V(2^T m?
The
result is true for all values of
v,

r(2^

+ m)

~^ Cm"(cos^)C -(cos^).
TO

integral used in the proof converges only

when

R (v) > 0, but the final

by analytic continuation.

case

This result was given by Bauer, Miinchener Sitzungsberichie, v. (1875), p. 263 in the v=\; the general formula is due to Gegenbauer, Monatshefte fur Math, und Phys. x. 192 see also Bateman, Messenger, xxxni. (1904), p. 182 and a letter from (1899), pp. 189

Gegenbauer to Kapteyn, Proc. Section of pp. 584588.

Sci.,

K. Acad, van Wet.

te

Amsterdam, iv. (1902)

Interesting special cases of the formula are obtained by taking

<f>'

equal to

<j>

or to

\n

and,

if

we put

<'

equal to

-,

multiply by eiZcos

' l>

sin 2 "

<f>

and

integrate,

we

find that

(10)

-^ I "j^^z sin

<l>)e

iZc0ii

't

>

sm z ''<f>d<f)
- )m r (" + w )-(" + 27n) m!
<?* +

= 2" WK J(2n)
so that the expression on the left

**(*) Jy + Zm(Z)
2"

m=o
is

Z"

'

a symmetric function of z and Z\ this formula also

was given by Bauer

in the case v

\.

11 '6.

Bateman' s expansion.

We
(1 )

shall

now

establish the general expansion

\z Jp (z cos

cos

<E>)

Jv (z sin
<f>

(f>

sin <)
00

= cos*
x
x

<f>

cos"

O sin"
..

sin" 4>

2
n-0

(-)"(/*

+v + 2n + 1) J^+H-zn+i (*)
1

.Tro> +

+ i)(r(, + i))'
;

r'<-^" + <I>),

'

1; ' +1;

""'

^ (-

n,

/u,

+v+n+ 1
/j,

+1

sin2

which
values.

is

valid for all values of

and v with the exception of negative integral

Some

of the results of 11*5 are special cases of this expansion, which was

discovered by

Bateman* from a

consideration of the two types of normal

solutions of the generalised equation of

We

wave motions examined in 4'84. proceed to give a proof of the expansion by a direct transformation.
xxxm.
(1904), pp.

* Messenger,

182188 Proc. London Math.


;

Soc. (2)

m. (1905),

pp. 111123.

11-6]
It is easy to

ADDITION THEOREMS
deduce from the expansion
-

371

5 21) of a Bessel function as a

series of Bessel functions that

\zJ

IL

{z cos
'5

<fr

cos <$)

J (z sin < sin

<I>)

(-)

w,

(^y
4

+2m+1 (cos6cos<t>>t+2m

AX
<1>

^ = cos* d> cos' 4> sin"


.

sin" 3>

"

[~(-)m cosaro tT1/

cos2"1
,

,,

x x

-U/*

-ol

+ v + 2m + 2n + 1) ^- n\T{v tr>/ + l)
,

,>.

/mh-2to+m-i(*)

2^1 (- w,

p + v + 2ra + n + 1
sin"
<

; 1/

+1
i'

sin2 <j> sin 2 4>)i

= cos*
X

cos*

<t>

sin* 3>

2 m* + + 2n+l) JM+ +2n+


-o L

(2)

( (-)

=ot
x
2
1

+ v + n + m + l) mS(n-w)!r(i/ + l)r(/* + m+l)


cos'"*
<ft

cos2"1 &.r(fi

F (m-n,/A + i'4-m + w + l;
. .

+ l;

sin2 <sin2

<&)U
i'

^ = cos* <6 cos* <P sin"

"

<f>

sin* <P

r(/i

+ l)r(/* + + + v+2 pru 1x r/ ^ i\


,

n + l)

W.'+sn+i 1*7

/x

x^

(-n,/*

+ + w + l;
i/

fi

+ 1, v + l;

cos2 <cos2

<I>,

sin2 <sin2 <I>)

where jp4 denotes the fourth type of Appell's* hypergeometric functions of two variables, defined by the equation

We now
formation

have to transformf Appell's function into a product of hyper;

geometric functions in order to obtain equation (1)

in effecting the transthis restriction

we assume

that

(fj.)

>

0,

though obviously

may

ultimately be removed by using the theory of analytic continuation.

a consequence of the following analysis, in which series are rearranged, and a free use is made of Vandermonde's theorem

The transformation
(-n,

is

cos3

+ + n + 1; fi+l, v + l; cos $ cos <>, sin sin 1 = "jf (~ n >*+* (/* + " + " + V+ cosM ^ cos^^ s n a s in- <D
2 2
2

*.$

/*

i/

</>

<P)

<j>

r -o-o

slr\(jjk+l),(v+l)r

"r-o.-o

^ (-nX^ +

v + n + lU, r\(v+l) r t-o

(-)W^y>
t\(s-t)l

- (-)W-*<S>

!(/*+!).-

* Comptes Rendus, xc. (1880), pp. 296, 731.

This transformation has not been previously noticed to exist except in the special case in which #=#, see Appell, Journal de Math. (3) x. (1884), pp. 407 428 ; some associated researches are due to Tisserand, Annates {Mimoiret) de V Observatoire (Paris), xvni. (1885), inm. C.
f-

372

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


2 (- n\ T -r^K +
,

[CHAP. XI
<S>

+ v + n + 1 ),+, (-)+" sin* ft sin8" l)r(t-r)\(r + S- t)l (u-r)\ (fl+ 1 ),+,_ "r^O -0 <- r (~ Vh (ft + y + w + l)r+< (-)'+ sin ft sin8" = S I I (u - r) !(/* + l)r+,_ -0 -0 r-0 ,-t-r r !( + !)r (t - r) \{r + s W+M 2" = I 5 i (- )t Q* + y + n + l)t (y + < + tt + !),.< (-) sin ft sin r!(i/ + l)r (-r)!(tt-r)! + l)n _ /-o-0r-o ((- ), Q. + + + 1), + (--f 1), a0_ ain, - i 3ipM ^ w! *!(*/ + l) <-o-o = V *2
+t (^

8'

<S>

tt

8f

<S>

(//,

= (-)w |*** ) V ^
)

(-n,/*

+ * + n + l;

+ 1;

sin'ft)

x/i(- /m n, v + n + 1; v+1;
= (~)n
(

sin8 <E>)

*i\-cos^<S>.^

(--n,

A*

+ + n + l;
i/

v
/i

+ 1;

sin8 ft)

F (-
1

+ + + l;

+1

sin8 <).

Hence we
\z /M (z cos
ft

at once obtain the result

cos

<l>) /

(# sin

ft

sin 4>)
'

= cos" ft cos* * sin"


x(-)n
1

am' *

irfr + l)r( y + l)
'

^^

<*>

r Tiv-^(- w>/* +,/+n + 1


j/

"

+1

sin2

^)

x/jf-w./t + v+B+l;

+1

sin 8 <),
is

from which Bateman's form of the expansion

evident.

CHAPTER
12*1.

XII

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
Various types of definite integrals.

In this chapter we shall investigate various definite integrals which contain either Bessel functions or functions of a similar character under the integral sign, and which have finite limits. The methods by which the integrals are
evaluated are, for the most part, of an obvious character; the only novel feature is the fairly systematic use of a method by which a double integral is regarded
as a surface integral over a portion of a sphere referred to one or other of two systems of polar coordinates. The most interesting integrals are those

discussed in
integrals, for

122 12*21, which are due to Kapteyn and Bateman. These no very obvious reason, seem to be of a much more recondite
;

character than the other integrals discussed in this chapter


nificance has

their real sig-

become apparent from the recent work by Hardy described in 12*22. and important types of integrals, in which the upper The numerous limit of integration is infinite, are deferred to Chapter xm.

The reader may here be reminded of the very important integral, due to Sonine and Gegenbauer, which has already been established in 11*41, namely
f" <@v
J

W(Z* + z>- 2 Zz cos <!>)} w i* + *-2XcoB*r

(C S

*>

,, Sm ***
.

= *r(2y + m)
2*- l .m\r(v)

<@v+m (Z)

Jv+m (z)
'

Z"

z*

12*11.

Sonine's first finite integral.

The formula
(1)

iWh (z) - 2
is

r(y+1)

J {z sin
|

6) sin"+'

cos*"* 1 Odd,

which

valid

when both

R (/*)

and

R (v)

exceed

1,

expresses any Bessel

function in terms of an integral involving a Bessel function of lower order.

The formula was stated in a slightly different form by Sonine*, Rutgers and Schafheitlin+, and it may be proved quite simply by expanding the inte* Math. Ann. xvi. (1880), p. 36; see also Gegenbauer, Wiener Sitzungsberichtc, mcxxviii.
(1884), p. 979.
(2),

f Nietno Arehiefvoor Witkunde, (2) vi. (1905), p. 370. J Die Theorie der Bettel'tehen Funktionen (Leipzig, 1908), p. 31. Schafheitlin seems to have been unaware of previous researches on what he describes as a new integral.

V
374

'

THEOEY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XII

grand in powers of z and integrating term -by-term, thus

V* (z sin 0) sin* ^r~-^ l + 1) Jo


I
1 \V

+1

6 cos2 " +1

6d6

= 2
,^

2' i+,
.

'

,_ +2w

rWr m!r
i

(/*

+ + l)T(v+l)j
'

m^

tt

sin 2

^ *
2

cos'-"* 1

0d0

= 2
1=0

() m (A 2V + " +2rw+1

m!r(/t +

+ w + 2)
obvious.
effect of the factor sin'* +1

and the truth of the formula


It will
is

is

be observed that the

in the integrand

to eliminate the factors


1- **

T (/t + m + 1)

in the denominators.

sin

6 as the factor,

R (v) > 1
(2)

and

fi is

we should have removed the unrestricted, we have


sin-- d cos2 >+>
i/

factors

If we had taken ml. Hence, when

J*7,

(5 sin 6)

M0 - gH^fy

In particular, by taking
(3)

= , we

have

(-) f
formula* which
f
* is

M (2 sin 6)

sin 0d0 =
from (1)

H^

(z).

A
(4)

easily obtained

is

M (* sin 0)

J (, cos 0) tan *+i 0<Z0

p^i'V^ff J,

(*),

when R(v)> R (/*) > 1. This may be proved by expanding / (z cos 0) and integrating term-by-term, and finally making use of Lommel's expansion
given in
5*21.

The
Fp.

and

FM +

functional equation, obtained from (1) by substituting functions to be determined, + 1 in place of the Bessel functions, has been examined by Sonine, Math. Ann.
,

LIX. (1904), pp.

529552.
have been given by Beltrami,
xin. (1880), p. 331, and Rayleigh, Phil.

Some
Istituto
p. 92.

special cases of the formulae of this section


(2)

Lombardo Rendiconti,
[Scientific Papers,
I.

Mag.

(5)

xn. (1881),

(1899), p. 528.]
is

It will be obvious to the reader that Poisson's integral by taking /*=-.

the special case of

(1)

obtained

For some developments of the formulae of this


papers by Rutgers, Nieuw Archie/ voor Wiskunde, (2)
pp.

section, the reader should consult


vi. (1905), pp.

two

368373

(2)

vn. (1907),

8890.

12*12.

The geometrical proof of Sonine's first

integral.

An

instructive proof of the formula of the preceding section depends on

the device (explained in 333) of integrating over a portion of the surface of a unit sphere with various axes of polar coordinates.
If
(I,

m, n) are the direction cosines of the line joining the centre of the
*

Due

to Rutgers,

Nieuw Archie/ voor Wisknnde,

(2)

vn. (1907), p. 175.

12*12]

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
dm whose
longitude and co-latitude are
<f>

375

sphere to an element of surface


0, it is

and

evident from an application of Poisson's integral that


*
f

r (fi + \) V (\) (|*)"+1

J, (z sin 0) sin* +1
f

cos2* +1

0d0
cos +1
sin 2" <ctyd0

Jo

= (i*y* +r+1

%*> * sin2* +1

Jo
1

.'0

= (hzY + * +l

w m * n ' +1
2
2

<fc

>Jm>0,n>0

JJl>0,m>0

= (i*>t+, +1 ff JO
'

008 '

sin*+f,,+1

cos2*

<f>

sin2" +1 </><tyd0

2r<^+ y +t)
and the truth of Sonine's formula
is

Jo

= K(/*+*)r(z/+i)r(j)/M+ ,+1 (^),


obvious.

An

integral involving
is

two Bessel functions which can be evaluated by the

same device*

fin

{z sin2 0)

(z cos2 0) sin2 "* 1

cos2 "+*0d0,

Jo
in which, to secure convergence, If

R(v) >
cos2

\.
cos
<f>

we

write

w 2 = sin4 + cos4 - 2 sin2


and use 11*41 (16),

= 1 - sin2 20 cos2 f
equal to

<f>,

we

see that the integral

is

r( y

f^a) /oT^
2*+r(v+i)r(*)J

sin4y+lffco84y+1 ^ sin2

^^^
sin

J#

(i-sin 2 ^cos2 ^)*"

sm 2<w<w

(iff
(*)"

[[

JA* </&-*)} pvm ^ da)


J{zJ(l-n*)}
(1

/T 2^ I> + ) r(J).//, JJ^o,>o

-n )*"
2

"n*v da>

'

2+*r(*+i)ra)

f
(*

J-(zsinO ) s

^+l6cos
"

2 ''

'

<

>coa,i ''

dd0d<f>

Fr^+T) io*" ^
so that finally,
(1)

sin

^ sin

' +1

* cos2

w
-

by

1211
2

(1),
2
2 0) sin "+>

f*Jw (z sin
(2)

0)

Jw (z cos
cf.

cos2"+' 0<*0

^M^lffi

'

* This integral

has been evaluated by a different method by Rutgers, Nieuw Archief voor Wisateo 12-22.

kunde,

vn. (1907), p. 400;

'

376

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XII

Some integrals which resemble this, but which are much more difficult to evaluate, have been the subject of researches by Bateman, Kapteyu and Rutgers; see 12 2.
-

reader

As a simple example of an integral which may may prove that, when R(v)>
&,

be evaluated by the same device, the

(a*
^

- )*" cos t Iv U(x* - 1*)} dt = 2y+ ?j. (v+ |)


-

by writing the integral on the


2" +

left in

the form

ir(v + ^)r(i) Jo Jo

V
vm.

V
(1894), p. 136.

This formula was given (with r=0) by Bdcher, Annals of Math.

12*13.

Sonine's second finite integral.

The formula
(1)

ly^san 0)J
is

(Zcos 6) sin^-5 cos'+'fld* =


-R(v) exceed

^4^Mg+f21
is

which
and, in

valid

when both R(fi) and

- 1,

fact,

he obtained the formula of

1211 from

it

also due to Sonine* by dividing both sides

of the equation by Z" and then

making

Z -*-0.
of z

A simple method of proving the


and

formula

to verify that the terms of degree

is to expand the integral in powers p + v + 2m on the left combine to form


)

and

(-y**z v (Z2+z2 m ml r(p+v + m + 2)


The proof by
this

method

is left

to the reader.

We
exceed

proceed to establish Sonine's formula by integrating over portions of

the surface of a unit sphere.

, we

see that, with the notation of 12 12,


!

Under the hypothesis that R(/m) and R(v) we have


" +1

* r(

+ *)

k"

a*wfivu*Y(hzy
Jo
.

J (z sin e) J" (z cos e) sin,t+1 e cos

e dd

oJo
eizl+iZn cos *

'oii?n>0,n>0

\\

m^ n2+i 8 Q
[

i>>

yf,

da

J OJ J >0,J>0

JO.'

-Jir

e -r/f JO m>0 /
J.

isin9

(zn+ZQ

*>

C0S^^ Sin2"** da> dO C0S2M


s i n2^+2 ff fa &Q
" +2

*1
Qi sin

(zl+ Zm) rfv

Jo JJ >0

=
I

Jo Jo Jo
*

"^ 8in 8sin * ( * " * +Z sin w cos2


Math. Ann.

''

^ S ^n ^ cosi" ^ sm2
1

d<l> d0.

xvi. (1880), pp.

3536.

12-13]

DEFINITE INTEGRALS

377

the exponential function involved here is a periodic analytic function of 2ir, and so, by Cauchy's theorem, the limits of integration with respect to yfr may be taken to be a and 2-rr + a, where a is denned by the

Now
yfr

with period

equations
vr cos

= z,

ts sin

= Z,

and
i/r -f

or

= V( + *").
a
-\fr,
i i

If

we adopt

these limits of integration, and then write

a for

the triple integral becomes


2i.^)S i I1< cog?n0 sin** + *0dyfrd<f>d0, eim sin 0sin*co8* coa ^

Jo Jo Jo

and this integral may also be obtained from its preceding form by replacing z by r and Z by zero. On retracing the steps of the analysis with these
substitutions

we reduce the

triple integral to

o eiw sin cos * s in2M+i

Cos2" +1 6 sin2** < sin 2 " yfr d<f> dyfr d$,


rr

io Jo Jo

= r(y+|)r(j)
r(j/+l)

giw?

m^ w2 +1 dw

JJ m >0,n>0

F(v +

1)

JJl>Q,m>0

r<v+i) Joio = r(Ai + i)r(y+^)r(j)


2r(/*+v + f)

i!ii)_li} f'f

V^

CO9

'sin2* +2 " +2

COS2*

<^m

2 " +1

<<&*> c0

f' e

iwcos<

sin^+2,+2

^^

Jo

) = ^r (/i+i)r(, + i)^^r

and we obtain Sonine's formula by a comparison of the


expressions.

initial

and

final

Sonine's

own proof

of this formula was based on the use of infinite disit

continuous integrals, and the process of making


tedious.

rigorous would be long and

The formula may be extended


and
2"

to the

domains in which

- \> R (n) > - 1,

\> R (v) > 1, by

analytic continuation.

In Sonine's formula, replace Z by *J(Z* + C2 - 2Zfcos0), multiply by sin </(* + ^ -2 cos 4>)* v and integrate. It follows from 11-41 (16) that
,

"

(2)

Jn (zain 0) J(Zcos6)Jv (cos 6) sin^tfcos Odd

**{?

J^tv^ + g+r-gggcoBfl)
(z^

~*T{v + \)T{\)) 9

+ Z' + ^-2Z^co8<t>)i^"^
R(v)>-$.

9tt<p

'

provided that
JR( M )>-1,
This result
(1903), pp. 442,
is

also

due to Sonine,

ibid. p. 45.

section the reader should consult Macdonald's memoir, Proc.

In connexion with the formulae of this London Math. Soc. xxxv

443
13

W.B.F.

^
[CHAP. XII

378
12*14.

THEOBY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Gegenbauer's finite integral.

An
namely

integral which
fw cog
I
.

somewhat resembles the

first

of Sonine's integrals,

(z cos

cos

s(r)

j o

sin

Jv_i (z sin

sin ty)

C/ (cos 0) sin w+ * 0d0,

has been evaluated by Gegenbauer*; we shall adopt our normal procedure of using the method of integration over a unit sphere.
It is thus seen that
l" e iz cos cos*

(z

gin
f*

sin
e* s

^ C/

( cog

0) sin +i 0de

^tz sin

r
(

rm

>^V

r'

(cos ' s

* +sin ' sin * cos * )

J
e te <*+*"to+)

^
1

cos

^ sin2

"

sin2,"_1 ^

= ^ffit?,7 1
1
f
1

l*)! (j) JJm>0


ff

ff

0/ (n) m2- d

= (^smjr-i
V") i Vi)

el>(?COSl/(+W8in(<r)C/

J.'>o
ft"'

n2l,_ ld6>

= ^/VrT/ix
A

?in

Airy-*

f 2ir

W*

(f) Jo Jo
/"*"

efaincoB(*- (J. ( s i n

^ cos A) cos3 ,-i Q s in 0d<6d0

(A 2 sin iM"~* -rr / xiT/ix

f 2w
/

r (")*()
2ir.

** sin * cos *

CS
is

Isin

cos

(<f>

+ yfr)} cos ""


2

sin

d<bd0,

Jo Jo

since the penultimate integrand

a periodic analytic function of

<f>

with

period
If

we

retrace the steps of the analysis, using the last integral instead of its
is

immediate predecessor, we find that the original integral


(

equal to

i??ptC {?) (?)


1 *

ff
J-

ia

Cr v (I cos yfr-m sin ^n'^dco


izn

>o
* (I JJwi>0

=(

^Sm ff4
I (") A (i)
r

0/ (n cos yfr- I sin &) m ""


2

da>

= (tf Sm J ?!T ("r^^^/Ccos^cos^-sin^sin^cos^sin^^sin "2

r(v)

^^^.

I ()

,'o

Now, by the addition theorem f

for

Gegenbauer's function,

Cr " (cos yfr cos sin yjr sin

cos

<f>)

X
*

P Cj (COS 0) C; + _ p (COS *) 0;- (COS +).

t This

Wiener Sitzungsberichte, lxxv; (2), (1877), p. 221 and lxxxv. (2), (1882), pp. 491502. was proved by Gegenbauer, Wiener Sitzungsberichte, lxx. (2), (1874), p. 433; en. (2a),

(1893), p. 942.

'

12*14, 12'2]

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
2
<f>

379

When this is multiplied by sin * -1


of the

sum

vanish except the

first

and integrated, all the terms of the integral which is

r\r(2v) ( ?"l n {Zv /o + r)


!

Qr

(cos 6)

C/ (cos yjr)

! 'sin 2 Jo

""1
<f>d<f>.

We
*
|

thus find that

eteooscoS *

j
= r!

{z si

n
)

Jo
(

v s i n ^.) (7r ( cos #)

sin'+i^d^

p(

^ ,^ 2"^
S1
(

"*

C/(cOSVr) f

008 '

0/(008 0)8^0^,

and hence, by
(1)

332,

'e^costfcos *

Jo

j, (^ s n #
i

gi

^
=

(7^ ( cos #) gin^+i

Odd

(y )

v sin*-*

^ 0/ (cos f) Jv+r ().

If

we equate
I

real

and imaginary

parts,

we obtain Gegenbauer's formulae


^sin'"^^*?
)

(2)

co8(*cos0cos^) J,^ (2 sin

sin >/r)C>* (cos

Jo

_
and
(3)
f "sin (z cos Jo

f(-)*

)*

sin""1

1 C/ (cos -f Jp+r (z),

(r even)
(r odd)

(0

cos

<^>)

J^ (z sin

sin

yfr)

Gr " (cos 0) sin"+* 6d0


(r even)

{0,
(_)*<r-i>

/^V sin- f C
-t

"

(cos

^) /+,.(*).

(r odd)

12*2.

Integrals deduced from Bateman's expansion.


11*6,

In Bateman's expansion of
formula*
2
.'0

write

<I>

<f>

and then, noting Jacobi's

{^ (-w, + i/+n+l;i/ + l; sin


/*
(/*
1/

<)}

cos2" +1

<f>

sin 2 "+1 <cty

nir^ + n+ixr^+i)}* + + 2n + 1) T (fi + v + n + 1) T (v + n + 1)


12
(i>)

we deduce
(1)

that,

when R(fi) and

both exceed
cos <<&

1,

21
Jo

/M

(scos8 <) /,(* sin2

<)

sin

<f>

= 2
n=0

( )n /M+ +2 l+
,

(z),

* Journal

fUr Math.

lvi. (1859), pp.

149175 [Werke,

vi. (1891),

pp. 184202].

380
that
is

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


to say

[CHAP. XII

(2)

( J

V, (t) J(z-t)dt = 2

=0

I (-) J^ +m+1 (z).


and R (v) >

An important deduction from this result is that, when R (fi) >


2M
so that
(3)

Jo

^ (0 /

(,

y = J o {^-i (0 + J, +

(01

^ (* fi.

1)

dt

-2

M+ (#),

J0

(VM (0/,<>-of=
I

had been obtained fi and v only.


2*22 (2),
(2),

This formula

is

due

to

independently by Kapteyn f,
It will be observed that

Bateman*; some who considered

special cases

integral values of

we can deduce from

combined with

that
(4)
|

Jo

J^ (t) J_M (fc ~

dt

= sin z,

fi

(t)J1 _ (z t)dt = Jo(z)


ll

cosz,

Jo

when
and

1 < R (/*) < 1,


interchanging

and when
fi

By

with v

1 < R (p) < 2 respectively. and t with # t in (3), we see

that, if

R (/*)

J? (v) are

both positive, then

Jo

'

\fi

v)

It seems unnecessary to give the somewhat complicated inductions by which Kapteyn deduced (3) from the special case in which fi = v = l, or to describe the disquisition by Rutgers J on the subject of the formulae generally.

12*21.

Kapteyn 's trigonometrical integrals^.


than those just considered
is

A simpler formula
(1)
*

Jo

Pcos (z - 1) J (0 dt

= zJ

(z).

To prove

this,

we put the

left-hand side equal to u, and then

it is

easily

verified that

d?u

and therefore

u = zJ
where

(z) 4-

A cos z + B sin

z,

and

B are

constants of integration.

of integral equations are

London Math. Soc. (2) in. (1905), p. 120. Some similar integrals occurring in the theory examined by the same writer, ibid. (2) iv. (190G), p. 484. t Proc. Section of Sci., K. Akad. van Wet. te Amsterdam, vn. (1905), p. 499; Nieuw Archie/

* Proc.

voor Wiskunde,

(2) vn. (1907), pp. 2025 ; M6m. de la Soc. R. des Sci. de Lige, J Nieuw Archiefvoor Witktinde, (2) vn. (1907), pp. 385 405. M4m. de la Soc. R. des Sci. de LUge, (3) vi. (1906), no. 5.

(3) vi. (1906), no. 5.

12-21]

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
is

381

Now, when z
and so

small,

u-z+

(z>),

A = B = 0,

and the result

is

established.

It follows from (1)

by

differentiation that

(2)

P sin {z - 1) J
.

(t)

dt

zJx (z),

Jo
partial integration,
sin

and,

by a

(3)

(z-t). Ji (t) dt =

am z zJ

(z),

Jo

The formula
(4)

Jo
is

Psin (z - 1)

^
*
\

dt

= -l
/*=<>

(-)" JM+an+1 (z),


character,

which

valid

when

(fi)

> 0, is

of a

more elaborate
it.

and the

result

of the preceding section

is

required to prove
v

We

write

= V, (z - t) J* (t) dl,
Jo

and then we have

^ + v-\yo"(z-t) +
=
{' Jl

Jo(z-t)}J(t)dt + j;(z)

Jo

^r-Mt)dt+j;(z) zt
t

= \*J(z-t)lP-dt + j;{z)
Jo

by 122.

By

the method of variation of parameters


v

(cf.
.

7*33),
.

we deduce
,

that

= A cos z + B sin z + /*
v

f*
I

,/,({)

sin (z - t)

*t

dt,

Jo
(** +8 ),

and, since

^ T(fjb + 2) +
when

when z

is small, it

follows that,

R (fi) > 0,
0.

A=B =
Hence we obtain the required
result.

By
(5)

differentiating (4) with respect to z


"cos (*

we

find that

- >^~

dt

=- I

(-)" 6W J"^^ (4

382
12*22.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Hardy's method of evaluating finite integrals.

[CHAP. XII

As a typical example of a very powerful method of evaluating now give a proof of the formula (cf. 12*12)
(!)

finite integrals*,

we shall

l*W&t)J.Wt>&0^+*Mt-$$g^y ^,
is

which

valid

when
is

R (/*)>-

and

R (v) > -
this chapter, because

The method
it

more elaborate than any other method described in

involves the use of infinite integrals combined with an application of Lerch's theorem t

on null-functions.
iV

Let

J^(zri 8w*e)Jv (si*coa*6)r* + ** +3 sin + i6coai + i0d03fl


''

(r) t

By changing from
$ 13*2 (5)

polar coordinates

(r,
|,

6) to Cartesian coordinates (x, y)

and using

we

see that,

whenever t > / ()
|

then

f"

exv(-r*t).f1 (r)dr =

exp

{-^J^zx^x^^dx

f*v(-y*t)Jn(zy*)y* + 1 dy

4ir(ti +z*)* + '' +1

j\xV (-r*t).Mr)dr,
f
t

and hence, by an obvious modification of Lerch's theorem, /2 (r) and this establishes the truth of the formula.
;

(r) is

identically equal to

12'3.

Chessin's integral for

Y (*).

curious integral for

(1894), pp.

n () has been obtained by Chessin, American Journal, xvi. 186187, from the formula

Y
V
I

+ +n + 5+... m2
;

Jo

, *

dt;

if

we

substitute this result in the coefficients of the ascending series for

T (), we obtain

the formula in question, namely

T. W -(r+*W.r.W-y
i

'""r-d

1)

'

-/
I

2Jn (z) - (<-*+<*) J l-t

{z sit)

must express

my

the publication of his

own developments

thanks to Professor Hardy for communicating the method to me before of it. The method was used by Ramanujan to evaluate

many

curious integrals ; and the reader

may

use

it

to evaluate the integrals

examined

earlier in

this chapter.

t Acta Mathematics xxvn. (1903), pp. 339352.


that, if /(r) is a continuous function of r

The form
such that

of the theorem required here is

when

>

0,

exp(-J-2t)./(r)dr=0
o /:

for all sufficiently large positive values of

t,

then/(r)

is

identically zero.

CHAPTEK
13*1.

XIII

INFINITE INTEGRALS
Various types of infinite integrals.
subject of this chapter
is

The

the investigation of various classes of infinite

integrals which contain either Bessel functions or functions of a similar character

under the integral


very numerous
(I)
;

sign. The methods of evaluating such integrals are not they consist, for the most part, of the following devices

Expanding the Bessel function

in

powers of

its

argument and

inte-

grating term-by-term.
(II) Replacing the Bessel function

by

Poisson's integral, changing the order

of the integrations, and then carrying out the integrations.

by one of the generalisations of Bessel's changing the order of the integrations, and then carrying out the integrations; this procedure has been carried out systematically by Sonine* in his weighty memoir.
integral,

(III) Replacing the Bessel function

(IV) When two Bessel functions of the same order occur as a product under the integral sign, they may be replaced by the integral of a single Bessel function by Gegenbauer's formula (cf. 12*1), and the order of the integrations is then changed j\

occur as a product under the integral sign, the product

two functions of different orders but of the same argument may be replaced by the integral of a single Bessel function by Neumann's formula ( 5*43), and
is

(V)

When

the order of the integrations

then changed.

(VI) The Bessel function under the integral sign


contour integral of Barnes' type
order of the integrations
is ( 6*5)

may be

replaced by the

involving
;

Gamma

functions,

then changed

this very powerful

and the method has not

previously been investigated in a systematic manner.


Infinite integrals involving Bessel functions under the integral sign are not only of great interest to the Pure Mathematician, but they are of extreme importance in many branches of Mathematical Physics. And the various types

numerous that it is not possible to give more than a selection of the most important integrals, whose values will be worked out by the most suitable methods care has been taken to evaluate several examples by each method. In spite of the incompleteness of this chapter, its length must be contrasted unfavourably with the length of the chapter on finite integrals.
are so
;

* Math. Ann. xvi. (1880), pp. 33 60. t This procedure has been carried out by Gegenbauer in a Wiener Sitzungsberichtc.

number

of papers published in the

384
13'2.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XIII

The integral of Lipschitz, with HankeVs generalisations.

It
(i)

was shewn by Lipschitz* that

lyMJM dt ~7(^-V
R (a) > 0, and, in
simplest method
order to secure convergence at the upper limit of in-

where
root is

tegration, both the

numbers R(a ib) are positive. That value of the square taken which makes a + V(aa + &) >
|
\

I-

The

of establishing this result

is

to replace the Bessel


in-

coefficient

by

tegrations

a procedure which may be


["- J (bt) dt

Parseval's integral ( 2*2)

and then change the order of the


justified

without

difficulty.

It

is

thus

found that

= - fe- at fV"08 * dddt


~~
ir

Jo a
8

ib cos &
+fe2 ),

= l/V(a
and the formula
is

proved.

Now

consider the more general integral

re- at Jv {bt)tJo

dt.

This integral was

first investigated in all its generality by Hankelf, in a memoir published posthumously at about the same time as the appearance of two papers by Gegenbauer \. These writers proved that, if R (fi + v) > 0, to secure convergence at the origin, and the previous conditions concerning a and b are satisfied, to secure convergence at infinity, then the integral is

equal to

(&b/q)T (/* + *) F (fi+v 8 oT(i/ + l)

M~2~

f
'

+ v+l
2

fV +
.

1
'

_^\
a>)'

To
|

establish this result, first suppose that b


|.

is

further restricted so that

< a
|

If

we expand the integrand

in powers of 6

and integrate term-by-

term,

we
I

find that

e-**J {bt)tr-*dt=
"~

\r/ lio.iv
(-)*" (& bY +3m
!

^ + ' +am_1 *~ at *
a" + " +aw

_ ^
* Journal JUr

r (/x + v + 2m)

m .o m r (v + m +
191192.

1)

Math.

lvi. (1859), pp.

t Math. Ann. via. (1875), pp. 467468. 433443; ibid, lxxii. (2), (1876), pp. 343344. J Wiener Sitzungsberichte, lxx. (2), (1875), pp. in 3-32; in the la the former, the special case M =i+1 was investigated by the integral given integral for J,{bt). Poisson's substituting result by general the obtained Gegenbauer latter,

13'2]

INFINITE INTEGRALS
final series

385
\

The

converges absolutely, since


is justified*.

< a

|,

and

so the process of

term-by- term integration


(2)

Hence

re-otJAtyP-'dt

(Wayr(fi + v)

a"I>+l)
The
result has, as yet,

fp

+v
2
'

/*

+ +!
!/

'"

+1
'

6'\

a*)'
I

been proved only when

R (a) >

and

< a
\

but, so long as merely

R(a + ib)>0 and R(a-ib)>0,


then both sides of (2) are analytic functions of b
analytic continuation, (2)
is
;

and

so,

by the principle of
6.

true for this more extensive range of values of

Again, by using transformations of the hypergeometric functions, (2)

may

be written in the following forms


(3)

re-rtJrWV-'dt
Jo

a*l>+l)

V + a)
l

M
\

'2

+1 '" + 1
i.
'

'

*)

~ (& + >}<'+') r(v + l)*


The formula
(2) has

(Wrfr+)

//* + *
2
'

i-/ +
2

. +

ft

'

aa + 6V*

been used by Gegenbauerf in expressing toroidal


;

functions as infinite integrals

special cases of (2) are required in various

physical researches, of which those

by

Lamb J may

be regarded as

typical.

By combining two
(4)
r

Beasel functions,
1

it is

easy to deduce that

r -*r (60^"
=cot

*
"

"V + &*)*<
.ff

r(+i)

aFl

l"T"

"a-

v+1,
'

*+W
,, a2 + ft2J,

-cosec^^^^^,^^^^^, g
provided
Proc.
/? (>*)

>

(v)

and A (a io) > 0;

special cases of this formula are

London Math.

Soc. xxv. (1892), p. 75,

due to Hobson, and Heaviside, Electromagnetic Theory, in.

(London, 1912), p. 85.


It is obvious that interesting special cases of the formulae so far discussed
* Cf.

may be

Bromwich, Theory of Infinite Series, 176. t Wiener Sitzungsberichte, c. (2), (1891), pp. 745766; Gegenbauer also expressed series, whose general terms involve toroidal functions and Bessel functions, as integrals with Bessel
functions under the integral sign.

ZProc. London Math. Soc. xxxiv. (1902), pp. 276284; (2) vn. (1909), pp. 122141. See London Math. Soc. xxxv. (1903), pp. 428443 and Basset, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. v. (1886), pp. 425433.
also Macdonald, Proc.

386
obtained by choosing
functions.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XIII

/* and v so that the hypergeometric functions reduce to elementary Thus, by taking p equal to v + 1 or v + 2, we obtain the results

(5)

Jo
(6)

r.~,. Wr *_.2Bfe+ii, +
(a 2

+ o2 )*

fV^,(tor^,
R(v)> $, R(v)> 1

te

^ ^)
r +

Jir

provided that

respectively.

These formulae were obtained by Gegenbauer, Wiener Sitzungsberichte, lxx. (2), (1875), 443; they were also noticed by Sonine, Math. Ann. xvi. (1880), p. 45; and Hardy, pp. 433 Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xxi. (1912), p. 12 while Beltrami, Atti della R. Accad. delle Sci. di Torino, xvi. (18801881), p. 203, and Bologna Memorie, (4) n. (1880), pp. 461505, has obtained various special formulae by taking /*=1 and v to be any integer.

Other special formulae are


(7)

J".

- /-,(*) dt 7-

y(d?+W)- ay
vb

(8) (8)

[Note.

e-<j at) dt e Jv {bt)dt 6V(a2 + ft2) Jo It was observed by Pincherle, Bologna Memorie,
#

w( a *+ b2 )-<*r
(4) viii. (1887), pp.

125

143,

that these integrals are derivable from the generalised form of Bessel's integrals ( 6*2) by Laplace's transformation (cf. 9 15). This aspect of the subject has been studied by Macdonald, Proc. London Math. Soc. xxxv. (1903), pp. 428 443, and Cailler, Mem. de la
Soc. de Physique de Geneve, xxxiv. (1902
satisfied

1905), pp. 295368.

The

differential equations

by

(5)

and

(6),

Ne'erlandaises, (2) VI.

qua functions of a, have been examined by Kapteyu, Archives (1901), pp. 103116.]

The

integral

-^jo

J
(1863), p. 46, as

sinn, itt

J^bt)

tdt

was obtained by Neumann, Journal fur Math, lxxii.


-

a limit of a series of Legendre functions (cf. 14 64). The integral does not seem to be capable of being evaluated in finite terms, though it is easy to obtain a series for it by using the expansion
COSechT< = 2 2
5 -(2n +
l),rt

A series which converges more rapidly (when


Some
integrals of the
(1873), pp.
(9)

is large) will

be obtained in 13*51.

same general type are given by Weber, Journal fur Math. lxxv. 92102; and more recently the formula

r Jy(bt)rdt = (2b)T(
Jo
et-l
is valid

+$

Jn
r,

=i(2-* +

6y + i'

which

when

R () >

and 1(b)
1

<

has been obtained by Kapteyn, Mem. de la

Soc. R. des Sci. de Liege, (3) vi. (1906), no. 9.

13*21.
It

The Lipschitz-Havkel integrals expressed as Legendre functions.

was noticed by Hankel that the hypergeometric functions which occur in the integrals just discussed are of the special type associated with Legendre functions; subsequently Gegenbauer expressed the integrals in terms of toroidal functions (which are known to be expressible as Legendre functions), and a little later Hobson* gave the formulae in some detail.
* Proc.

London Math. Soc. xxv.

(1893), pp.

4975.

13'21]

INFINITE INTEGRALS
obtain the fundamental formulae* of this type,

387

To

we

shall

change the

notation by writing

a
where a
is

cosh a,

= i sinh a,

a complex number such that

we thus
(1)

obtain the formula

fV<cosh x (t s i n h a ) #. dt Jo

= T (fi + v +

1)

PM-' (cosh a),

provided that

(fi

v)

>

1.

The
Set.

special case of this formula in


(2)

which i=0 had been given by Callandreau, Bull, des

Math.

xv. (1891), pp. 121124, two years before

Hobson published the general

formula.

It folio ws at once from (1) that


(2) v '

f%-<^,g,(*8inha)P'<ftJo

sin

^^ +
{ft

T f> - v +

1)

v) it

Q/ (cosh a),

provided that

R (p + 1) > R (v)
j

The

Legendre function f
(3)

modification of (1) which has to be used is positive and less than 1 is

when

the argument of the

[%-<*
Jo

jy (j s n ) p. dt = T (fi + v + 1) Pf (cos ),
i

and hence we
(4)

find that
T^
.

Jo

[V ""gy,

(tain V

= )*(& '

~x

sin u7r

7 , Sin(/A+1>)7T

r (^ v + 1) -^ 7T

x [Q/ ( cos # + ) eivni

+ &" (cos - Ot) -*"**].


loc. cit. p. 75,

Some special cases of this formula have been given by Hobsou, Heaviside, Electromagnetic Theory, in. (London, 1912), p. 85.

and by

An
(5) (5)

apparently different formula, namely

[**'*** I () IA)
Jo

cfr

= &-j(cosh)
V^tt)

'

Vt

has been studied by Steinthal}. This formula is connected with formulae of the previous type by Whipple's transformation of Legendre functions, which
* Since,

generality is lost.

by a change of variable, the integrals are expressible in terms of the ratio of b to a, no The various expressions for Legendre functions as hypergeometric series which

97 204. are required in this analysis are given by Barnes, Quarterly Journal, xxxix. (1908), pp. The reader will remember that it is customary to give a different detiuition for the Legendre

function in such circumstances


p.

cf.

Hobson, Phil. Trans, of the Royal Soc. clxxxvii. A,

(1896),

471

and Modern Analysis,

15'5, 15*6.

X Quarterly Journal, xvm. (1882), pp. 337340. Proc. London Math. Soc. (2) xvi. (1917), pp. 301314.

388

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


is

[CHAP. XIII
a.

expresses a function of cosh a in terms of a function of coth

The more

general formula of the same type


/" (6)
,

e- tt

T ^*I
.

(t)V- i

Jo

dt^-r r- ,'"\. 1 / sm (m + y) 7T V(i7r) smh"-*


,

cosvtt

Q*

1-

(cosh a)

In these formulae,

R (/* + v) >
v in
(6),

and

22 (cosh a)

>

1.

On

replacing v by

we

find that

Jo

sinn*-* a

and

this formula is valid

when

R (fi) > R (v)


|

and

R (cosh a) > 1.

If we take cosh
(8)

a 0, we
o

deduce that

p KAt)^dt^^r(^y(t^y
ft=l,
(7)

a result given by Heaviside* in the case v0.

When
(9)

becomes

Jo

*^-a r *+* K dt^~ vn smh a


9

sin

and hence,

if

v=0,

a
/,
If

j,_ arcsinh

s/(a 2 - 1)

arc sin ^(1

- a 2)

arccosa

we

replace

a by + i'6, we
/'"

find that

io<

/a j,

in-

+ * arc sinh o

and

so,

when / (b)
|

<

1,

(io)

/".<*).*>*-

j^.
1889), p. 32.

The former

of these

is

due to Basset, Hydrodynamics, n. (Cambridge,

[Note. Various writers have studied the Lipschitz-Hankel integrals from the aspect of potential theory to take the simplest case, if (p, <f>, z) are cylindrical coordinates, we have
;

o /;

e-Pt J< i (zt)dt= uv/

1
2 V(p +*8)'

It is suggested that, since e~# (zt) is a potential function, the integral on the left is a potential function finite at all points of real space except the origin and that ont the plane

3=0

it is equal to 1/p, and so it is inferred that it must be the potential of a unit charge at the origin. But such an argument does not seem to preclude the possibility of the integral being a potential function with a complicated essential singularity at the origin, and so

this reasoning

must be regarded as

suggestive rather than convincing.

* Electromagnetic Theory, in.

On

the axis of

z,

the integral

(London, 1912), p. 269. is equal to a constant divided by z


|

13-22]

INFINITE INTEGRALS

389

the reader

For various researches on potential theory with the aid of the integrals of this section, may consult Hafen, Math. Ann. lxix. (1910), pp. 517537. For some develop-

ments based on the potential function


e-*>

j~Jo[k J{(x- *)2 +y2 }]/(0 dt,

see Bateman, Messenger, xli. (1912), p. 94.]

13*22. Applications of the addition formula to the Lipschitz-Hankel integrals.

deduce from the results of the preceding sections combined with 11-41 (16) that, if all four of the numbers R(a ib ic) are positive and R (/* + 2v) > 0, while tsr is written in place of V(&2 + c9 26c cos <f>), then
It is easy to

(1)

re-otJ, (bt) Jv (ct) P-

dt

<**

["

\'r~W>p~ sin- +<!* A


r
//
2
X

, wr(/i+2>>
7ra^+4

T(2i/+l)J

^ /+ 2, +
'

i
'

T
'

_^\

aV

sin8

# ^

The hypergeometric function reduces and so we have


(2)

to an elementary function if

fi

=1

or 2

/;^<^,<co* =
/i

^^p2^)a.

The

case

= 2 may

be derived from this by differentiation with respect to

These formulae, or special cases of them, have been examined by the following writers: Beltrami, Bologna Memorie, (4) n. (1880), pp. 461 505 ; Atti delta R. Aecad. delle Sci. di

201205; Sommerfeld, Konigsberg Dissertation, 1891; Gegenbauer, Monatshefte fur Math, und Phys. v. (1894), p. 55 and Macdonald, Proc. London Math. Soc. xxvi. (1895), pp. 257260.
Torino,
xvi. (1880

1881),

pp.

By taking

/x=

1, v = l
t

in (1),

we
*

find that

(" - a J ll?dt = e t Jo
so that the integral on the
(1896), p.
left,

[\/( a 2 + 2-2cos0)-a}(l+cos0)cty,
(5) xlii.

2ir J o

which was encountered by Rayleigh, Phil. Mag.


iv. (1904), p. 260], is

195 [Scientific Papers,

expressible as
is

an

elliptic integral.

An
(3)

integral which

may be
(bt)

associated with (1)


dt

j o

cos at

(ct)

=
jo

v{a2

+ (6 + c)2 _ 46csin2
;

This was discovered by Kirchhoff * as early as 1853 the reader should have no difticulty in deducing it from 1321 (10) combined with 11-41 (16); it is valid if all the numbers

R(cb id)
are positive.
* Journal

fUr Math. xLvm. (1854), p. 364.

390

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


namely

[CHAP. XIH

A somewhat similar result,


(4)

v e- at f- J^{bt)Jv {ct)dt

= W($c)T(2;i + l f' r(i/ + )r(|) Jo


)

sin 2 "

<f>d<f>
)'

(a

+ 2mccos<^-c2 cos2 ^>+6 2


is

+i'

which

is

valid

when

R (aibic)>0

and R(fi)> \,

due

to Gegenbauer,

Wiener

Sitzungsberichte, lxxxviii. (2), (1884), p. 995. It is most easily proved integrals of Poisson's type for the Bessel functions. In the memoir cited

also given a list of cases in

which the integral on the right

is

by substituting Gegenbauer has expressible by elemeutary

functions

(cf.

1323).

13*23.

Gegenbauer s deductions from the integrals of Lipschitz and Hankel.

pp. 397

formula due to Gegenbauer, Monatshefte fur Math, und Phys. IV. (1893), 401, is obtained by combining the results of 13*2 with the integral

formula of 5*43

for the product, of

two Bessel functions;

it is

thus possible to
result obtained

express certain exponential integrals which involve two Bessel functions by

means of integrals of trigonometrical functions*. The general by Gegenbauer is deduced by taking the formula
/M (bt)

(bt)

=-

tJo

J^+ v

("2bt

cos

(f>)

cos

(/a

v) <f>d<f>,
;

multiplying
if

R (a)
2at

by e~'lat VkJrv and integrating from > 1(b) and R (p + v) > - h then
it
|

to ao

it is

thus found

that,,

r e~
Jo

J (bt) Jv (bt) t^"

dt=-

"""Jo

rJo f "e-^Jn+r (2bt cos<)


\

0*-+"cos

(fx

-v) <f>.d<f>dt

= -[

tJo

Jo

e-^Jw (2bt cos W+" cos (fj,-v)<f>. dtd<f>

The

inversion of the order of the integrations presents no great theoretical


;

difficulties

hence

(1)

re-*at J(bt)Jy (bt)P' +v dt


Jo

_ r (fi + V + f) 6+
7T*

f**

COS*-*-''

<f>

COS (fl-v)(f>
1

Jo
/i

(a

+ 6coB

) M

"

r+ *

*'

This

result, in

the special case in which

= v = 0,

had been obtained previously by

Beltrami, Atti della R. Accad. delle Sci. di Torino, xvi. (1880

1881),

p. 204.

As
(2)

particular cases of (1) take

/*

=1

and v equal to
t

and to 1.

It is

found that

/." e

~ iatJ
>

M J*M *~%j&+W
(2 2 +6')*-2("2 +&2 )^

(3)

f" c-~J*(b)3t

* See also

an

earlier note

by Gegenbauer,

ibid. pp.

379

380.

13-23, 13*24]

INFINITE INTEGRALS
elliptic integrals

391
is &/>/(*

where the modulus of the complete


corresponding formula
( 4>

K and E

+&2

).

Beltrami's

is

/''-^W-aift,

wtW
>

Replacing 6 by

we deduce from

(2)

that

(5)

/V"-/l(6l)/.<*)*- a^-*)

where R(a)>\R(b)\, arid the modulus k t of the and (4) may be modified in a similar manner.

elliptic integrals is b/a.

The formulae (3)


are expressible

It was stated by Gegenbauer that the integrals in means of elliptic integrals, but he did not give the

(2), (3)

and

results in detail;

deducible from the results of this section were given by Meissel, [Jahrbuch liber die Fortschritte der Math. 1890, pp. 521 522.]

by some formulae Kiel Programm, 1890.


(5)

13*24.

Weber's infinite integral, after Schafheitlin.

The formula

J
Jo
in which
v.

(t)dt

T(^)
2"-* +i

p-*+i

r (v - $n + i )
Weber*
for integral values of
;

< R (u.) < R (v) + \, was

obtained by

was extended to general values of v by SoniDef pletely general result was also proved by Schafheitlin \.

The

result

and the com-

The formula

is

of a

more recondite type than the exponential


a limiting case of these formulae, we have by 13 2 (3)
-

integral formulae given


for,

in 13*2 ; it may be established as

since the conditions

of convergence are satisfied,

Jo t"-^ 1

rm
is

a Wo
2v r
(u

lim

fV-H + l

+iy iFl \2>

v+1
>
'

V'

whence the formula

at once obtained.

direct

Bessel function,

method of evaluating the integral is to substitute Poisson's integral for the and then change the order of the integrations this is the method used by
;

Schafheitlin, but the analysis

is

intricate because the result is established first for


v

limited range of values of

/*

and

and then extended by the use of recurrence formulae

and

partial integrations.

Analytical difficulties are, to a large extent, avoided by using contour


integrals instead of the definite integrals of Schafheitlin.
* Journal filr

If
v

we suppose that
set

Math. lxix. (1868),

p. 230.

The

special case in

which

= was

by Stokes as

a Smith's Prize question, Jan. 29, 1867. f Math. Ann. xvi. (1880), p. 39.

[Math, and Phys. Papers,

v. (1905), p. 347.]

X Math. Ann. xxx. (1887), pp. 157161. Cf. Bromwich, Theory of Infinite Series, 172.

392

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


and
(t)dt

[CHAP.

TTTTT

R (fi) <
vergent)
r(o+)jr

R (v) > \,
=
1

we then have
/"(

(the integrals being absolutely con-

L Fo^
By

+>

/"*"

2-r

(,

+4)

ra) j + .

<"*~ J. <)*''*
/"*"
/

2l Sin /47T. r (ft) COS /A7T _ 2i sin/x7r. T (^fi)

cos-'1

sin2 "

0d0

Jo

"^-^r^-i/i + i)'
the theory of analytic continuation, this result
is

valid

when p and

v are

subjected to the single restriction

R (fi) < R {v + ).
real

When

R(fi)

>

axis taken twice,

0, we deform the contour ir.to the positive half of the and we at once obtain the Weber-Schafheitlin formula.

The integral*
/("+>

H,(-<)cfc
difference in the

may be
analysis

treated in exactly the


is

same manner; the only

that cos(tfcos0) has to be replaced by

sin (2 cos 0),

and

so,

by

Euler's formula (adapted for contour integrals), the factor cos \ fitr has to be replaced by sin \pnr.
It is thus found that
f
(o

+)

H
,

(-Qcft

_ 2t sin /iir. T (|/t) tan \fitr

provided- that

R (fi) < R (v + f
1 /"

and

(fi)

^ 0.
into the positive half of

When

R (/*) >

the contour

may be deformed

the real axis taken twice, so that

(t)dt

'

provided that
If
(3)

we take

t'-^ 1 < R (fi) ^ and /* = 0, v 1, we see


Jo
Jo

2"-+ i

T (}/Q ta n (j /nr) r K v-Sfi + l)'

R (u) < R (v) + f


that

result,

H
1

iTT.

This

combined with the asymptotic formula


1
/"

Hi(2Q<ft
* 2

_2_

W*
was
for both small
Diffraction.
* Generalisations obtained

/'J.

~ir^**'

1 \ + l&ry _

cos(2j?+^7t)
27r 8 ' 8

^'2

'

used by Struve, Ann. der Physik

und
a>

Chemie, (3) xvn. (1882), p. 1014, to tabulate

1^

(2t)dt

and

large values of x.

The

last integral is of

importance in the Theory of

by replacing Bessel functions by Lommel's functions

( 10*7)

in

the integrals of this section and in

many

other integrals are discussed by Nielsen, K. Dantke


pp. 137.

Videmkabernet SeUkabs Skrifter,

(7) v. (1910),

13'3]
[Note.
(4)

INFINITE INTEGRALS
By
differentiating (1)

393

under the integral sign we obtain Weber's result

j / (01ogft--y-log2;
been investigated by Lerch, MonaUhefte
filr

this formula has also


(1890), pp.

Math, und Phys.

I.

105112.
for functions of the second kind, corresponding to (1), is

The formula

f
provided that
#(i>)|

v it)

dt _

r (fr) r (fr - v) cos (|M - y ) w


This result has been given by Heaviside, Electrop. 273,

</?(/*- v)<.

magnetic Theory, in. (London, 1912),

when

i>=0.]

13*3.

Weber's first exponential integral and

its

generalisations.

The
(1)

integral formula

|" J

(at)

exp (-p^) tdt =


.

exp (-

^)
which
will

was deduced by Weber* from

his double integral formula

be

discussed in 14r2. This integral differs from those considered earlier in the chapter by containing the square of the variable in the exponential function.
It is supposed that
|

argp

< tt to secure convergence, but a is an unrestricted


more general formula,

complex number.
It is equally easy to prove Hankel'sf

(2)

Jo

r J (at) exp (-pH*)


v

0*-1 dt

by a

direct method.

To

secure convergence at the origin,

it

must now be

supposed that J

R((i + v)>0.

To obtain the

result,

we observe

that, since (by

723)

Jo o
is

I^(\a\t).\ex V (-^)\.\t^\dt

convergent, it is permissible to evaluate the given integral


t

J, (at) in powers of

* Journal filr Math. lxiz. (1868), p. 227.

an

integer.

t Math. Ann. vni. (1875), p. 469. See also Gegenbaaer, Wiener Sitzungsberichte, lxzii.
(1876), p. 346.

J This restriction
(0+)

Cf.

/Jo
and integrating term-by-term.
Weber also evaluated
(2)

by expanding

in the case fi=y + 2, v being

(2),

may

be disregarded

if

we

replace the definite integral

by the contour

Bromwich, Theory of Infinite

Series, 176.

394
It
f<*>

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


is

[CHAP.

Xm
'

thus found that


eo

\m ( 1 f]\v+2m

ran

Jo

m= orn\r(v
=o

+ m + l)J
)
"

rx r
2/>" +'l + 2m

r (i/ + m + 1

and this
If

is

equivalent to the result stated.


first

right in (2),
(3)

we apply Rummer's we find that


Jo

transformation

4*42) to the function on the

("jriatJexyi-pH^.t^dt

Vr(,ti)
is

ex

P("v)- fl

{i'-to+H'+iiij,)fi

and so the integral


positive integer.

expressible in finite terms whenever

is

an even

In particular, we have
(4)

j~Jw (at) exp (-pH>)


>
1.

t> dt

= f^ex?
is

(-

^)

provided that R(v)


discussed in 1347.

This integral

the basis of several investigations

by Sonine, Math. Ann. xvi. (1880), pp. 35

38;

some of these applications are

susceptible to
if

In order that the hypergeometric function on the right in (2) may be Rummer's second transformation (4*42), we take fi=l and, we replace v by 2i>, we then find that
;

(5)

JV^oOexpt-j^).*- ^exp (-).!, (g),


we
f
j o

a result given by Weber in the case v = \.


If

replace v by

v, it is

easy to see that

*
(6)

F (a*) exp (- pH*) dt

-"
when
(7)
|

exp
if

("

tan
) I/"

V7r

(*?)
-* 0, (a
7

* Kw ($)

sec

w]

fi

(i)

< '

and,

we make p
00
Z

being now positive), we find that

2v

(at)dt

tan

Jo

u>

vir
,

when
(8)

R (v)

<

%,

by using

7'23

and, in particular,
0.

Jo

rY (t)dt =

13*31]

INFINITE INTEGRALS
(5)

395
III.

Formulae

and

(6)

were given (when i/=0) by Heaviside, Electromagnetic Theory,

(London, 1912),

p. 271.
left of (3) is

Another method of evaluating the integral on the


Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc.

suggested by Basset,

vm.

(1895), pp. 122

128

the integrals have also been evaluated

with the help of Laplace's transformation by Macdonald, Proc. London Math. Soc. xxxv. (1903), pp. 428443; see also Curzon, Proc. London Math. Soc. (2) xm. (1914), pp. 417 440 and Hardy, Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xxi. (1912), pp. 10, 27, for formulae obtained by making p2 a pure imaginary.
;

For some applications of the integrals of this section to the Theory of Conduction of Heat, see Rayleigh, Phil. Mag. (6) xxn. (1911), pp. 381396 [Scientific Papers, vi. (1920),
pp. 5164].

13*31.

Weber s second exponential

integral.

The
cussed

result of applying the formula 11*41(16) to the integral just disis

to

modify

it

sign by a product of two Bessel functions of the


If r

by replacing the Bessel function under the integral same order.


<f>)

= V(a + 6- 2ab cos


2

and

if

R (p) > - \ R (2v + fi) > 0,


,

arg|>

<

\ir,

we thus deduce
J o

that
(&**)

exp (- p*t?) Jv (at) Jy

P-

dt

"

rVSW)

/."

il

exp ( "

^
(

" +-' **

^
/*

The hypergeometric function reduces

to unity

when

so that

({ab/p*)"

a2 +b 2 \

[*

fab cos

d>\

?J

If

we expand the exponential under the

integral sign,

we

find that

(1)

j\xV (-p*r)J
is

(at)Mbt)tdt

ex V (-^?)/(^).
|
|

This formula

valid if

R (v) > 1

and arg p <

|tt.

Like the result of 13*3, this equation is due to Weber, Journal fUr Math. lxix. (1868), Weber gave a different proof of it, as also did Hankel, Math. Ann. vin. (1875), 470. The proof given here is due to Gegenbauer, Wiener Sitzungsberichte, lxxii. pp. 469
p.

228;

347. Other investigations are due to Sonine, Math. Ann. xvi. (1880), p. 40; Sommerfeld, Konigsberg Dissertation, 1891 Macdonald, Proc. London Math. Soc. xxxv. (1903), p. 438; and Cailler, Mem. de la Soc. Phys. de Geneve, xxxiv. (1902 1905), p. 331. Some physical applications are due to Carslaw, Proc. London Math. Soc. (2), vm. (1910),
(2), (1876), p.
;

pp.

365374.

396
13*32.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP.

XHI

Generalisations of Weber's second exponential integral.

When the Bessel functions in integrals of the type just considered are not of the same order, it is usually impossible to express the result in any
simple form. The only method of dealing with the most general integral

Jo
is

J"M (at)

Jv (bt) exp (- pH ) t*2

dt

to substitute the series of 11*6 for the product of Bessel functions


it

and

integrate term-by-term, but

In the special case in which X


is

seems unnecessary to give the result here. v /x, Macdonald* has shewn that the integral

equal to

by a transformation based on the

results of 12*11, 13*7.


;

An

exceptional case occurs

when a = b

if

R (\ + + v) > 0, we then have


fi

A.

+ 1* + iA

J.(at)JAat)e^(-pH2 )t^dt^
J
o

^ p^+vr(fi+1)r(v+1)
,

ffi
8
3

+ v+l
2
'

fi

+ 2 \ + n+v
'

'

P+1

>

+ 1 >P + P + 1 ~p)>
>

a*\

by using the expansion of 541. Some been investigated by Gegenbauerf.

special cases of this formula have

13*33. Struve's integral involving products of Bessel functions.


It will

now be shewn
f-

that,

when

R (ji + v) > 0, then

m K)
to 4/(3ir).

JMMt) at ^
t+>

Jo

rfr + iQr3) -2+T(fi + v+$)r(vL + $)r(v + $y

xxx. (1882),

This result was obtained by Struve, Mem. de V Acad. Imp. des Set. de St Petersbourg, (7) p. 91, in the special case p = v = l ; the expression on the right is then equal

(v)

In evaluating the integral it is first convenient to suppose that both exceed . It then follows from 33 (7) that
v (t)

R (ft) and

r JMJ +
t
f >

(2ji~1)(2i--1) m_ ~2^'- irr^ + h)r(v-rh)


.
2

r*- ri' mn{tmn0)an(ttdn


J J o
* Proc.
t"

j) coa

_ Q cos2v 2

^ gin

$ sin

^ d0d4>dt

London Math. Soc. xxxv. (1903), p. 440. 9991000. t Wiener Sitzungsberichte, lxxxviii. (1884), pp.

13*32, 13-33]

INFINITE INTEGRALS
fact that tr 2 sin (t sin 6) sin (t sin <) does not
1/tf-

397
exceed numeri-

In view of the
absolutely,

cally the smaller of

and

sin

sin

<j>,

the repeated integral converges

and the order of the integrations may be changed.

Since *
00
j*

sin

(t

sin 0) sin
t*

(t

sin

<)

_ ~ I^tt sin

\\ir sin 0,
<j>,

(0
{0

^ >

<f>) <f>)

we

find that the triple integral is equal to


fin
ri>
I

\tr

cos8*"8

cos8

""8
<f>

sin8

Jo Jo

sin <f>d0d<f>

+ $ir\
J

cos8*

-8

cos8"

-8

<-6

sin

sin8

<j>d<j>d0.

But, by a partial integration,


(2v

we have
cos*4
j J

1)

cos8

"-8

<&

sin

"8

<

sin8 0rf0[ cty

= - cos2""
r(j*

1
<f>

cos8*" 8
J

sin"

d0

+
J

cos8*-1

</> .

cos8*"8

<f>

sin8 <-W<

+ y -i)r(p 2IV+i> + *)
J.

The other
/

integral is evaluated in the


jt)

same manner, and

so

we have
'

jAt) dt = r(^ + y -i)r(i) {(2At-i)+(2 y - 1)}


2*+T(/* + v + j)r(/*+i)r(i; + i)

Jo

**+'

whence the result stated is evident. The extension over the range of values of fi and v for which merely R (/* + v) > is obtained by the theory of analytic
continuation.
It

may be shewn
Jo

in

a similar manner that, when


2* + "

R (ji+v) is positive, then also

(2 )

r HM (QH,(Q Jf
r+>
using 10*45

r(M +*)r(j)

ro*+v+)r (/*+) r(*+$)'


(ibid. p. 104) in

This result was also obtained by Strove

the case

/*

= 1.
i

By
jo

we

find that,

when

(/i)

and

R (v) exceed J,

**+"
(2M -l)(2v-l)
/"
/"**

f|* {l-oos

(<

sin 0)} {1
<*

- cos (< sin <f>)}


sin sin <f>d$d<f>dt.

"2'*+"-*-r( M +i)r(i/+i) Jo Jo

Jo x cos2* -2
cos2

"" 2

<

Now,

if

a and

j8

are positive,

it

appears from a consideration of

* This result is easily proved by contour integration.

398

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


it,

[CHAP. XIII
that

round a contour consisting of the real axis and a large semicircle above

r
}

" C am (1 - cos (at)} {1 - cos ($t)} d _ P Jo under consideration


is

(at) sin (pt)


t%

d{

Hence the
proving
(1),

triple integral

equal to the triple integral evaluated in

and consequently
will

(2) is established in
if

the same

way

as

(1).

The reader
3)
this

prove in like manner that,

R (p) and R (v)

both exceed \ then


,

/;^^=
may
integrals

2*+" 0* + v - 1) r 0* + ) r

(v

+ )
which

and

be extended over the range of values of

p and

v for

R (v) > \

and

R(n + v)>l.
The
J^

^ +|>+2

<*'

^++ i

may

be evaluated in a similar manner, but the results are of no great interest*.

13*4.

The discontinuous integral of Weber and Schafheitlin.


integral

The

Jo
in which a

and 6 are supposed to be positive to secure convergence at the upper limit, was investigated by Weber, Journal fur Math. lxxv. (1873),
pp. 75

80,

in several special cases,

namely,
(ii)

(i)

x=n=

0,

i/

l,

X = -,

/*

= 0, v=$.

The integral was evaluated, for all values of X, p. and v for which it is convergent, by Soninet, Math. Ann. xvi. (1880), pp. 51 52; but he did not examine the integral in very great detail, nor did he lay any stress on the discontinuities which occur when a and 6 become equal. Some years later the integral was investigated very thoroughly by Schafbut his preliminary analysis rests to a somewhat undue extent on the theory of heitlin

J,

linear differential equations.

The special case in which X=0 was discussed in 1895 by Gubler who used a very elegant transformation of contour integrals unfortunately, however, it seems impossible The analysis in the 0. to adapt Gubler's analysis to the more general case in which X
;

special case will be given subsequently ( 13'44).

* Some related integrals have been evaluated by Siemon, Programm, Luisemchule, Berlin, 1890 [Jahrbuch ilber die Fortschritte der Math. 1890, p. 341] Wiener Sitzungsberichte, t See also 13 43 in connexion with the researches of Gegenbaaer,

lxxxviii. (2), (1884), pp. 990991. X Math. Ann. xxx. (1887), pp.

Math. Ann. xxx. Math. Ann.

(1887), pp.
xlviii.

161178. The question of priority is discussed by Sonine, 582583, and by Schafheitlin, Math. Ann. xxxi. (1888), p. 156. in die Theorie (1897), pp. 3748. See also Graf and Gubler, Einleitung

der BesseVschen Funktionen, n. (Bern, 1900), pp. 136

148.

13*4]

INFINITE INTEGRALS
is

399
13*2.

The first investigation which we shall give The conditions for convergence are*
(R(p.

based on the results of

+ v + l)>R(\)>-l,

(ab)
(a

[R(p+v + l)>R(X)>0,
it

= b)

being supposed, as already stated, that a and b are positive.

We

shall first suppose that the former conditions are satisfied,

shall also take b

<

a.

The

analysis is greatly shortened

and we by choosing new

constants

o, fi,

defined

by the equations

)2a =/a + j/-\

+ 1,

|\
[V

=7-a-

ry=V+l,

=7 1.
down
to the

It will be supposed that these relations hold


It is

end of 13*41.

known
Jo

that

r-J>(t)M>>t)

dt=

lim

^W.(H^
t
;

C+0J0
on the right
is

since the integral on the left is convergent


positive value, the integral

now, when c has any assigned


;

convergent for complex values of b


is

we

replace b

by z and the resulting


c.

integral

an analytic function of z when

R(z)>0&nd\I(z)\<

now

fy-^-'^zr^'
=
Jo
e

_M J-fi(at)Jy-i(zt) dt

PV

U=o
'

m\T(y + m)
e

. 2 I
So

w (j Y+2W (-)W (~) (^)

-ot

w!Ti V(y + m) Jo

(crf )

^p+sm-1

dt>

provided thatf
P
'

m =o wi!r( 7 + m) Jo
is

absolutely convergent; and

it is

easy to shew that this

is

the case

when

z\<c.
Hence, when z
| |

<

c,

J/

*^0

mfo

w!T(7 + m)

(a2

+c ) a+M, r(a- 9+l)


2
y

x ,FX (0
* It follows

+ m,

- - m

-+1

^p)

from the asymptotic expansions of the Bessel functions that the conditions

R(p + v + l)>R(\)>-l
are sufficient to secure

convergence when a = b, provided that

/*

-v

is

an odd

integer.

t Cf. Bromwich, Theory of Infinite Series, % 176.

400

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP.

XHI

and the hypergeometric function on the right may be replaced by*

r(a-/8 + i)r(j)

i_o_ m
,

i.

__*__)

c r(a-^+l)r(-j) + r(i-y3-m)r(a + m)V(a8 +

c)

o m s. _\ !_ P m+ a+m + il ''*'<* ^ ( + *)' r


j,
,
.

Now

the moduli of the terms in the expansion of

sFiia

+ m^-p-m;
| j

J; x)

(1

do not exceed in absolute value the alternate terms in the expansion of */%)~ A ~ 2m where A is the greater of 2a and 2/S 1 1; and, similarly, the moduli of the terms in the expansion of
,
1

(a

+m+h
(1

fi

>

x)

do not exceed in absolute value the alternate terms in the expansion of t - l -

V)-^-

/V*.

Hence the terms

in the infinite series which has been obtained do not

exceed in absolute value the terms of the series

(-.y(|g)T+2m-i

QaY-t r(2a+2m)
(a'

w =o ml

T (7 + in)

+ c )-**
2

l\T(l

V (j) (1 - V)-- - 0- to) r(a + m + )j

+
,

ir(-|)|(i-^)-^--n
|r(|-i9-)r(a + m)|J

where
|

= (^/(a + c But this last series is absolutely convergent when < V(a* + c ) c, and it represents an analytic function of z in this domain.
9 2

a?

).

Hence, by the general theory of analytic continuation,

/,

y
C to

^(m-i(*o A
(-)* (j*)** 8- 1

_ | "

(ja)*-*

T (2a + 2to)

2 a m ,o m!r(7 + m) (a + c )*+T(a-/3 + l)

provided that

satisfies

the three conditions

R(z)>0,

\I(z)\<c,

|*|< v (as +
/

c3

)-c

Now
and take

take

be a positive number so small that

6<v (a + C )-(7,
/

< c < G,

so that also

6<

V(a"

+ d*)-c

* Cf. Forsyth, Treatise on Differential Equations, (1914), 127.

13-4]

INFINITE INTEGRALS
in the last integral formula
if

401

Then
done,

we may take z = b, and when this has been we use fonctions majorantes just as before, we find that the resulting
terms
less

series has its

than the terms of an absolutely convergent series

m -o

* (_-y(ft)y+8-i (| q)"-^r(2H-2m) m\T(y + m) " (a* + C2 a+m


)

T(j )(l - JX)-* '** l\t(l - fi -m)T(a + m +


[~

iJ\

+
,

ir (-|)i(i-yx)-^-^-n

where

X =&l(a* + &).
is

|ra-y8-m)r(o + m)|

J'

with respect to
c -*

Hence, by the test of Weierstrass, the original series converges uniformly %c^C, and therefore the limit of the series when c when
the same as the value of the series

when

= 0.

We
c--oJo

have therefore proved that

&

and therefore

Ja -p(at)Jy -i(bt) d
Jo

(-)m iy+zm-i p (2a + 2m) T (\) +2m- 1 a+*+* r (1 2-^ m) m! r - w) f + i=o (7


It has therefore

"

(a

+ +

been shewn that


rf

(1)

io
to say

^^

*-2r ^a^r^ra-^)-

^' 7 '^'

that

is

provided that < b < a, and that the integral obtained by Sonine and Schafheitlin.
If
that,

is

convergent. This

is

the result

we interchange a and b, and also fi and v, throughout the work, we when < a < b and the integral is convergent, then
["
JO

find

Ja .p(at)Jy -

(3)

pT^

(bt)

at

27--0 &2-y+i

q-gr(q) r (7 - a) T (q - fi +

1)

^i(a,a-7 + l;a-/3 + l;|2 ).

402

THEORY OF BESSBL FUNCTIONS


Now
it

[CHAP. XHI
and
(3) are not

so happens that the expressions on the right in (1)

the analytic continuations of the

same

function.

discontinuity in the formula


this

when a = 6; and

it will

There is consequently a be necessary to examine

phenomenon
The

in

some

detail.

13*41.

critical case

of the Weber- Schafheitlin integral.


b,

In the case of the integral now under consideration, when a =


as before,

we

have,

Jo

fiW*!^*. C+0J0 iim {"^iiMLMjt,


t

assuming that

(//,

+ v + 1) > R (X) > 0,


e /.

to secure convergence.

Now

consider

P=**

***

where z

is

a complex variable with

(z) positive.

the integrand in ascending powers of a and integrate term-by- term, this procedure being justified by the fact that

When

R (z) > la we may expand


is

the resulting series

convergent.

We

thus get, by using 5*41,


l-lt

/
Jo

J*-fi{at )Jy -i(at)

dt

+ 7 + 2m) - +7 + ) m-OJ m! r (a - /3 + m + 1) )a-^+y+2m-i m 2m) r (a p (2a + + 7 + 2m) (_) (| a _ ~~ l *""+"" m)V(a-/3 + y + m)' mir(a-fi + m + l)T(y + m =o
.
ft

)a^+y+2m-i ~zt (_)m ( tt f e

^a-Hm-1

p (g (a

F (7+ m) T

Now
and so

the integral on the

left is

an analytic function of
c, is

when

R (z) > 0,

its value,

when

z has the small positive value

the analytic con-

tinuation of the series on the right.

tions

But, by Barnes' theory*, the series on the right and may be represented by the integral

its

analytic continua-

J_ (
and

xi

27rJ_ aci

(ia)--*-*-*

41 "- 1

+ r(a-/tf

T (2a + 2s) T (a - /3 + 7 + 2) p + s + l)r(7 + s)r(a-/3 + 7 + *)


which
is

^
|

this integral represents a function of z

analytic

when arg z <


\

tr.

It is supposed that the contour consists of the imaginary axis with loops to ensure that the poles of T (- s) lie on the right of the contour, while the poles of T (2a + 2s) and of T (a - /9 + 7 + 2s) lie on the left of the contour.

evaluate the integral by modifying the contour so as to enclose the poles on the left of the contour and evaluating the residues

When

\z

< 2a we may

* Proc.

London Math.

Soc.

(2) v.

(1907), pp.

59118. See

also 6'5, 6-51 supra.

13*41]
at them.

INFINITE INTEGRALS
The sum

403

of these residues forms two convergent series proceeding


;

in ascending powers of z

hence,

when

R (z) >

and \z\< 2a,

/"
Jo

Ja-

fi

(at)Jy^{at)

_1 ~2 wl
1

(_)m(^ a
rn\

Y -a-g-m-i

T(l

^ r (7 - a - <8 - m) T (a + \m) --m) F( 7 -a - iw) T( 7 - - *m)


-1 .gY--*+

(-) (^a)- w

r (a + ft - 7 - t) T (^a + 7 ~ iff + 4w)


when we make
that
2 assume the positive value

Now
c

22 (7

a ft) > 0,
c

and

so,

and then make

-*

0,

we deduce
1

n (1)
.

fJ

Ja-,(at)Jy.
F=^

(at)

aC

(|a r--g-ir(7- a -/3)r( a)

"2r(l-/3)r(7-a)r( 7 -^)

provided that

i2 (a)

> 0,

R (7 - a - ft) > 0.
7;
is

From the Gaussian formula for ^(a, ft;

1),

there

is

therefore no discontinuity

in the value of the integral, though there

a discontinuity in the formula which


a.

expresses that value as b increases through the value

The
(2)

result

may be

written in the alternative form

^^dt
qq)*- 1 r (\) r (\n + \v - $\ + ^)

provided that
If
/a

R (a* + v + 1) >R(\) > 0.


an odd integer the integral converges when
in notation
;

is

> i2 (X) >

this case next demands attention.

We
place of

shall
ft

make a change
i>

by writing
if

and

in the preceding analysis

a+p and a pl R (X) > 0, we then find that

in

__]_[-* "2wt.L.
"

(|o ) to+M
i

,+

*- A r(o
(-)**

r (2a + 2s) T (2a + 2s - X) p( + p + * + i)r(o-/) + )r(2o + )


1

-1

_1

T (X - m) T (a - |X + \m) X+1)T (- p - \m + \\)T (a + \\ - $m) 2 mt w!r (;>- w +

(la^-"
1

"1 w *

(_)m(^a)- TO - 1 ^A+ "

r(-X-i)r(a + im)

404

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XIII

and hence

w
unless

f Ja+P (at) J^-x (at)


Jo
*

aK

2^r(J5 +

T (X) T (a - j\) i\+i)r(a+^\)r(i\- i>)'


1

\ = 0. This should be compared with the more obtained from 13*4, namely that, when b < a,
f"
(4)

general formulae

Jo

Ja+P (at) /q-p-i (bt ) dt

2* a*-r-K r(a-p)

U+l) a*-^r(a-p)r(p T (p + 1\ + 1)
> a,
(aQ Ja-p-i (bt )
dt

* Fl

\"- hX ' P ~ hX]


'

~P

'

a>)

'

and,

when

(5)

Jo

/+P

a+JT(a-iX)

= 2>6^-^r (a
Since X

4 + i)r(ix- P
when X
(| a
is

'
)

p / y -(

tt

-^
j.

i'

n - j. +1 iX; tt+y +
,

as \

1;

p)-

when a

^ 0,

the functions on the right in (4) and (5) do not tend to limits

b.

On

the other hand,


1

zero, the contour integral

becomes

[**

).+-i

jr (2a + 2s)p r (-

s)

and the residue at


It follows that

=a

is

( )*/(2a).

(6)

Jo

J. +p (a*) J.^-x

(bt) dt

-I

(- W(2 aX

U
according as 6

<

a,

= a, 6 > a.

Since
\

^(a.-i?; a-?; l)-(-)p p T(a-p)/V(a),


it is

evident that the value of the integral when b


b

=a

is the

mean of its

limits

when

and

= a + 0.

The
( 7)

result of taking Xl in (2) is

fy-coM^- ^j:-/'
is also easily

which

obtained by inserting limits in 5*11 (13); this formula has been


Proc.
Section of Sei.,

discussed in great detail by Kapteyn,

K. Akad. van Wet.

te

Amsterdam,
116.

iv. (1902),

pp.

102103; Archives

Nderlandaises, (2) vi. (1901), pp.

103

13-42]
13*42.

INFINITE INTEGRALS
Special cases of the discontinuous integral.
special cases of interest are obtained
ft,

405

Numerous

by giving

special values

to the constants X,

v in the preceding analysis.


first is its

three values are given for an integral, the


for b

save repetition, when value for b < a, the second

To

when two values only are given, the first is the value for b ^ a, the second for b > a and the values are correct for all values of the constants which make the integrals convergent. The following are the most important special cases * J^at)j^bt) a (b/ay/fj,, ai (1) [R(ri>0] t Jo (Ha/W/*the third for 6
;

a, and

>a

Jp. (at)

sin bt

sin{/*arcsin(6/a)},
dt

(2)

F Jo
JM (at) cos bt
Jo

=
[fi {b

a* sin \iltt

[R(fj,)>-1]
2

+ V(6 2 - a )}"
{fi

i> _1 cos
dt

arc sin (b/a)},


IfjLir

(3)

=
I

a cos
11

[R(ri>0]

[fi{b+^(b*~a2)}'
sin
,,
\fjj

arc sin (b/a)}


b-)

v( 2

(4)

Jo

Jn (at) sin bt .dt=

or 0,

[B( H.)>-2]
aM COS
|/47T

cos
,
(5)
|

{/j,

arc sin (b/a)}

V(a2 -62)

J^at) cos & dt =


.

-(
1

<x>

or 0,
a**

[(m)>-i]
sin ai7t
/

-'o

V(6

-a

).{6+ v (&2 -a2 )}'i

Special cases of preceding results are

(6,

r Jo (at) sin
7 (a) cos

0,

fa

dt

=
-j

/V(6

-a

2
).

(?)

bt.dt

fiM =
-: ,

-n
fiir

Jo

la
Math. lxxv. (1873),
they are associated with the problem of

These two formulae, which were given by Webert, Journal


p. 77,

are

known

as Weber's discontinuous factors

determining the potential of an


*

electrified circular disc J.

The

Numerous other special cases are given by Nielsen, Ann. di Mat. (3) xiv. (1908), pp. 82 90. and (5) diverge for certain values of n when a = b. t The former was known to Stokes many years earlier, and was, in fact, set by him as a Smith's prize examination question in Feb. 1853. [Math, and Phys. Papers, v. (1905), p. 319.]
integrals in (4)

t Cf. Gallop, Quarterly Journal, xxi. (1886), pp. 230231.

406

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Another
special formula is

[CHAP.

XHI

(8)

(at)

JM_, (bt) dt =

1/(26),

[R (fi) >

0]

(0;

and

if

we put

fi

= 1, we
f

obtain Weber's result

(ibid., p. 80),

(9)

Jo (at)

(bt)dt

1/(26),

The
article

result of putting

/*

= in

(8) is

known

as Dirichlet's discontinuous factor; see the

by Voss, Encyclopadie der Math.

Wisa. n. (1), (1916), p. 109.

Some

other special formulae have been found useful in the theory of Fourier series by
Leipziger Berichte, lxiii. (1911), pp. 369
(5)

W. H. Young,
Math,

387.
v

Another method of evaluating

has been given by Hopf and Sommerfeld, Archiv der

und

Phys. (3) xvin. (1911), pp. 116.

A consequence of formula (1)


2

must be noted, When

> 0,

we

have, by 5*51

(5),

<n

J\ + n {x) = 2v

J^(t)~

.'o

= 1,
and so
(10)
I

.W |<1,
is

|^ +

(*)j<l/V2,

provided only that v be positive; this


( 2 5)
-

an interesting generalisation of Hansen's inequality which was discovered by Lommel, Miinchener Abh. xv. (1886), pp. 548 549.

The reader may


(11)

find it interesting to

deduce Bateman's integral *


{J [log ./),

jV (aO{l-/oW)Y =

from the Weber-Schafheitlin theorem.


13*43.

Gegenbauer's investigation of the Weber-Schafheitlin integral.

In the special case in which the Bessel functions are of the same order, Gegenbauerf found that by his method Weber's integral could be evaluated
in a simple manner.
If

R (2v + 1) > R (\) > R (v + \) we


dt

have

\^Jv (at)Jv (bt)f K

f"

(\oby

"T

+ 1) r (J) J o Jo t (a* + fc*-2a& cos <*>)*" (ab)" T (v - \\ + ) [" f* sin " <f>d<f> 2 -2 2* T (v + \) F (I) r (\ + ) J (a +6 2a& cos 0)"-*A +i Jo(a* o
(v
"

f"

Jv

[t

V(q

+ 6 - 2ab cos
2 2"

<fr)|

Sm .,.,, Wdt
.

* Messenger, xli. (1912), p. 101

for a proof of the

formula by another method, see Hardy,

Messenger, xlii. (1913), pp. 9293. t Wiener Sitzungsberichte, lxzxviii.

(2),

(1884), p. 991.

13-43]

INFINITE INTEGRALS

407
is

by

13"22.

b"

When b < a, the r (v AX. + 1)

expression on the right

/b\ n C w

v-^r( + i)rft)raui)
J* {(i

.?.

U)

J.

tv- (*-*

Now

from the recurrence formulae

-*)-*(V(,)}

= (n +

2/x- 1)(1 -^)-*"" 1


(1

C^

(5),

^
we
see that
(n

{(1

- *p+ Cs(t)} - - ( + 1)
-*)*-*

- *}*+*-! C* n+1 (z),

l)!"
.'

(1

CW*)***
(1

-l

=J

*)'-*-*+*

^|(l _ *)*+* Cmm (*)l dz


n

= (n + 2/*-2v-l)P z{l-z -y-lCn{z) dz


C n+2fi-2v-l _ 1 /'/ 1 ~ 2, 2v+n l ^TT + + J_
1

-^ s|
1

(1

-'^ G

(n + 2p-2v-l)(n

+ 2n-l)

r1

M
^
;

dz

2v
so that

+n+ l

>J

ii-*y-kC*n-i(s)dz,

0+i (cos r Jo

<f>)

sin 2" <f>d<f>

(n

Hence
it

+ 2fi-2v-l)(n + 2u-l)[ n c 9JJJ -' (cos * s,n (to + .+i)(.+i? '.


.

..

follows that

f Jo
and
this agrees

with the result of 13'4.

The method given here is substantially the same as Gegenbauer's but he used slightly more complicated analysis in order to avoid the necessity of appealing to the theory of analytic continuation to establish the result over
the more extended range jK (2v

1)

> R (X.) >

1.

By expanding
(I)

the finite integral in powers of cos


dt
(bt)

<f>,

we obtain the formula

Cj(a\J

wrfr-fo+j)

*M

(2v + 41 - A.

'

2v

3- \ +i
;

v+1

4a 262

>@TFf)-

which is valid whether a > b or a < b. This result was given by Gegenbauer, and with this form of the result the discontinuity is masked.

The reader will find it interesting by putting b = a in the finite integral.

to

examine the

critical case

obtained

408
13*44.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XIII

Gublers investigation of the Weber- Schafheitlin integral.

The

integral
I

J^(at)Jv

(bt)dt
to Gubler*. It
is

Jo
will
first

now be

investigated by the

method due

convenient

to consider the more general integral

[
.'o

J.(at)Jv (bt)
t

dt

even though this integral cannot be evaluated in a simple manner by Gubler's (v) > 0, R (X) > \, R (/* - X) > - 1 and, methods. It is first supposed that

as usual,

a and

b are positive,

and a >

b.

From

the generalisation of Bessel's integral, given by 6*2


is

(2), it is

evident

that the integral

equal to

We

take the contour as shewn in Fig. 29 to meet the circle

and the

Fig. 29.

line R(z),

only at z

i;

and then,

for all the values of z

and

under

consideration,

R\hbt(z-l/z)}^0;
and the repeated integral converges absolutely, since
K

Jo
is

t
I

J-

convergent.

The order

of the integrations

may

therefore be changed,

and

we have

r J(at)JAb t)^_ dt
Jo
If

f<

>

f"
]

Jy. (at)

~2frij. a>

exp

H-

z-*-1 dtdz.

;)}

we

write

b(z-l/s)
*

a(e-l/Q,
3748.

Math. Ann.

xlviii. (1897), pp.

13-44]

INFINITE INTEGRALS
is

409
j

and suppose that that value of


r- J(at)jv {bt ) J
"

taken
x

for

which

^ 1, we

have,

by

132,

dt

_ j_ ~ 2*i j _.

/>+>

Qay r{p-\ + i)
[\a (i

+ 1/0}*-"-'

V(ji

+ l)

rv + i)
x
-ji^
f/x,

.'-.({T+i/cr^

4,1

- A. + 1, /* + X;

/it

+ 1; i^r) d*>

by Kuramer's transformation*.

Next consider the path described by , when z describes its contour. Since the value of with the greater modulus is chosen, the path is the curve on the right of the circle in Fig. 29; and the curve is irreducible because different branches of z, qua function of , are taken on the different parts of it. The
curve meets the unit circle only at e iu> where
,

a> is

the acute angle for which

a sin m.

Now

functions of

both the original integral and the final contour integral are analytic \ when (X) > 1, so long as a b. Hence we may takef X =0,

provided that

R R (fi) > 1

and then we have

Next write = zt and then


Z2

_ br + a ~r(aT+6)'

t (6t
6

ttr

+ a) +6

'

and the r contour is that shewn in Fig. 30; it starts from - b/a, encircles the origin clockwise, and returns to b/a) where the contour crosses the positive half of the real axis, we have arg t = 0.
_.

dz

Since

z(l

+ ?)

adr 2r(bT + a)'


1

we

find (on reversing the direction of the contour) that

[ ^ J,, (at)
J o

Jv (bt) dt = ^-. *""*


=a
h"
.

(0+
'

( J

t**"-*-1 (6t
'

+ a)-it"+*+l
l

>

(ar

&)*<"*- dr

b/a
fi+)

Ima**

, 1

W *(-H-i)
formula

(1
\

] _x

+-, , a2 J

b2

Wc+^+d
(1

+ W )*C+*-i)
,
,

dfO.

* Journal fur

(1908), pp.

Math. 115119.

xv. (1836), p. 78,

(57).

See also Barnes, Quarterly Journal, xxxix.

t If

X^fcO,

the hypergeometric function does not in general reduce to an elementary function,


intractable.

and the analysis becomes


w.
n. f.

14

410

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[chap,

xm

If we expand in ascending powers of b*/a? and substitute the values of the Euler-Pochhammer integrals, then Gubler's result

J^
I

(at)

Jv (bt) dt

yrUM + iv + i)
is

Lfi+ v

+1

n+l

manifest.

Fig. 30.

13*45.

modification of the Weber- Schafheitlin integral.

The

integral

*'<&*<& *.
\ j |

which converges if R (a) > I (b) and R (v + 1 X) > R (fi) is expressible in terms of hypergeometric functions, like the Weber-Schafheitlin integral, but unlike that integral it has no discontinuity when a = b.
,
\

To
I

evaluate
j

it,

expand

(bt) in

powers of
it is

b,

< a
j

in order that the result of term-by-term integration


series.

assuming temporarily that may be a

convergent

By

using 13 21 (8)
-

found that

Jo

MV ' + n+l)J b"Y(\v-\X + \it + \)T(\v-\\-\. + M+l nv A+l r> + i> V \4-/4+l V \ fJb+1 V+l ^^

-ow!l (v

\)

'

a*)

and, in particular,
(2)

/;
(1)

K^MH^U^^L^lR,
|
|

provided that

R (v + 1) > R (/*)

and

R (a) >

I (b)
/j,

Formula

was given by Heaviside* when

=v=

and \

is

and

1.

* Electromagnetic

Theory, in. (London, 1912), pp. 249, 268, 275.

13-46, 13*46]
13*46.

INFINITE INTEGRALS

411

Generalisations of the Weber-Schafheitlin integral.

To obtain the

values of integrals containing three Bessel functions under

the integral sign, take the integral


rJo

Mat)J
t

(ot) dtt

replace 6 by VX& 2 + c2 26c cos <), where b and c are positive, multiply sin 2 " <f>/(b2 + c2 - 26c cos <f>) iv and integrate. It is thus found that
f
l

by

,/M (a)

J, (bt)Jv (ct)

^
if

^-r
2

(\bc)"
(,

f-

+ i)r(i)Jo

J ^ ^"^~ sin io
f

(at)

( rt)

****
absolutely

where

-Er

= V(6 + c2 26c cos 0);

and the integral on the right

is

convergent

R(v)>-%,R(/jl + p+2)>R(\ + 1)>0.


Change the order of the integrations on the right
integration with respect to
t is
;

then the result of the


if

an elementary function of -or

\ -r v + 1 = /*,

by the formulae
( a>tsr )

J, o

1-x"^-- 1

.:.-i,.,fw..

.a

It follows that

/
(i)

Jo

JM (at) Jv (6<) J, (c) t '* dt


1

*6

4W-TTrp7n
A
is

V
2

'" " h ~ c + 26c cos ^"


*
,

sinS

^^

in which the value of

62
0,

arc cos

+ c -a
^r Zoc

2
>

t
numbers

according as a2

is less

than, between, or greater than the two

(6-c) ,(6
provided that both

R (/*) and R (v)

+ c) exceed |.
2

In particular
(2)

/J

J (at) J, (M) * (ct) f = ^, r

%
,

)rW J." 8in" **


2

Multiply by a" +1 and differentiate under the integral sign with respect to and we then obtain the interesting result that, if R (v) > \,
f

(3)

J
o

(at)

Jv (bt) J

(ct)

=
dt

2" -1

(a6c)

A " -1 r(l/ + i)r(i)

>

when

a, 6, c

are the sides of a triangle of area A; but


is zero.

if a, 6, c

are not sides

of a triangle, the integral

This formula is due to Sonine, Math. Ann. xvi. (1880), p. 46 other aspects of it have been investigated by Dougall, Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc. xxxvu. (1919), pp. 3347.
;

412

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XIII

It has been observed by Macdonald* that the integral on the left in (1) is always expressible in terms of Legendre functions. The expression may be derived from the integral on the right in the following manner:

When
we have
(a2
.'

a, b, c

are the sides of a triangle, by the substitution


sin
$<f>

= sin \A
d<f>

sin 6

- 62 - c + 2 be cos 0)*-"2
1

sin2 "

<f>

= (26c)*-"-

(cos Jo

<f>

- cos Ay-"'r

sin2"

(j>d<j>

==2 2*- 2 "- 1 (bcy-"-> sin 2*" 1

(l-sin2 J/lsin2 ^)"-isin2"^cos2'*- 2 "- 1


v)

^^

Jo

=
and

4*-'

(6c)*

sin*-* jj.
(/a)

T{V

rfJ+%~
(v)

^i (* +"> i-; /* + *; sin2 M),


and
a, b, c

therefore, if iJ

and

exceed

are the sides of a

triangle,

we have

(4)

J"

J.

(at)

Jv (bt) Jv (ct) *w <fc = (6C) (2^)Ia7


(6

M P ^(

cos

)-

If,

however, a2

>

+ cf,
a?

and we write

- 6 - c = 26c cosh ^,
2 2

we have
Jo
2 [ (a

- 6 2 - c2 +

26c cos

<f>)*-"

_1 sin2 " d>d<

= (26c)*-"- 1
J

(cosh

4 + cos <)*-"- x sin2 " <}>d<f>

= (26ccosh^-"- 1
l,

Ii^^i>
2

x.J^^^ + ^|^i;* + l;sech


so that,
/-\ (o)

^),

when a >
2

(b

+ cf, we

have
-1 COS
I>7T
.

C* t

(6c)* / *\ r /J^ r / .wi Tj x J(at)J v (bt)Jv (ct)t -*dt=t

sinh*

*^ ~i-M
Q

,(cosh<#).

In
/n\ (6)

like

manner, we deduce from


/ -x /
..

j^

13*45 (2) that

f rr

Jo

r /i^ r .v (bt) J, <) * (at) J.

j-i <

0* COS

Z>7T

(X2
6,

- l) ** *

(brf(hey^ An{
c

;+9)w
may

0,., (A )

^* + *

irs

where 26c

X=a

-f b-

+c

2
;

and in

this formula a,

be complex,

provided only that the four numbers

R (a ib ic)
are positive
;

this result is also


* Proc.

due

to Macdonald.

London Math.

Soc. (2) vn. (1909), pp.

142149.

13-46]
[Note.
see 5 71.]
-

INFINITE INTEGRALS
The apparent discrepancy between these formulae and the formulae
is

413
of Mac-

donald's paper

a consequence of the different definitions adopted for the function

Qn m

formula

Other formulae involving three Bessel functions may be obtained by taking 11*6 (1), replacing z by x, multiplying by

2Jp (xcos$)/xk
and integrating.
It
is

thus found that


\

0)

J ( X C0S

^ C0S ^) J i X S * n
(f>

S^n

^) Jp ( X C0S
cosp 6

^) ^A^l

cos*1

cos*1

<3>

sin"

< sin"<f>

u==

oL

nir(/* + n

l)

r(^a+^ + |/j-^\ + w+l )


l\lfi

+lv-ip + \\ + n + l) X u+ v + p pX u v p + n + 1, ^ ^P .^,(
^

+, 1

cos2 6\

2 J*,

( n,

p.

+v+n+1
i/

*>

+1

sin 2

<j>)

x-^-w,
when
and cos 6
Some
is

/a

+ + n + l;

i/+l; sin 2 3>)

R (p. + v + p + 2) > R (X) > -


not equal to + cos (<& +
<p).

special cases of this result

Proc. Section of Sci., K. Acad,

have been given by Gegenbauer in a letter to Kapteyn, van Wet. te Amsterdam, iv. (1902), pp. 584 588.

Some
If cti,
it is

a2

. . .

extensions of formula (3) have been given recently by Nicholson*. am are positive numbers arranged in descending order of magnitude
if
ctj

easy to shew that,

> 2 am
m
II

R(v)>1,
ft* dt

then
/

oo

(8)

J J

n=l

Jv {an t)-^^0;

the simplest method of establishing this result

is

by induction, by substituting

Gegenbauer's formula of
1

11*41

[on the assumption that

R(v)> |]

for

Jv (a m^ t) Jv (am t), and then changing the order of the integrations. When a a ... am are such that they can be the lengths of the sides of a polygon, the integral is intractable unless ra = 3 (the case already considered), or m = 4.
lt
2
,

* Quarterly Journal, xlviii. (1920), pp. 321

329.

Some

associated integrals will be discussed

in 13-48.

w
THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS
Ox, a.2 ,

414

[CHAP. XIII

When

a 3 a4 can form the sides of a quadrilateral, we write


,

16 A 8
so that

IT (a1

+ aa + a + ai -2a n
s

),

is

the area of the cyclic quadrilateral with sides a Xi a z a % a 4


, ,

The integral can be evaluated in a simple form only*


to deduce its value,
it is

simplest

first

to obtain
for v

when R(v) >\, and deduce the value


i
i.e.

when but an expression for the integral by analytic continuation; the


i>

= 0;

value of the integral assumes different forms according asf

+ a4
2

>

fla+Gts.
.

according as
2 2

A ^

Oj

as a 8 a 4
<f>,

We write or = of + a3 2ag a 3 cos Gegenbauer's formula, so that

and

replace

(a 2 t)

{a 3 t)

by

ra
J

a rr JJ/'^^-r^T^W.
t in

dt

Jb^

Jv ((M) J (<M) J*

i.

^**

> * *

^ #
Gtj

or a2

where the lower limit is given by r =a x + a,, whichever is the smaller.

and the upper limit by

+a

We

write

- (g - a y __ (a! + a y - (a - a ) w - (a a) (a, + a ) (a 2 a
sr
2
;

2 ,
2

so that the

upper limit

for

a;

is 1

or

A/^(a

a.i

a3 a i ):

this expression will be

called 1/k.

We now carry out the process of analytic continuation (unless a, -f a4 =a 2 a3 when the integrals diverge at the upper limit if v 0), and we get
-!-

f"

nJ
n=l
-..\

(a n t)tdt

[ [{(!
-1 or

+ a*) - '}
2
1/fc

{**

- (i - *) [^ - ( - 3>
2
1

2
}

{(a,

+a

3)

-st

}]-*

Wsr

-
(9)

^.
V{(1

- # ) (1 - k2 a?)\
2

Hence
/_1_ ^.
fo
.'0

/
V

nJ
n=l

(a n t) tdt

7T

V(ai2 0sO\ /' A

l7rV(G-iaa4)

v #

W(<
first

where If denotes the complete elliptic integral of the whose modulus is less than unity is to be taken.
* For other values of v f
it is

kind,

and that one

expressible as a hypergeometric function of three variables,


.

We

still

suppose that a 1 '^a^a 3 ^a 4

13-47]

INFINITE INTEGRALS

415

Nicholson has also evaluated

when

R (v) >

and a > 0. The simplest procedure


last,

is to

regard the integral as

a special case of the


1

so that it is equal to

^Wi^Wm-h
d hence*

/"\o * ,-, {2a9


/

(1

_^x>,-* S * )] "' +C
,

sin 2 "<M4> <6 do

f2a'(l -cos.fr) )*'

no)

r \j (atv*

*- -

a2

""sr

< 2f/ >

r ^>

13*47.

The discontinuous integrals of Sonine and Gegenbauer.

Several discontinuous integrals, of a more general character than the WeberSchafheitlin type, have been investigated by Sonine f and Gegenbauer J; modifications of these integrals are of importance in physical problems.

some

The

first

example which we

shall take is

due to Sonine, namely

f0,

(a<b)
ls))

=
To
if

|!^>p-v_iW(a! _

(o>J)

secure convergence, a and b are taken to be positive and R(v) >R (/*)> 1 a = 6, then we take R (v) > R (fi + 1) > 0. The number z is an unrestricted complex number, and the integral reduces to a case of the Weber-Schafheitlin
integral

when
0,

is zero.

The
that, if

integrals involved being absolutely convergent ||,

we

see from 6'2 (8)

c>

then

Jo

MV
1

J (<

+ *-)*"
J- (bt) (' +
'

Too /YM-ooi

- ssJ.
b-

L,
f

""""' exp

f"

- t* + z-\~\ dudt
)J
,

L* l"
az*~]

The

c+coi

r(a?b*)u

An

arithmetical error in Nicholson's

work has been

corrected.

result for values of

R (v)

between and is obtained by analytic continuation. t Math. Ann. xvi. (1880), p. 38 et teq. X Wiener Sitzungsberichte, lxxxviii. (1884), pp. 990 1003. phys. de Geneve, xxxiv. This formula is also investigated by Cailler, Mem. de la Soc. de

(19021905), pp. 348349. The convergence is absolute only when R (y)>R (m + 1)>0; for values of this condition, the formula is to be established by analytic continuation.
||

not covered by

416

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


on the right of the imaginary when a > b, we have to apply

[CHAP. XIII

When a < b the contour involved in the last integral maybe deformed into an
indefinitely great semicircle
axis,

integral along this

is

zero; but,

6*2 (8),

and the and

then we obtain^ the formula stated*.

A related
(2)

integral

/V,(

^ifflU a ^|^J!)pw M^>)i


R
;

may be

evaluated in a similar manner.

that in evaluating (/*) > 1 convenient to suppose that jarg.2 <^7r, though we may subsequently extend the range of values of z to |arg^|<^7r by analytic

We suppose that a and b are positive f, and


it is

the integral

continuation.

From
2J

6'22 (8) it follows that

the integral on the

left

of (2)

is

equal to

/, (bt) P+1 u-"- 1 exp


I

- a ( u + -^^-)

dudt

by

6*22 (8);

and

this is the result stated.


\ir.

Now make

arg z-*-

If

we put

= iy,

where y >

0,

we

find that

)rrre-i<--

V(tf

+ ) p-'
;

^_^ {y V(a +&2)} _


,

^^

[y

v(a2+ 6a)|]

provided that i (v)


the singularity
interpretation
is

and it is supposed that the path of integration avoids an indentation above the singular point, and that given to V(<2 y2 ) which makes the expression positive when
1

<

= y by

t>y.
If
axis

we had put z - iy, we should have had the indentation below the and the sign of i would have been changed throughout (3).

real

In particular
(4)

Jo<pt)

Jo

(?=59
is

V(a8

+6)
S

where the upper or lower sign above or below the axis of y.


*

taken according as the indentation passes

For physical applications of

this integral, see

Lamb,

Proc.

London Math.

Soc. (2) vn. (1909),

pp. 122141.
t

With certain

limitations,

a and b

may

be complex.

13-47]

INFINITE INTEGRALS
last

417

The

formula (with the lower sign*) has been used in physical investigations by

Somnierfeld, Ann. der Physik ttnd Chemie, (4) xxviii. (1909), pp.

682683;

see also

Bateman, Electrical and Optical Wave-Motion (Cambridge, 1915),


If in (1)

p. 72.

we

divide by

&**

and make 60, we obtain Sonine's formula

provided that a

>

and

R (| v ) > R (p) > 1


by the same method.

this

might have been

established independently
Similarly, from (2)

we have

if

>

and

i2 (ji)

>
i/

1.
2i>,

In (5) replace
follows that

by
3

a by 2

sin

and integrate from 6 =

to 6

= 7r.
.

It

m {)
The

r ^MV(<
Jo

+ ^)

~W+W~
when
is

^ +1 ** _ r(^+i) f ^-^^sinfl)^ sin" +1 m*"-"1

'o

this is valid

22 (v

|)

> R (/*) >


is easily

1.

integral on the right

expansible in powers of z; but the only

case of interest
(8)

when

2p

= 2/a + 3,

and we then have


2 *),

f;^^^=^H,<
;

so that
(9)

j;3g(*--r**-J&$*.<w;

and these are valid if R (v) > \. The last formula was established in a different manner (when i>=l) by Struvef and from it we deduce the important theorem that J, when v > $ and x>0, H(#) is positive. Struve's integral is of considerable value in the Theory of Diffraction.

Some

variations of Sonine's discontinuous integral are obtainable


+1

by

multiplying by b

and then integrating with respect to b from

to

b.

It is thus found that

^m+i f Jo

(bt)

^ + ^

t*

dt

the upper limit in the last integral being b or


*

a,

whichever

is

the smaller.

My thanks are

due to Professor Love for pointing out to


(3)

me

the desirability of emphasizing

the ambiguity of sign.

t Ann. der Physik und Chemie,


t Cf. 10-45.

xvn. (1882), pp. 10101011.

418
If b

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


<
a,

[CHAP.

XIH
a,

the integral on the right seems intractable, but,

when

>

we

put u

a sin

and deduce that

provided that

R (v + 1) > R (/*) >

this is

one of Sonine's integrals.

to

If we replace a by u in (1) and then take a ^ b and integrate with respect u from a to oo after dividing by u v ~ we find that, when z is restricted to be
l
,

positive,

_ a"- b* /"* ~ ^-"-'Jo


1

fl""* /y _ M -i (re) cfo

(w2
Too
foo

+6

2 )''

9l-l

Tjji

= r 7w y ^-x
1 (v) z
**

^"^'-'1 ^-M-i(^)exp{-<2
Jo

(^+62 )}rft;^

Jo
/

2n+i a >- i fr*


V(v)

aia

z*

jo

by

13 3

(4),

and thence we see that


J,

(11)
Jo

provided that a
positive

<b may now be


(10),

M+1 = 6 2> -! r (y) *m ( *)> + ^ )iy+1 * and i (v + 2) > R (/a) > - 1 the restriction
(ff
;

that z

is

removed.

Formula
(12)

which may be written in the form

J M ()
Jo
(

^+

^)iv

at-

gv

where i2 (v + 2) > .R (/*) > and 6 > a, has been generalised in two ways by Gegenbauer*, by the usual methods of substituting Neumann's integral and
Gegenbauer's integral
(cf.

13-1) for

the second Bessel function.

The

first

method gives

2*- i r(/*)
6"

(az)Ji(az)
zK+v

provided that b
*

> 2a and

R (v + X + f ) > R (/*)

> 0.
pp. 10021003.

Wiener Sitzungsberichte, lxxxviii.

(2), (1884),

'

13*48]
If
2
-or

INFINITE INTEGRALS

419

= V(-2 + c 2oc cos

<f>),

the second method gives


t

(14)

Jo

P J*W

(?Tfy

at

^i: r.'^g& ~****


t

_2*- T(ji)
1

(az)

(cz)

if 6

> a + c and

i2 (2i/
it

+ f ) > i2 ( > 0.
> 2a,

By
(15)

induction

follows that, if b

/o

J.M

v+ ,r.
method

~*
a,
is

M = -5^-' 7 * L
and

where the product applies to n values of

R(nv + ln + %)>R(n)>0.
If the induction of the second

used after applying the

first

method

once,

we

find

still

further generalisations.

The
(16)

special case of (15)

when

z--0 is
nv - x

iy,,.{bt)u[JAt)-\r-

*- 2

k)

?[f^Tj]

this has

dam,

xi. (1909), pp.

been pointed out by Kluyver, Proc. Section of 749755.

Sci.,

K. Akad. van Wet.

te

Amster-

13 '48. The problem of random flights.

problem which was propounded by Pearson*


is

(in the case of

two-dimen-

sional displacements)

as follows

" A man starts from a point and walks a distance a in a straight line he then turns through any angle whatever and walks a distance a in a second straight line. He repeats this process n times.
;

between r and

"I require the probability that after these n stretches he r+Sr from his starting point, 0."

is

at a distance

generalised form of the problem, in which the stretches may be taken the help of to be unequal, say (h, 2 , -.an, has been solved by Kluyverf with subsequently the discontinuous integrals which were discussed in 13*42; and

The

RayleighJ gave the full details of the analysis of the problem (which had been examined somewhat briefly by Kluyver), and then obtained the solution of the corresponding problem for flights in three dimensions.
If sm
is

the resultant of a1} a 2

. . . ,

am (m =

1, 2,

. . . ,

n - 1), and

if

6m

is

the

* Nature, lxxh. (1905), pp. 294, 342 (see also p. 318); Drapers' Company Research Memoirs, Biometric Series, in. (1906). Wet. te Amsterdam, vm. (1906), pp. 341350. t Proc. Section of Sci., K. Akad. van 321347. [Scientific Papers, vi. (1920), pp. 604626.] xxxvn. (1919), pp. % Phil. Mag. (6)

420

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


,

[CHAP. XIII
all

angle between sm and a m+1 then, in the two-dimensional problem, the angle m between ir and it are equally probable.

values of

Now

let

Pn

{f",

a lt

the distance from the starting point shall be


that the distance
lies

an ) denote the probability that after n stretches less than r, so that the probability between r and r + Br is
2, ...,

dP n (r;
It is then evident that

a 1} a2 ...,an ) dr
,

Pn (r;

a,,

a2)

. .

a)

=
J

... /

d0n_t d0 n _* ...d02 d0u


tt,

where lf 2 ...,0n -z assume all values between assume only such values as make*
,

it and

while

n_ 1 is to

for

each set of values of

lt

...

0n_z

Now

1342)

rf^(r)j;(.)*=n'
and
so,

<'>
iy tuple
integral, the

i/ i^is discontinuous factor is inserted in the (n

range of values of n_x

may be taken

to be

ir, tr).

We

change the order of the integrations with respect to


s2,,

n_1

and

t,

and,

remembering that

= s2n_i + a\ - 2*n _i an cos


t)dtd0n . 1

n_lt

we get

r\
J

vJ

(rt)Jo

(s n

= 2irrf
Jo

J, (rt)

(sn -x f)

(an t) dt

by

11-41 (16).

We

next
8

make
2

the substitution
n_2
,

S _i

= s n _2 + a2_j - 2s_2 an_j cos


n _2
.

and perform the integration with respect to cess we deduce ultimately that
-Pn (^
J

By

repetitions of this pro-

a1}

Og,

. .

an )

=r

r
Jo

n J, (rt) II J" (am <) dt,

w-l

and
In

this is Kluyver's result.

We shall now consider the corresponding problem for space of p dimensions.


this

problem

it is

If generalised polar coordinates (in


sin p

no longer the case that all values of m are equally likely. which m is regarded as a co-latitude) are
varies from
to
tr.

used, the element of generalised solid angle contains

~2

m d0m and m
,

m only by the The symmetry with respect

factor
to the

polar axis enables us to disregard the factor depending on the longitudes.


* It is to be

remembered that tm

is a

function of the variables 6\,

#m-i

13-49]
If
less

INFINITE INTEGRALS
P(r
r,
;

421
is

ay, 02,

than

we
,

a \p) denotes the probability that the final distance deduce, as before, that
...
,

n (v, a1 ,a2 ...,an \p)

rtteL-pf '('...
~ 2) r ($))
.'c.'o

I" VVP

JoJnt-l
x

n\in*->em .dede^...d0,de

l,

where the integration with respect to 6n- extends over the values of which make sn < r. The discontinuous factor which we now introduce is

n-i

^J.^^-SS^^Io,
and then, since by 11*41 (16),
1

(sn

>r)

^p wr+e^de^ - r
infer that
1

(*p

- *) r <*) -^-^r-

W)b~

>

we

P.(r; ,a if

...,a m

|p)-r{r<fc^

a are all equal to a, and w is large, we may When the displacements a^a^ approximate to the value of the integral by Laplace's* process. The important part of the integrand is the part for which t is small, and, for such values of t,

*
so that (13-3)

Hat)*'-1

aH\

Pn (r; a, a,

....

a \p)

f^/'^O^^Oexp (- ^) dt
w,WT ^ 'TV^)&'^
1

'(ip

This process of approximation has the cases p = 2, p = 3, while Pearson has published various arithmetical tables
connected with the problem.
13*49.

2naV + l)V2aV --V been carried much further by Rayleigh in


'

''^

The discontinuous integrals of Gallop and Hardy.


fJ -co

The

integral

J{a( + )lfr,lft(C+)
(*

rff

+ *)*
and

(? +
i2
(ji

*)"

is

convergent

if

a and

6 are positive

+ v) > 1 when
;

a = b the

last

condition must be replaced by

R (/a + v) > 0.

The special case of the integral in which /*=0, v=$ has been investigated by Gallop, Quarterly Journal, xxi. (1886), pp. 232234; and the case in which a=b has been investigated by Hardy, Proc. London Math. Soc. (2) vn. (1909), pp. 469. The integral is obviously to be associated with the discontinuous integrals of Weber and Schafheitlin.
* La thiorie analytique de$ ProbabiliUs (Paris, 1812), chapter in. The process recognised as a somewhat disguised form of the method of steepest descents.

may

be

422

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


case, the

[CHAP. XIII

To evaluate the integral in the general Hardy is effective; suppose that a^b, and
-ft

method discovered by

at first let us take

R(v)> ,

(/*)> so

tna

Bessel function and


vergent.

Write

may be substituted for the second the integral's which will be used are absolutely conin place of t + f, and let z - = Z, so that the integral to be
t;

Poisson's integral
all

evaluated becomes

fi_co

J{a(Z+t)}Jp (bt)

(Z+ty

v
(46)'

=
'

f
f
00

f'J^[a(Z + t)\

r ( ,+W(4j ,L
(kby

L
r

z^ty
(

co

^ btc08 ^ sm'^ d^ dt
cos

r( y +i)r(f)J
I

J o

~*^ cos
~V
r*

(at)

{6 ( *

"^

sin2v
]

*****
sin2v

= r(y + 4)ra) J
2 (4&y

cos ^ ht cos *^ cos

cos

* d * dt
***

- (2>ro.7i)i>+i) J.
by a
special case of 13'4 (2).
is

(a*

- * cos' **"' cos <**


manner only when
/*

^
=\
t

This integral

expressible in a simple

a case

considered by Gallop, or

when a = b, the
two results

case considered by Hardy.

We
(1)

easily obtain Gallop's

f"

sma(z + t)

Jo {H) dt

= wj
f

(bz)>

(6

^ a)

/ON

sina(^

+ )

r ,,,.,.

cosw^.dM

.,

and Hardy's formula

^{o^+qi/^o^+o} (r+0" u+o*

r^+^r^ + i)
by integrating
dt
it

r(^ + y )r(j)

The reader

will find it interesting to obtain (1)


eai i* +
t)

z+t

(bt)

round the contour formed by the real axis and an indefinitely great semicircle above has to be supposed that there is an indentation at z when z is real.

it

The

integral

has also been considered by Gallop.

To

evaluate

it,

we observe that

+t

z+t'

13-5]

INFINITE INTEGRALS

423

and

so the integral

may be

written in the form


(bt)

P
J -oo

f- sin a

(z

+ t)} J
sin

dt+ f JO

sin

a (z +
f
.'O
~

1)

(bt) dt

f.'

. ( + 1)
?

-oo
r oo

_2

sino(*-M)
Z
cos

+t

rf<

= 2 cos as
JO
ra
roo

sin ai Jo (&0

^+

/"

oo

w (* +

^o (&0 ftdw

'

.'

- oo

2s
'o .'o
/oo

cos

m (z +

Jo (&0 dtdu
ra
/>
/

= 2 cos az
Jo

sin at

{bt) dt

+ 2z

sin

ttz

sin ut

(bt)

dtdu.

Jo Jo

Hence, when a>b,


...
f

(4)

\t\sma(z + l

t)

Jo (&0

,,^-n eft

2cosaz
-77^

rrt

2*

sinw^ -

j--

du

2 COS a^ =

Tare cosh a/6


.

V(a

+ Zz

sin (zb cosh 0) d#,

b-)

Jo

but,

when a <

6,
!

(o)

J_

'-J (bt)dt

= 0.

13 *5. Definite integrals evaluated by contour integration.

large

number

of definite integrals can be evaluated

by considering

integrals of the forms

^<f>(z)H^(az)dz, 2^./*() *(bz)H


taken round suitable contours;
function,
it is

(az)dz,

supposed that

<f>(z) is

an algebraic

and that a

is positive.

The appropriate contours


<j>

are of two types.

We

take the

first

type

when

upper half-plane; the contour is (z) has no with its centre at the origin, axis real above the semicircle taken to be a large at the origin) which joins (indented axis real together with that part of the
singularities except poles in the

the ends of the semicircle.

We

take the second type


is

when

<f>

(z)

has branch points in the upper halffirst

type by inserting loops starting from and ending at the indentation, one loop passing round each branch point, so that the integrand has no singularity inside the contour.
plane; the contour

derived from the

more powerful method

(cf.

131) which

is effective
is

in evaluating

integrals with Bessel functions under the integral sign

to substitute for the

Bessel function one of the integrals discussed in 65, and change the order of

424
;

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


is

[CHAP. XIII

the integrations since the integrand in 6'5 (7)

where 8

an

arbitrarily small positive

is (a?-*), qua function of #, number, the double integral usually

converges absolutely

when the

original integral does so,

and the interchange

produces no theoretical
13*51.

difficulties.

Hankel's integrals involving one Bessel function,

Before Hankel investigated the more abstruse integrals which will be discussed in Chapter xiv, he evaluated a large class of definite integrals* by considering
1
f

zo^H^jaz)

taken round the


is positive,

first

is

a positive integer (zero included), r

type of contour described in 13*5. In this integral, a is a complex number with

positive imaginary part,

and

\R(v)\<R(p)<2m + ^.
The first inequality secures the convergence of the integral when the radius of the indentation tends to zero; and (as a consequence of Jordan's lemma) the second inequality ensures that the integral round the large semicircle
tends to zero as the radius tends to infinity.

The only singularity of the integrand


follows that
1
1 [ of-

inside the contour is the point

r.

It

{Hv u

(ax)

- e* JT,w

(axe**)}

ZiriJo

(x'-^)m^

X_

J_

f<"+>

^HV(az)dz
(^_ r2^m+i
, "
l

j_

47riJ

p tiwwes.
(_ r2)+i
(5) that

2m, J

_j__ (A 2.m!\rfW

r ,-, B
(tfr

(ar)] Kar'

It follows from

362

(1)

["[(1
J o

+ e 0>-*)*) Jv (cue) + % (1 - e (p-"))

Y. (ax)]

-^

xf>~*dx

This result can be expressed in a neater form by writing r = ik, so that (k) > 0. It is thus found thatf

(2)

J"

[cos

\(p-v)tt.Jv (ax) + sin

(p

- v) tt Yv (ax)]
.

^
\tn

\M-i

-n(ra)
* Hankel's
investigation of the integral with
Bessel' schen

'.(*

work was published posthumously, Math. Ann. vm. (1875), pp. 458 461. A partial v=n, p=2n + 2, m=2n was given bj Neumann, Theorie der

Functionen (Leipzig, 1867), p. 58. t The evaluation of integrals of this character which contain only one of the two Bessel
is effected

functions

in 13*6.

13'5l]

INFINITE INTEGRALS
notice the following special cases of this formula
J (or)}

425

The reader should


(3)

{cos

J^

vn.Jv (ax) - sin vtr


f
l

^-^^ = l-^i-jZ
A' _ m (ak)
.

2 ~(^+i^ + i~~ The former is valid when 2m - f < 72 < and the latter when - 1 < R (v < 2m + 1 For an extension of (4) to the case when m is not an integer, see $ 13*6 (2).
(4)

v+ m #" (a.r) <r x JAflx)dx / _ a it"- '

(i/)

The
...

special formula
/""

(5)

Jo

~^^f

xJ (ax)dx

(a*),

has been pointed out by Mehler, Math. Ann.

xvm.

(1881), p. 194,

and Basset, Hydro-

dynamics, n. (Cambridge, 1889), p. 19; while Nicholson, Quarterly Journal, xlii. (1911), p. 220, has obtained another special formula
} o ( ax ) (6)

dx

(ak)

/:

x* + i:*

k
integrals.

'

by a complicated transformation of repeated

Some
though

integrals

it is

most convenient

resembling those just given may be established here, to prove them without using Cauchy's theorem.

Thus, Nicholson has observed that


f*
j

(ax) dx
x*

2 f" fl" cos (ax cos 0)

- ,

+ k*

~Wo
1 [i*

Jo

aF+T*

fCJo

= ~{I
by
10*4 (11),
,.

(ak)--L

(ak)\

>

provided that a and


r

R (k) are
IT
,

both positive; so that


,.

Jo(ax)dx

;xi

More

generally, if i? (v)

> , we have

Iv (ak) - L (ak) =
and
since,

T ( v + i)Y(l) ll"

~ e akC0S6 sin2 "

W
*""

by a

special form of (2),


.

_
~r A?
ft*

(2fc)

6~

oo

provided that 22 (*>)

< 2 and a

is

positive, it follows that

AW-Ma*)- irr(y + i3r(i) io


__
-f-

j_.

~^
,

H~" f J, (aa?) t'H (ax) 2 ar' + fc ""tTJ-oo

= ^r

Jo

[(1 H-

*-)

^ (a*) +

(1

- *"*) H (a*)]

426

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


so

[CHAP. XIII

and

we have the formula


I

(8)

[cos \vtt
0,

(ax)

sin \vir

H (ax)]

= ^v \IV (ak) L (ak)},


in the order of the

where a >

R (k) >

and

-\<R(v)< 2.
is

The change

integrations presents no great theoretical difficulties.

somewhat

similar integral
f

xv

(ax)

dx
'

Jo

x?

k*

which converges
If

we choose
Jo

R (v) > \ and R (a) > 0. k so that R (k) > 0, we have,


if
v v

by

616
v

(1),

rx K

{ax)dx

_ Y(v + l)

+#

f" (2a) cos xu.dudx


(a?

r(i)

Jo io

#)*>

8 )-**

_ 7rrQ + i) f" ( 2aye- vk du ~ 2kT(i) Jo (M + aT+*


s

7r2A;,

'~ 1

4 COS

{H_ (ak)
V7T

- F_, (a&)},

when we use

1041

(3).

Hence, when

R(v)> ^,

and

therefore,

when
f" Jo

.R(i>)<,

Kv

(10) v '

= v+1 f> 2 x2 + k xv cos 4k


v

_
0)

vtt

{H (ak) '
{

v (ak)}. v Ji

These formulae (when been given by Heaviside.


m,

are due to Nicholson, and the last has also

The

integral

f ^

J -^
v

(ax) dx

has been investigated by Gegenbauer*.

R (v) >

and that a and

R (k)
2

are both positive;

To evaluate it, we suppose that we then have

Jo^+^"^"T(i + i)r(i)Jo./o
=
and so
(

r <**(**) dx _

gay

C* cos (ax cos 6)


?

+ k*

sin

ViWd*

[*%-*> ^uln, w T(v + \)Y($)kU

sin2 " Odd,

* Wiener Sitzungsberichte, lxxii. Gegenbauer's result is incorrect because (2), (1876), p. 349. he omitted to insert the term - X, v (ak) and consequently the results which he deduced from his formula are also incorrect. A similar error was made by Basset, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. vi. (1889),
;

p.

11.

pp. 422

The
424.

correct

result

was given by Gubler, Zurich

Vierteljahnschrift,

xlvii.

(1902),

13-52]

INFINITE INTEGRALS
\

427

The condition R{v)>


condition

may now be

replaced by the less stringent

R (v) > f
which

by analytic continuation.
be evaluated in the form of a series by this method
is

An

integral

may

psinha^
J

sinh irx
;

which

is

a generalisation of Neumann's integral described in 13*2

it is

supposed that

\R(a)\

+ \I(b)\<7r and R()>

-1.

By

taking

-L f^^ z HW (bz) z v+i dz 2m J sinh nz


is iri

round the contour used in this section, we find that the definite integral

times the

sum

of the residues of

sinh
at the points
i,

tt2

2i, 3i, ....

It follows that

(12)

r*^^J (bx)a?*
J o

sinh irx

'

dx=it

sin 2 (-)-+i '

na.Kv {nb).

=i

The

series converges rapidly if b is at all large.

An integral
und

expressible as a similar series

was investigated by Riemann, Ann. der Physik

Chemie, (2) xcv. (1855), pp. 132135.

13*52.

The generalisation of Hankel's

integral.

Let us next consider the integral

27TIJ

in place of the integer m.

This differs from Hankel's integral in containing the (complex) number ft The conditions for convergence (with the second

type of contour specified in

135) are*

a>0,
The contour
Fig. 31,

\R(v)\<R(p)<2R(H) + i.

is chosen with a loop to exclude the point ik, as shewn in and then there are no poles inside the contour; and the integral round

the large semicircle tends to zero as the radius tends to infinity.

Hence

;"
I

\H

to

(ax)

(p-*W H

w (axe ni W

dr
re-1
tik+) Z9-iH
(z*
v

-JLf
~~

w(az)dz

27riJo

+ k*)*+1
\irj_

Now

2m iviJo

(*

+#r +1
As

= lg(Jp -()"
* we

r^p-^r^ + i)-

in 13-51,

take R(k)>0.

428

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XIII

Hence, when we expand


[(l

H
x

(1)

(az) in ascending

powers of z, we find that

+ 6 (P-r-U)H )t 7; (ax) +i (i _ ,o-r-*M) Yv (ax)]

J^

w-eKp-r-a^w
sinv7r.

r f,,
V2

r(/*+ +

"/ '

_,. .,_.. -2M-2


'"

2
m=0

1) L

r (\p + %v 4- m) (fafr) m\r(v + vi+l)r(^p + ^v- fi + m)


2
.

J+ ^+

W
and therefore
00

'

^m!r(- + m + l)r(^-^- At + m)J'


I/

(!)
Jo

[cos (/>

- \v - fi) Tr.Jv {ax) 4- sin (\p -\v-fi) tt.


.

F (ax)] /^ w-n +jfc2

x '~ dx
l
1

TT^rP-aM-a

2 sin vrr

F (/* 4-

1)

1 lf( v +i)r(is p+isv- H,y**{~ 2~>

"^
.

+
.

TV

(ja*)*-

r (j p - \v)

fp-yp-y

a'JrVI

Fig. 31.

whether the integral of this type which contains a single Bessel function cannot be evaluated; it seems that the only effective method of evaluating it is the method which will be explained in 136.
It is natural to enquire

13*53.

Hankel's integrals involving a product of Bessel functions.

Integrals resembling those of 13*51, except that they contain a product of Bessel functions instead of a single Bessel function, have been investigated

by Hankel* by applying Cauchy's theorem

to tjie integral

*rij*
in which a

K{bz)

(z*-r*T*

'

^ b > 0,

m
|

is

a positive integer, r

positive imaginary part, 9B^ denotes

is a complex number with a any cylinder function of order /i, and


I

R O)

4-

(/jl)

< R (p) < 2m 4- 4.

Math. Ann. vm. (1875), pp. 461467.

C
13-53]

INFINITE INTEGRALS
is

429

[When >

a Bessel function of the

first

kind,

It (p)

may

be replaced by It(fi) in

this inequality.]

When a = b, the presence of a non-oscillatory term* in the asymptotic expansion of the integrand shews that we must replace 2m + 4 by 2m + 3 in the inequality in order to make the integral, when taken round a large semicircle above the real axis, tend to zero as the radius tends to infinity.
The contour to be taken is that of manner of that section, we find that
[r

13*52

and

if

we proceed

in the

(1)

ds

^ (M

Hvil)

(ax)

" *" r
-

{hxelH) Ht,{l) (axeni)]


1

(f-lr^

id \ m

strata?)

[^"-o)ff. oh.

Numerous
It

special cases of this result are given


that,

by Hankel.
integral
if

must be pointed out

when.p = 2wi + 3 and a =6, the

round the large

semicircle tends to a non-zero limit as the radius tends to infinity ; and,

^
(2)

(az)

= c, Hfif) (az) + c2 H^) (az),

we then obtain the new formula

<L\l [^()^^

() +

^(^^K^](^^|-,

The

particular case of (1) in which p

= 2, m =
;

and

^
tt
.

is

a Bessel function

of the first kind deserves special


(3)

mention
9

it is

f J (bx) [cos \<ji-v)ir.J (ax) + sin \ (,*-)


>6 >
and
.R i2 (/a) >\R(v)\ 2.
(>)

(oar)]

= $Trie* '""^ * JM (6r) #>> (or),


provided that a
If

we take

jt

=v

and

>

1,

we

see that
i

(4>)

P J (ax) J (bx)
6.

-^L. -

** J* ( br)

(l)

ar)>

according as a $

The existence of the discontinuity in the expression for this integral was pointed out by Hankel.
If

we modify formula
f"

(3)

we

see that, if a
v) if

>b >

and

R (k) > 0,
=

then

(5) J

^rp

-^m

(&*) [cos

H/* -

A.

(ax)

+ 8in$(fjk-v)Tr. Yv (ax)] dx
'

I(bk)Kv (ak).

* Since

HM

<2>

(az)

H m (az) ~ *G* ->** when

is large.

430

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


More
generally, taking equation (1) with

[CHAP. XIII
J^,

m=
+ sin
2

and
i J (p

^=
ll

we have

(6)

Jo

,,

rcosiCo+ a ^ [cos(p+
,_

/i z>) v) tt.J 7r. Jv (ax)

F + fi n v) it. Y v (ax)] dx
v

multiply by sin 2 "^/(a2

In this result replace p by p + v, a by V( a' + c + c2 2accos 0)*", and integrate with respect to 6 from to 7J-; we find from Gegenbauer's formula, 11*41 (16),

= -I (bk)K (ak) !<?-*. 2ac cos 0), where a ob,

0)

\ J

j.

[cos \ (p

+ p) 7r J v (ax) + sin | (p + p) it Y
and we

(ax)]

dx

<

^-I^bfyl^cfyKriak)*?-*.
This process

may be

repeated as often as we please

find that, if

a>b+1c,
( fi )

r JO

then ~ *P I

/ L +K
,t

to)

M=i

" J ( c^) -> s i {p + + (^ - 1) *} t ^ (a*)


*

/*

+ sin \ [p + p. + (N- 1) v) ir Y
.

(ax)]

dx

= -!. (bk)
Again, by considering

UI
n=\

(c n k)

(ak) k-*.
.

SjJi^[n-W] *"<>*
round the contour previously used, where both
b

and

p.

differ in the different

factors of the product, we obtain the slightly more general result

(9)

I" x^~k*

[n

Jflibx)]

[C0S
'

* (/

+ Xfl " v) W
.

'

Jv {ax)
2

+
provided that a
If p

sin \ (p
|

>S

(6)

+ 2/i - v) 7T F (cm-)] dx = - [II 7M (&&)] # (a&) A?" and {p + X (/*)} > -R (*>)
I

|.

is an even integer, the integral on the left involves functions kind only; a result involving the integrals of products of functions of the first kind of this type was given by Gegenbauer, who overlooked the necessity for this restriction (cf. 1351).

+ 2/i v

of the

first

An

extension of Hankel's results


1

is

obtained by considering

fy.

^IM^+ni
b

HV(az)

round the contour, where a ^

>

0,

m is a positive integer, and

\R(v)\<R(j>)<2m + 4, + R(ji).
It follows that

_J_

Ar r,^ j.i^<-r+! *,

"

(or)

13-54]

INFINITE INTEGRALS

431

and, in particular,

a result obtained in a much more elaborate manner by Sonine, Math. Ann.


xvi. (1880), pp.
13*54.

5660.

Generalisations of Nicholson's integral.

An

interesting consequence of Mehler's integral of

1351

(5) is

due to

Nicholson*, namely that,

when a and k

are positive,

The method by which

this result is obtained is as follows

=\
This repeated integral

j" /*

-r^-p J>

{ V(p*

+ ** -

2pi cos *)) dfdp.

may be

regarded as an absolutely convergent double


(p~*)

integral, since the integrand is

when p
p sin

is large.

Now make

a change

of origin of the polar coordinates

by writing
<f>

p cos

<f>

= k + r cos 6,
X
('
.

= r sin 0, [* Jo(ar)rdr

and we have

K (ak\ T9 {ak)--] (ah\t K.[a*)J


and
this is the result to

J*( ar ) rd0dr
2jfer

J or +

O oB0+2Jf~J o v'(^

+ 4^)'

be .established.

To

generalise the result consider


'z"- 1

H ^{az)dz
v

(z*

+ bk y +i
i

taken round the contour shewn in Fig. 32.

Pig. 32.

It is supposed that

is

positive, and, to ensure convergence,

\R(v)\<R(p)<4>R(fi)

+ ^-.
'2 ,

* Quarterly Journal, xlii. (1911), p.

24.

432

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


It is also supposed that
|

[CHAP. XIII

arg k

<

\tt,

and the loops in the contour surround

the points
eiArV2,

e^ks/2.

By
(2)
j

analysis resembling that of 13*52, the reader will find that


[cos

(\p- ^vf

2/x) 7T

(ax) + sin

(\p- \v-

2/x) tr

(ax)]

-4 - w k V 2 )""* (

(akW 2Y + m T(p + \ v + m )
/

^ +4jk,^
4

+1

COS Qg

p+y-4/n+2m "*
i/

2sini/7r.r(/t+l)Lm=oi!r(i/+m+l)r(i 3+ii/-/A+i?)

(akl^2)- v+2m T(ip-jv + jro) p - - 4/z + 2m 1 _ v COS 4 ~mt w!r(-i/+m + l)r(i o-ii/-/A + iw) ""J
/

'

If the series on the right are

compared with those given in


the latter
is

5-41, it is

seen

that the former


or if p
or if p

is

expressible as a product of Bessel functions if p


so expressible

4 = v = p. + \, while 4 = = /4 + .
i>

2 = i/= /* + Up 2 = v p. + \

The corresponding
considered in 13*6.

integral which contains a single Bessel function will be

13*55.

Sonine's integrals.

number

of definite integrals, of which special forms were given

by

Sonine, Math. Ann. xvi. (1880), pp. 63


of contour integration.

66,

can be evaluated by the method

The most

general contour integral to be taken


l

is

eUz+k)

2tti

round a contour consisting of the parts of the


|s|

circles

8,

\z\

R,

terminated by the lines arg ( z)


of these circular arcs*.

= ir, and the lines which join the extremities

m is an integer and k is not a negative real number. = z & tends to zero as 8-^0, provided that R (p) > R (v) round The integral = R tends to zero as R -* oo provided that round \z\ integral and the
It is supposed that
|
j \ |

R(p)<
By Cauchy's theorem we have
2iriJ(^ +

m + $.

^M+lV

w!

* Cf. 3/odern Analysis, 6-2; or 7*4 supra.

13*55]

INFINITE INTEGRALS

433

and thus we have


(!)

^T^^-^-^M*)} m! dkm / of= -L, ^_ [ep*HJ (# + &)


1

Too \(x+k\ i{x+k)

e *

~a\ 1

2ttiJ

(#e'"') v
'

- T**H m

(xe- l " )\

dx

=~

i. Mm+i

"

(*) l sin <P

+ ") *" + 2 * COS COS + 1 F (#) sin (p v) 7r] dx.

In particular, taking ra
1

= 0, we
c

get
[ J

(2)

kr !!^ (k) = 1

fao gi(X+k)
.'

7r

?
A;

(*) {sin (p

v)ir

+ 2i cos i/tt cos pir]


cfa-.

+ iF (x) sin (/o v) 7r]

If

we consider the

integral
1
r

p-iiz+h)

cr--

r (" zY-'H (- z) dz,

we

find that
1

rco

(3)

hr*H (k) = we take p =


1,

p-i(x+k) -p-i
-

f [J, (a) {sin (p +

*>)

tt

- 2i cos i/ir cos pw\


z>)

iYv (x) sin (p


If
//i\

7r] cr.

0,

we

get
2 T

(4)

/(&)

r/7x

fsin(a?+&) v ' X -r K
,

r J

(x)dx,

/e\

T7-

//\

2 f* cos

(a?

+ k)

r/

The

last

two

results are

due

to Sonine*.

More
(6)

generally, taking p

=v+

and

\ < R (v) <


ovri

we get
iYv (k)},

/ ,,1(2:+*:) ~if

ir J o

* 1 x+k

J, (x)

dx=

^
f

2i cos vir

A> [Jv (A)

a result also due to Sonine.


... o Bywntmg

cos(x

^
+
(6)

k)

^
1
(2),

1
.

sm (. + *) A.
,

.,

,vj.

and using the formulae


(7)

and

(7) of 13*42,
efo

Sonine deduced from (5) that


**

(*)

= --

irJox + k

P ^?

+-

sin

(fr

cos

6?)

dd,

tt.'o

and hence from


(8)

356(2), 9-11
*
I

Yn (k) = - -

TJO

O + A) Jo (*) dx + T

'
I
.'

sin (k cos

- \ mr) cos n0f/0.


105112.

* See alsoLercb, Monatshefte filr

Math, und Phys.

i.

(1890), pp.

434
13*6.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


A new method*
of evaluating definite integrals.

[CHAP. XIII

We

shall

now evaluate

various definite integrals by substituting for the


6*5,

Bessel function, under the integral sign, the definite integral of reversing the order of the integrations.

and

As a

first

example consider the integral of Hankel's type


/'
Jo
af~ x

(aw)
dx,

in

which

it is

at first supposed that

R(v)>0,
and a
is

R(2fi

+ 2)>R(p + v)>0;
may
converge.

a real (positive) number, in order that the integral


integral
/"<
is

The
i

equal tof
af- i
{

f(-s)

\axy^a
r <** +
y

_A_r
1
(//,

_ _Ti_~:

s)

x (jar*. jfr+*--

+ > r <" + \~ **-*->


4-

&.

1)

When
,-v
^
}

this is evaluated (by

swinging round the contour so as to enclose the

poles on the right of the contour)


f

we

find that

af-

(ax)

dx
o^-\
'

!o

(a?

+ krr +1
'

_ q"fr+-^r(ip + i y )r(/i+i-ip-iF) l2 (p + v.p + v +I 2*+i r(p + l)T(p+l) 2 \ 2 a^-pr(^ + p-M-l) *-p. u+2-""^/
,'
'

'*'

4;

a '*^

The hypergeometric
if

functions on the right are reducible to Bessel functions


;

in certain circumstances

the former

if

=v+

2 or p

= v + 2fi +
when

2,

the latter

i/.

By

the principle of analytic continuation (1)

is

valid

-R(p)<R(p)<2R(ji) + $.
In particular, taking p = v + 2,
(2)

we

find that

Jo

(x*+kr +l

>ro.+i)^"

}'

a formula obtained by another method by Sonine, J/a*A. Jrm. xvi. (1880),


valid

p. 50;

it is

when

-KR(v)<2R(lt) + $.
* This method is due to Lerch, Rozpravy, Math. (1896), p. 233]; he shewed that
v. (1896),

no. 23 [Jahrbuch iiber die Fortschritte der

f
/
2at

fit

1 y

/*""

T(-s)x2'd8
]

ooi

r(

+ i)

'

but no other use has been


t

made

of the. method.

The change

of the order of the integrations

may

be justified without difficulty.

"

13-6]

INFINITE INTEGRALS

435

A formula of some interest is obtained by making p = l, p> = \, the hypergeometric functions then reducing to squares or products of Bessel
functions
It is thus
;

and another such formula


deduced that
(cf.

is

found by making p

=l

v, p,

=v

\.

5 '41)

(3)

Jo

7*T*F
;

= hv {hak) Ki

"

{l<lk)'

provided that

R (p) > 1

and that

provided that

R (p) > \
stf~x

Next consider

Jv (ax) dx
be supposed that

Jo f
in which a

>

and arg k
| J

< \ir.

It is first to

R(p)>0,
The
integral is equal to

J2(4^

+ 4)>i2(p + v)>0.

Iff"
87n'J_ wi

r<-)

^-'(i^^j.^
r(i;+* + i)r(M +
i)

x {\ay** (k v/2>'+'' +2-^- 4 ck

~ sin (p + i/ - 2fi) 7T r (/a +


*

1)

Lm=o ! r(v + m +

1)

T (i/ + i v - 1* + |m)

x cos (p
(-)m (a/fc/V2)^ +4

+ i v fi + \ m) ir

^
This expansion
laid
is

m! T (2/* - }p + \v +

-'>+4wl r (fi + m + 1)_ 8m + 3)J 2m + 3) T (2/* - 1/3 - \v + 2

a representation of the integral when the conditions to be


4i*( M )

on

p.,

and p are

+ JgL >(,>)>-(*).
first series

Now

take the cases in which the

reduces to a product of Bessel

functions,

namely

p-2 v fi + ^
By
5*41

or

4 = = /i + .
i/

we then obtain the formulae


J
(*

(5)

4*rr ~ (2*r r ( + i) J
-

'

w w
*
(a *)

'

(6)

Jo

(^ + 4*T + *

M2^=il^HT) J ^
72 (v)

^^ ^>
(

The former of these is valid when in both, a > and arg k\<\rr.
|

> , the

latter

when

R (p)

> , and,

436
Finally, as

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


an example suggested by
f

[CHAP. XTII

13'55,

we

shall consider

x of'1

Jv (ax) dx
+ ky+i
'

Jo

(x

in which a

>

and arg k <


|
\

ir.

It is first to be supposed that

R(v)>0,
The
j
:

R(p + l)>R(p + v )>0.

integral
/ root
I

is

equal to
1
'

2tti ITl.'o .'<,./_.* J _ooi

+2s of- QaxY ^ T(-s) V V2 ^^ / / 5+l) ^-T\ ~, TT +1 ,/ <&<& T(i/ + (x + ky


^.

T(-s)T(p-{-v +
27rij_ocf
irk*-*-1
.

2s)r(fjL

+ l-p-v-2s)
V2
'

r(v++i)r(/* + i)
T
(-)"

~ sin(p + v ft) tt T (p, + 1) mI =o w!


\_

r(v +

(laky* T(p + y + 2m) m + l)r(p + v- fi + 2m)


fi

_ y
M=0

r (fi + m + 1) sin $ Q + y - - m) ir 1 m!^(^ + ^-|/> + Jm + f)^(|/A -^-i >^-^m + |)J


(jafc>rH ~'>+w
/!

The

first series

reduces to

(ak)

when

/*

= 0, and the second series


In particular we have
.

is

then

expressible
/(_.

by Lommel's functions
f
00

(cf.

107).
r __

x v Jv (ax)dx

irk"

,.

....

provided that

^ < i2 (v) < .


find that a large

The reader will


chapter

number of the

integrals discussed in this

may be

evaluated by this method.

13 '61. Integrals involving products of Bessel functions.


If an integral involves the product of two Bessel functions of the same argument (but not necessarily of the same order), it is likely that the integral is capable of being evaluated either by replacing the product by Neumann's integral (5*43) and using the method just described, or else by replacing the product J^ (x) Jv (x) by
i
r xi

__

r (- s)V (/a+i>+

2s

+ l)(^y* + " +M

2Tri] -aoiVi

in

r (p, + v + 2,5 +

which the poles of V ( s) are on the right of the contour while those of 1) are on the left this expression is easily derived from 5*41
;

by using the method of obtaining


The reader may

6'5.

find it interesting to evaluate


'

xp

~l

J,,,

(ax)
2

Jv (ax) dx
two functions of the type
3

/:
by these methods.
final

(.r

+F)x + i

The

result is a combination of
is

and the

element in each function

a 2 >P.

13*61]

INFINITE INTEGRALS

437
by an
integral, is

Another integral formula, obtainable by replacing


f

Jv (b/x)

p-i

(1)

Jn {ax)

Jv (b/x) dx
+1
V"
'

-2^-p+ir(, + i)raM+ i,-ip+l)- /3

+ 2^+P+ir(
This
is valid

ft+ i)r(^+^+ip+i)-
6 are positive

^ +1

'

-T- +1 a~ - +1 ~2 +
"
'

1
'

~W)
l6";

1;

when a and

and

-Rfa + %)<R(p)<R( v +$).


The general formula was given by Hanumanta Rao,
137; special cases

Messenger, xtvn. (1918), pp. 134

had been given previously by Cailler, Mem. de la Soc. de Phys. de Geneve, xxxiv. (19021905), p. 352; Bateman, Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xxi. (1912), pp. 185, 186; and Hardy, who discussed the case of functions of orders + , (see 6*23).

An
lim

interesting example of an integral* which contains a product


f

is

(a) J {x) -^ J xexp (-p*a?) ( p'a?) J _V / v (w) v (a?)


&

due da

4^r^ {1+21o^^-^
\

(,/+1)

-^( 2 --

,,)

i]'

which may be written in the form

\ f

&X SIT!

V7T

d%

+ 4^"l"It is easily
f
/

y)

{ (2) - * (' +

1)

-* (2 - ') - 2 log 2p).

proved that
x f

jo

d# i# exp^^)^^)^^)-^^^.

sin

i/tt)

_ j_

r- rt+.<

r(-)r(* + 2),ft)-
r(- s )r(2 + 2) rfs + s+i)r(2-i/+s)(2^),M
!

*+<
s(s

+
1)
!

i>r(i/

_1
and

(2n

+ l)!(2p)-*
1)

4 =i w.(n+
this series is

T(v + n +

T(2 -

*/

+ w)'

an integral function of

1/p.
j

To
at

obtain an asymptotic representation of the integral, valid


|

small and

and

when p is argp \<i'ir, we observe that the last integrand has double poles 1, and simple poles at f 2, - f 3, ...
|

* This integral was brought to my notice by Mr G. G. Darwin, who encountered problem of Diffusion of Salts in a circular cylinder of liquid.

it

in a

[CHAP. XIII
ds_

438

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Hence we
find

J_

f*+**
s (s

V(-s)T(2s + 2)

SiriJi^i

+ 1) T (v + s + 1) T (2 - v + *) (2p)M
{f(2)-yfr(v +

^-^^T)
and
so (2) lira
-*-+o

l)-ir(2- V )-2\og2p}{l + 2v(l-v)^}

_ (l-2v)^nv7r
~2ttv{1-v)

(-) (2p)n T (%n) 2 | P + Z 2n(n-2)r(v + l-ln)r(2-v-ln).(n-2)\ n 3

( p2 a?) J J -v exp (-p*a?) J v (a?) (%) J,_ (%) V (x)


x

dx

+
(X>

4^=l0 {1+2logi8 -^

(,,

+ 1) ~^ (2 " I,)}
]
2

l)-yjr(2-v) ^^(2)-^(, + l)-t(2-.)-21og2p}^^; ->^^


v

+ 2 2H(n-2)r(i/+l-^)r( 2 -''-).(-2)! t 3
In the special case v
(3)

(-)"(2j>)T(in)

= 0, we
f

find that

lim

iiioM) +

exp ( _

p^) /t
,
.

w w ]
j,
2

f ~ _i 2^ + Mfo7r
13'7.

(2m

|r(m + t)l'(2p)-*' + l) 2 (2m + 3).(2m +

l)!'

Integral representations of products of Bessel functions.


of

From Gegenbauer's formula

1141

(16) an interesting result

is

obtain-

able by taking the cylinder function to be of the first kind and substituting the result of 62 (8) for the function under the integral sign.

This procedure gives

"ski. L.i
and
if

sm *'

exp i(
l

we
find that
z*\

dtd *'
\

we change the order


1

of the integrations,
/"+'*
f,

Z* +

(zZ\ dt

but the former restriction may obviously be replaced by R(v)>- 1, and the latter may be removed on account of the symmetry in z and Z. It is also permissible to proceed to the
This result
is

proved when

R (v) > - \

and

\z\

<

\Z\;

limit

by making \z\-*\Z\.

13-7, 13-71]

INFINITE INTEGRALS
6*21 (4)

439

By

using the results of

and

(5),

we

find in the

same way that

provided that

(i>)

> 1 and

<

\.

pp. 152

was obtained by Macdonald, Proc. London Math. Soc. xxxn. (1900), differential equations, and he deduced Gegenbauer's integral by reversing the steps of the analysis which we have given. The formulae (2) and (3) were given by Macdonald, though they are also to be found in a modified form in Sonine's memoir, Math. Ann. xvi. (1880), p. 61.

The formula

155, frpm the theory of linear

(1)

A further modification

of the integrals

on the right in

(2)

and

(3)

was given by Sonine,

the object of the change being to remove the exponential functions.

(2) xiv. (1915), pp.

For physical applications of these 410427.

integrals, see

Macdonald, Proc. London Math. Soc.

13*71.

The expression of

(Z)

(z)

as an integral.

We
product

shall

v (Z)

next obtain a formula, due to Macdonald*, which represents the v (z) as an integral involving a single function of the type

v,

namely

(1)

ww-trM-*-*?]*'*
is

This formula

valid for all values of v

when
\ir\

\ArgZ\<7r,

arg
it

<

7T

and \a,rg(Z + z)\ <

but

it is

convenient to prove

when

Z, z have positive values

X,

x,

and
is

to extend it

by the theory of analytic continuation; the formula, which

obviously to be associated with 11*41 (16), is of some importance in dealing with the zeros of functions of the type v {z). It is possible to prove the formula

without the rather elaborate transformations used in proving 1141(16); the following proof, which differs from Macdonald's, is on the lines of 26.

By

6-22(7) we have

(X)

(x)

=\
**
t

*
e
J

\ J 00

-r+)-Xeodi *-*eoSh dtdu

oo

~|
J

e-ivT-Xoo&MT+U)-xco*h(T-U)

dlJdT

oo J -oo
v,

If

(Xe T +xe~ T)e u be taken as a new variable

in the integral

/
* Proc.

e -Xco&(T+U)-xcoh(T-U) flJJ
-oe

Lon'Um Math.

Soc. xxx. (1899), pp.

169171.

440

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XIII
dv
~^~>

r
it

becomes

exp

a\ v +

If

+ a? + 2Xocco8h2T\l ~
*f

and so we have

K. (X) K, (.) = I,

[ -~-M"*
e

exp

(|

^}]

AT.

and, on performing the integration with respect to T, we at once obtain and x are positive. Macdonald's theorem when the variables

13"72.

Nicholsons integral representations of products.


representations of Bessel functions
5-43.

We shall now discuss a series of integral


The formulae

which are to be associated with Neumann's integral of

of this type have been developed by Nicholson*, and the

two which are most easily proved are


(1)

IIL

(z)Kv (z) = 2f
Jo
,00

K^tfz cosh

i)

cosh

(p-v)tdt
(/*

=2
.'o

K^
we use
0-s

(2z cosh

t)

cosh

+ v) t dt,

when arg z\<\ir, while


|

fi

and v are unrestricted.

To obtain

these formulae

622

(5)

which shews that

IL

{z)K v (z) = -\
T*

(cosh

H-coshM) cosn

00 JJ 00

^ cos h vudtdu.

The repeated

integral

double integral.

is absolutely convergent, and it may be regarded as a In the double integral make the transformation
t

+ u = 2T,

t-u = 2U,

and

it is

apparent that
v

h (z)

(z)

= \\
"J

e-*>* r cosh u cos h

^(T+U) cosh v(T-U)dTdU.

00 J 00

But

2 cosh

/i(T+U) cosh v (T - U)
(ft

srcosh

v)

T cmh\iL v)

U+coshjjtr
v)

v)

T cosh
v)

(/a

+
(/a

v)

U
U.

+ sinh (ft + v) T sinh O The


vanish; and, if

U + sinh

(/j,

T sinh

+ v)

integrals corresponding to the last

we interchange

the parametric variables

two of these four terms obviously Tand 6r in the integral

corresponding to the second of the four terms,

we

obtain the formula


v)

K (z) Kv (z) = \\
If

~ e %z cosh

T C09h u cosh

(/a

Tcosh (/a

-v)UdTdU.
(1),

we

integrate with respect to

U we

obtain the

first

form of
(1).

and

if

we

integrate with respect to

T we

obtain the second form of

* Quarterly Journal, xlii. (1911), pp.

220223.

13-72, 13-73]

INFINITE INTEGRALS

441

The formula
(2)

7M (z) I v (z)=- j" /M+ (2s

T Jo

cos 9) cos
is

(ti-v)0 d0,

which is valid when R(fi+v) exceeds 1, mann's formula.


If
(3)

at once deducible from

Neu-

we take

fi

and change the sign of

v,

we

find that

I (z)K v (z) = ~
7T
.

(**
o

(2zcos0)co$v0d0.
then replace
/x

More

generally, if
;

we

find that, if

R (v

we take m) <
I

ft

= m and
then
'

and

by m and

v,

1,

(4)

Im (s)

K
,

(z)

-
K

} -

K _m {1z cos 0) cos (m + v)


v

dO.

If

we combine
r
,

(3)

with
2

6'16 (1)

we

find that
cos (u cos 0) cos
i>0

+ |)
1
;

fl*

(4s)"

provided that
5>

\ < R (i>) <

and in particular

<

/(s)/f (*)=|
()

V(tt ,

+ 4tf

a result of which a more general form has been given in


13*73.

13*6,

formula

(3).

Nicholsons integral * /or J,2

(z)

+ Yv

(z).

The

integral, corresponding to those just discussed,


2

which represents

J* (z) + F

(z) is

difficult

to establish
is

rigorously.

It is first necessary to

assume that the argument


of the proof.

positive

to Hardy's theory of generalised integrals, or

(= x), and it is also necessary to appeal some such principle, in the course

Take the formula

( 6*2 1)

H (x) =
7TI
.'

ex sinh w

-" w

dw.

_c
] j

which the integrand tends to zero as w -* oc on the contour, it is clear that when an exponential factor exp { \w-} is inserted, the resulting integral converges uniformly with regard to \, and so it is a

From

the

manner

in

continuous function of

\.

Hence f
lim

HJ$ ( X ) =
*

exp {- Xw2

8inhtt,

w dw.

Phil.

Mag.

(6) xix. (1910), p.

t Hardy, Quarterly Journal, xxxv. (1904), pp. pp. 1


tive

234; Quarterly Journal, xlii. (1911), p. 221. 2266 ; Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. xxi. (1912),
is

48.

In this integral (as distinguished from those which follow) the sign lim

commuta15

with the integral sign.

w.

B. F.

442

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XIII

By Cauchy's theorem, the contour may be deformed into the line / (w) = \tr, so long as X has an assigned positive value writing t + \iri for w, we get
:

H (x) =

lim X-^+0
a\v-ai

r-

W*
rx

exp {- X
J

(t

-x

\-rri)')

eixcoaht

- vt

dt

in Hardy's notation.

In

like

manner

jyW (#)

e-'jcch -,

<j tt

with an implied exponential factor exp { \(u

\tnf\fulfilled

Since the requisite convergence conditions are


regard the product of the two integrals
e l (t)ei * co* ht X
e2 (u) vt

when X > 0, we may

|
.

dt x I
J CD

ei

{u)e- ixco *Ylu

- vu

du

(in

which e^t) and


"
/
I

stand for the exponential factors) as a double

integral

-X

^ (t)

(u) e (cosh <-cohii)-v+) (dtdu).

We

thus find that


Tr
2

^'

1'

(a?)

#< 2 (x)
>

=G

T X

[*
./

e <*(coBh*-corii )-(*+)

(^^

with the implied exponential factor

exp [ X (t

^rriy

X(u \irif].
then
r " il,hr- 8,,r (dZW).

Make

the substitution
^tt2 [J* (x)

+ u = 2T, t u 2U and
2

+ F

(x)}

=gT r x
J
.'

8te "
co

inh

with an implied exponential factor

exp {- 2XT 2

- 2X ( U + Jui*)

8
}.

In view of the absolute convergence of the integral,


first,

it

may be

replaced by

the repeated integral in which the integration with respect to


so that
|tt2 {J* (as)

U is

performed

+ F

(x)}

=G

L-'o J

r I* e -x
+

2iesinh Tsinh

'-lvT

d UdT
''

r ! - x e-- ixsmUTsmhU+2 T dUdT


J

with an implied exponential factor in each case equal to

exp - 2XT2 - 2\ ( U + \ nrif)


{

13-73]

INFINITE INTEGRALS
consider the integral

443

We

first

[" exp {- 2\
J CO

U + 1 irif] e% * sinh Tsmh

dU,

T is positive. When T is positive, the tf-path of integration may be deformed into the contour I (U) = %ir; if we then write U =v + \iri, where v is real, the integral
in

which

becomes
[
J -cc

exp {- 2\ (v +

7Ti') ]

e" 2* sinh Tcosh v dv

= 2 exp (2\tt )
2

exp (- 2\v*) cos 47r\v e~ 2xsinh rcosht


.

'

<fo

2 exp (2XTT2 )

e-torinhroodidv
2

-'o

- 2 exp (2\tt )
To approximate
inequalities
2

r
Jo

{1

- exp (-

2\v 2 ) cos 4tt\v}

- ixsinh Tcoshv dv.

to the latter integral

when X

is

small,

we use the

0^1 exp ( 2\v ) cos 47rXv


= 1 - exp (- 2\v ) +
2

2 exp (- 2\v2 ) sin2 27r\t> 2Xv2

+ 8tt

X 2 v2

so that, for

some value of 6 between

and

1,

f"
J -en

exv{-2\(U + $Triy}eii** inhTainhu dU

=2

exp (2\7T2 )

|"[ "

e-2*nhreo8h

jv

_ 2 \ + 8tt \ ) 6
2 2

f" w2 e-2*Mnfa rcosh* ^ w 1

= 2 exp (2\w) [ # (2a? sinh T) - (2\ + 8tt \


2

i~ K^ (2x sinh T)\

If

we

treat the integral

J CO

f*

exp{-2X(i7+^7n")2 }e- 2 a!sinh:rsinh ^rf/'

in a similar

manner, we find

it

equal to

2K
where

(2x sinh T)

- 2X0, \- K (2x sinh

T)\

<6 ^
X

1,

provided that

T is

positive.

On
as

collecting the results

and remembering that


Jo

means the same thing

lim s-^+oJs
I

we

find that

\Tf*\j?{x)+Yvnx))

lim

lim [* [exp (2\tt 2) iT {2x sinh T)

- (2\ + 8tt \ )
2
2

exp (2\7ra )

j^^^sinh T)\
(o/x
1
l

1 e- 2 " r dr

J/*-oJ
ll

+
A

lim

lim

I"

++06-*+0J6 L

l^o(^smhT)-2X6 \^ K (2xsmhT)\ ]e*> T dT. Jm-oJ


I

*/*

444

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Now, qua function
of T,

[CHAP. XIII

\~ K (2x sinh T)\


when

[(log sinh T)*},

T is

small,

and so we may proceed at once to the limit by making 8 -* 0,


is

since the integral

convergent
X (

and, since the integrals

Jo

\~K
(cy*

ll

(2xsinhT)\
Jh-o
-*

e^ T dT

are convergent, the result of


2 2 1 7T {J, (x)

making \
f

is

+ Y* (x)} =

"

(2x sinh T) (e~ ivT

2" r

) rfT.

Jo

It is therefore proved that,

when x > 0,

J, 2 (a?)
If

+ F
2,

(a?)

I*

K (2x sinh T) cosh IvTdT.

we
z,

replace x

by

both sides of this equation become analytic functions

of

provided that
result

E (z) > 0.
r 2

Hence, by the theory of analytic continuation,

we have the
(1)

J* (z) +

0)

^TKo (2* sinh T JO

t)

cosh 2vtdt,

provided that

R (z) > 0.
is

Another integral formula which can be established by the same method*


(2)

v (z )

I^- Y
OV

d
(z)

-^4^=-OV
7T

rK,(2zsm\it)e-^dL
.!

To prove

this formula,
x),

we

first

suppose that z

is

a positive variable (which

we

replace

by

and then

OV

OV

I yt, $H
2i
5-5-.

<

2>

(x) {x)

dH"{1)(x) dy

H (x) dH'*W a dv
v

G\

(u-t-Tri) (?x (ooriU-cosh )

e-y(t+u)

^tdu)

= - 4? G
IT
I

f~<X> J

QD

(2U+iH) e2 8inh rsinh u e~ iv .(dTd U)

=*

^G rr
-T--

(2tr +7ri) e2ix8inhTeinhr e-2,T d

^^

Cr

(2U+iri)e-2i* aiahT inhU ei r dUdT.


'''

For the

full details of

the analysis, see Watson, Proc. Royal Soc. xciv.

a,

(1918), pp. 197

202.

( (

13-73]

INFINITE INTEGRALS
positive,

445

Now,

T being
8
.'

we have

I" 00

(2U + iri) exp {- 2\

U + \ irif) e
(t>

2i** inh

T>inh

u dU

=2
and, since
i>e-2*
sinh

"

+ 7n) exp {- 2\
function of

(i>

+ in)*} e-'2assinh Tcosh *dv


may
be proved that the

Tcosh

js

an

0(jd

v, it

last integral is
2iri

t* e-** sinh Tcosh dv


J

(A),

00
(\) is a function of
is

where the constant implied in the symbol to x its integral with respect to T from
In
like

T such

that

convergent.

manner,

(""
J

(2

U + Trt) exp {- 2X U + $ irif] e" 2te sinh Tsinh * dU


=
(" 2v exp (- 2XV2 ) e~28inh Tcosh* fo = Q.
J 00

00

Hence

it

follows that
"

/" fa)

W dY ^ - F, W ^ -^ = - - fT
fa)
9l>

-^sinhTcosh*-2,T rf

^r
is

dv

TTJo J -ao

= -- f "jfo^sinh T)e~ T dT.


7T.'o

The extension

to the case in

which the argument of the Bessel functions

complex with a positive

real part is

made

as in (1).
is

It should be mentioned that formula (2)

of importance in the discussion

of descriptive properties of zeros of Bessel functions.

The reader may

find it interesting to prove that

=tf [,r,, )
and hence that

?W. r

; (, )

^].,-,,[,, (t
X
-*

i
,

4|i-r. W

^],

w ^(^Lf^,)^..
(8 )
v v
'

cv

Cv

nz* J

(o

'(zicoshZT-v^K^vBrnh^e-^dT.

Other formulae which


(4)

may

be established by the methods of this section are

y.w/rW+FdWfrW = - f K _n(2z8inht) .{eC+W + e-<*+")t cos(p-v) n}dt,


v
IT

JO

(5)

J^z)

Yv {z)-Jv {z) FM (z) =


|

* ain( *~ v)

j~ *,- (2^inh t) -+>) dt;


;

these are valid when previously published.

R(z)>0 and R (ji- v) |< 1

they do not appear to have been

446
13'74.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Deductions from Nicholson's integrals.

[CHAP. XIII

Since

K (^)

is

a decreasing* function of

, it is

clear from 13*73(1) that

Jf{x)+Y*{x)
is

a decreasing function of x for any real fixed value of

v,

when x
when x

is positive.

Since this function


shall investigate

is

approximately equal to

2/(irx),

is large,

we

x{J*{x)+Y*{x)}
and prove that
it is

a decreasing function of x when

v>\, and

that

it is

an

increasing function oi x
It is clear that

when v<

\.

^[x[J/(x) + Y*(x)}-]

= f [K
.

(2x sinh T)

+ 2x sinh TKQ

'

(2x sinh T)}cosh

2vTdT

8^

7T

K
+
2

(2x sinh T) tanh


,
.

T cosh 2vT
,

d S C* n mJ m 1 if (2x sinh T) [cosh 2vT - -^ {tanh Tcosh 2vT\ ^ Jo


,

dT,

on integrating the second term in the integral by

parts.

Hence

=~
integrand

"
f

t' Jo

K (2x sinh T) tanh Tcosh 2vT {tanh T - 2v tanh 2iT} dT.


is

Now X tanh XT
is

an increasing function of X when X >

0,

negative or positive according as 2v

>

1 or

< 2v <

and so the and 1


;

last

this

establishes the result.

Next we prove

that,

when x ^ v ^ 0,
(a?

-i*y[JS(x) +,*{*)}

is

an increasing function of
If

x.

we omit the

positive factor 8 (x*

2
i'

-i /7r2

from the derivate of the ex-

pression under consideration

we get
2 (x*

[xK (2x sinh t) +


Jo o

v2) sinh

'

(2x sinh

t)}

cosh 2vt dt,

and
is

to establish the

theorem stated

it is sufficient

to prove that this integral

positive.
* This is obvious

from the formula

K ^)=r e -^ coaht dt.


J
o

13-74]

INFINITE INTEGRALS

447

We
2j>
2

twice integrate by parts the last portion of the second term in the

integral thus

sinh

Jo

'

(2x sinh

t)

cosh 2vt dt

v sinh
r
\

sinh 2vt
{sinh

'

(2x sinh t)\

-v
J

-y-

(sinh

tK

'

(2x sinh

t)}

sinh 2vtdt

= =
L

d
-j-

Jo dt
v
I

tK

'

(2% sinh
(2a;

t)}

sinh 2vtdt

2a;

sinh

cosh iT

sinh
)

t)

sinh 2i/d

.'o

= x sinh cosh tK
,

(2% sinh
(2a;

cosh 2vt
Jo
)]

+ =

Jo dt
)

j-

[sinh

cosh iT

sinh

cosh

2itf eft

( [x cosh 2lf (2x sinh Jo

+ 2a? sinh t cosh


is

* J5T

'

(2# sinh

t)]

cosh

2i/i eft;

the simplification after the second step

produced by using the differential


(z)

equation

zK " (z) + K: (z) - zK


The
2 [- 2x sinh tK (2x sinh

= 0.

integral under discussion consequently reduces to


t)

- 2x* sinh
t)

'

(2x sinh*)] cosh 2vt dt

K (2x sinh
T
)

cosh 2v
2

+x
= a;
and
coefficient of
j

r
I

jfiT

(2# sinh
sinh
t)

- 2 sinh

cosh

2i>

rf ~=-

(sinh't
-j

rt

)~1

cosh
sinh

2irt

eft

jfiT

(2a?

[tanh 2 1 cosh

2i>t

+ 2v sinh
positive
;

sech

2i/] oft,

Jo
this is positive

because the integrand

is

hence the differential

is positive,

and the

result is established.

Since the limits of both the functions

are

2/tt, it

x \JV* (x) + F2 (x)}, follows from the last two

(a?

i^)*

{Jy* (x)

+ rr

(x)}

results that

when x^.v^\,

An elementary proof of the last inequality (with various related inequalities) was deduced by Schafheitlin, Berliner Sitzung*beric1de, v. (1906), p. 86, from the formula
(cf.

5-14)

(4r-l)JVr(0* = i( a 2 + 62
where <$
(x)

_^Qf^ + ^;

(A )

+ 2(l-^)^2 (a;) + ^; 2

(. t .-)],

= aJv (x) + b Yv (x).

448

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


shall

[CHAP. XIII

is

The next consequence which we that, when v is positive,


r
, ^

deduce from the integrals of 13'73

dYv (v)

dJv {v)
left

To obtain

this result,

we observe

that the expression on the

may

be

written in the form

=1
irv

-^T K (2v sinh T)e-'" T dT


7T J o

-s[
But,
for

-/.Vjr-( 2 " inh s)*]-

each positive value of

and so, since

K (x)

is

t, 2v sinh (^tjv) is a decreasing function of v, a positive decreasing function of its argument, we see that

- V< K f
is

(2v sinh |-) dt

a decreasing function of

v,

and therefore

[MpY
> lim

d Yv {v)
dv

dJv ( v) v 1AP)
.

dv

=
stated.

lim
8'42
;

by using the asymptotic expansions of

and

this establishes the result

13*75.
It
is

The asymptotic expansion of Jv2 (z) + F2 (z).


easy to deduce the asymptotic expansion of

Jv

(z)

+ F2 (z) from

Nicholson's formula obtained in 1373, namely

J* (z) + F8 (z) = 2 (" if

(2* sinh

t)

cosh 2vt dt

.'0

for

we

have, by 7*4 (4),

cosh*

m=0

(2m)!

T "
(2^)!

where
and,

i2p

<
cosiC(i>7r)|

when

v is real

and

is

so large that

p + %>v,

Mp lies

between

and

(2p)l

'

13*75, 13-8]

INFINITE INTEGRALS

449

We

at once deduce the asymptotic expansion

7r

m=0

(2w)!

Jo

that

is

to say,

by

1321

(8),

(1)

JS(*) +
proved when
;

YS{s)~X {1.3...(2m-l)}^; TTZ *


rn =o
<&

it may be extended over the wider range and p exceeds v \, the remainder positive, and z is arg z < 7r and, if v is real less than, the (p + l)th numerically after p terms is of the same sign as, and

this
j

is
|

R (z) > 0, but

term.

13*8.

Ramanujan s

integrals.

Some

extraordinary integrals have been obtained by

Ramanujan* from an

application of Fourier's integral theorem f to Cauchy's well-known formula

_^cos
j

ff.e

av

2M+ - 2r(/A+

f)T(v-ft

which

is

valid if

R (p + v) > 1.
e ittd

The

application shews that


r

r.
J

..ro. +B r(.-
,

(2cos^)^+- 2 eitY

r 0* +
0;

- x)

y . >t ,
>

( jf
.

<7r ),

<[>r)j

where

t is

any

real

number.
in ascending powers of

By expanding
formula,
it is

x and

y,

and then applying

this

seen that

a)

/1%^^-W
7r
;

if

7r < < <

for other real values of

t,

the integral

is zero.

In particular
(2)

J oo

I" Jt(x)J.s{x)dS

= J^{Zx).

pp.

In view of the researches of March, Ann. der Physik und Chemie, (4) xxxvn. (1912), 2950 and Rybczyriski, Ann. der Physik und Chemie, (4) xli. (1913), pp. 191208, it seems quite likely that, in spite of the erroneous character of the analysis of these writers J, these integrals evaluated by Ramanujan may prove to be of the highest importance in the
theory of the transmission of Electric Waves.
* Quarterly Journal, xlviii. (1920), pp. | Cf. Modern Analysis, 9 7, 11-1.

294310.
a, (1915),

Cf. Love, Phil. Trans, of the

Royal Socccxv.

pp.

123124.

CHAPTER XIV
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
14*1.

Problems connected with multiple

integrals.

The

difference

between the subjects of

this chapter

and the

last is

more

than one of mere degree produced by the insertion of an additional integral sign. In Chapter xiii we were concerned with the discussion of integrals of perfectly definite functions of the variable and of a number of auxiliary parameters; in
sign are to a greater or less extent arbitrary.
will

the integrals which are now to be discussed the functions under the integral Thus, in the first problem which

be discussed, the integral involves a function which has merely to


all

satisfy the

conditions of being a solution of a partial differential equation, and of having

continuous differential coefficients at

points of real three-dimensional space.

In subsequent problems, which are generalisations of Fourier's integral


formula, the arbitrary element has to satisfy even more general restrictions

such as having an absolutely convergent integral, and having limited total


fluctuation.
14'2.

Weber's infinite integrals.


integrals which will

now be considered involve Bessel functions only seems desirable to investigate them somewhat fully because many of the formulae of Chapter xiii may easily be derived from them, and were, in fact, discovered by Weber as special cases of the results of
incidentally;

The

but

it

this section.

effect that a solution of the

Weber's researches* are based upon a result discovered by Fourierf to the equation of Conduction of Heat
du

dt~dx*
is

_ d*u + d*u + &u hy dz


2

= if"
< is

I"

(x + 2X^t,y+2Y</t,
its

+ 2ZJt)

x exp {- (X 2 +
where

F + Z )} dXdYdZ,
2 2

an arbitrary function of
first proved that, if
<I>

three variables.

Weber
equation

{x, y, z) is restricted to

be a solution of the

?)

<
*

3? + ? + !?**

<>

32 <i>

3 2 4>

Journal fur Math. lxix. (1868), pp. 222 237. La TMorie Analytique de la Chaleur (Paris, 1822), 372. The simpler equation with only one term on the right had previously been solved by Laplace, Journal de VEcole poly technique,
t
vni. (1809>, pp.

235244.

14*1, 14*2]

MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

451

then
(2)

u
<I>

= exp (- kH) $ (x, y, z),


first

provided that

has continuous

and second

differential coefficients,

and

the integral converges in such a


are permissible.

way*

that transformations to polar coordinates

The method by which


a more general
If

this result is established is successful in expressing

triple integral as

a single integral

[cf.

equation (4) below].

we change

to polar coordinates
<f>,

by writing

2X \/t = r sin 6 cos


we
w
get
1 r ao r

2YJt

= rsintfsin
+ r sin

<f>,

2Z^/t

= rcos0,

=-
Now

fir

3>Oc

(4tt01 Jo Jo J-*

+ rsin0cos<f>,

sin

<,

z + rcosd)

x exp
consider the function of
r, vr (r),

j-\

r2 sin

d<f>dddr.

defined by the equation

iff(r)=j

^(x + r 8in0 cos


r,

<f>,

+ rsindsin^), z + rcoad) sin 0d<f>d0.

It is a continuous function of
coefficients

when r has any

positive value

with continuous first and second differential and the result of applying the
;

operator
1

d\
drj

,.

r2
to vf (r) is

dr\

We proceed
differential

shew that the last integral is zero. If we make use of the equation (1), which <S> satisfies, we find that
to

the difficulty! caused by the apparent singularity of the last integrand on the polar axis, we consider the integral taken over the surface of a pole sphere with the exception of a small cap of angular radius 8 at each

To avoid

since the integrand

caps can be

made

bounded at the poles, the integrals over the by taking S sufficiently small. small arbitrarily
on the
left is

If we perform
*

the integration of the second term on the right with respect


that

A sufficient condition is
12*41.

infinite values of the variables being inoluded.

should be bounded when the variables assume all real values, Cf the corresponding two-dimensional investigation,
.

Modern Analysis,
t This

difficulty

was overlooked by Weber.

452
to
<f>,

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


we
see that its integral vanishes because

[CHAP. XIV

valued function of position.

The

first

8<J>/9<^> is supposed to be a oneterm on the right gives

-?/".[sin ^]r^'
and
this can

be made arbitrarily small by taking 8 sufficiently small since


d<P/(sin0d0)

is

continuous and therefore bounded.

can be
is zero.

made

arbitrarily small

by taking

8 sufficiently small,

and therefore

it

Consequently
(8)

l&a + *T.(r)-0,
,

so that

ts (r)

A =

sin kr

+ B cos kr
,

where
all

and

B
r,

are constants

values of
r.

and

B
we

since rst (r) and its derivate are continuous for must have the same constant values for all values
;

of

If

we make

r-*-0,

see that

B = 0,
Hence *
u

A = 47r3> (x, y, z)/k.

t&w
r,

!o

exp (~

sin

kr rdr
-

= exp ( - kH) * ( *

*>'
'

and

this establishes

Weber's

result.

similar change to polar coordinates shews that, if

O (x, y. z) is a solution

of (1) of the type already considered,

and

if

f(r)

is

an arbitrary continuous

function of

then

(4)

f"

r r ^(X

>

Y Z)fW{(X-xY+(Y-yy + (Z-zy}]dXdYdZ
>

=
The reader
will

-y

-ii_'

r)

sm &r

rdr.

have no

difficulty in

enunciating sufficient conditions

concerning absoluteness of convergence to


*

make

the various changes in the

This integral

is

most easily evaluated by differentiating the well-known formula


/

exp ( -

-\ cos At

dr = v/(irt) exp ( -

fc2 1 )

with respect to

k.

14-3] integrations permissible.

MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
One such
set of conditions
is

453
that 3> should be

bounded as the variables tend


where p <
if u(r, 6) is

to infinity,

and that
(r

f(r) = 0(r-*), (r^O); /(r)-0(f).


3,

- oo

),

q > 1.

simpler formula established at about the same time by Weber* is that, a function of the polar coordinates (r, 0) which has continuous first and second origin is u differential coefficients at all points such that 0<r <a, whose value at the and which is a solution of the equation

A somewhat

then

k (r,
is left

0) c0

= 2n-tto ^o (^")

/ -JT

when O^r^a. The proof of this

to the reader.

14*3.

General discussion of Neumann's integral.

The formula
(1)

("info P
J

J j

f" -'

F{R,&).Jo[u\/{B? + r*-2Rrcos(4>-<l>)}lR(d<PdR)
=27rF(r,4>)

was given by Neumann in his treatise f published in 1862. In this formula, F(R, 4>) is an arbitrary functioD of the two variables (R, 4>), and the integration over the plane of the polar coordinates (R, <)
is

a double integration.

In the special case in which the arbitrary function is independent of <I>, we inreplace the double integral by a repeated integral, and then perform the to reduces formula tegration with respect to < the
;

(2)

Jo

(VCR) J, (uR) Jo (r) RdR = F(r), f udu Jo


closer resemblance to Fourier's integral J than (1).

a result which presents a

The extension
(3)

of (2) to functions of any order,

namely

["udu

FF{R) Jv (uR) Jv (ur) RdR - F(r),


v>-\,
all real

was effected by Hankel. In this result it is apparently necessary that though a modified form of the theorem ( 145 1452) is valid for
values of v
;

when v \
(2)

(3) is

actually a case of Fourier's formula.

The formulae
and the proof of

and

(3) are, naturally,

much more

(3) is

of precisely the same character as that of

easy to prove than (1) (2), the

Math. Ann. i. (1869), pp. 811. Temperaturzustand eines homogenen t Allgemeine Ldsung des Problemes ilber den statiovaren wird (Halle, 1862), pp. 147 begrenzt KugelJUlchen nichtconcentrUchen KSrpers, weleher von zwei 409410. 151. Cf. Gegenbauer, Wiener Sitzungsberichte, xcv. (2), (1887), pp.

% Cf.

Modern Analysis, 9*7.

Math. Ann. vm. (1875), pp. 476483.

'

454

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XIV
any additional

arbitrariness of the order of the Bessel functions not introducing

complications.

Following Hankel, many writers* describe the integrals (2) and (3) as "Fourier integrals" or "Fourier-Bessel integrals."

On

account of
;

its

proving (1)

and at

greater simplicity, we shall give a proof of (3) before this stage it is convenient to give a brief account of the

researches of the various writers

who have

investigated the formulae.


first

As has already been


general formula
(3).

stated,

Hankel was the

writerf to give the

He

transformed the integral into


v

lim

rRF(R)dR f Jv (uR)J
lim
X-oo Jo

(ur).udu

rRF(R)[RJv+1 (\R)J (\r)-rJv+1 (\r)J (XR)-^


v v

sir

IT

and then applied the second mean-value theorem to the integrand just as Substantially the same proof was given by SheppardJ who laid stress on the important fact that the value of the integral depends only on that part of the JJ-range of integration which is in the immediate neighbourhood of r, so that the value of the integral is independent of the values which F(R) assumes when R is not nearly equal to r.
in the evaluation of Dirichlet's integrals.

A different

mode

has been given by Sonine,


t*+

of proof, based on the theory of discontinuous integrals, who integrated the formula ( 13*42)

[V^ (ur) J (uR) du =


Jo

P
\y,

<r \ (R>r)

&

after multiplication
r" +1

by F(R)RdR, from

to oo

so as to get
J2+

[J

J"

J,+1 (ur)

Jv (uR)F(R) RdRdu =
J*

F(R) dR;
is

and then, by differentiating both sides with respect to r, formula (3) obtained but the whole of this procedure is difficult to justify.
;

at once

A proof of

a more directly physical character has been given by Basset

||,

but, according to

Gray and Mathews,

it is

open to various objections.

A proof depending on the theory of integral equations has been constructed


by Weylf.

The extension
* See e.g. Orr's

of Hankel's formula, which

is

effected

by replacing the

paper cited later in this section. statement of a mode of deducing (3) from (1) when r is an integer was made by Weber Math. Ann. vi. (1873), p. 149, but this was probably later than Hankel's researches, since it is dated 1872, while Hankel's memoir is dated 1869.
t

t Quarterly Journal, xxin. (1889), pp. 223244. Math. Ann. xvi. (1880), p. 47. Proe. Camb. Phil. Soc. v. (1886), pp. 425433. See Gray and Mathews, A Treatise on Bessel Functions (London, 1895), pp. 8082.
||

1 Math. Ann.

lxvi. (1909), p. 324.

14*3]

MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

455

Bessel functions by arbitrary cylinder functions, was obtained by Weber*, and


it will

be discussed in

14*5

14*52.

An attempt has been made by Orrf to replace the Bessel functions by any cylinder functions, the w-path of integration being a contour which avoids the origin but some of the integrals used by him appear to be divergent, so it is
;

difficult to

say to what extent his results are correct.


that
as Nielsen assumes, the

The same

criticism
It will

applies to the discussion of Weber's problem in Nielsen's treatise.

be
is

shewn

( 14*5)

if,

two cylinder functions under

the integral sign are not necessarily of the same type, the repeated integral
not, of necessity, convergent.

be stated that, if r be a point of discontinuity of F(R), the expressions on the right in (2) and (3) must be replaced by J
It should

${F(r-0)+F(r + 0)\,
just as in Fourier's theorem.

For the more recent researches by Neumann, the reader should consult
(Leipzig, 1881).

his treatise

Ueber die nach KreU-, Kugel- unci Cylinder-functionen fortschreitenden Entwicielungen

Neumann's formula

(1)

formula involving Legendre functions; in


lim

was obtained by Mehler as a limiting case of a fact, it was apparently with this

object in view that he obtained the formula of 5"7l,

Pn {cos (*/)} = J (z),


a

but

it

does not seem easy to construct a rigorous proof on these lines

(cf.

14*64).

more direct method of proof is given in a difficult memoir by Du Bois Reymond|| on the general theory of integrals resembling Fourier's integral. The proof which we shall give subsequently ( 14*6 et seq.) is based on these researches.
from a result obtained by

Subsequently ErmakofflT pointed out that the formula is also derivable Du Bois Reymond which is the direct extension to
for

two variables of Fourier's theorem

one variable, namely

r. r. /-. f* {x
a

'

Y) cs

(a

(x

x)

+ ^ ( f_ y)]

dxdY> dadP'
>

Ermakoff deduced the formula by changing to polar coordinates by means of


the substitution

= u cos to,

(3

= u sin at,
to.

and

effecting the integration with respect to

Ann. n. (1873), pp. 146161. t Proe. Boyat Irish Acad, xxvii. a, (1909), pp. 205248. i The value of the integral at a point of discontinuity has been examined with some care by
Cailler, Archives des Sci. {Soe. Helvttique), (4) xiv. (1902), pp.

* Math.

347350.
v. (1872),

Math.
||

Ann. v. (1872), pp. 135137. Math. Ann. iv. (1871), pp. 362390.

f Math.

Ann.

pp. 639640.

456
If
(r, <)

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XIV

and (R, <f>) be the polar coordinates corresponding to the Cartesian (x, y) and (X, Y) respectively, the formal result is fairly obvious when we replace V(X, Y) by F(R, <>) but the investigation by this method is not without difficulties, since it seems to be by no means easy to prove that the repeated integral taken over an infinite rectangle in the (a, /3) plane may be replaced by a repeated integral taken over the area of an indefinitely great
coordinates
;

circle.

If the arbitrary function

F(R,

<I>)

is

not continuous, the factor

F (r,

<f>)

which occurs on the right in (1) must be replaced by the limit of the mean value of F(R, 4>) on a circle of radius & with centre at (r, when 8 -*-0. <f>) This was, in effect, proved by Neumann in his treatise of 1881, and the proof
will

be given in

146

14*63.

The reader might


series.

anticipate this result from

what he knows of the theory of Fourier

A formula which

is

more recondite than

(3),

namely

has been examined by Bateman, Proc. London Math. Soc.

(2) iv. (1906), p.

484

cf.

12 2.

14'4.

Hankel's repeated integral.

The
Hankel

generalisation of
(cf.

Neumann's

integral formula which

was

effected

by

143)

in the case of functions of a single variable,

may be formally

stated as follows

Let

F (R)

be

an arbitrary function of

the real variable

subject to the

condition that

\"F{R)s/R.dR
exists

and

is

absolutely convergent;

and

let the

order v of the Bessel functions

be not* less than

\.
X

Then

(1)

{"udu

F(R) Jv (uR) Jv (ur) RdR = \ {F(r + 0) + F(r - 0)1,


lies inside

provided that the positive number r


limited total fluctuation.

an

interval in which

F(R)

has

The proof which we shall now give is substantially Hankel's proof, and it same general character as the proof of Fourier's theorem it will be set out in the same manner as the proof of Fourier's theorem given in Modern Analysis, Chapter IX. It is first convenient to prove a number of lemmas.
is

of the

* It

seems not unlikely that

it is sufficient
t>

for v to be greater than


difficult.

but the proof for the

more extended range of values of

would be more

14*4, 14*41]

MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

457

14*41.

The analogue of the Riemann-Lebesgue lemma.


the
is

A result, which resembles


theorem
is

lemma of Riemann-Lebesgue*

in the theory

of Fourier series, and which as follows

required in the proof of Hankel's integral

Letf

F(R)*/R.dR
a

exist,

and

{if

it is

an improper integral)

let it

be

absolutely convergent ;

and
f
J a

let

v~^

\.

Then, as

X -

oo

F(R)Jv (\R)RdR = o(l/</\).


;

It is convenient to divide the proof into three parts

in the first part

it is

assumed that F(R)\/R


the restriction that 6
that

is

bounded, and that

b is finite; in the

second part

is finite is is

removed

and in the third part the restriction


Divide the range of in-

F(R) *JR

is

bounded

also

removed.
j

(I)

Let the upper bound of

F{R)\/R be K.
|

tegration (a, b) into n equal intervals by the points

xJt x2

...

<r n _,

{x

=a,

xn =

b),

and choose n so large that

where e is an arbitrarily small positive number and and lower bounds of F(R) \/R in the rath interval.
Write
interval,
|

Um and Lm are

the upper

F(R) *JR = F{R m_ ) V#m-i + m (R), so that, when R lies in the mth w m (R) \^Um L m Now, when v ^ \, both of the functions of x,
1
.

x*Jv {x),
are

i*tiJv (t)dt,
Jo
.

Let

bounded when x > 0, even though the integral is not convergent as x * oo A and B be the upper bounds of the moduli of these functions. It is then

clear that
*

F{R)Jv (\R)RdR

2 F{R m ^) V-R*,-,
=1
-

[*m
Xm-l

(\R) V-K

dR
a>

+ 2
^ 2

|
.'

FjR^ ^R^W -^
i

w-l
j**r

m {R)Jv {\R)^R.dR\
|

Xm-1

Jv {x)\Jx.dx + 2

/*
0>
I

AdR
m (i)

2.Bwg

*
* Cf.

\*

Ae
VX-'
% 9-41.
;

Modern Analysis,

t The upper limit of the integral may be infinite preserves the analogy with 14-3 (3).

and a^O. The apparently

irrelevant factor

"

458

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


taking
(1/^X).
(II)

[CHAP. XIV

By
is o

sufficiently large (n

last expression

can be

made

less

remaining fixed after e has been chosen) the than 2Ae/^X, and so the original integral

If the upper limit is infinite, choose c so that

r\F(R)\ s/R.dR<e,
J e

and use the inequality


i

F(R) Jv (XR) Rd R

U
\

Ja

f J a

F (R) J
we get

(XR)

RdR\ + ^- r\F(R)\</R.dR;
\

\XJ C

then, proceeding as in case

(I),

J F(R)J (XR)RdR
v
\

2BnK

2Ae

J a

The choice of n now depends- on e through the choice of c as well as by the mode of subdivision of the range of integration (a, c) but the choice of n is still independent of X, and so we can infer that the integral (with upper limit
;

infinite) is still o(l/V^).

(Ill)

If

F(R) V-B

is

unbounded*, we may enclose the points at which


of intervals 8 such that

it is

unbounded

in a

number p

St \F(R)\^R.dR <
8

J8

By

applying the arguments of

(I)

and

(II) to the parts of (a, b) outside these

intervals,

we get

J a

A,
I

V^
\

where

is

now
still

the upper bound of

F (R)
e,

choices of both

K and n now depend on

*JR outside the intervals h. The but are still independent of \, so

that Ave can

infer that the integral is o (l/y/X).

14*42.

The

inversion of Hankel's repeated integral.


\,

We
is

shall

next prove that, when v~^

and

F(R)*JR .dR

exists

and

Jo
absolutely convergent, then

Vudu rF(R)Jv (uR)Jv (ur)RdR


Jo

Jo
K

lim

rF(R)
exists.

A-ooJo

[JO

JV (uR) Jv (ur) udul RdR,


)

provided that the limit on the right


* Gf.

Modern Analysis,

9-41.

14-42, 14*43]

MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
\,
fi

459
e,

For any assigned value of


hypothesi there exists a

and any arbitrary positive number


such that

ex

number

F
where
If
it is

F(R)\JR.dR<

A
we

is

the constant defined in 1441.

write

F (R) J

(uR) J, (ur) uR

<f>

(R, u),

clear that*
["
j

f%(22,

u)duldRr<i>

Tj P

<j>

(R, u) dRi\ du

r|

&
T

u) dui

dR~ r | f v (r,

%>

^1 d U

^J
Since this result

^ji? CR)|v #.<^<R+J


/

?-\F(R)\<JR.dRdi
'0 J

is

true for arbitrarily small values of

e,

we

infer that

P [ <f>(R,u)dudR Jo Jo

r<b(R, u)dRdu,
is

Jo Jo

the integral on the


to exist.

left

existing because the integral on the right

assumed

If the integral on the left has a limit as

X -*

oo

it is

evident from

the definition of an infinite integral that


[" udu P F(R) Jo Jo

(uR) Jv (ur) RdR

K-m-aoJ

lim f udu f F(R) Jv (uR) J, (ur) RdR


JO
K

=
and

lim

*F(R) {

(uR)

Jv (ur) udu\ RdR,


)

X-oo.'o

{Jo

this is the inversion formula

which had to be proved.

14*43.
integral.

The relevant part of the range of integration in Hankel's repeated


shall prove that, in

Next we

Hankel's integral, the only part of the .R-range


is

of integration which contributes anything to the value of the integral

the

part of the path in the immediate vicinity of r, provided merely that has an absolutely convergent integral.
*

F(R) \/R

are X

The and

justification of the inversion of the order of integration for


/3

& finite rectangle whose sides

presents no great theoretical difficulties.

460

THEOKY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


To
effect this, it is sufficient to
(a, b),

[CHAP. XIV
not a point of the

prove that,

if

is

interval*

then
t

udul
Ja

F (R) J

(uR) Jv (ur) RdR

= 0.
we
find that, if

JQ

We invert
f

the order of the integrations, as in 14*42, and

the limits on the right exist,

uduf F(R)Jv (uR)Jv (ur)RdR


J a
b

lim
X-^oo

F(R)
a

\ \

(uR)

(ur)

udul
)

RdR
\

[JO

fb F(R) [RJy+1 (XR) Jv (Xr) - rJ^ (Xr) Jv (XR)]

TftlTf
i

lim \J. (Xr)

j*
-

/,+.

(XB) dR
(Xr)

lim

XrJv+1

J*

</

(XB) <iR.

Since both the integrals

fEgV^figgn
are
ea;

hypothesi absolutely convergent,


(

it

follows from the generalised


;

Riemann-

Lebesgue lemma

14*41) that the last two limits are zero

and

so

("uduf
J0
Ja

F (R) J

(uR) J, (ur)
b.

RdR =

provided that r

is

not such that

a^r$

14*44.
It will

The boundedness of

(uR) Jv (ur) uRh dudR.


oo
,

J a

JO

now be shewn

that, as

the repeated integral

t f Ja J

Jv (uR) Jv (ur) uR* dudR

remains bounded, provided that a and b have any (bounded) positive values. It is permissible for a and b to be functions ofXof which one (or both) may tend
to

r as X -*

oo

Let us first consider the integral obtained by taking the dominant terms of the asymptotic expansions, namely
2
f
I

cos
.'0

7T\/r.J a

uR \vtr

\ir) cos

(ur \vir $ir) du dR

- n
7T

h ("sin

X (R r)

cos (X (R

sjrj a |_ CHb-r) si n f

R-r
x dx

+ r) vir\ cos inr~ dR R+.r


(a*
*

f
I

A(6+r) cos

i>tt)

VrL.'A(-r)

Jx(*+r)

dx + cos

vrr

log

a + rj

+
b

r*l
.

* It is permissible for 6 to be infinite.

14*44]

MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
first

461
convergent

The

integral

is

bounded because
/

J -00

&

dx

is

and the

second integral
the integral the limit of

is

bounded because

x
is

dx

is

convergent ; and so
as

now under
1
:-

consideration
r/" A (*-) sin
I

bounded, and
b

its limit,

\ -* oo

is

a;

^r wr

[J K(a-r)

dX + COS 1/7T

log

+ r~
,

a + rj

provided that this limit exists.

But we may write


f
I

J (uR)J(ur)uR*dudR

Ja J

= -A- f TTtJrJa

Jo

f " [Ittw/,,

(w#)

Jv {ur) J(Rr)

cos (aR \vir \w) cos {ur \vir |7r)] dudR

cos (uR \vir \tt) cos (ttr |i>7r \trS\ dudR


H

cos (uR r / Tr^/rJaJo


I

\vir

71-) cos (ur i7r J7r) c2u<R.


first is

Now,

of the integrals on the right, the

the integral with respect to

R of an

integral (with respect to u) which converges uniformly in

domain of values of
function of r

R and r, and
is

when r

any positive a continuous (and therefore bounded) positive and bounded.


so it is

The
limit

third integral has been

shewn

to

be bounded, and
,

it

converges to a

whenever
rHb-r) sin#
J A(a-r)

does

so.

The second

integral
roo

may be
sin

written in the form


{ur \vtr

42
-

inr

J rb
r}

\/r

a J A

d [_uK

(uR hnr

\ir) cos

\ir)

-i

cos{uR-Ivtt-

lir) sin {ur

- %vtt - \ir) + 0{l/u*) dudR

where

^ (\),

< 2

(X) and
.

(X) are functions of

\ and

i2

which tend uniformly

to zero as

\ -*

oo

462 Hence,
for all

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


bounded positive values of
a, b, r,

[CHAP. XIV

the integral

Jv (uR) Jv (ur) uR* dudR


a
is
.'0

bounded as \ -*

oo

and

it

converges to a limit whenever


r\(b-r) s i n

.K(a-r)

does

so.

14*45.

Proof of HankeVs
all
is

integral theorem.

Now
Since

that

the preliminary lemmas have been proved, the actual proof


quite simple.
is

of Hankel's theorem

F(R)

has limited fluctuation in an interval of which r

an internal

point, so also has

F(R)\/R; and

therefore

we may

write

F(R)s/R = Xi(R)-X*(R)>
where X\ ( R ) an(^ X* ( R ) are nionotonic
(positive) increasing functions.

we choose a positive number After choosing a positive number fluctuation in the interval (r 8, r -f 8) 8 so small that F(R) has limited total
e arbitrarily,

and

also

+ S)- Xl (r + 0)<ej (r + 0)<ej (r+S)-X 2 X


Xl (r
2

Xl (r
'

-0)- Xl (r- 8) <


X2 (r- 8)

ej
'

X2

(r- 0)-

<

ef

we apply the second mean-value theorem, we find that number intermediate in value between and 8 such that
If
r+S
f
X
-'0

there exists a

f Xi

WJ
+

"

(w

R ) J" ( Mr ) Us/B" dudR


fr+S r\
I

= Yj (r + 0)
(Xi ( r

J
'

(uR)

(ur)
r\
/

JR dudR
.

Jr

fr+S

+ 8 ) ~ Xi
Afi

+ )1 J
a;
,

r+( J
,

J" ( uR ) J

(ur)u*JR. dudR.

sin

Since
as

Jo
,

<tx

7r,
1444
that the
first

X - oo

8 remaining fixed, it follows from

term on the

right tends to a limit as

-*- oo

on the right does not exceed Ce of the modulus of the repeated integral
Hence,
if

while 8 remains fixed. And the second term in absolute value, where G is the upper bound
(cf.

1444).

lim
A-*.
it

f
J r

Jo

(uR)J(ur)uR i dudR = C / y/r,


l

follows that

+
lim
exists

P
X

*-*.*> J r

JO
X\ (r

Xi( R ) J( uR )

J*( ur ) uRhdudR

and

is

equal to

+ 0)/\/r.

14-45]

MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
treat

463

We

^ (R) in a similar manner,

8,

and

also apply similar reasoning to

the interval (r

r)

and we
I

infer that, if

lim
A-*oo

Jv (uR)Jv (ur)uR^dudR = C /^/r,


3

J r8 J

rr+8 fK

then
exists

lim
A-^eo J r -S J

F(R) Jv (uR)Jv (ur)uRdudR

and

is

equal to

C F(r+0) + C,F(r-0).
1

We

integrals*,

now have to we have


S/f

evaluate

and

By

the

theory of generalised

Jo Jr

lim
i>-0

f" Jo

exp (p^u*)
roo

r+ *

(uR) Jv (ur) uR*

dRdu

J r

rr+S

= lim
p-^oJr
,.

exp (- p*u 2 )
.0
fi

Jv (uR) Jv (ur) uR* dudR


r*)

p+

R*

/flr\ Di ,_

by 1331(1).

Now, throughout the range

of integration,

as

^) -*- 0.

Hence

C^

p _fc0 2jt>V7rJ

lim s

exp x

-I
|

4p 2

I j

dR

= lim
and similarly
C'2

ri//>
I

-}

exp ( #2 ) <&e

p-*o "J"* Jo
1

lim j

r
I

exp ( xz) dx

= .

p-^0 v"* J -}6/p

We

have therefore shewn that


A

lim
exists

/'

F(R)Jv (uR)J (ur)uRdudR


y

A-- J r-S Jo

and

is

equal to

t\F(r+0) + F(r-0)}.
C,
* Hardy, Quarterly Journal, xxxv. and C2 se 1452.
,

(1904), pp. 22

66.

For a

different

method

of calculating

464
But,
if this

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


limit exists, then,

[CHAP. XIV

by

1442,
v

Jo
also exists

(* F(R) J, (uR) J f udu Jo


it
;

(ur)

RdR

and

is

equal to

and so we have proved Hankel's theorem, as

stated in 144.

The use of generalised integrals in the proof of the theorem seems to be due to Sommerfeld, in his Konigsberg Dissertation, 1891. For some applications of such methods combined with the general results of this chapter to the probleme des moments of Stieltjes, 8188. see a recent paper by Hardy, Messenger, xlvii. (1918), pp.
14*46.

Note on HankeVs proof of his theorem.


to discuss

The proof given by Hankel of his formula seems inadequately. The first is in the discussion of
lim f
|

two points somewhat

F(R)Jv (uR)Jv (ur)uRdudR,

which he replaces by
lim
f

^(/2)[^^ + i(X R)-/v(X/-)-rJ, + 1 (Xr)Jy (X/2)J^r-5


J

In order to approximate to this integral, he substitutes the first terms of the asymptotic expansions of the Bessel functions without considering whether the integrals arising from objection to the proof), the second and following terms are negligible (which seems a fatal and without considering the consequences of \R vanishing at the lower limit of the path of
integration.

The second

point,

which

is

of a similar character, is in the discussion of

lim
*-.>

J r+t J o
this is zero if tends to a positive limit

Jv (uR)Jv (ur)uRdudR
must be bounded
-*-0 as X-^oo

after proving

by the method just explained that


it

and

is

if

{-=0, he takes

for granted that it

if

and

this does not

seem prima facie obvious.

14*5.

Extensions of Hankel's theorem

to

any cylinder functions.

We

shall

now

discuss integrals of the type

l"

uduT F(R) <@

(uR)

K (ur) RdR,
v.

in which the order v of the unrestricted cylinder function &,(z) is any real* number. The lower limits of the integrals will be specified subsequently,

since

it is

convenient to give them values which depend on the value of


shall

For definiteness we

suppose that
<r

<&, (z)

{cos a

Jv (z) + sin a Yv (*)},


.

where
*

<r

and a are constants.


discussion
ie

The subsequent

simplified

and no

generality is lost by assuming that

p^Q.

14-46-14-51]

MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
of the

465
( 14*41),

The analogue

Riemann-Lebesgue lemma
( v

namely

that

f F(R) e
Ja

(XR)

RdR = o (l/y/\),

rb

provided that
.

\
<>.

F(R)*JR.dR
precisely the

exists

and is absolutely convergent, may obviously be proved by methods of 14*41, provided that a b ^ oc and
,

fa^O
[a

if

O^v^l,
>\.

>0

if v

The theorem
theorem
is

of 14*44 has to be modified slightly in form. that the repeated integral


(

The modified

P <v (uR) <W

V (

u r) u s/R

du dR

J a J t is

bounded as

A,-hoo

functions of

X which have

while t remains fixed; as in 14*44, a and b may be The number t is positive, finite limits as X -*- oc
.

though

it is permissible for it to

be zero when 0^i>^.


A <6-

Also the repeated integral and the integral


r)
r

8ina?

dx

/:

both converge or both oscillate as X -*


[Note.
type,
i.e. if

oo

If the two cylinder functions we considered the integral


A

in the repeated integral were not of the

same

/:/:
it

<&9 ( R) <(c

(r)

u sjR du dR,
.

would be found that the convergence of this integral necessitates the convergence of the
/A(6-r) 1-cos.r
dx;
is
,

integral

and

so, if

X (6-r)-*-oo as X-*-<c

the repeated integral

divergent*.]

14-51.

The extension of Hankel's theorem when

*5

|.

Retaining the notation of


theorem.
Let
\

14*414-5, we shall now prove the following

F(R)*JR.dR

exist

and

be

an

absolutely convergent integral,

and

Jo

letO^v^^. Then
(1)
-,

(* udu

r F(R)
/

<&.

(uR) <@v (ur)


2<r sin
2

RdR
+ vir)
f
00

n/

>

o sin (a

R r
iv

"

viv\ fjp

* This point

was overlooked by Nielsen, Handbuch der Theorie der Cylinderfunktionen

(Leipzig, 1904), p. 365, in his exposition of Hankel's theorem.

466

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


lies inside

[CHAP. XIV

provided that the positive number r


limited total fluctuation.

an

interval in which

F(R)

has

As

in 14*42,

we may shew that


v

Jo

r udu Jo r F(R) 9?

(uR) <@v (ur)

RdR
F (R) f
J

=
A.

lim l"
-. oo
.'

<@v (uR) <@v (ur)

uRdu dR,

provided that the limit on the right

exists.

But now we observe that


k(

Jo
1

&,(itRy&y (ur)udu

-i*
X
2

uR <@v+1 (uR) c @v (ur) -

ur

r t% v+1 (ur)

^ (uR)

R -r
2

[R <@, +1 (\R) <% (\r) - r <@y+1 (\r) <&, (\R)]


a sin (o

2<r 2 sin

vnr)

R
R
v

TTsini/TT

rv

(R -r )'
1 2

Hence we
K

infer that, if r is not a point of the interval (a, b), then


<@,

F (R) \

(uR) <@v (ur)

uRdudR
2

n\
as
X. --

2<r

sina sin (a +

yTr)

/-

R*-r*>

v/
-*-

^ p^ p
oo
.

oo

and so the

last

repeated integral has a limit when \

Now

choose an arbitrary positive

number
if if

e,

that F(R) has limited total fluctuation in the interval (r

and then choose 8 so small 8, r + 8) and so that


8,

(\F(R)-F(r + 0)\<e \\F(R)-F(r-0)\<e

r<R^r +

r- 8 ^R<r.

Now

take

("
Jo

F(R)

# (uR) <@v (ur) ududR,


parts,

Jo

and divide the 22-path of integration into four


(0,r-8), (r-8,r), (r,r
K<

namely

+ 8),

(r

+ 8,<x>).
and we find that

Apply the second mean-value theorem as


(*
Jo

in 14*45,

F(R)\ @ (uR) <@


Jo

(ur)

uRdudR

2a*sinasin(a
7T Sin VTT

+ *-7r)jf'-
-|l
<@y
Cr+S r\ fr+S

/* R - r* ^ /pw -rUl &-**>{ -ft***


|

^>

+ F(r + 0)<s/r.
J r

(uR)<@y (ur)uRldudR
(uR) <@v (ur) uRHudR

Jo
X

+ F(r - 0)

r
.

( ( J r-tJ

<&,

+ V,

14-51]

MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
\r)\

467
is

where

has an upper bound which

is

independent of \ and which

arbitrarily small

when

e is arbitrarily small.

The making

integrals on the right converge to limits


e -*

when \ -*- oo and


,

so,

by

after

-* oo

we
X

infer that

Jo
is

r udu Jo f
IT

F(R) <$ v (uR) <@, (ur) RdR

convergent and equal to


2<r* sin

a sin (a
Sin VJT

vir)

R - r"'
2v

rco

fr+6

+ F(r + 0) Vr

lim
-*0.'0

<@v Jr
r tfv

(uR)

(ur)

uR*dRdu

+ F(r-0)<Jr.\im

I I*

(uR) <@v (ur) uR* dRdu,

provided that the limits on the right exist.

To prove that the limits exist and to evaluate them simultaneously, take F(R) = R when r<R<r+B and F(R) = for all other values of R.

We

thus find that


<@v

r'+i lira

(uR) <$ v (ur) uRSdRdu


r<x>

t-0J0 Jr

rr+S

lim / / S-*oJo Jr
;

^{uRY^^u^uR'^dRdu,

provided that this repeated limit exists

and similarly

r'+Mim f" -0.'0

Jr-S

<@ v

$ v (ur)uR*dRdu (uR) r
r

lira I" ( --0.'o Jr-S

<@(uR)<@ (ui')uR '+ 1 dRdu.


,

For brevity we write b in place of r


I" f &* (uR) ^r (ur) uR' "
+
>

+ 8. We

then have

dRdu
^h-i (ub)

{6" +l

- r+ ^, +1 (iir)} #r (ur) du
l
l

Jo

=
when

lim
P -*.+oJo

{b'<& l (ub)-i^ Vrt(ur)}<& p (ur)--, u


is

since the second of these three integrals


lutely convergent

convergent, and the third

is

abso-

< p < 1 v.

Now

the last expression can be replaced by a combination of the four

integrals of the types

/"

{b' +1 Ji, +

(ub)

- r" +l J {r+1) (ur)}

/^ %

>

468

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XIV

and these are all absolutely convergent. They may be evaluated as cases of Weber's discontinuous integral of 13 "4, and hence we find that

{6-+ 1
|

K+
2

(ah)

- f+ ^ +1 (ur)\

<& (wr)

_ <r

r* sin (a

2* sin pir sin

+ pir) sin (a + vrr ) .T(v + lp) vir T (v + rJT (p + 1)


.

err
2%>

"

sin a sin (a

sin (p7r

vir) sin vir

+ pir 4- vir) T (1 p) ,r(l v)T(v + p + 1)


.

The

limit of this expression,

when p -* 0,
r*\
ft
.

is

reducible to
62"

a*/* sin a sin (a


=

vir)

7T Sin

J/7T

'log 1-t-2
L
\

/,

+2 log r

"^

/, , i*^(l, -; l-v;
V
yfr

r*\ t-J

W
r

+ \ir cot a |7r cot (a + vir)


after

(1)

+ ty ( v)
-*

\,

some algebra

and the

limit of the last expression,

when

+ 0,

is

simply ^^r".

In like manner

it

may be shewn
r
(
J

that

lim (" 6++0J0

<@v (uR) <&p (ur) uR*+' dRdu


r-S

= \<x*r\

and
[

so

we have proved

that
v

udu
j

F (R) <&. (uR) <@


x

(ur)

RdR
Trsini/TT

2 ^ Sma Z^{F{r + 0) + F(r-0)}n

^ (a+ ^r- f ~^ , F(R)dR, Br-^ilfr-r*)


Jo
v
'

provided that

%v%\, F(R) is
<@ (z)

subject to the conditions stated in 144, and


{cos

er

aJ (z) + sin aF (z)}


section.

and

this is the general

theorem stated at the beginning of the

14*52.

Weber's integral 'theorem.

It is evident

from

14-51 that, if

F(R) *JRdR

exists

and

is

absolutely

Ja

convergent, where a
(1)

> 0,

then
r<@v+1 (Xr) * (Xi2)]

lim

F{R) [R<@v+1 (\R) V. (Xr) -

^^

0) + F(r-0)}, provided that r lies inside an interval in which F(R) has limited total fluctuation and F(R) is defined to be zero when ^R < a, if the order of the

$<r*{F(r

cylinder functions lies between

and

\.

14*52]

MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
now

469

We shall
Let
It is

establish the truth of this formula for cylinder functions of

unrestricted order.

[R<&p+l (XR) <w (Xr)

- r%% +1 (Xr) r $v (XR)] ^-^ = = -- OVi (\R) <$

<*>

(R, r

X).

an easy deduction from the recurrence formulae that


r
;

<D (22,

X)

- <,,_> (R,

X)

(Xr)

+ %Vi (Xr) ? (Xft)]


( 14*41),

and

so,

by the analogue of the Riemann-Lebesgue lemma


lim I"
A--oo 7

we have

(2)

[3>

(R, r ; X)

4^ (R,r;
result,

X)]

JRF (22)

dR = 0.

Hence, by adding up repetitions of this


(3)

lim
is

[4>, (R,

r ; X)

- <D n (22,

X)] 22F(22) dft

= 0,

where n

any positive

integer.
lies
2

Choose n so that one of the integers v n


lim

between

$,

and then from

(1)

<J> n (22,

X) 22F(22)
v,

<*22

- |<r

[F (r

+ 0) + F (r - 0)},

and

so, for all real

values of

we deduce from

(3) that

(4)

lim P<l>(22,r*
is

X)RF(R)dR = $<r*{F(r + 0) + F(r- 0)}.


it

This result

practically

due to Weber*, and


Weber's form,
let

was obtained by the method

indicated in 14*46.

To obtain the
<>

result in
{<$v (z)

\tf

Y (,) = Y
=
r

v
v

(r)Jv (z)-Jv (r)Y,(z),


(R) J, (z)

- Jv (22) Yv (z).

Then
u r^, (l

^)^^- <r)^^
left is also

and the expression on the


u

equal to

[22iU (uR) <@ (ur) - r<@v+1 (ur) f (uft )] = w22 [ Yv (22) J, +1 (u22) - Jv (22) 7, +1 (22)] [ Yv (r) Jv (ur) - Jv (r) Yv (ur)] -ur\Yv (r) Jv+1 (ur) - Jv (r) Yv+l (ur)] [ Yv (R) Jv (uR) - Jv (R) Y, (u ft)] = wFv (22) Yv (r) [RJ, +1 (uR) Jv (ur) - rJ v+1 (ur) Jv (uR)] + $u{Jv (22) Yv (r) - Jv (r) Yv (22)} [22J, +1 (uR) Yv (ur) - R v+l (uR) Jv (ur) - rYv+1 (ur)J(uR) + rJ+l (ur) Yy (uR)] [RD v+l (uR)D v (ur) - rD v+l (ur)D v (uR) (R)\ (r) Y -\u{Jv (22) Yv (r) + Jv v - RD v+l (uR) D v (ur) + rD v+1 (ur) D v (uR)] - uJv (22) Jv (r) [RYV+1 (uR) Yv (ur) - rYv+1 (ur) Yv (uR)], \Dv (z) = Jv (z)+Yv (z), where \D v (z) = Jv (z)-Y,(z).
*

Math. Ann.

vi. (1873),

pp. 146161.

470

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Now
suppose that

[CHAP. XIV

r/(R)RdR
J

a
;

exists

and

is

absolutely convergent

and consider

(* <&,(ur)W.(uR)uRdudR. lim \* f{B)

Carry out the integration with respect to u, and replace the integrated part by the sum of the four terms written above, divided by R* r2
.

Since
is

J,(B)F.W-J.(r)r.(B)
r,

bounded near
r, it

and has limited


,

total fluctuation in

any bounded

interval

containing

of terms tend

to

follows that the integrals corresponding to the second group zero as \->- <x> by the generalised Riemann-Lebesgue lemma.

Corresponding to the third group of terms we get a pair of integrals which

happen to

cancel.

When we
lim

use (1),
A f

we

are therefore left with the result that

p / (R)
say

<& (ur) 9$ v

(uR) uR

dudR

=
that
is to

${J*(r)

+ Yv>(r)}.{f(r + 0)+f(r-0)},

"
(6)
f

uduT f(R)<@

(ur)9$ v (uR)RdR

-!{/, (r) +
in
in

F (r)}
(5),

{/(r

+ 0) +f(r - 0)},
an interval
in the

which the cylinder functions are defined by which f(R) has limited total fluctuation.

and r

lies inside

Apart from

details of notation, this is the result obtained

by Weber

case of functions of integral order.


14'6.

Formal statement of Neumann s

integral theorem.
will

We

shall

now

state precisely the

theorem which

be the subject of

discussion in the sections immediately following. It is convenient to enunciate the theorem with Du Bois Reymond's* generalisation, obtained by replacing

the Bessel function by any function which satisfies certain general conditions.

The

generalised theorem

is

as follows
the

(I)

Let "^(Z, Y) be
is

a bounded arbitrary function of


such that the double integral

pair of real

variables (X, Y), which

("

I -00
exists
*

V(X, Y).(X* + Y*)-l.(dXdY)

oo

and
(t),

is absolutely convergent.
390. Neumann's formula (cf. 14-3) is obtained by writing iv. (1871), pp. 383 and the conditions (I) (III) are substantially those given in Neumann's treatise

Math. Ann.

g{t)sJ

published in 1881.

14*6, 14-61]
(II)

MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
is
let

471

denoted by

When *&(X, Y) F(R, <l>), and


7r),
) ;

expressed in terms of polar coordinates, let it be F(R, 4>) have the property that (for all values

of $> between
functions o/<I>.
(III)

the interval (0, oo

F(R, and

4>),

let this

qua function of R, has limited fluctuation and also F (+

total fluctuation in
0, 4>) be

integrable

If Q(R,
let

<I>)

(
in

0,

R),

fl(R,

3>)

denote the total fluctuation of F(R, <J>) in the interval tend to zero uniformly with respect to 4> as R-*-0,
it, ir),

throughout the ivhole of the interval (

a number of

sectors the

sum of whose
!

angles

with the exception* of values of <I> may be assumed arbitrarily

small.

Since

F( R,

<I>)

- F(+

0, <J>)

^ Ci(R,

<t>),

this condition

necessitates that

F (R;
that

<I>)

-*

F (+ 0,
g(R)
is

4>) uniformly except in the exceptional sectors.

(IV)

Let
rR

g (R) \/R

be a continuous function of the positive variable R, such bounded both when R-*-0 and when R ~ oo
.

Let

g(t)tdt

= O(R), and

let

G(t)

dt
be convergent.

Then
is convergent,

JO

[" V (X, Y).g{u </(X* + F*)} r u du Jl -acJ -x

(dX d Y)

and

is

equal to
r

2*-.[i*W(+o,<i>)]
Jo

ffW?. t

dt

where ffiKF (+

0, 3>)

meansf
2tt,

Lll n F(+0 '* )d<P


we

'

Before proving the main theorem,


just as in the case of Hankel's integral.

shall prove a

number

of

Lemmas,

14'61.

The analogue of the Riemann-Lebesgue lemma.


14'41,

we have the theorem that if T is an unbounded domain^, surrmmding the origin, of which the origin is not an interior point or a boundary point, then, as A. -*- oo
Corresponding to the result of

JIT
*
is

F(R,4>)G(XR) ( *5*?> = o(l).

The

object of the exception is to ensure that the reasoning is applicable to the case (which

which & (X, Y) is zero outside a region bounded by one more analytic curves and is, say, a positive constant inside the region, the origin being on the boundary of the region. f The discovery that the repeated integral is equal to an expression involving the mean value of F[R, <) when the origin is a point of discontinuity of F(R, $) was made by Neumann, Ueber die naeh Kreis-, Kugtl- und Cylinder-functionenforUchreitenden Enticickelungen (Leipzig, 1881), pp. 130131. J For instance T might be the whole of the plane outside a circle of radius 5 with centre at the
of considerable physical importance) in

or

origin.

472

THEORY OF BBSSEL FUNCTIONS


14*41, in

[CHAP. XIV

It will be observed that this is

theorem of
type used in

G (\R) may be*


-

a theorem of a much weaker character than the view of hypothesis (II) of 14*6. The reason of this is the fact that (,/A) for certain values of R, and this seems to make arguments of the

14 41 inapplicable.
first

of

<t>,

To prove the lemma, suppose F(R, <>) may be expressed

that

T is

bounded. Then, for any value

as the difference f of

two (increasing) mono-

tonic functions Xi (-^> )> %2 (-^ )> F(R, 3>) in the interval (0, R).

wnos e sum

is

the total fluctuation of

If

and

are the extreme values of

for

follows from the second

mean- value theorem

that, for

any particular value of <J>, it some value of R% between

and

lf

rKR

= Xl (,<*>)
C

*,.,dt

J kR

+ X (*i.*) 0(*)y l

Ax

f
J

kR ,.,dt
<

G(t)

kRt

Since
choose

G (t)
t

dt

is

convergent,

if e is

an arbitrary positive number, we can

so large that

dt

for all values of

ff((

>

<,

not

less

than the smallest value of


Xl (R, 4>)

Also

Xx (R, <D)

- IF(+ 0, *)}+*! F{+ 0, <*>)


J

<x(*>.*)-i-P(+o.*) + *|^(+o
and similarly

*)!,

IttCJR,*)!**
whence
it

(< >,<t>)

+ $F(+0,<t>) + $\F(+0,)\,

follows that

Jf

F(R,<&)G(\R)

(dRd)

R
{*<>, *)
{n(oo,<t>)

<2eT
J -ir

+ *(ao,<I^^(+0,*)l}d*
+
\F(+0,<?>)}d<!>;

= 2e r
and, since

e sufficiently small,

we may
*

bounded, this can be made arbitrarily small by taking it is independent of the outer boundary of T. Hence proceed to the limit when the outer boundary tends to infinity.
3>) is

F(+ 0,

and

This

is

the case

some

of the conditions

when g (R)sJ {R) then G (R)=RJt (R). imposed on J*' (/?, *f>) are superfluous,
;

It is

by no meaus impossible that

t Cf. Modern Analysis, 3-64.

14-62]

MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
the modulus of

473

We infer that, if T has no outer boundary,

can be made arbitrarily small by taking \ sufficiently large

and

this is the

theorem to be proved.
14*62.

The inversion of Neumann's repeated

integral.

We shall next prove that the existence and absolute convergence of the integral

r r
are
sufficient conditions that

<t<

t)

(dXdT)

fttdttf
JO
J

CD

(X, f
lira

Y) g {u V(X 2
.

+ F )} (dXdY)
2
.

(X, f" A-.oo J oo J oo

Y)\ g{u>J{X*+Y*j\udu{dXdY),
./

provided that the limit on the right

exists.
e,

For any given value of \ and any arbitrary positive value of


a number
/9

there exists

such that
,

J
where
J. is

JV(B *)|2((Md*)<^,
>

the upper bound of

<jr
|

(w)
j

Vw*

We
j

then have
k
.

f r [ F(R, <i>)g (uR) udu R (dRd<P) \J -wJo JO - P ^ r F (R, <P) g (uR) R (dRd<P) udu JO J-irio
=
i

r r rF R -vJ JO
(
fi

>

^ ^r
o^)
*
f

(<^*&)

-f
Jo

J -it J/3

f" ^(ii, <&)g(uR)


itf

R (dRd)udu
!

< ji

J -irJ

f*

["
fi

/"*!

-F(#, <&) w*dw


!

(dRd<P)

Jo

+
<
Since this
is
.

aT i' r -n
J
J

F(R,

4>)

R* (dRd^)
I

u*

fi

true for arbitrarily small values of

e,

we

infer that

Jo

r F(R, <5>)g(uR) R (dRd<P) udu f !' -wo


J

=
the integral on the
exist.
left

lim
A-*>

["

oo ./

-WO

P F(R,)g(uR)udu.R(dRd<t>),
Jo
is

existing because the limit on the right

assumed
16

to

w.

b. f.

474

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Hence
it

[CHAP. XIV
then

follows that, if the limit

on the right

exists,

\~uduf' [" F(R Q>)g(uR)R(dRdQ>)


)

-lim
14*63.

K-*.aoJ

f -v

f>(ie,4>)(?(X^)^^.
J
-ft

The proof of Neumann's integral theorem.

We
e

are

now

in a position to prove without difficulty the theorem

due

to

Neumann
and

stated in 14*6. first take an arbitrarily small positive number then choose the sectors in which the convergence of (R, 4>) to zero is

We

uniform, in such a

way that

the

choose 8 so small that II (R,

sum of their angles exceeds 2ir e. We then 4>) < e in these sectors whenever R ^ 8 and we
;

take the upper bounds of

n (R, <D) +
to be

F(R,

<S>)

and

fG(u)

B and C. We then apply the second

mean-value theorem. "We have

f* dR r* fJJ? -Xk(+0,*)/ O(XB)^+to(8,*)- Xl (+0,*)}J^(xfi)^


o

where

^ f ^ 8.
f*

Now
Hence
f Jo

G(\R)^\ =

dR

/"**
I

Jt

\
I

G(u)-\<2G.
J a*

dii

F(R,<S>)G(\R)t = F(+0,<P)rG(u)^ + v> Jt u Jo


than 2eC inside the sectors in which convergence
is

where and is

tj
| |

is less

uniform,

less

than

2BG in

the exceptional sectors.

Hence
I

it follows

that

"

l'F(R, ) Q

(MJ)^*> _ 2,JJ(+ 0,*) f<? () *


<
27r.2etf-l-e.250

Hence,
I

for large values of X,

/" /* *<* )
./

-WO

(Mi)

^
-tt Jti

= 2eC {2tt + }.
- ftriW( + 0, )

f (.) JO
2?)

* U

<2eC(2ir +
that
Urn"
is

+ o(l),

to say
'

f K-^colJ-wJo

f JF(#,

4>)

(\R) (

^?> -

2,r

JWF<+ 0, 0)

Jo

f G () **

< 2eC (2tt + 5).

14*63, 14-64]

MULTIPLE INTEGBALS
left is

475

Now the
small,

expression on the

independent of c

and so since

e is arbitrarily

we

infer that the limit is zero.

That

is

to say,

Km
exists

A-xJ-irJO

f f *(**) 0(XS)<-^
-"f

and

is

equal to

2-rJlF(+O
Applying the result of been proved.

*)J"0(iO ^' Jo

1462, we see that Neumann's theorem has now

In the special case in which g (u)


ru
I

= J (w), we
= uJ
x
x

have

tg(t)dt

(w),

Jo
so that

G (u) = uJ
Jo

(u),

and

* r gw -H- /.-(.)} . -c u
Jo

Hence we have
(1)

puduj

9
I"

V(X,Y).J {u*J(X*+Y*)}.(dXdY) = 2?r jffcW (+ cos +


.

<I>,

sin

<I>).

If
(2)

we change the

origin,

we deduce that

fuduf" f V(X,Y).J,lu4[{X-*Y + (Y-tf\].(dXdY)


= 2ir0Vfr (oc +
cos
<i>,

y+

sin 4>),

and

finally,

changing to polar coordinates,

(3)

ruduT
Jo

J-wJ-aa

F(R,<P)J

[u</(R? + r*-2Rr cos (<P -

<f>)]

RdRd
when
(R, 3>)

= 27rJ*LF'(r,0),
of the values of

where 0lF(r,

<f>)

now means the mean

F(R,

<E>)

traverses the circumference of an indefinitely small circle with centre

(r, ^).

14*64.

Mehler'8 investigation of Neumann s integral.


integral has

Neumann's
t

been deduced by Mehler* from the formula

5 ?!L2 f ' f" /(S, <l>) P (cos 7 ) sin @d4>de f(0 ) = =0 **?r Jo J -n
by a limiting process
cos
;

in this formula

= cos

cos

+ sin 6 sin @ cos

(<J>

$).

The formula

is

valid inside a sphere of radius k,

obtained f by constructing a solution of Laplace's equation, which has an assigned value f(0, <f>) on the

surface of the sphere.


* Math. Ann. v. (1872), pp.

135137 ;

cf.

Lamb, Proc. London Math.

Soc. (2) n. (1905), p. 384.

t Of. Modern Analysis, 18*4.

476

THEORY OP BESSEL FUNCTIONS


The
limiting process used

[CHAP. XIV

by Mehler
is

is

that suggested by the result of

5'71

the radius of the sphere

made

indefinitely large,

and new variables

R, r are defined by the equations

R = k%,
coordinates
(,

= k0,

so that R, r are substantially cylindrical coordinates of the points with polar

3>), (k, 6,

<j>)

noted by F(R,

<l>),

and

Pn (cos7)
ra-

the function of position /(, <E>) is then debecomes approximately equal to J (nvr/ic),

where
2

R?

r2

- 2Rr cos (4> Kn

<f>).

We are

thus led to the equation

*>,<)
If

= Km 1
-*.>

2n

=0

lf *Tr

r
J

F(R,^)J

(n^/ K

JO

-n

)^d^. K*

now we

write

w//c ^= u,

and replace the summation by an integration (taking

l/ as the differential element),

we get

F{r,$)=-^udu^ j"
which
is

F(R,<P)J (uvi)RdRd<P,

Neumann's

result.

But

this procedure can hardly

be made the basis of a rigorous proof, be-

cause there are so

many

steps which require justification.

Thus, although we
00

know

that
/"" /""

S
is

/o\ n 2 4-1

n=0 \*/

(-)

-IT-^I *T Jo

f(,)Pn(cosy)sm@dd
.'

-a-

which assumes the value f(0, <f>) on the that we may put p = k in the series necessitates a discussion of the convergence of the series on the surface of the sphere and the transition from the surface of a sphere to a plane, by making k -* oo , with the corresponding transition from a series to an integral, is one
surface of the sphere, the theorem
;

a potential function (when

r< k\

of considerable theoretical difficulty.


It is possible that the method which has just been described is the method by which Neumann discovered his integral formula in 1862. Concerning his method he stated that "Die Methode, durch welche ich diese Formel so eben

abgeleitet habe, ist nicht. vollstandig strenge."

CHAPTER XV
THE ZEROS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS
15*1.

Problems connected with the zeros of Bessel functions.


classes of problems, connected with the zeros of Bessel

There are various

functions, which will be investigated in this chapter.

We shall begin by proving

quite general theorems mainly concerned with the fact that Bessel functions

have an infinity of zeros, and with the relative situations of the zeros of different functions. Next, we shall examine the reality of the zeros of Bessel functions (and cylinder functions) whose order is real, and discuss the intervals in which the real zeros lie, either by elementary methods or by the use of PoissonSchafheitlin integrals.
necessarily real,

and proceed to represent

Next, we shall consider the zeros of Jv (z) when v is not this function as a Weierstrassian

product.

We

then proceed to the numerical calculation of zeros of functions

of assigned order, and finally consider the rates of growth of the zeros with the increase of the order, and the situation of the zeros of cylinder functions of
unrestrictedly large order. full discussion of the applications of the results contained in this chapter to problems of Mathematical Physics is beyond the scope of this book, though references to such applications. will be made in the

course of the chapter.

Except in 15*4 15*54, under consideration, is real.

it is

supposed that the order

v,

of the functions

The

zeros of functions

whose order

is

half an odd integer obviously lend

themselves to discussion more readily than the zeros of other functions.


particular the zeros of ^
,7**
'*

In

have been investigated by Schwerd

and by Rayleigh*; and more recently Hermitef has examined the zeros of Jn+l (a?). The zeros of this function have also been the subject of papers by RudskiJ who used the methods of Sturm; but it has been pointed out by Porter and by Schafheitlin that some of Rudski's results are not correct, and, in particular, his theorem that the smallest positive zero of Jn ^(x) lies between J (n + 1) tr and \ (n + 2) tt is untrue. Such a theorem is incompatible with the inequality given in 153 (5) and the formulae of 15*81, 15*83.
>

Sohwerd, Die Beugungsertcheinungen (Mannheim, 1835); cf. Yerdet, Lecons d'Optique i. (Paris, 1869), p. 266; Bayleigh, Proe. London Math. Soc. iv. (1873), pp. 95103. t Arehiv der Math, und Phyt. (8) i. (1901), pp. 2021. % M6m. de la Soc. R. det Sci. de Liege, (2) xvm. (1895), no. 3. See also Prace MatematycznoFizyczne, in. (1892), pp. 6981. [Jahrbueh liber die Fortschritte der Math. 1892, pp. 107108.] 8 Porter, American Journal of Math. xx. (1898), p. 198; Schafheitlin, Journal fur Math. cxxn.
Phytique,
(1900), p. 804.

478
15*2.

THEORY OF BBSSEL FUNCTIONS


The Be88el-Lommel theorem on
the zeros

[CHAP.

XV

of J,

(z).

It was stated by Daniel Bernoulli* and Fourierf that

(z)

has an infinity

integral

and a formal proof of this result by an analysis of Parseval's due to BesselJ. It was subsequently observed by Lommel that Bessel's arguments are immediately applicable to Poisson's integral for J, (z), provided that \ < v ^ \. A straightforward application of Rolle's theorem to x v Jy (x) is then adequate to prove Lommel's theorem that J,(z) has an
of real zeros
is
;

infinity

of real

zeros,

for any given real value of v.


investigation consists in proving that

The Bessel-Lommel
and x
lies

when - \ <

< \,

between mir and (m + 1) ir, then J (x) is positive for even values of m, (0, 2, 4, ...), and is negative for odd values of m, (1, 3, 5, ...). Since Jv (x) is a continuous function of x when x > 0, it is obvious that Jv (x) has an odd number of zeros in each of the intervals (\ir, it), (7r, 2ir),
(fir, Sir),....

Some more

precise results of a similar character will

be given in 15-32
ir

1536.
then,

To prove Lommel's theorem,

let

x = (wi +

\6)

where

<

^ 1;

by

obvious transformations of Poisson's integral,


t/ "

we have
'

p+ cosfrm *(** M_ au w {(2m + ey-u*}*-> ~r(i/ + |)r(|).(2m + ^J


rim+0

and

so

sgn

{x)

= sgn

cog i 7rM

{(2w

+ g), _ ,),->

Now

the last integral

may be written in the form m 2 (-ft!, + (-)",


r=l

where

(-)' vr

f
.'
|

8 - ***}*-' 2r _ 2 {(2m + 0) r2m+0 cog

8r

^^^^--^ du,
^m
{(2m+ey-u*}i-'
du.

COS^im

\m

If

now we

{(2m
it is clear

write u = 2r 1 + U, and then put 0y-(2r-l + UYy-i-{(2rn+OY-(2r-l-Uy}'-*=fr (U), +

that
tV

= Cf^^sin^irU.dU,
Jo

and, 8ince||
*

v^

fr(U)

is

a positive increasing! function of r.

Comm. Acad.

La TMorie

Sci. Imp. Petrop. vi. (17323) [1738], p. 116. Analytique de la Chaleur (Paris, 1822), 308.

% Berliner Abh., 1824, p. 39.

BeueVsehen Functionen (Leipzig, 1868), pp. 6567. This is the point at which the condition r ^J is required ; the condition v > - & ensures the convergence of the integral. f The reader will prove this without any difficulty by regarding r as a continuous variable and then differentiating /, (U) with respect to r.
Studien iiber die
||

'

15-2-15-22]
It follows that

ZEROS OF BESSBL FUNCTIONS

479

and

so

sgn

Jv (nnr + 10tt) = sgn [(-) m


is
is

{*'

-J-

(,

- ^-0 + (m_, - w_ ) + ...}]


i*

= sgn(-l)"-,
since vm'

obviously not negative.


to say,

That

when J <
sgn

v
/

<

\,

(mir

+ \6v) = j_

and from
The

this result Lomrael's

theorem follows in

-0,2,4, ...) (m = 1,3,5,...) the manner already stated.


(to
Baeh'r, Archives

zeros of Ji(x), as well as those of

Nlerlandaises^vu. (1872), pp. 351 358, with the help of a method which resembles the Bessel-Lommel method. Baehr's result for Ji (x) is that the function is positive when x
lies in

(x),

have been investigated by

the intervals

(0,

n), (fw, 3r), (-, 5tt), ...,

and that

it is

negative

when x

lies in

the intervals
gated in this

(7r, 2a-), ($-, 4jr),

(Qir,

6n-), ....

The function Ji(x) has


(2) ix. (1908), pp.

also been investi-

way by

C. N. Moore,

Annals of Math.

156162.

The
It

results just stated are of a less exact nature than the results obtained with the aid

of slightly

more

refined analysis

by Schafheitlin

( 15*33

15-35).

was noted by Whewell, Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. ix. (1856), p. 156, that zero between 2 and 2 ^2, and that the function Hq (*) has some real zeros.
15*21.

(x)

has a

The non-repetition of zeros of cylinder functions.

It is easy to prove that 9%, (z) has no repeated zeros, with the possible exception of the origin *. For, if $v (z) and ^y(z) vanished simultaneously, it would

V <WV (z) = 0, vanish would at the common zero of that all the differential coefficients oi9o v 9^K (z) and $*/ (z), and then, by Taylor's theorem, "^P, (z) would be identically zero.
follow,

by repeated

differentiations of the differential equation


(z)

15*22.
It will

The interlacing of zeros of Bessel functions.

that if j lt j >2 ... are the positive zeros of arranged in ascending order of magnitude, then, if v > 1,
,

now be shewn

Jy (x),

<j',l <ir+l,l <jr,t <ir+l,

<>,3 <

This result

is

sometimes expressed by saying that the positive zeros of J, (x)


(x).

are interlaced with those of J,+ x

To prove the result we use the recurrence formulae


j
the
a?-'

[*-Jp (x)} = - x-"J,+1 (x),

{tf"

+*

J^ (x)} - ar J

(x)

first

of these shews that


there
is

between each consecutive pair of zeros of

at least one zero of x~" J, +1 (x), and the second shews that between each consecutive pair of zeros of x*+1 J, +1 (x) there is at least one zero

J (a,)

of x*+x J (x)\ and the result

is

now

obvious.
by Sturm, Journal de Math.
i.

* This is a special case of a theorem proved

(1836), p. 109.

480
If

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


i>^ 1, the zeros are obviously
still

[CHAP.

XV
is

interlaced but the smallest zero of

Jv +i(x)
any

nearer the origin than the smallest zero of

Jv (x).
real

The

result concerning interlacing of positive zeros is obviously true for

cylinder function* <$ (x) and the contiguous function

^v+1

(x).

This fundamental and simple property of Bessel functions appears never


to have been proved until about a quarter of a century agof,

when

four

mathematicians published proofs almost simultaneously; the proof which has just been given is due to GegenbauerJ and Porter ; the other proofs, which are of a slightly more elaborate character, were given by Hobson|| and

van VlecklF.
It has

been pointed out by Porter that, since

r/\ r = 2(i/ + J v (x) + Jv+2 (x)


/
\

l) r

/ +1 (X),

at

any positive zero of Jv (x) the functions Jv+1 (x) and Jv+2 (x) have the same sign but at successive zeros of Jv (x) the function J +1 (x) alternates in sign, and so there are an odd number of zeros of Jv+i (x) between each consecutive pair of positive zeros ofJv (x) interchanging the functions /+2 (x) and Jv (x) throughout this argument, we obtain Porter's theorem that the positive
; \

zeros of

Jv+Q (x)

are interlaced with those of

(x).

15*23. Dixon's theorem on the interlacing of zeros.

is

A result of a slightly more general character than the theorem of 15'22 due to A. C. Dixon**, namely that, when v> 1, and A, B, 0, D are constants such that AD j* BC, then the positive zeros of A Jv (x) + BxJv'{x) are interlaced with those of CJ, (x) + DxJJ (x), and that no function of this type can have a repeated zero other than x = 0.
The latter part of the theorem deducible from 5'11 (11),
f*
is

an immediate consequence of the formula,


Jy
(X),

Xjy

(X)
f

Jo

J* (t) tdt - - \a d{J (x)}


dx

d \xJv (x)} dx and the expression on the right


f

for the integral is positive

when x

is

positive

would vanish at a repeated zero of A J, (x)


*

+ BxJv

(x).

real cylinder function is

an expression of the form aJy (x)+pYy{x)


1895), p. 50.

in

which
t
Cf.

a, /3 and v are real, and x is positive. Gray and Mathews, A Treatise on Bessel Functions (London, J Monatshefte fUr Math, und Phys. vm. (1897), pp. 383384. Bulletin American Math. Soc.vr. (1898), pp. 274275. Proc. London Math. Soc. xxviii. (1897), pp. 872373.
II

American Journal of Math. xix. (1897), pp. 75 85. ** Messenger, xxxn. (1903), p. 7 ; see also Bryan, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. vi. (1889), pp. 248264.
IT

15-23, 15-24]

ZEROS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


part of the theorem,

481
if

To prove the former

we
v

observe that,

_ CJv (x) + DxJ '(x) <j>(x) = AJv (x) + BxJv'(x)'


then

*'<)--

x{AJv (x)+BxJ,'(x)y

2l/;*<o*

and so
is

(x) is monotonic. The positive zeros of <f> (x) are therefore interlaced <f> with the positive poles, and from this result the former part of the theorem

obvious.

If the function

Jv (x) is replaced by a real cylinder function aJ


#(*),

(x)

+/3Yv (x),

we have
af@:(x)
2vft (a sin inr

-\ @?i$)tdt = \x
Jo

%<

+ /3 cos vv)

d<@v (x)

d
'

{rf@v ' (x)}

ir

sin vrr

dx

dx

provided that provided that

1 < v<
/9

and

so the theorems concerning non-repetition

interlacing of zeros are true for

A<@v (x) + Bx r @

'

(x)

and and C<@v (x) + Dx<@J (x)

(o sin vir+ /S cos vnr) is positive.

Again, since
<@ {x),

x<@v\x)

\* d<@ (x) dx
the theorem
is

d{x<@'(x)} dx

= - \ {(a? +

i^)

<@* (x)

+ &<@:* (*)},
lies

true for zeros exceeding

VV. whether v

between

and

1 or not.

The

result of 15'22 is the special case of Dixon's

theorem in which

4 = 1, 5 = 0, C = v, D = -l.
15*24.

The interlacing of zeros of cylinder functions of order


^P (x)

v.

Let ^?r (x) and

be any distinct cylinder functions of the same order

we

shall prove that their positive zeros are interlaced*.

If

(*)

= aJw (w) + 0Y,(*),

W(x)

= yJ (x) + 8Y (x),
irx

then

^
and
<

(x)^ '(x)-^ (x)^'(x)^^^^.

Now it is known that, at consecutive positive zeros of #r (x), <$,' (a?) has opposite
signs,

therefore,

from the

last equation, <& (x)

has opposite signs; that

is

to say & 9 (x) has an odd number of zeros between each consecutive pair of positive zeros of 9^ (x); similarly <@ {x) hasan odd number of zeros between each consecutive pair of positive zeros of 9% 9 (x) and so the zeros must be
;

interlaced.

If we take one of the cylinder functions to be a function of the first kind, we deduce that all real cylinder functions have an infinity of positive zeros.
* Olbricht,

cussion of

Nova Acta Caes.-Leop.-Acad. (Halle), 1888, this result with some instructive diagrams.

pp.

4348, baa given an elaborate

dis-

482
15*25.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Lommel's theorem on
the reality

[CHAP.

XV

of the zeros of Jv (z).

An
zeros
is that,

extension of a theorem due to Fourier*, that the function


real,

(z)

has no

which are not

has been effected by Lommel*f*.

The extended theorem


{z)

if the order v exceeds are not real.

1,

then the function

has no zeros which

To prove Lommel's theorem, suppose,


which
is

if possible,

that a

is

a zero of
is

{z)

not

real.

It follows

from the series

for

Jv (z)

that a

not a pure

imaginary, because then


=0 i!r(i>

+ ? +

1)

would be a
Let
or

series of positive terms.


a,

be the complex number conjugate to

so that a

is

also a zero of

J (z), because
Since v

(z) is

a real function of

z.

>

1, it

follows from

51 1

(8) that

tMt)JAa
j

t)dt

= ^-^[

Max)_^_ ^(c^-gj
= 0.

and

so,

since a2

2
tf

tJv (at)Jv (a t)dt


Jo o

The integrand on the left is Hence the number a cannot


Similar arguments J
function
zeros
'

positive,
exist,

and so we have obtained a contradiction. and the theorem is proved.


shew
that, if

may be used A Jv (z) + BzJv (z) has all its when (A/B) + v<0.
l

to

and

B
it

are real and v

> 1,

the

zeros real, except that

has two purely imaginary

These results follow from the

series for

-y- {z

A <B Jv

(z)}

combined with the formula

tJv {Pt)Jv (fot)dt=0,

which

is satisfied if

and

/So

are any zeros of

AJv (z) + BzJr

'

(?)

such that

/3

^/8

2
.

15*26.

The analogue of Lommel's theorem for functions of the second kind.

It is not possible to prove by the methods of 15*25 that Yv (z) has no complex zeros in the region|| in which arg2 < ir. But it has been proved by SchafheitlinU that Y (z) has no zeros with a positive real part, other than
|
|

the real zeros.


* La TMorle Analytique de la Chaleur (Paris, 1822), 308 ; see also Steam, Quarterly Journal, xvu. (1880), p. 93. t Studien iiber die BesseVschen Functionen (Leipzig, 1868), p. 69. % See A. C. Dixon, Messenger, xxxn. (1903), p. 7. Or,
I!

more

generally,

<$v

(z).
'"ri

Yy {-z)2i cosi'T7(-), and hence, by 3-63 (1), Yv (z) cannot vanish unless v is half of an odd integer. This type of reasoning is due to Macdonald, Proc. London Math. Soc. xxx. (1899), pp. 165179. In this paper Schafheitlin also sub**I Archiv der Math, und Phys. (3) i. (1901), pp. 133137. When arg*=ir,
jects the

Y,(z) = e T

complex zeros of Yi

(z)

to a similar treatment.

15*25-15'27]

ZEROS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


be a complex zero of

483

For

let /9
is

so that ft

also a zero of

Y (z).

Y (z), and let j3 be the conjugate complex, Then, by 511 (8) and 351 (1),

l't7.(/3t)Y,(frt)dt

=
and

/s^ft2 L

Fo(/3ar)

-is

I,(A * )

"r-J-^09--^ u g'

so, if /9

= pe*", we

have

and the expression on the left is positive while the expression on the right negative when to is an acute angle.
15*27.

is

The theorems of Hurwitz on

the zeros of

Jv (z).

The proof which was given by Fourier that the zeros of J (z) are all real was made more rigorous and extensive by Hurwitz*, who proved (i) that when
v

>

1,

the zeros of

(z) are all real, (ii) that, if s is

a positive integer or

zero and v lies between


zeros, of

v lies

has 4s + 2 complex which 2 are purely imaginary, (iii) that, if s is a positive integer and between 2s and (2s + 1), Jy (z) has 4s complex zeros, of which none

(2s + 1) and (2*+ 2), Jv (z)

are purely imaginary.

To

establish, these results,

we use the

notation of 97.

We

positive zeros,
zeros, (iii)

take the function g2m,(0 which has, in the respective cases (i) (ii) in 2s 1 positive zeros, 1 negative zero and 2s complex

m 2s positive zeros and


qo

2s complex zeros.
/

We

now prove

that, if

2 f (f) = =o n (y + n 1
!

yn
ii

yr then the function


,

-r

i)

f ()

has at least as

many complex

zeros as g<m,*(Z)'

After Hurwitz,

we
'

write

<Pm {?,

V)
i-q,

1' "

where
<f>m (>

rj

are real and f = f +

= it}. The
(:

terms of highest degree in

v) are easily

shewn

to

be
1
;

m (m + 1) (v + m) (v + m + 1) {(/ + m) (2m + 1) + in - 1} (* + rff^


and since g2Mt g-2m,*(0> so a^ so
is
*

a real function, K
' \

it

follows that if

is

a complex zero of

an(i therefore the complex zeros satisfy the equation

<M
Again,
it is
</>

*?)

<>.

not

difficult to

deduce from the recurrence formulae


a
*?

( 9*7)
(ft
/)

that

w+ i (fc

*)

- (* + 2m + 2)^m+1r (f)^,,, (' ) + (f +

<*>,

for

246266; cf. also Segar, Messenger, xxa. (1893), pp. 171181, a discussion of the Bessel coefficients. The analysis of this section differs in some respects from that of Hurwitz ; see Watson, Proc. London Math. Soc. (2) xix. (1921), pp. 266272.
* Matft. Ann. xxxin. (1889), pp.

484
Hence,

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


for sufficiently large values of

[CHAP.

XV
is

m (i.e. those for which v + 2m is positive),


<f>

the curve
negative

m when
<j>

(, 17)
<f>

=
,

lies in
rj) is

the finite part of the plane, and


rj)

m (ff, rj)

m+1 (f

zero so the curve $+,. (f,

lies
<j>

wholly inside
,

one or other of the closed branches which compose the curve

m (f

rj)

0.

Hence asm-^oo, the complex

zeros of

g^, (f)

lie in

bounded regions of

the f-plane, and consequently have limit-points.

Now,

since,

by 965, 97,
Jv

r(!/+2m +

l)

can be made arbitrarily small in any bounded domain of the f-plane, by taking m sufficiently large, it follows from Lagrange's expansion * that the number of

number of zeros ofg2mv () and so / () has 2s complex zeros. None of these zeros is real, for if one of them were real it would be a limit point of two conjugate complex zeros of gtmiV (), and so it would count as a double zero of/(); and/() has no double zeros.
zeros off, () in
in that area

any small area

is

at least equal to the


;

when

m is sufficiently large

Again, from the series for/ (f ) it is seen that, when v lies between - (2s + 1) and (2s + 2),/ () must have one negative zero, and it cannot have more than one negative zero, for then gm> v (f) could be made to change sign more than once as X varied from to 00 [since g*m,,{C) can be made to differ from /() by an arbitrarily small number], and this is impossible.

For similar reasons /(") cannot have more than 2s complex

zeros.

If we replace f by \z*, so that negative values of correspond to purely imaginary values of z, we obtain the results stated in the case of Jv (z).

For a discussion of zeros of Besscl functions in association with zeros of polynomials based on rather different ideas, the reader should consult Lindner, Sitz. der Berliner Math. 5. It may be mentioned that Hurwitz has extended his results to Ges. xi. (1911), pp. 3

generalised Bessel functions in


pp.

a brief paper, Hamburger Mittheihingen, n. (1890),

2531.
15*28.
It has

Bourget's hypothesis.

been conjectured by Bourgetf


all

that,

when
wi.

v is

positive integer
zeros,

(zero included), the functions

Jv (z), Jv+m (z)

have no common

other

than the origin, for


It

positive integral values of

simple special cases, such

seems that this theorem was not proved before 1929, except in some asm = l and 2 (cf. 15'22).

The formula
Jv+m (z)
* Cf.

Jv (Z) Rm, v (Z) Jv -\ (z) Bm-i, H-l (z)


7 '32.

Modern Analysis,

t Ann. Sci. de VEcole norm. sup. in. (1866), pp. 55

95.

15*28, 15*3]

ZEROS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

485

shews

that, since

Jv (z)

of J(z) and

/+, (z)

and Jv _x (z) have no common must satisfy the equation

zeros, the

common

zeros

Rm-i,y +1 {z) = 0,
i.e.

they must be algebraic numbers.


It has, however,

number when

been proved by Siegel* that J,(z) is not an algebraic number and z is an algebraic number other than zero; hence follow theorems which include Bourget's hypothesis as a special case.
v is a rational

Jp (z) and Jv+m (z) have no common zerosf; for such zeros are algebraic numbers and it is known that no algebraic number % can satisfy the equation
When
v is half of

an odd integer,

it is

easy to shew that

cot (z

- \vir - tt) -

pfo

y)

since the right-hand side is algebraic in z

when

v is half of
ir
%

an odd

integer.

The proof % given by Lambert and Legendre that


applied to 5*6 (6) to prove that

is irrational
is

may be
rational

Jv (z)

has no zero whose square

when v is rational an
;

yields

inspection of the polynomial R m -Jt v +i(z) now immediately an elementary proof of Bourget's hypothesis in the cases tn 3 and m = 4.

15*3.

Elementary properties of the zeros of Jv (x).

It is possible to acquire a considerable

amount of

interesting information

concerning the smallest zeros of

by a

discussion of the

Jy (x) and related functions, when v is positive, differential equation satisfied by Jv (x) together with
we
shall

the recurrence formulae;

now

establish the truth of a selection of

theorems concerning such

zeros.

The reader will find a more systematic investigation of these theorems in various papers by Schafheitlin, notably Journal fur Math. cxxn. (1900), pp. 299 321 Archiv der Math, una" Phyt. (3) I. (1901), pp. 133137; Berliner Sitzungsberichte, in. (1904),

pp.

8385.

For brevity, the smallest positive zeros of


"

J (#), JJ (a), J" (x),

. . .

will

be
...

called j , j,', j The smallest positive zeros of " will similarly be called yv , yv\ y v

Y (x),

F' (x),

Y " (x),
v

We first prove
(1)
It is obvious
*

that

j*>v,

jj>v.

from the power series for


1

J (x) and JJ (x) that these functions


This abstruse and important memoir contains
zx. (1893), p. 203.

Abhqndlungen Akad. Berlin, 1929, pp.

70.

numerous applications of SiegePs fundamental theorem. t This was noticed by Porter, American Journal of Math.

5153. I Gf. Hobson, Squaring the Circle (Cambridge, 1913), pp. 44, Some related results are due to Watson, Proc. London Math. Soc. (2) xvi. (1917), pp.
171.

165

486

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


x
;

[CHAP.

XV

are positive for sufficiently small positive values of

and, from the differential

equation

it is

evident that, so long as x

<

and
with

(x)

is

positive,

xJv

'

(x) is positive

and

increasing,

and so

(x) increases

x.

Therefore, so long as

functions so that

J,,

< x < v, both Jv (x) and xJJ and jj cannot* be less than v. vJv"{v) =

(x) are positive increasing

Again, from the differential equation

-J '(v)<0,
v

and

so

J "(x)
v

has become negative before x has increased to the value v from

zero.

Hence, when! v>\,

(2)

j,"<p.

Next, since
T J
,

.,
+2

(x)

2(i/ v

+ l)L
>

|1

v(v

-^

+ 2)\
J

T Jv (*)

,.

|1

L ~

2(,/

+1)0/ +2)1

-A

(),

the expression on the right is positive so long as x < v + 2. Now, if ^V were less than V{" (" + 2 )} the expression on the right would be negative when x is equal to jj (which, from a graph, is obviously less than jy ), and this is not the case.
(

Therefore
(3)

jJ><J{v{v
15*22 it follows that

2)).

Now, from

Jv< jv+\ < jv+2>


and, as has just been stated,

JJ
so that /(>)

<j v

and

Jv+*{j*)

are both positive.

If

now we put

x=j

'

in the

formula

it is

obvious that

(4)

jv'<j\2v(v

l)}.

Similarly,
(/

by putting x =jv
2) |l

in the formula

+ 3) Jv (x) + 2 {v +
that

2 {V

+ 3)
|
</,+, ()

+ ( + 1) J* () = 0,

we deduce

jr

<V{2( + 1)^ + 3)},

and therefore
(5)
* Cf.

*/{v(v+2)}<j r <</{2(v + l)(v + 3)}.


Riemann,
Partielle Differentialgleichungen (Brunswick, 1876), p. 269.
is

When 0<v<l, Jv" (x)

negative for sufficiently small values of x.

15-3]

ZEROS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


like

487

In

manner, we can deduce from the formulae

^> _(l -!**>}


and
that
(6) J'+1 (x)

j. (*)

+ /
1)

=-

v jl

- ^=i j Jv (x) - (v +

J/ (*)

J\v( v

-l)}<j w"<W-l).

Some

rather better inequalities than these are obtainable by taking more


;

complicated formulae

thus, from the equation


5i

Jv+% (x) = Jv+1 (x) R


Schafheitlin* deduced that

+1

(x)

- Jv (x) R

4 +3

(x),

R
i.e.

s,

v+ i(j)>0,

3jv*
2

- 16 (v + 2) {v + 4) ja +

16 (v

1) (v

2) (y

+ 4) (v +

5)

> 0.

Since j is certainly less than f (v + 2) (v + 4), by results already proved, j v must be less than the smaller positive root of the equation
3a; 1

16 (v

2) (p

+ 4)^ + 16 (v +

1) (p

+ 2)(i/ + 4) (p + 5) = 0,
5)}.

and hence, a fortiori,


(7)

j,<V{M" +

!)("

+
,

Similarly, from the equation


4J'h-4 ()

- /r (*) {R*. v (#) + R

3,

,+a (#)

- ^s, 0) - ^1, M-2 (*)}


- 2,/; (a?) {^ r+1 (a?) - i2
4 , +1

(x)}

Schafheitlin deduced that


(8)

j;>V^(^ + 2)),
i>

and,

when

>

4,

(9)

j/WK' +
x*

S)},
'

these inequalities being derived from the consideration that jv the positive roots of the equation

lies

between

- 3 (p +

2 2) x*

+ 2i>

(i>

1)

(i/

3) (v

+ 4) = 0.

The

discussion of

y v requires

slightly

more abstruse reasoning.

We

use

the result that

J*(x)+Y*(x)
is

a decreasing function of

this is obvious

from

13 73.

Hence

it

follows

that

'\ v*(x) decreases through the interval (0,j v

in this interval
positive, since

(x) is negative,
is

and

it

and so y v exceeds j,'; again, follows from 363(1) that Yv (j ) is


ll

JJ (jy )

obviously negative.

Hence
(10)

jJ<y

<j,-

This inequality (withj/ replaced by v

+ \) was established by Schafheitlin

with the aid of rather elaborate analysis.


* Berliner Sitzungsberichte, in. (1904), p. 83.

t Journal filr Math. cxxn. (1900), pp. 317321.

488
15*31.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Stationary valves of cylinder functions*.

[CHAP.

XV

It has already

been seen that the cylinder function


of positive zeros,

(x) cos

a-Y, (x) sin a,

and so there are an infinite or 9%, (x), has an infinite number stationary. Such values of x number of positive values of x for which it is /i which exceed the order v (supposed positive) will be called lf 2 fi3 ., where
//.
,

. .

/x 1

</i2

</tt3

<

....

We
The

shall

now study some

of the simpler properties of the sequence

first

theorem which we shall establish

is

that

I^WI >|^rWI>l^r(A*,)l >....


To prove
this,

observe that the function

A (x) defined as

has the negative derivate

-2x*<@; 2 (x)/(x*-v*Y,

and

so

A (fa) > A (/t


A (/*) = <^
2

2)

> A (fa) >

....

Since

(/*),

the truth of the theorem


result
is

is

now

evident.

more interesting

suggested by Hankel's asymptotic formula

(7-21)

^r(*)(^ycoB(* + a-W-iir)+o(^).
This indicates the possibility of proving inequalities consistent with
i^,(/*)|

= 0(l/vV)

when

/in is large.

It can in fact be
(I)
fa,

shewn that
1/
|

<@v (x) when x takes the values fa, The values assumed by (aj2 9 )* c members are less than *J(2/tt). sequence whose an increasing ...form
\

fa,

(II)
A*r+2

form a
(i)

The values assumed by x^\9^,(x)\ when x takes the values fa, fa+i, decreasing sequence whose members are greater than \f(2jir)

provided that

v> V3,

(ii) fa'

> * {4i>2 + 4 + ^(48^ +

13)}/(4i*

- 3).

Consider the function

A (x) <@S (x) + 2B (x) <@, (x) <&,' (x) + G (x) <$;* (x) = @ (*),
where

A (x), B(x),
=

G(x) are to be suitably chosen.

We

have

' (x)

[A' (x)

-2(x*-v*)B (a-)/* ^V
8
}

(*)

+ 2 {R (x) + A(x)-B (x)/x - (a3 - v*) G ()/*} + {C (x) + 2B (x) - 2G(x)/x] <&'* (x)
= D(xY$J*(x),
where

# (x) #' (x)

D (x) = G' (x) + 2B(x)-2C (x)/x,


* Cf. Proc.

London Math.

80c. (2) xvi. (1917), pp.

170171.

15*31, 15*32]

ZEROS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

489

provided that

A (x)

is

chosen arbitrarily and that

B (x)

and C(x) are then

defined by the equations

2B (x) = a? A' (?)/(** - v%


C(x)
(I)
i

[B' (x)

+A(x)-B (as)/*} /(a? a? 3

v*).

UA(x) = (x -v )\ then ID {x) (a? v )* =


l

(3a*

+ 14a? a + 4*4) > 0,


z/

and so

@ (a?)

is

an increasing function of x which


lim @(a?) *-*

is

therefore less than

= 2/7r.
see that

Since
1, 2, ...,

<$ (jin ) =* (A* n s

v9)* *^

(/*)
2

we
\

when n assumes the

values

then the numbers (fi^

v )*

9%v (/*)

form an increasing sequence

less

than V(2/?r).
(II)

If

A (x) = x,

then
4
2

2D (a?) (a? - 1^) = - x* {(4i> - 3) x* - 8v* (v* +l)x* + v* (4i/ - 1)}


2

<0,
provided that 4n?

> 3 and x
a

exceeds the greatest root of the equation

(4v -3)ar*-8i/2

(^ + l)a* +

i/*(4/

- 1) = 0.

In this case (a?) is a decreasing function and we can apply arguments, similar to those used in theorem (I), to deduce the truth of theorem (II).
15*32.
Schafheitliris investigation of the zeros

o/J

(x).

By means of the integrals which have been given in 6*12, it has been shewn by Schafheitlin* that the only positive zeros of J (x) lie in the intervals (m7T + f tr, mir +^ir) and the only positive zeros of Y (x) lie in the intervals (mir + \ir, mir + 7r), where m = 0, 1, 2, ....

We

shall first give Schafheitlin's investigation for

(x),

with slight

modifications,

and then we

shall

prove similar results for cylinder functions

of the type

J
(where v
lies

(x) cos

olYv (x) sin a

and $), by the methods used by Schafheitlin. and %ir of a. Schafheitlin's investigations were confined to the values
between

From an

inspection of the formula of

612 (7),
6
'

Jo(
it is

'"ttJo sinflVcostf

obvious that,

when mir <x< mir


sgn
{sin
(a

+ \ir,
,

+ \G)) = sgn (- l)m


= sgn (- l)m

and

so

sgn Jo ()

Consequently Jo (x) has no zeros in the intervals (mir, mir


* Journal fUr Math. cxiv. (1894), pp.

+ it).

3144.

490

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


To prove
that

[CHAP.

XV

J (x)

has no zeros in the intervals {mir

+ \ir, mir + ir), write

(m 4- 1) ir 0,
J o

and then

/.(.)

' *> r-~'M. ^^ P"**'*' y


ir

sin

cos

The

last

integrand

is

negative or positive according as

<

< 20

or

20 <
is

<

\tt.

Since <f><^ir, the second of these intervals


23 cote

the longer; and the function

sin
is

ycos
is

an increasing function* of

when x >^ir and

an acute angle.

between 20 and \ir

between and 20 there corresponds a value which sin {\0 0) has the same numerical value, but has the positive sign, and the cofactor of sin {\0 <f>) is greater for the second set of values of than for the first set. The integral under consideration is consequently positive, and so J (x) cannot have a zero in any of the intervals (mir + fair, mir + ir). Therefore the only positive zeros of Jo (x) are in the intervals (mir + ir, mir + %ir).
to each value of
for

Hence

15*33.

Theorems of Sckafheitliris

type,

when

< v ** \.

We
where

shall

now extend
and

Schafheitlin's results to functions of the type

^P (x)

Jv (x) cos a Y

(x) sin a,

<a<

ir

\ < v ^ \.
the crude result that the only positive zeros of
^f (x)

We shall first prove


lie

in the intervals

(mir

where m 0, 1, 2, which shew that

+ f 7r + \vir a,

mir

+ ir a)

This result follows at once from the formulae of 612,

*A) ~~r{v
for,

when

we have
and
so, for

sin-^ + i)r{i)i mir a < x < mir + ir 4- \vir a, sgn [sin (x + a v0 + \0)~] = sgn ( l)w
x,

aff>

Consequently the only zeros of 9y (x) lie in the specified intervals, and there are an odd number of zeros in each interval, with the possible exception of the first if a > f ir+ \vir.
such values of
v

(x) is

not zero.

Next we obtain the more


lie

precise result that the only positive zeros of <$ (x)

in the intervals

(mir+ f 7r + \vir
* Its logarithmic derivate is

a,

mir

+ \ir + \vir
+ J tan 0.

(2x

- sin

cos 0) cosec 2

15*33, 15*34]

ZEROS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


1, 2, ...,

491
ir,

where

m = 0,

except that,
(""

if

is sufficiently

near to

there

may be

zeros* in the interval

+ ivw a,ir a).


<$, (x)

We

shall

prove this result by proving that

has a fixed sign throughout

each of the intervals^


(mir + |7r + \vira, mir +
ir

a).

Write

x = (m + l)ir-a-(l-2v)4>,
an angle between

where

is

and

tt.

With

this value of x,

(-)*2"* f* cos-*flsin

{(1

- 2) (\0- $)}

^^.^

To each
and

value of

between

and

2<f>

there corresponds a value between 2<

\ir for

which

sin{(l 2v)(\0-4>)}

has the same numerical value, but

has the positive sign.

Again
is

e-2* cot *cos '-*0/sina, +1


,
'

an increasing function of
2a?

provided that

> max

(2i/

+ 1) sin

cos

+ (v - 1) ^-^
^ J.

and

this condition is satisfied

when x > %

since v

Hence,

if

x > and
mir + \ir

+ \vir a<x< mir + ir a,

we have
and
this proves the

sgn <$v (x)

= sgn (- 1 ) m+1
when

more precise theorem.


type,

15*34

Theorems of Schafheitlin's
function
*$w (x)

\<v<.

We next consider the


where
7

= J (x) cos aYv (x) sin a,


it is

^a<

ir,

as before, in which

now supposed

that

\<v<\.
zeros of
9!> v

W e shall first prove the crude result that the only positive
lie in

(x)

the intervals

(mir

o,

mir \ir

+ \vir a)

where % m = 0, 1, 2, which shew that


(r\ ^(*)r
<?>

. . . .

This result follows at once from the formulae of 612,

*+'*'
(,,

co8"-i0sin(x+a-v0+hd) ^ sin-0 + *)ra)Jo

tfl

^.

for

when
*

mir \ir + \vir


\

a< x < (m + \) ir a,
(x)

By taking as an alternative function J\ v


more than one such
zero.

and applying the theorem of

15-24,

we

see that

there cannot be

t If x<i and m=0, the reasoning fails when T + vir-a<l. t If a>(if- \)t, the interval for which m=0 is, of course, to be omitted.

492

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


sgn
[sin (x
is

[CHAP.
,

XV

we have

+ a v0 + $ 0)] = sgn ( l) m
obvious.

whence the theorem stated

Next we obtain the more


lie

precise result that the only positive zeros of 9BV (x)

in the intervals

(mir

tt +

\vrr-a., mir \tt


that, if

+ %vir a),
near to
ir,

where 1, 2, ..., except a zero in the interval (0, %vir ^ir


(tt

m = 0,

is sufficiently

there

may be

a),

and there may

be one in the interval

a,

^7r 4- \vir

a).

We
f(0)
that,
is-

use the same notation and reasoning as in


e -2*cote C08 ^-j 0/ s i n
2"+i

15 33

only now,

if

6 =/($),
it is sufficient to

not necessarily an increasing function of 0; but

prove

when

< ty < 20,

then

f(2<f>-ir)<f(24>+ylr).

To

obtain this result, observe that


log

4l

T^r^rl - **

cose2 ( 2 <*> + *) + cose2 ( 2 * ~ *)}

v-\ r ^ Lcos (20 + +) cos (20 - +)


But
is

2i>

+i

sin (20

+ +) sin (20 - ^

I J
)

[cosec 2 (20

+ f) + cosec2 (20 - VO] sin (20 + +) sin (20 - $)


ijr,

an increasing function of
[cosec2 (20

and

therefore,

a fortiori,
by an increasing function
if it is

+ ip) + cosec2 (20 - ^)] cos (20 + ^) cos (20 - ^)


tbis function exceeds tbe former
;

is

an increasing function, since


is

because 40

an acute angle
if

and so

j-r log' >^ 9

%_T(

is

alwayt positive

positive

when ^=0,
and

i.e.

this is the case

when
v

4* > {(v - i) tan2 20 + (2v + 1)} sin 40, x> v+ \.

Hence, when \ <


the intervals

<f

the only zeros of 9By (a?), which exceed f v

+ &, lie

in

(i7r

\tr + \inr a,

mar

\tr + \inr a).


as
increases from
to \ir\ a

The method seems


method which
15'35.

inapplicable for larger values of v on account of the

oscillatory character of sin (a;


is effective for

+ a v0 + \0)

these larger values will

now be

explained.

Schafheitlin's investigations of the zeros of cylinder functions of

unrestrictedly large order.

We shall now
which exceed
(2i/

prove that,

if v

> J,

those zeros

of the cylinder function

Jy (x) cos a Yv (x) sin a


+1)

+ S)/ir lie in the intervals (mir a + %vir + \tt, mir a + \vtt + f tt)
(2v

where

m assumes integer values.

15-35]

ZEROS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


to obtain this result
first
is

493

The method used


his reasoning is

due to Schafheitlin*; but he

considered the case of functions of the


to the use of the second

kind and of integral order only, and

made lengthy and obscure by the use of arguments equivalent mean-value theorem when the explicit use of that

theorem

is

obviously desirable.

As
so that
'

in the preceding analysis, write 9BV (x)

= Jv (x) cos a

(x) sin a,

(, "r(.+j)r(i)l (

sin^tf
cot

dtf

r (v

f )T

(|) J o

33

cos*+i

dtf -

Now
as

cot2v+1

e- 2*^49 increases as
2

increases from
2

to
.
.

and then decreases

increases from
It will

to

77-,

where
2 is

= arc tan-

be observed that

nearly equal to \tr

when x

is

large

compared

with

v.

Now

suppose that #
rrnr

lies

between
mir a + \ir
(v

a + \ir (v |) and

|) 4- f 7r,

and then choose

^ so that
X + a
{V

0!

W7T.

It is easy to verify that

2y-l

7T

2i/+3'2

< ^1<
2,

2y
2i/

+ 2 ir + 3'2' v +6

so that 0! is a positive angle less than


v

provided that

arc tan

+h
x

<

4i>

We
so that

suppose now that

x>(2v + l)(2v + 3)/ir,


X

is

certainly less than

2.

Then, by the second mean- value theorem, there exists a number and X) such that
{

O,

between

+%)

!o

sin2

"^
J,d0\

atf

cos'+itf

*-"*,! (cosJww + ^) foot** 1 ox .b -(cot .j| ^


co

^+i

cos(x

+ a-v0o -l0
cogi>+}

o)

|.

* Journal

fUr Math. cxxn.

(1900), pp.

299321.

494

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Now
qua function of
0,

[CHAP.

XV

is

stationary

+ a - v0 - 0)/cos K+ * when sin (x + a v0 + \&) = 0, and for


cos {x

such values of

the

fraction is equal to

/cos* * 0.

Hence nenCe

co S (x

+ a-v0

-W
(0, 0^),
"fl>

cob*+0,

cannot exceed numerically the greatest value of l/cos*"""**? in the interval

and therefore
SDT1 Sgn
(

cos ( m7r

+ft)

_ cos (g + + a
v0

-*fl>) |
is

cos-**
and
^7r,

cos"+*0o

_ Sm /_ ! vm gM }- s 1>
a;

Therefore, since the sign of sin (x


lies

+ \0)

the sign of ( l)m

when

between

we

see that, for the values of

under consideration,

sgn 9B9 (x)


Hence, when x exceeds (2v+ 1) (2v+
the type
(rrnr

= sgn (-

l) m

S)/ir, 9$v {x)

has no zeros in intervals of

a + vir \ir,
a + \vir + \tr,

mir

a+

and so the only zeros of <$* (x) which exceed


of the type

\ vir + \ir), + (2j/ 1) (2i/ + 3)/tt lie in intervals

(mir

mir

a + \vtt + J ir),
and v
is

and

this reduces to Schafheitlin's result*

when a =

an

integer.

The reader will observe that this theorem gives no information concerning ^v {x) when v is large it will be apparent in 15*8 that there are a large number of zeros less than (2i + l)(2i/ + S)/tt, and that interesting information can be obtained concerning them by using Debye's
the smaller zeros of
;

integrals.

15*36.

Bdcher's theorem

on the zeros

of^

(x).

A result of

a slightly different character from those just established was

discovered by Bocher from a consideration of the integral formula 11*41 (16). The theorem in question is that 9^ (x) has an infinite number of positive zeros,

and the distance between consecutive zeros does not exceed


smallest positive zero of Jo
(x).

2;

where j

is

the

To

establish this result, write v

= 0, z=j
(Z)

in 11-41(16),

and then

f ^o () d<f> - tt^
.'o

(>)

= 0.
to-7r, i.e. as w

increases from

Hence %\{^t) cannot be one-signed as increases from Z to Z+j and so ^(nr) must vanish
<f>
;

value J of

in the interval
),

(Zj Z+j
,

).

Since
is

is

one an arbitrary positive


for at least

number
lie

(greater than j

Bocher's theorem

now

evident.

* Schaf heitlin gives (2v + 3) (2r

+ 5)jr

as the lower limit of the values of

for

which the zeros

in the specified intervals.

t Bulletin American Math. Soc.

v. (1899),

pp. 385388.

Cf.

Modern Analysis,

3-63.

15-36, 15*4]
[Note.

ZEROS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


a form of Green's theorem,

495

By

as = cv

du
\

v
I

CV
,

where

u, v are

two solutions of ^?
oar

+ ^-s+=0 cy2

with continuous second differential

coefficients inside the closed

curve
2

and

d/dv indicates differentiation along the normal.


,

By

taking

v=J

must vanish

at least twice

{J(a?+y )} and the curve to be x2 +tf2 =*jo2 Weber* deduced that u on any circle of radius^.

except at the origin,

Bocher inferred from this result that since if a circle of radius j


less

^n
is

(r) cos n6 satisfies the requisite conditions drawn with centre on the axis of x and

subtending an angle
circle.

than

ir/n at

the origin,

$n (r)

must vanish somewhere on the

Hence the

positive zeros of
,

wn {r)

are such that consecutive zeros are at a distance


origin of the smallest of

apart less than 2/


exceed j
-ll

and the distance from the


J-

them does not

+ cosec 5-

These results are of interest on account of the extreme simplicity of the methods used
to prove them.]

15*4.

On

the

number of zeros of Jv (z) in an assigned

strip of the z-plane.

We shall

next give the expression for

Jv (z)

as a Weierstrassian product,

and then develop expressions involving quotients of Bessel functions in the form of partial fractions but as a preliminary it is convenient to prove the following theorem, which gives some indication as to the situation of those zeros of Jv (z) which are of large modulus. In this investigation it is not supposed that v is restricted to be a real number, though it is convenient to suppose
;

that v

is

not a negative integer.

When

is

real the results of 15*2 to

some

extent take the place of the theorem which will

now be

proved.

Let

G be

the rectangular contour whose vertices are

iB
where

\iril (y), iB

+ mir + %vir + \ir,

B is a (large) positive number. We shall shew that when in is a sufficiently large integer the number of zeros of z~" J {z) inside G is precisely equal f to m. Since z~* J (z) is an integral function of z, the number of its zeros inside
v v

Cis

1_[ d\og{w-"Jr ('w)} dw _


2TriJ c
* Math. Ann.
1.

dw

1 [ liri) c

JrlM dw
J(w)

(1869), p. 10.

a real negative number (and for certain complex values of v) there may be pairs of zeros on the imaginary axis in such circumstances the contour C has to be indented, and each pair of zeros is to be reckoned as a single zero.

When

v is

496

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


consider the four sides of

[CHAP.

XV

We now
on
all

in turn.

It is first to

be observed that

the sides of C,
#( (w)

= () *-+- **> {1 +fhA W )h


{1

H (W) = l-^A r*-*"-W


where
ij
lt

+1?2 ,(W)],
is large.

(w) and

r)

2<

(w) are

(l/w)

when

||

Now,

since the integrand is

an odd function*, we have, as


ZTriJiB-hniiM J*{w)
\ 1

B -* oo

27rtJ tjB+ |jrt/ ( )

%/,(>)

fiB+lmHo) /""

idw=\il{v).
iB-lniI(v)

Next take the

integral along the

upper horizontal side of

this is equal to

tB+l+Jnr+Jir
fiB+mTT+Ji/ir+iir

Q
\
.

/^Y)

s [ + **(>) + ^+-5.i

7>v

2v

+ l.

log

iB + mir + ^vTr +

^ + ^-

lir

/(l/)

n/ 1/m +Q(i/J)J

~|

as

B oo.

-iw + iflfcO + i,
same
is

Similarly the integral along the lower side tends to the


so the limit of the integral along the three sides

value,

and

now considered

m + \v + .
and to do

Lastly
this

we have

to consider the integral along the fourth side,

we

first

investigate the difference

%^>- tan (/-**7r -**),


which,

when w
|

is

large, is equal to

riB+mv+iw+ir

Now
and so

tan(w \vir ^7r)dw = 0,

tB+Hr+J>w+J

1_ riB+mw+ivw+i*
2iri J

jr+i ( W )
T ^kW

dw

-u iB+mv+iv*+\w

~-i(2i/ + l)+0(l/m).
Hence the
limit of the integral

round the whole rectangle


,

is

m+

(l/m).

* Allowance is

made for the indentations, just specified

in the first step of the following analysis.

15-41]
If
is

ZEROS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


we take
is

497

sufficiently large,
less

we can
;

ensure that the expression which

(1/w)

numerically
integer, it is

must be an

than 1 and since the integral round the rectangle equal to m.

That is to say, the number of zeros of z~*Jv {z) between the imaginary axis and the line on which

R (z) = W7T + {$ R (v) + 1} ir


is

exactly

ra.

Note. The approximate formulae quoted for the functions of the third kind shew that the large zeros cannot have a large imaginary part and so all the zeros of / () lie inside a strip whose sides are parallel to the real axis and at distances from it which are
;

bounded when
15*41.
It
is

is

bounded.

The expression of Jv (z) as an


possible
to

infinite product.

express

Jv {z)

as a product

of 'simple

factors'

of

Weierstrassian type, each factor vanishing at one of the zeros of Jv (z). In order to express J,(z) in this form, it is convenient first to express the
logarithmic derivate of z~ v J {z) as a series of rational fractions by MittagLeffler's

theorem*.
are
|

The zeros of z~y Jv (z) R(h,n) >0 and R(j r,i) <
|

taken to be jv<l j,, t


,

jv,s>

wheref
Wtl
,

^(>

>2)

jy<3

...

being

all

unequal (15*21).
iB,

^ & O'm) the values of j We draw a (large) rectangle D,


!

jv<2

whose

where A and B are positive, and we suppose that j>m are the zeros of highest rank which are inside the rectangle.
vertices are

We now

consider
z
2irtJ*J)W(W 2
/,+,

(w)

Z)' J (w)

dw,
is

where z is any point inside the rectangle, other than a zero of J (w), and v not a negative integer.

The only poles of the integrand


.Jv,m'

inside the rectangle are

z,

>,i, >.a

>

The

residue at z

is

J+1 (z)/Jv (z)


[2

and the residues at j are


Jy,n)

+ Jv,n

since

JJ (z) = J+1 (z) when z >,n,

by

3*2.

It follows that

=
* Acta Soc. Seient. Fennicae, xi. (1880), pp.

2-rri

]j)W(w z)
.

J*+1 (W) dl. J ( w)


v

If

jy>n )=0

for

any value

of n,

we choose jvn

273293. Cf Modern Analysis, 74. to have its imaginary part positive.

498

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP.

XV

We

next shew that, by giving


is

increase without limit,

Jv+1 (w)/J,(w)

and B suitable sequences of values which can be taken to be bounded on D.


it is sufficient

Since this function

an odd function of w,

to consider the

right-hand half of D.

We
we take

take

A = Mir + M (\v \) where M a positive integer and then M to be at least so large that M = m, which possible by 154, and
4ir,

is

is

also to be so large that


15'4, to

we can take the

functions

iy r

,i(w),

*7 f2

(w), defined in

be

less than, say,

J in absolute value.

Then

Jy+1 {w)jJv (iv) is


L

bounded whenever
g

(W\mr~J)

is* less than \ or greater . han 2

and when the expression does not lie within bounded and w is not arbitrarily near a zero of J, (w) so that, from the asymptotic expansion of 7*21, J, +1 (w)/Jr (w) is bounded on
;

these limits,

I (w)

is

the part of the rectangle witl;in this strip.

That

is

to say

Jv+l (w)jJ

(w)

is

bounded on the whole of the perimeter of


infinity.

the rectangle

D as B and

M tend to

Hence
2itijdw(w z) J p {w)
and therefore f
1
K '

if

_ JjtiW,,,,^
jv,n)

Jy(z)
integrate,

n=l

l*->.n
find that

=1 \*

When we

we

^t-i:*}-fi{( i -ja-(rJiM i+ a-'(-aand hence

This

is

the expression of J, (z) in the specified form.


also

The formula may

be written in the modified form

This formula was assumed by Euler, Acta Acad. Petrop. v. pars 1, when v=0, aud subsequently by various writers for other values of v

(1781) [1784], p. 170,


;

cf.

15*5, 15'51.

due in substance to Graf and Gubler, Eirdeitung in die 130, and it was given T/ueorie der BetseVschen Funktionen, I. (Bern, 1898), pp. 123 explicitly by Kapteyn, Monatshefte fUr Math, und Phyt. xiv. (1903), pp. 281282.

The

analysis of this section

is

Because

TTa

**

t If we

take the rectangle to have its vertices at

AiB, -A'iB, we

see that the two series

on the right converge separately.

'

15*42]

ZEROS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


right of (1) is evidently expansible in a

499
power
series;

The expansion on the


coefficients in

the

such a series have tieen expressed as determinants by Kapteyn, Proc. Section of Sci., K. Acad, van Wet. te Amsterdam, vm. (1905), pp. 547 549, 640 642 Archives Neerlandaises, (2) xi. (1906), pp. 149168. Some associated formulae have just been published by Forsyth, Messenger, L. (1921), pp. 129 149.

15*42.

The Kneser-Sommerfeld expansion.

An expansion which, in some respects, resembles the partial fraction formula obtained in 15*41 is as follows

in which

x and

X are positive numbers such that


^x^X^
1

while z
to take

and v are

unrestricted (complex) numbers, except that

it is

convenient

R (z) > 0.

The expansion was discovered in the case i>=0, as a special form of an expansion occurring in the theory of integral equations, by Kneser, Math. Ann. lxiii. (1907), pp. 511 517. Proofs of this and of related expansions for integral values of v were published
later

353, but Sommerfeld'8

by Somnierfeld, Jahresbericht der Deutschen Math. Vereinigung, xxi. (1913), pp. 309 method of proof has been criticised adversely by Carslaw, Proc.
Soc. (2)

London Math.
It

xm.

(1914), p. 239.

be noticed that the expansion has some connexion with the expansions which will be discussed in Chapter xvni.

may

Fourier-Bessel

To obtain a proof of the f ffr (Xw) 1


2irij

expansion, consider the integral


#,<'>

H Q) - H (Xw)
zt-w*
is

(w)

Jv (xw)
J,(w)

dw W

'

in which the path of integration


it is

supposed that the

left side

of the rectangle

a rectangle with vertices Bi, A Bi, and is indented at the origin.

The

integral round the indentation tends to zero with the radius of the
;

indentation, whether v be an integer or not

and the integrals along the two

parts of the imaginary axis cancel.


Also,

when x and
\R. (Xw)

satisfy the specified inequalities, the function


v y

H (w) - HJ (Xw) H (w)} J (xw)/J (w)


B -*- oo
and
round the rectangle
is zero,

remains bounded on the other three sides of the rectangle when

when

-*-oo

through the values specified in 1541.


limit of the integral

Hence the
limit of the

and so the

sum

of the residues of the integrand at the poles on the right of


is zero. is

the imaginary axis

Now

the residue at z

FTE7 {J

"

{Xz) Yy {z) ~ Jv

{z)

F" (Xz)]

'

500

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


is
'

[CHAP.

XV

while the residue atjVin

- 2* J, (jnX) Yv OV, n ) Jv (jv n x)l{Jv _ -2lJv (j n X) Jv (j w x)


,

( j,

M ) (*

-j\ n )}

Vi

v>

v \Jv,n/\ z

~~

\J'(A

\_J

(X

\Y'(i

v,n)

4t Jv (j*,

nX)J

(j v< n x)

and on summing the residues we at once obtain the stated expansion.

Jv (xw)/Jv (w) by the contour integral, see Carslaw, Proc. London Math. Soc. (2) xvi. (1917), pp. 84 93; Carslaw has also constructed some similar series which contain Legendre functions as well as Bessel functions, and these series represent the Green's functions appropriate to certain physical problems. See also Beltrami, Lombardo Rendiconti,
For a generalisation of this expansion, obtained by replacing
96 V {xw)l<$v {w) in

(2) xin. (1880), p.

336

and Lorenz, Oeuvres

Scientifiques, n. (1899), p. 606.

15*5.

Euler's investigation of the zeros of

(2

*Jz).

An
of

ingenious method of calculating the smallest zeros of a function

was

devised by Euler*, and applied by him to determine the three smallest zeros

(2Jz).

If the zeros arranged in ascending orderf of

magnitude be

a^ot,,

...,

then by

15*41,

j (2v*)= n(i-).
w

As has already been


is

stated ( 15'41), this formula was assumed

by Euler;

if it

differentiated logarithmically, then

-log/ dz

(2\/*)=i
oo

w=1 an

oo

- 2
n=l

m^O^n
then absolutely convergent.
;

provided that
00

<a

t ;

and the

last series is

Put

l/am+1

= orOT+1 and change

the order of the summations

then

--J
Replace

(2</z)

=J

(2Jz)

2 a^z.

(2>s/z)

on each side by

p+p

2s

"~

1*

2s 3 s
.

'

"

* Acta Acad. Petrop. v. pars 1, (1781) [1784], pp. 170 et teq. Math, xxxiii. (1846), pp. 363 365 should also be consulted.

paper by Stern, Journal /fir

From

15*25 it follows that the zeros are positive

and unequal.

15-5]

ZEROS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

501

multiply out the product on the right, and equate coefficients of the various

powers of z in the identity; we thus obtain the system* of equations

= <T \ = <r <r = 0-3 O-2 + ^O-j, -dbf = < + o" gkr sdsv = a - a* + i"s - ^rO"2 + sh "i
1
lt
2
x
,

-1^

<*4

<>

whence
o-i

= 1, <r2 = J, a = , <r4 = ^, <r = 1^


3 8

o-6

= ^$r,

Since

<

0^

<

02

<

a3

<

. . .

it is

evident that
,

and so

m < <rm l/cti _1/m < o"m

<rm+1
<*!

< <rml*i, < <rm /<rm+1


.

By

extrapolating from the following Table

m
1

^ml^m+l

1000 000
1-414 213 1-442 250 1-445 314
1 1

2-000 000
1

-500

000

1-454 545
1

4 5 6

-447 368

-445 724 -445 785

1-446 089

Euler inferred that ax

1*445795, whence l/a, = 0-691661, 2Vfli = 2-404824.


for e^,

By

adopting this value

writing

l/On^d-',
-2

and then using the inequalities


l/a2m

< am

<x'

m+1

<

<r'

m /a.z

Euler deduced that a 2 = 7*6658, and hence that o3 =1863, by carrying the
process a stage further.
These results should be compared with the values
ax
pp. 153155.

= 1-445796,

a2

= 76178,

a3 = 18-72,

derived from the Tables of Willson and Peirce, Bulletin American Jiath.,Soc. in. (1898),

The value of a, is given by Poissont as 1 446796491 (misprinted as 1 46796491); according to Freeman J this result was calculated by Largeteau for Poisson by solving the quartic obtained by equating to zero the first five terms of the series for J (2 Jz) the magnitude of the sixth term is quite sufficient to account for the error.
;

* This

system

is

an obvious extension of Newton's system

for

an algebraic equation,

M4m.

de I'Acad. R. des Sci. xn. (1833), p. 330.

t Proe. Camb. Phil. Soc. ra. (1880), pp. 375 377. Thiorie Analytique de la Chaleur, p. 310, footnote.

Of.

Freeman's translation of Fourier's

La

502
15*51.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Rayleigh' s extension of Eider's formula.

[CHAP.

XV

The method just described was used independently by Rayleigh *


late the smallest positive zero of

to calcu-

v (z).

Taking the formula

15*41)

and writing

2 -^
=i J"

i
v,n

we
a-

find, after

Rayleigh, that

'"=

2a

(i'

l)'

+ l)*(i' + 2)' 5v +11 w = <7 2 8 (k+ 1)4 (i/ + 2) (i- +


"

a<

2>

24

(i*

'

28

(l/

+ l)8 (I/ + 2)(;^-3)

3)(v

+ 4)'

7i/+19
29
(i/

+ iy(v +

2)<(v

+
/i

S)(v

4)(j/

5)'

The

smallest positive zeros of

(z)

and

(z) are

deduced to be 2*404826

and 3831706.
Immediately afterwards Cayley f noticed that o-( r can be calculated rapidly when r is a power of 2 by a process which he attributed to Encke J, but which is more usually known as Graeffe's method of solving an equation.
>

The method consists in calculating <r( r when r is a power of 2 by starting with the given equation and forming from it a sequence of equations each of which has for its roots the squares of the roots of its predecessor; and aJ?) then rapidly tends to a ratio of equality with l//2r,i.
)

Cayley thus found


2 (v

ov< 8 > to

be

429 5 + 7640i> 4 + 53752v 3 + 185430 2 + 31 1387 + 202738

+ l)8

(i-

+ 2) (i>+3) 2 (v + 4)2

(i/

+ 5) (v+6) (v + 7) (v + S)'
>

It

was observed by Graf and Gubler|| that the value of ov<r can
o-

easily be checked

by the

formula
J

W=22*;

i?r/(2r)!,

where

Br is

the rth Bernoullian

number

this formula is

an evident consequence of the

equation

J *w-(s)* 8ini

Extensions of some of these results to the zeros of zJv (z)+hJv (z), where h have been made by Lamb, Proc. London Math. Soc. xv. (1884), p. 273.
'

is

a constant,

and 1, has recently been The smallest zero of Jv {z\ for various values of v between tabulated by Airey, Phil. Mag. (6) xli. (1921), pp. 200205, with the aid of the RayleighCayley formulae.
London Math. Soc. v. (1874), pp. 119124. [Scientific Papers, i. (1899), pp. 190195.] t Proc. London Math. Soc. v. (1874), pp. 123124. [Collected Papers, ix. (1896), pp. 1920.] t Journal fur Math. xxn. (1841), pp. 193248. Die Aufibsung der hoheren numerischen Oleichungen (Zurich, 1837). Einleitung in die Theorie der Bessel'schen Funktionen, i. (Bern, 1898), pp. 130 131.
I!

* Proc.

15-51, 15-52]
[Note.

ZEROS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


of calculating the

503

The procedure

sum

of the rth powers of the roots of an

equation in order to obtain the numerical value of

its largest root seems to be due to Waring, Meditationea Analyticae (Cambridge, 1776), p. 311 other writers who were acquainted with such a method before Graeffe are Euler (cf. 15*5); Dandelin* Mem. de VAcad. R. des Sci. de BruxeUes, in. (1826), p. 48; Lobatschevsky* Algebra, or Calculus
;

of Finite* (Kazan, 1834),

257.]

15*52.

The large zeros of J*{x).


effective

The most

method
is

of calculating the
is,

large zeros of cylinder

functions (when the order v

not too large)


to

in substance,

due to Stokes f,

though subsequent writers have,

some

extent, improved on his analysis.

Stokes' method will be sufficiently illustrated by his own example J whose zeros are the roots of the equation

(&),

with the notation of


expansions of

7*3.

It will
(x,
,

be remembered that the asymptotic

P (x,

0)

and

0) are

zw P( *'

m 0) ~ X
ax 0)

-27(8^ +
1

1.9

1.9.2.5.49

^!(8^
1.9.25

nt *' Q(
For

~-TT^ + 3W~---P (x, 0)


is positive,

sufficiently large values of x,


is

Q (x,

0)

is

negative

and the quotient Q(x, 0)jP(x, 0)

The

function cot (x

\ir)
it is

is

a negative increasing function of x. a decreasing function which vanishes when

x = mr \ir,

and so

obvious from a graph of cot (a?


iV,

\v)

that there

exists a positive integer

N such that when n >


(n-n-

(x) has precisely

one zero

in each of the intervals

\tt, wit

+ \ir),

and that the distance of the zero


oo
.

from the left-hand end of the interval tends to zero as n -*


Again,
write
if u r , v r

denote the (r
to-1

l)th terms of

P (x,
m-l

0)

and

Q (x,

0)

we may

P (x, 0) =
where 6 and
* I
1

ur

+ 0um

Q (x,
# and

0)

= 2

vr

-I-

vm ,

are certain functions of

m which

lie

between

and

1.

owe these two

references to Professor Whittaker.

t Camb. Phil. Trans, ix. (1866), pp. 182184.


353.]

[Math, and Phys. Papers, n. (1883), pp.

350

| Stokes also considered Airy's integral

( 6-4)

and

(x), for

the purpose of investigating the

position of the dark bands seen in artificial rainbows.

The reader may

verify,

by

3-63, that its derivate is

{1-P2-Q2}/P2,
where P,
positive.

stand for

P (x, 0), Q (x, 0)

and, by the asymptotic expansions, this

is

ultimately

504

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Now
consider the equation
Wl-l

[CHAP.

XV

cot(a?-^7r)

^ 2
r=0

V,

Vm
,

ur

0um

in

which

it is

temporarily supposed that


lie

values, are

any numbers which

and 1} instead of having their actual between and 1.

The equation now under

consideration involves no functions more compli-

cated than trigonometrical functions.

If a? were supposed complex, there would be a number of contours in the a?-plane each of which enclosed one of the points nir \ir and on which cot (a? \ir) exceeded the modulus of the quotient on the right.
|

By
panded

Biirmann's theorem * the modified equation would have one root inside

the part of the contour which surrounds


in descending

mr tt, and

this root

can be ex-

powers of

mr \tt.

We

thus obtain an expansion for the root of the equation in the form
*
'

r=0 (nir

- Sir)
;

in which the coefficients

and

it

is

and X r (0, 0i) are independent of n but depend on readily perceived that the first in of the coefficients are actually

independent of

and

lt

so that,

when
r

r
x

<

m, we
r.

may

write

f
Now
the

{0

)=f

as

is a bounded function of and and 1 vary between and 1 and it is clear that the upper bound of the modulus of the function in question is 0(n~2m_1 ) as n~*- oo Hence, when and X are given their actual values which they have at the zero under con-

sum

of the terms after the with


;

sideration, the

sum

of the terms after the with

is still

(w~ am_1 ).

That
to nir

is

to say, it has

^7r),

and

its

value

been proved that there exists one zero (nearly equal may be written
J
,

= (mr-%Tr)+ 2

w+1
is

(n--*)-

Hence the asymptotic expansion of the


Xf^nir
It

zero

\ir
first

2
,=o (nir

^iryr+1
.

^~

remains to calculate the

few of the coefficients fr

If

where

yjr

as x

-*

then

tan

y oo 8a?
* Cf.

33
512a?
'

3417
16384a?6
% 7'31.

Modern Analysis,

15*53]

ZEBOS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

505

sothat

^~8^-384^ + 5l20^"-*
,

25

1073

and

therefore the equation to be solved assumes the form

T -(nir-i7r)~Q--KQTZ,+ 384a 8a? The


result of reverting the series is

25

1073
5120a?

-( x-{mr
This series

31 1 t^ + 8(w7r _ i7r) - 384 (n7r _ i7r) + i5360(n7r-i7r) _ -' i


.

3779

is

adequate for calculating

all

the zeros of

{pe),

to at l eas*

nve

places of decimals, except the smallest zero, for which

1.

15*63.

The large zeros of cylinder functions.

It is easy to see that the large zeros of

any cylinder

function,

Jv (z) cos a Yv (z) sin o,


where v and a are not necessarily real, may be calculated by Stokes' method from a consideration of the equation
cot(s

- \vrr - i^ + ) = p^

It seems unnecessary to prove the existence of such zeros (with large positive real parts) or the fact that they may be calculated as though the (z, v) and Q (z, v) were convergent, because the proof differs from series for

the investigation of the preceding section only in tedious details.

The expression for the large zeros of a cylinder function of any given order was calculated after the manner of Stokes by McMahon*; but the subsequent memoirs of Kalahnef and Marshall J have made the investigation more simple
and have carried the approximation a stage further with no greater expenditure of work in the calculation.
Following Marshall we define two functions of
equations
z,

called

M and

ty,

by the

M cos

ylr

= P(z,v),

M sin

yfr

= -Q(z,v),
oo

m the understanding that M -* + 1 and f -*-0 as s -* +


It is then clear that

Jv (z) cos a - Y (z) sin a = (


*

if cos (z
J

\vtt \nr + a - ^r).


219224,

AnndU

of Math.

ix. (1895),

pp.

2325

see also Airey, Proe. Phys. Soc. 1911, pp.

225232.
t ZeitschriftfUr Math, und Phy*. lit. (19Q7), pp. 5586. t Annals of Math. (2) xi. (1910), pp. 153160. Cf. Nioholson, Phil. Mag. (6) xix. (1910), pp. 228249.
W.
B. F.

17

506

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Again
aTC tan

[CHAP.

XV

{j$} -z-hw-l'*-*,
and use

and,

when we

differentiate this equation,

363 (3), we

find that

cty

2/(irz)

dz ~JS(z) + Y/(z)'
so that,

by

7*51,

When
ljz 9,

the expression on the right


find that

is

expanded

as far as the

term involving

we

<ty

dz

_ fi-1 _
2 *
3 2

(p

-1) (ft -25) _ (/*-!) Q*a -1 14/^ + 1073)

2V

2 10 ^
-s-

(n

- 1) (5/r>

1535/* 2

+ 54703/a - 375733)

'"'*

2 15 zs
in this equation
integration, that
/x

has been written in place of 4v 2 for brevity.

It follows,

on

/*-! _r r~
23 s

(/i-DQ*-25)
3.2 7 23

Qi- 1X^-114^ + 1073)


5.2 10 * 5
54703/*
*
7

+
and
so the equation to

(/i

- 1) (5/x3 - 1535/*2 +
7.2
is
15

375733)

'"'

be solved

-M7T - \VTT
7r

^TT

+ a ~ - -^

g-^V
is

"

If

/3

= (n, + |v -

^)

a,
7

the result of reversion

Zrvft

^-1
2
s

( /i

-l)(7 /A -31)
3 2
.

Qt-l)(83/t a - 982/*
15 2 10/38
.

+ 3779)

ft

3 (a* 1) (6949/i - 153855/* + 1585743/t - 6277237) lOS^/S7


2

Therefore the large zeros of J, (z) cos a

Yv (z) sin o

are given

by the

asymptotic expansion
(n

+ \v \)ir
This equation

-l 8 {(n + \v - \) ir - a}
4i/
2

(4p-1)(28i/ 2

-31)
ir

384

{(n

+ %v- \)

aj

(in the case v

= \)

1797, but

no clue

is

given concerning the method by which he obtained

was given by Gauss in his notebook with the date Oct. 16, it. [Cf. Math. Ann:

lvii. (1902), p. 19.]


15-54, 15*6]
[Note.

ZEROS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

507

analysis in a

The fact that J* (z) + F2 (z) has a simple asymptotic expansion shortens the manner which was not noticed by Marshall he used the equations
;

and he solved the


15*54.

latter

dz M*' |_<fc2 by assuming a descending

l+

z*

J^

J/3'

series for

M.]

Zeros offunctions related


of Stokes
is,

to cylinder functions.

The method

of course, applicable to functions other than

those just investigated.


9$v ' (z)

Thus McMahon* has

calculated the large zeros of


is

and of

when the

cylinder function

a Bessel function of

CLZ

the

first

or second kind.
for the large zeros of 9$J (z) is
fi

The general formula

^
where
fi 1

+3

7/x,

+ 82fi - 9
8

= (n + ^v + \)7r
*

384& 8ft a, while the corresponding formula for the large

zeros ot

*-* is

AThe
where k
zeros of
is

fi

+7

7/a2

+ 154/a + 95
384ft
s

8&

Jv (z) Yv (kz) - Yv (z) J (kz),

constant, and of

Jv'(z)Yv'(kz)-Yv'(z)Jy'(kz)
have been treated in a similar manner by McMahon. Kalahnet has constructed tables of the zeros of the former function when k has the values 1*2, 1*5, 2*0 and v is 0, , 1, $, 2, # while it has been proved by Carslaw, Conduction of Heat (London, 1922), p. 128, that these zeros are all real when v and k are real. The zeros of Jv (z) Yv (kz) - YJ (z) Jv (kz) have been examined by Sasaki, Tdhoku Math. Journal, v. (1914), pp. 45 47.
'

15*6.

The mode of variation of


in z

the zeros of a cylinder function

when

its

order

is varied.

The equation

has an infinite number of roots, the values of which depend on v since / (z) is an analytic function of both z and v, so long as z 0, it follows that each
;

root of the equation is (within certain limits)

an analytic function of
first

v.

similar statement holds good

when the

function of the
v

kind

is

replaced
is

by any cylinder function of the type


constant.

(z) cos

y(,s)sina,

where a

any

is

If j denotes any particular zero of Jv (z), the rate of change of j, as v varies, given by the ordinary formula of partial differentiation

*'o->| +

P^

= 0.

* Annals of Math. ix. (1895), pp. 2529. t Zeitschrift fUr Math, und Phys. liv. (1907), pp. 55

86.

508
Since
zero,

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP.

XV

(j)

= Q,

it

follows that J^'(j)


(15),

= Jr +i(j)j*0,
0,

so long as j is not

and hence, from 511

when R(v)>
"

(2)

|=^|V,'()* wr dp jj\ jJ\+i(j)Jo (j)j


+1
is positive, the positive zeros

This formula shews that when v


crease as v is increased.

of

Jv (x)
;

in-

Equation
R. des Set.

deduction from

was stated without proof by Schlafli, Math. Ann. x. (1876), p. 137 and the was established in a different manner by Gegenbauer*, M4m. de la Soo. de Liege, (3) n. (1900), no. 3, in the case of the smallest zero of Jv (x).
(2)
it

We
where p

proceed to extend the results already obtained to the positive zeros of


9$v (z)
is

= Jv (z) cos a
as follows
is definable

Yv (z) sin a,
is

an unrestricted real variable, and a


is

constant

(i.e.

independent of p).

The extended theorem


r

Any positive zero, c, of $v (z)


of the real variable
p.

as a continuous increasing function

To prove

this

theorem we observe that


arc tan
<

c is
l

a function of p such that

{Jv (c)
,

r ;

is

constant, so that

dc[d
and therefore

\Tv (z)Y]

A*

(Y,(2

= 0,

W'JJ

ircdp

vx
[_

'

dp

'

dp

] z=0

Hence, by
(3)

1373 (2), we have

~ = 2c
dp
p.

"
Jo
f

K (2c sinh

t)

r**dt.
c is

Since the integrand


function of

is positive,

this formula

shews that

an increasing

less

general theorem, namely that,

if c is

a zero which

is greater
p,

than

the order p (supposed positive),

then

c is

an increasing function of

has been

proved by Schafheitlinf with the aid of very elaborate analysis.


It will be observed

from the definition of F (z) that


satisfies

tends to zero only

when

p tends to

any negative value which


sin (o

the equation

pit) = 0.

vitiated

in the latter part of Gegenbauer's memoir is by his use of Rudski's erroneous results ( 15*1). t Berliner Sitzungsberichte, v. (1906), pp. 82 93 ; Jahretberieht der Deutachen Math. Vereini*

The reader should note that the analysis

gung, xvi. (1907),

pp.272279.

15*6]

ZEROS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


when
v is taken to be a

509

It should be noticed that (3) shews that,

complex

number and

a (complex) number, with a positive real part, then c is an r analytic function of v and so, as v varies, the zeros of @v (z) vary continuously, and they can only come into existence or disappear when c fails to be an
c is
;

analytic function of

v, i.e.

when

= 0.

(z) It follows that the positive zeros of p (z) are derived from those of except that one positive zero varies, as variation v continuous a process of by disappears whenever v passes through one of the specified negative values.

If

we now choose a
v,

so that*
(a/rr)

0$a<7r, we

see that, as v varies from \

to any value exceeding

variation of

no zeros disappear during the process ofzeros which are so large that the formula of case the and so in
is available,
.

l,

of Stokes' type ( 15*53)


.

the formula

a ^ tt mr + *vtt * 2
gives the nth positive zero,
in order of
If,

8(rwr

4^-1 ^ + $ Pir-iir a)
;

...

when the

positive zeros are regarded as arranged

magnitude.

(a/Tr)

however, v has varied so that it finally lies between (a/7r) k and 1, where & is a positive integer, k zeros have disappeared, and so

the formula just quoted gives the (n


This type of argument
pp. 575
first

&)th

positive zero.

584

it

is due to Macdonald, Proc. London Math. Soc. xxix. (1898), was applied by him to the discussion of the zeros of Bessel functions of the

kind of order exceeding

1.

If we draw the curve ^* (y) = 0, it evidently consists of a number of branches starting from points on the negative half of the #-axis and moving upwards towards the right, both x and y increasing without limit on each

branch.
If

we take any

point with positive coordinates


line

(<>, y<>)

and draw from

it

line to the right

and a

downwards terminated by the

#-axis, it is evident

that the curve


points.

^x (y) ^
.

It follows that the


is

exceed v

equal to

meets each of the lines in the same number of number of zeros of $* (y ), qua function of v, which the number of positive zeros of ^, (y) qua function of y

which are

less

than y

who took
Pig.

This is a generalisation of a theorem due to Macdonald -f> and the cylinder function to be a function of the first kind.

33

illustrates the general

shape of the curves

Jx (y) = 0,

the length

of the sides of the squares being 2 units.

A much

larger

and more elaborate

diagram of the same character has been constructed by Gasser j, who has also constructed the corresponding diagram for F(y) = 0. The diagram for
<$x (y)

is

of the

same general character

as that for

Jx (y) 0,
(2)

except that

* This does not lead to any real loss of generality. t See a letter from Macdonald to Carslaw, Proc. London Math. Soc.

xni. (1914),

p.

239.

t Bern Mittheilungen, 1904, p. 135.

510

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


on the
lines

[CHAP.

XV
of

the portions of the curves below the axis of x consist merely of a


isolated points

number

on which 2x
y

is

an odd integer.

L
Fig. 33.

[Note.
of 9BJ
(4)
(2),

The reader will


then

find it interesting to

deduce from 13*73

(3) that, if

d is a

zero

dd
and hence,
if

2d ^ = ~-^

C*
(c'

cosh 2t -

r 2)

(2d sinh t)e~ **

dt,

the variables are real and

d> v
|

> 0, then d increases with

v.

The sign of dd/dv has also been discussed (by more elementary methods) by Schafheitlin,
Jahresbericht der Deutschen Math. Vereinigung, xvi. (1907), pp. 272

279;

but the analysis

used by Schafheitlin

is

extremely complicated.]

15*61.

The problem of the vibrating membrane.

The mode of increase of the zeros of Jv (x) when v is increased has been examined by Rayleigh* with the aid of arguments depending on properties of transverse vibrations of a membrane in the form of a circular sector. If the membrane is bounded by the lines 6 and 6 tr\v (where v > ^), and by
* Phil.

Mag.

(6) xxi. (1911),

pp.

5358

[Scientific

Papen, yi.

(1920), pp. 15],

Cf. Phil.

Mag.

(6) xxxii. (1916),

pp.

54454B

[Scientific Papers, vi. (1920), pp.

444446].

15*61, 15*7]

ZEROS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

511
fixed,

the circle r

= a,

placement in a

and if the straight edges of the membrane are normal vibration is proportional to

the dis-

Jv (rp/c) sin vd cos {pt + e),


where
If the circular boundary zeros of Jv (x), while if are the of apjc values the of the membrane is fixed, zeros of Jv (x). are the they transversely the boundary is free to move
c is the velocity of propagation of vibrations.
'

The effect of introducing constraints in the form of clamps which gradually diminish the effective angle of the sector is to increase v and to shorten the periods of vibration, so that p is an increasing function of v, and therefore
(since a

and

c are unaltered) ap/c is

an increasing function of
v.

v.

That

is

to

say, the zeros of

{x)

and

/'

(x) increase with

using arguments of this character, Rayleigh has given proofs of a number of theorems which are proved elsewhere in this chapter by analytical

By

methods.
15-7.

The zeros of

(z).

number (zero v (z), where v is a given positive and z lies in the domain in which axgz < ir, have been studied qualitatively by Macdonald*.
The
zeros of the function
included),
| |

From

the generalisation of Bessel's integral, given in

6*22, it is

obvious

&rgz \^\tt. This may be proved at once v (z) has no zeros for which from a consideration of the integral given in 1371 ; for, if z = reia were such a zero (r > 0, \ir < a < tt), then z = re~ia would be another zero but the
|

K that K
that

(z)

has no positive zeros; and

it

has been shewn further by Macdonald

integral shews that

K
rr

isTjr / / {re-) v (re-~)

^ = If" exp {- v ^
f

^cos2a)

^ Jo >0,

j* -)

/r*\dv

which

is

contrary to hypothesis.

If a

is

equal to +
|

\tr,

we have

(re^) = tt J[J* (r) + F a (r)},


|

and so

(z)

has no purely imaginary zeros.


zeros for which
ir

Next we study the


either between \tt
It
is

R (z) is negative, the phase


\

of z lying

and

or

between \ir and ir.

may be shewn
is

that the total

number

of zeros in this pair of quadrants


is

the even integer f nearest to v


v \.

\,

unless v

an integer, in which case

the number

In the

first place,

there are no zeros on the lines arg z

ir,

unless v

* Proc.

t This

is

London Math. Soe. xxx. (1899), pp. 165179. not the number given by Macdonald.

K
512
is

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


;

[CHAP.

XV

an integer

for

(re 1ri )

= j*"* Kv (r) + = 0,
sin vir
.

iri

Iv (r),

and, if both the real and

the imaginary parts of this expression are to vanish,


cos vir
.

we must have

(r)

(r)

+ irlv (r) = 0.
is

Since the Wronskian of the pair of functions on the left of the equations (rr/r) cos vir, they cannot vanish simultaneously unless cos vir = 0.

Now

consider the change in phase of zv

(z) as z describes

a contour

consisting of arcs of large and small circles terminated

together with the parts of these lines


(Cf. Fig. 15 of 7-4.)

by the lines arg z = tt, terminated by the circular arcs.

If the circles be called


it is

evident that the


is

consideration

T and 7, their equations being z = R and z = 8, number of zeros of v (z) in the pair of quadrants under equal to the number of zeros of zv Kv (z) inside the contour,
j

and

this is equal to l/(2rr) times the

change in phase of z v

(z) as z traverses

the contour.

Now

the change in phase


axg{z"
v

is

(z)^ -

|^arg {** JT r <*)}]

arg {*"#(*)}
JjRexpirt

+\ug[rK
L

(s)}
Jexp(-ir)

two terms* tend to 2tt(v |) and respectively, because when \z\is large or small on the contour,

As

i2-*-oo

and 8-*-0, the


z

first

(z)

~ s*e-V(!*-),

zv K> {*)

~ 2--

V (v)

respectively f.

The

last

two terms become


r lim

/-o\

o 2 Tarc tan L
4.

TrcoBV7r.Iv (r) v
.
. :

1R
,
.

'

(r)

+ 7ramv7r.Iv (r)j s

Now

{r) is

a positive decreasing function of r while I*(r)

is

a positive
is

increasing function, and so the last denominator has one zero if sini^r negative, and no zero if sin vir is positive.
If therefore

we take
less

the inverse function to vanish


vir),

when

r-*-0, its limit

when

r-*-30

is

arc tan (cot

being numerically
sign of cos
vir.

the value assigned to the inverse function than two right angles and having the same sign as the

Hence the

total

(z) is

negative and arg z


|

number of zeros of < it is


\

(z) in

the pair of quadrants J in which

v
*
I

\ + arc tan (cot V7r),


is

This
I

is

evident from the consideration that the asymptotic expansion of 7*23

valid

when

arg z

<

t.

t The second of these approximate formulae requires modification when r=0. X The two zeros of 2 (z) are not very far from the points - 1-29 0-44/.

15*8]

ZEROS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


find
v
it

513
is

and the reader will which is nearest to

easy to verify that this

number

the even integer

\.
integer,

When v $
zeros for which

is

an

(z) is

a polynomial in z multiplied by a

function with no zeros in the finite part of the plane, and so the

number

of

R (z) <

is

exactly v

\.
ir

Next consider the portion


If

of the plane for which

< argz ^ 2w.

we

write z

^e***,

we have

K
and so

{z)

= - ^--[F(D + *(l + 2e 8) /()],

has a sequence of zeros lying near the negative part of the imaginary axis. The zeros of large modulus which belong to this sequence are given approximately by the roots of the equation
v

K {z)

tan (f
it

\vir

- {ir) = -i(l + 2e 2"* )


i

may be verified that they are ultimately on the right or left of the imaginary
i>7r

a axis in the s-plane according as cos

is less

than or greater than ;


\.

i.e.

according as v differs from the nearest integer by more or less than

The

sequence does not exist when e 2vni =

1,

i.e.

when

v is half of an odd integer.


line arg z

There
15*8.

is

a corresponding sequence of zeros near the

= ir.

Zeros of Bessel functions of unrestrictedly large order.

The previous investigations, based mainly on integrals of Poisson's type, have resulted in the determination of properties of zeros of Bessel functions, when the order v is not unduly large. This is, of course, consistent with the fact that Hankel's asymptotic expansions, discussed in Chapter vn, are significant only when v* is fairly small in comparison with the argument of
the Bessel function.

The

fact that

Debye's integrals of 8'31 afford representations of functions

of large order suggests that these integrals may form an effective means of discussing the zeros of Bessel functions of large order; and this, in fact, proves
to be the case *.

Moreover, the majority of the results which will be obtained

are valid for functions of any positive order, though they gain in importance

with the increase of the order.

We shall adopt

the notation of 831, so thatf


gKi(tan/3-0) rao+wi-ifi
-.

H (v sec ) =
v

e-"dw,
contour in the plane of

where

the complex variable

t = sinh w w + i tan (3 (cosh w 1), and the w is chosen so that t is positive


t

on

it.

Watson, Proc. Royal Soc. xciv. a, (1918), pp. 190206.

We shall

use the symbols

x and

v sec

j8

indifferently

when x > v.

514
If

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


w = u + iv,
where u and
v are real,

[CHAP.

XV
w

u and

v both increase steadily as

describes the contour, so that

e-^du,
J oo
J

e~ VT dv

are both positive.

Hence,

if

we regard

/3

as variable,
raa

and
e

define
- "7

+ ni-ip

arg
J _oo_j(5

dw

# = 0, and to vary continuously with /3, it remain a positive acute angle for all values of /3 between and ^v: and, moreover, by 8*32, it cannot exceed J ir, since dv/du < \/3to

be a positive acute angle when

will

This positive acute angle will be called %, and then


the equation

^ will be defined by

= i/(tan/8-) + x-ir.
It is then evident that

H <(vBec/3) = ffl#*,
w

where Jtt

is

positive (not zero);

Jv () =
If

and

cos

9,

F (a?)

= Jtt sin .

^ (a;) = Jv (x) cos a -

Yv (x) sin a,

it is clear that the only zeros of 9i> v (x), greater than v, are derived from the values of "9 which make "9 + a equal to an odd number of right angles.

It is easy to

shew that

SP increases with x,

when

v remains constant.

For

we have
,

Hence,
of

2 - ^, /(?ng) ^ > - arc tan ^ >0 *-arctan^ Y 0. ^ + ^ ^ as x increases, W increases steadily, and so, to each of
(fl;)

the values

W for which
y\T

= (m +
is

ir

- a,
(x).
x.
is

corresponds one and only one positive zero of 9v

Next we
to prove
it
;

shall prove that

also

an increasing function of

This

is

theorem of a much

deeper character, since the result of


2/(wvp)
2

1374

required

we thence have
*J(x
2

dx^dV_ V d (tan ft- ft) _


dx~ dx =
li

-v*)

dx

J, (x)

(a?)

>

From Hankel's asymptotic expansion


lim x

it is
2

clear that
(l/x)]

[x

^ptt Itt \J(ot? v )+v arc cos (v/x) + \tr +


arc . tan

^ and
in

so

<

J y

( V )
:
.

>

<X < ? 7r
1

which the expression on the

left is

a positive acute angle.

15*8]

ZEROS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


of the value of

515

To form an estimate

x when

v is large,
v
;

we

write

Jv (v)=-Y(v)ta.ny
hence, from 8*42,

we have
lim

yv =

tt,

and,

when

v is large,

r<|)

V3(
so that,

210

rm.^)* r Q).

when

is large,

is

an increasing function of

v.

following Table gives the sexagesimal measure (to the nearest half minute) of the angle whose circular measure is yv it exhibits the closeness of 7 to its limit, even when v is quite small:

The

10

12

00

yy

30 28 39' 29 23 29 38' 29 45' 29 51' 29 54' 29 56' 29 57$' 29" 58' 2958'

The

table suggests that


v\

yv

is is

values of

to prove that this

the case

an increasing function of v for all positive we need the theorem that

J* {v) dv
and
this inequality has already

Yv (v)

~^r >

been established in

1374.
has a zero for which

We
where

are

now

in a position to infer that <@v {v sec

fi)

v (tan

- /3) + % mntr - o,
;

is

any positive integer (unity possibly excepted)


has a value between

and therefore at
first,

the positive zeros of <@y (v sec ), with the possible exception of the
v (tan & )

(w

i)

it

a and
it

mtr

yv 'a,

and the difference of these expressions (when v is not small) slightly exceeds -fair.

From
and
so, if

the result of % 15-3(10),

follows that the phase of

H ^(X)e
v

ia

increases from

a-^Trto^ + oasZ
the number

< a < tt,

to any value exceeding v, increases from of zeros of <WV {X) in the interval (0, x) is the

greatest integer contained in ("

+
+

a)lir

+ .
vs

A simple theorem which may be noted here is that, when


that, if 8 is

> , it follows from


is

1374

any positive number,

*^| rf*

decreases as 8

increased.

This result

the shews that the interval between consecutive zeros of <$y (x) decreases when the rank of
zeros is increased.

A different proof of this theorem is due to

Porter;

cf.

15-82.

516
15*81.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP.

XV

Jv (x) and Y (x). It has been seen ( 15'3) that Jv (x) and Yv {x) have no
The smallest zeros of
v is positive,
(0, v),

zeros in the interval

when

and it

is fairly

obvious from the asymptotic formulae

obtained in

842

that they have no zeros of the form v

+ o (v*) when v is large.


shew
that, with the

The asymptotic formulae which were quoted


notation of 15*8,

in 8*43

where the inverse tangent denotes a negative acute angle.


Hence, at the smallest zero of J, (x),
tan { (tan

- J, +

.)|

=-

$$%$
0)
lies

As
1

increases from
(l/*Jv),

to ^ir, the expression on the left increases from

while the expression on the right decreases from 0*2679 to 0; the


for

smallest root occurs for a value of

which v (tan
8

between f tr

and f 7r, so that


v (tan

- 0) = y tan

(v ~ *).

Hence,

if

we

solve the equation

tan(f-f7r)=-Q(,i)/P(,),
the value of so obtained
is

the value of i>tans


of
is

at the zero with an error

which

is

(i>~ J ).

The value

approximately 2*383447, and hence the

smallest positive zero of

Jv (x) is v + v*x 1855757 + 0(1). = -Q(,)/P(M), approximately = 0*847719, we

In like manner, by solving the equation

tan(-i7r)
of which the smallest root is

find that the

smallest zero of

Yv (x) is
v

+ v^x 0-931577 + 0(1).


Jv (x) has been given by Airey, Phil. Mag. (6) was derived by using Debye's asymptotic expansion

The formula
xxxiv. (1917),
of 8*42 for

for the smallest zero of

p. 193.

Airey's formula

Jv (x)

when x has a value such that

x-v = 0{v*) + o(yi).


For such values of the variables, it has not been proved that Debye's expansion is valid, and although Airey's method gives the two dominant terms of the smallest zero of / (x) correctly, the numerical result which Airey gives for the smallest zero of J (x) is not the same as that of 15-83. The reason why Airey's method gives correct results is that Jv (v + f) is expansible in powers of so long as { is o (v), and in this expansion it is permissible to
'

substitute Debye's formulae for

Jv (v), Jv

'

iy\

Jv" (v),

....

formula for the smallest zero of

J- V (x) was

given by Airey.

This zero
v.

may

lie

any-

where between

and the smallest zero of

Jv (x),

according to the value of

15-81, 15*82]
It does not

ZEROS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

517

section.

seem to be possible to make further progress by the methods used in this now make a digression to explain the methods of Sturm (which have been applied to BessePs equation by various mathematicians), and we shall then give an investigation which leads to the fascinating result that the two expressions which, in this

We

shall

section,

were proved to be 0(1) are in reality

-1
(i

),

so that approximations are obtained


i.e.

for the smallest zeros of

Jv (x)

and

Tv (x)

in

which the errors are 0(v~*),

the errors

become negligible when

v is large.

[Note. An elementary result concerning the smallest zero of Jv (x) has been obtained from the formula of 5-43 by Gegenbauer, Wiener Sitmngsberiehte, cxi. (2a), (1902), p. 571; if /* = v + e where e < 1, then the smallest zero of J iv + (x) is less than twice the smallest zero of Jv (x), because, for the latter value of x the integrand cannot be one-signed.]

<

15*82.

Applications of Sturm's methods.

Various writers have discussed properties of Bessel functions by means of


the general methods invented by
this

Sturm*

for

the investigation of any linear


results hitherto obtained in

differential equation of the second order.

The

manner are of some interest, though they are not of a particularly deep character, and most of them have already been proved in this chapter by
other methods.

The theorem which

is

at the base of the investigations in question


its

is that,

given a differential equation of the second order in

normal form

in which the invariant / is positive, then the greater the value of /, the

more

rapidly do the solutions of the equation oscillate as

increases.

an application of this result, we may take a theorem due to Sturm Ann. sci. de Pltcole norm. sup. in. (1866), p. 72, that, if v2 - i be positive and c be any zero of <gf (x) which exceeds J(v* - ), then the zero of ^f (x)
of
(ibid. pp.

As an example
174

175) and Bourget,

which

is

next greater than c does not exceed

c+

This result follows at once from the consideration of the facts that the function
3&9&V (#)
is

annihilated

by the operator
dx*

( 4-3)

1,2

and

that,

when x > c,

+ \ A
-$=

x* /

>

c2_2_i.l
^ .

pp.

A slightly more abstruse result is due to Porter, American Journal of Math. XX. (1898), 196198, to the effect that, if v 2 > \ and if the zeros of <@ (x), greater than ^(v 2 - ),
, ,

magnitude are clf c2 c3 ... then cn+1 cn decreases as n increases. This has already been proved in 15*8 by another method.
in ascending order of

Other theorems of like nature are due to Bdcher, Bulletin American Math. Soe. in. 205 213; vn. (1901), pp. 333 340; and to Oasser, Bern Mittheilungen, 1904, pp. 92135.
(1897), pp.

* Journal de Math. i. (1836), pp. 106 186; an account of recent researches on differential equations by Sturm's methods is given in a lecture by Bdcher, Proe. Int. Congress of Math. i. (Cambridge, 1912), pp. 163195..

518
15*83.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Applications of Sturm's methods
to functions

[CHAP.

XV

of large order.

proceed to establish a number of results concerning cylinder functions of large order which are based on the following theorem of Sturm's type
:

We

Let U} (x) and u2 (x) be solutions of the equations

d2 u
such
that,

zt + i^-o,
x

d2 u2

^? + /..-o
Mi'

when x = a,
Wj (a)

= u2 (a),

(a)

=m

'

(a),

and

let

I and I2
I

be continuous in the interval

a^x^.b, and

also let

(x)

and

u 2 (x) be continuous in the same interval.


Then, if J 1 ^ I2 throughout the interval*, u2 (x) exceeds u (x) so long as t between a and the first zero of u x (x) in the interval, so that the first zero
j

lies
x

of u

(x) in the interval is

on the

left

of the first zero of u 2

(x).

Further, if w/ (a) has the same sign as u x

(a), the first

maximum

point of

u (x) in the interval moreover


i

is

on the

left of the first

maximum
u 2 (x)
j

point of'j u 2 (x) \,and,

max
positive,
Ul

Uj (x)

< max

To prove the theorem f, observe

that, so long as

(x)

and u 2 (x) are both

d2 u2 ~ d2 u^ U2 ~dxv dxJ

=(T ~
,
1

*'

UlU*

'

and

so,

when we

integrate,

[du
Since the expression

du

~\
1

now under
du 2

consideration vanishes at the lower limit,

we have

n \ (1)
Hence we have

du

x
-

^dx-'^dx-^
djujuj)

dx
and therefore

W%0, LMiJa
that
is

to say,

(2)

M2 (a:) u 2 (a) > u (x) " Ui (a)


x

To

simplify the presentation of the proof of the theorem,

it is

of u, (x)

and u 2

(x), if

necessary, so that u x (x)

is

positive immediately

convenient to change the signs on the right of x = a; the

signs indicating moduli

may

then be omitted throughout the enunciation.


<}e

The theorem

is

practically due to Sturm, Journal

Math.

i.

(1836), pp. 125

127, 145 147.

15*83]

ZEBOS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


1*1 (a?)

519
time Ma(#)
is
still

It follpws that just before


positive,

vanishes for the

first

and

it

has remained positive

while x has increased from the

value

a.
first

The

part of the theorem


is positive,

is

therefore proved.

Again, if w/(a)
before it vanishes,

as well as v^ (a), then v^{x)


fi lf

must have a maximum

and at

this point,

we have from

(1)

so that 2'(/*i) is positive

and v^(x) must be


point
/*2

positive in the interval (0,

/*,).

Therefore the
Finally

first

maximum

of u^ (x)

must be on the right of /t^.

we have

max %! (x) = w, (jj^) < w2 (/Hi) $ u


and the theorem
is

(ft*)

= max u^ (x),
manner postulated more oscillatory* than

completely proved.
Uy,

When
i/ 2

two functions,

(x)

and

it,

(x),

are related in the


i*j

in this theorem, it is convenient to say that


(x)

(x) is

and that w2 (x)


shall

is less oscillatory

than

v^ (x).

We
ing

Jv (x)

now apply the theorem just proved and F (x) when v is large and x is
1/

to obtain results f concern(?*).

Our procedure

will

be to construct pairs of functions which are respectively slightly less and


slightly

more

oscillatory

than the functions in question.


Bessel's equation to its

In the

x=

ve;

first place we reduce we then have

normal form by writing

(3)

[^ +
function which
is is

"*

(**

" 1 >] *'

= ^(ve9)
for

obviously slightly less oscillatory than


obtainable by solving the equation

small positive values of

(4)

[^+2^]u-0,
> 20 when 6 > 0:
solution of (4) is
<x /2*i/0*>

since e* - 1

The general

.-**,(?*);
and the constants implied in this cylinder function have to be adjusted so that u and its differential coefficient are equal to <@ (ye) and its differential
coefficient at
*

6 = 0.

The reason for the use of these terms is obvious from a consideration of the special case in which 2} and I2 are positive constants. f These results supersede the inequalities obtained by Watson, Proe, London Math. Soc. (2) xvi. (1917), pp. 166169.

520

THEOEY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


It follows that a function

[CHAP.

XV

which

is (slightly) less oscillatory

than 90 {x),

when x ^ v,

is

now endeavour to construct a function which is (slightly) more oscilthan latory ^?r (x), in order that we may have 9$ v (x) trapped between two functions which are more easily investigated than <$ (x).
The formula
for

We

the

less oscillatory function,

combined with the result

stated in 8*43, suggests that

we should

construct a function of the type*

where
from

yfr

(0) is

a function of

to be determined.

It

might be anticipated

8'43

but
is

it

that the suitable form for ty (0) would be tan3 fi, where sec /3 = e e ; appears that this function leads to a differential equation whose solution
0,

its degree of oscillation depends on the relative values of v and and we are not able to obtain any information thereby.

such that

The
is

invariant of the equation determined

by

v{t(WW}^iW()l
known
to

be

4*31)

and it is requisite that

this should slightly exceed


i/r

2
i/

2 (e *

1).

It is consequently

natural to test the value of

(0)

which

is

given by the equations

*'(*)- <(*-!*
by determining whether^
1 for this

*(0)-0,
yfr

value of
2

(0),
2

+"'(0)

_ 3 (^(0))
4.Vf'(0)J

5_ | +'(0)1

2^'(0)

36J^(0)j
T/r(0)

> "

"

When we

replace e* by sec $,
f'(0)

we

find that

= tan/3,

= tan-,

+->-* a
and hence we have
(5)

*"-<*>=-

J;*^

to test the truth of the inequality

3(tan/3-)^

sin s

cos
'

/3V(l+itan2 /9)
sin3 /3
3

Now
is

^3(tan-/3)

cos

V(l + tan2 )_
it

negative .when tan 2 /3

< V24 3, and


is

is

positive for greater values

of tan2 /9.
*

equation in

The multiple of the cylinder function cf. 4*31 (17). its normal form
;

taken so that the product

satisfies

a differential

15*83]

ZEROS OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


-*

521

is

Hence, since (5) is true when #= 0, it is true when a certain angle between arc tan V{V24 3} and \ir
O

**

/9

where

/S

The sexagesimal

measure of

is

59 39' 24"-27.

Proceeding as in the former case,

we

find that the function

V{3 (1-/9 cot 0)} [r (|) (*)*


.

W (?) J_j [v (tan fi - /3)} + r (t) (**)* / () Jj {* (tan - 13)}]

is

slightly

more

oscillatory

than

J (v sec /8),
;

so long as*

# $ #>

We

can now obtain an extremely important result concerning the smallest


is

zero of 9BV (x) which

greater than v

for let \,*

be the smallest value of f

which ma^es

r (|) a*)* *, GO /- (I) + r a) (H8 / oo /j (?)


vanish.

Then

6o& of the equations

20 \,a/i/,
give
Since,
a;
i/

v (tan
2
!/ 1

/3

- ) = J
(v~ J ).
lies

= + ^A,

by Sturm's theorem, the zero of 9v (x)

between two expressions of

this form,

we

see that the value of the zero of *@v (x) which is next greater than v

is expressible

in the form
v

+ $\M +

0(v~i).

When

^?r (x) is equal to

/"

(x) it is easy to verify

from a Table of Bessel

functions of orders

that
\,

= T926529 +
1-855757

(ir*),

and so the smallest zero of Jv (x), when v


v

is large, is

+ v*x

+
is

0(jt*).

In

like

manner, the smallest zero of F (x)


i/

i/*

x 0-931577

0(ir*).

The

first

maximum

of

/ (a;)

may be

obtained in a similar manner, by differ-

entiatingf the two expressions constructed as approximations.

The

result is that if $fi v* is the smallest value of f

which makes

r (|)
vanish J, then the
i.e.

(W

J. (v) J% (f)

- r (i) (\vf j: (v) jl, (f


is

first

maximum

of t/"(#)

at the point

at the point
i/

i/J

x 0-808618

(i/~i).

maximum of the function Yv (x) cannot be treated in this manner because its The first maximum is on the right of its first zero this follows at once from 15*3, because F (x) increases from - oo to O as x increases from to the first zero. For an investigation of the maximum value of Jv (x) qua function of v the reader
first
;

should consult a paper by Meissel, Astr. Nach. cxxvni. (1891),


* This restriction is trivial because
i.e.

cols.
j3

435

438.
*/3 3 is

we have

to consider values of

for

which

bounded;

small values of

/3.

t The permissibility of this follows from the second part of Sturm's theorem just given. X This value of is approximately 0*685548.

CHAPTER XVI
NEUMANN
16*1.

SERIES

AND LOMMEL'S FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES


of Neumann
series.
is

The

definition

The

object of this chapter

and of Chapter xvn

the investigation of

various types of expansions of analytic functions of complex variables in series whose general terms contain one or more Bessel functions or related functions.

These expansions are to some extent analogous to the well known expansions by the theorems of Taylor and Laurent. The expansions analogous to Fourier's expansion of a function of a real variable are of a much more recondite character, and they will be discussed in Chapters xvni and XIX.
of an analytic function

Any

series of the type


ac

2
n=0
is

a n Jv+n (z)

called a

Neumann
is

special type of series for

general series

although in fact Neumann considered* only the which v is an integer the investigation of the more due to Gegenbauerf.
series,
;
'

To

mann

series of the first

distinguish these series from the types discussed in 16*14, the description Neukind has been suggested by Nielsen, Math. Ann. lv. (1902), p. 493.
'

The reader will remember that various expansions of functions as Neumann


series

have already been discussed in Chapter v. It will be sufficient to quote here the following formulae
:

=o

ni

J.(z

+ t) =

m= -oo

J^m (t)Jm (z),


TO =o

"

where

r2

= Z + z* - 2Zz cos
1

<f>.

expanding an arbitrary function then we shall investigate the singularities of the analytic function defined by a Neumann series with given coefficients and finally we shall discuss the expansions of various particular functions.
shall first discuss the possibility of

We

into a

Neumann

series;

the reader

For a very general discussion of generalisations of all kinds of series of Bessel functions, may consult memoirs by Nielsen, Journal fiir Math, cxxxn. (1907), pp. 138

146; Leipziger Berichte, lxi. (1909), pp. 3361.


* Theorie der Bessel' schen Functionen (Leipzig, 1867), pp. 33

35.

+ Wiener Sitzungsberichte, lxxiv.

(2),

(1877), pp.

125127.

16-1, 16*11]

NEUMANN

SEBIES

523

chapter) are due to H. A.

Various expansions of types which resemble Neumann's (other than those given in this Webb, Phil. Trans, of the! Royal Soc. cciv. (1905), p. 487 and

Nielsen, Atti delta R. Accad. dei Lincei, (5) xv. (1906), pp.

490497.

16*11.
coefficients.

Neumanns expansion* of an arbitrary function in a series of Bessel

Let f(z) be a function of z which is analytic inside and on a circle of R with centre at the origin. If C denotes the contour formed by this circle and if z is any point inside it, it follows from Cauchy's theorem that
radius

Now, by

9-1,

-i
t

M=0

U0.(*)./.W;
on the contour. It follows at once

and
that

this expansion converges uniformly

(1)

/(#)- I an Jn (z),
=o

where
(2)

an =

^fc f(t)O

n (t)dt;

and

this is

Neumann's expansion.

If the Maclaurin expansion of f(z) is

/(*)- 5

b n z,

we

see that

-^,
^k**

bj

ton {t)dt

_^_ n.(n '*-**-

w=0

m 1)! m
\
!

(n>l)

and

so
fOo

=b

<3>

=M t*2-(^i-^ 6_.
Neumann

(>1)

This result shews that the

series corresponding to a given function


for the

assumes a simple form whenever a simple expression can be found


W*

sum

=0

The
given
is

construction of the

Neumann

series

when the Maclaurin expansion


of analytical ingenuity.

is

consequently
338340.

now merely a matter

* Theorie der Bessel' $chen Functionen (Leipzig, 1867), PP- 33

35.

See also Konig, Math. Ann.

. (1872), pp.

524
16*12.

THEORY OF BBSSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XVI

Neumann's* analogue of Laurent's theorem. Let f(z) be a function of z which is analytic and one- valued in the ringshaped region defined by the inequalities

r^\z\^R.
Let

C and

be the contours formed by the


\z\

circles

= R,

\z\

= r,

both contours being taken counter-clockwise; then, if z be a point of the region

between the

circles,

we have
,

f()= JK '

//(*)&

2-TriJc

t-z

/()*

2ttiJ c

z-t
f(t)Jn (t)dt.
c

^^ ^M^f/(t)On(t)dt+X^On (z)j
o

Consequently f(z)
(1)

is

expansible in the form

/(#)- i an Jn (z)+ % an'On (z),


an =

where
(2)

^j

f(t)O n (t)dt,
c

an'=^ff(t)Jn (t)dt.
is

If the Laurent expansion of(z) in the annulus

/<,)-

*=0

i . ik*+ n=l *

we

have, as in 1611,

w
(**)

I a

=n 2

2 n-*w-

*-

ft*-,

(n

^ 1).

ttn

~v,\t&'++i ^.On+sm^t/^ = 2 n+2m m!(w + i)!

1 6*13.

Oegenbauer's generalisation of Neumann's expansion.

By

using the polynomial

A n>v (t)

defined in 9*2,

Gegenbauerf has
if

generalised the formula given in 16*11.


If f(z) is analytic inside and on the circle \z\ contour formed by this circle, we have
J
x

= R,

and

G denotes

the

'

1m Jo

and so
(1)

*"/(*)=

5
n=0

an J,+n (z),

* Theoric der BeueViehen Functionen (Leipzig, 1867), pp. 36 39. t Wiener Sitzungsberickte, lxxiv. (2), (1877), pp. 124130. See Wiener Denk$chriften, (1884), pp. 298 816 for some special cases of the expansion.

xlviii.

16*12-16'14]

NEUMANN

SERIES

525

where
(2)

a.-^.Jo /(*)-A.r(0*
is

provided only that v


If,

not a negative integer.


is

as in 16"11, the Maclaurin expansion of f(z)

/(*) =

S Kz\
=o

then
(3)

On = (v

+ n)t2'+-
m=0

r{v + n - m)
W!

Neumann's expansion

of 16*12

may be

generalised in a similar manner.


series

16*14 The Neumann-Oegenbauer expansion of a function as a


squares or products.

of

From the expansion


J>

of 9*5, namely
n .^ (t)JIIL+in (z)Jp+ ^n (z)
)

-= 2 B
Z
\

n =0
\

which

is valid
|

when z <
|

t
|

we can

at once infer that, if f(z)

is

analytic

when
(1)

< r,

then the expansion


z*+ >f(z)=

5
=o

an Jli+in (z)J+in(z)
given by the formula

is valid

when z <
| \

r,

and the
an =

coefficients are

(2)

^jc f(t)B
n=0

ni

^{t)dt,
z
j

C being

the contour formed by the circle


;

= r.
with

This expansion
this,

is

due to

Gegenbauer*
(3)

an expansion

closely connected

namely that

f(z)= I an'Jn*(z),

where
(4)

a^ =

tf{f)Cln {t)dt,

and Q it) is Neumann's second polynomial ( 9 "4), is valid provided that f(z) this expansion was obtained by Neumann f. is an even analytic function
;

Gegenbauer's formula has been investigated more recently by Nielsen, Nouv. Aim. de Math. (4) II. (1902), pp. 407410.

type of series slightly different from those previously considered

is

derived from the formula of 5*22 (7) in the form


z{ = 2>r(l v + l)2, - r-Jiv+n (z),

=0

ni

* Wiener Sitzungsberichte, lxxv. (2), (1877), pp. f Math. Ann. in. (1871), p. 599.

218222.

526

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XVI

which shews that


(5)

i
n=0

b n z+n

-2
=0

a n Qz)i <"+> JHy+n) (z),


t ^-m + l) On-2m>

where
(6)

_<! 2 >+"-wt r(|i/ + an 2,

Expansions of this type have been the topic of a detailed investigation by


Nielsen*.

16*2.

Pincherle's theorem

and

its

generalisations.
let

Let

5 an Jy+niz)
n=0

be any

Neumann series, and

the function defined by

this series

and

its analytic

continuations be called f{z).

Let also

The

function defined

by f(z)N and

its analytic continuations will

be called

the associated power series off(z).

The Neumann

series converges

throughout the domain in which

Urn %\{an J^n(z)}\<l,


n-oo

and

this

domain

is identical

with the domain in which


*/ =rp>

n^ocV ire + n+l)


by Horn's asymptotic formula (81).
It follows that a

lim

<i,

Neumann

series has

circle of convergence, just like

power series, and the circles of convergence of a associated power series are identical.

Neumann

series

and of the

The theorem that the convergence of a Neumann


a power series
and, in fact, it
is

series resembles that of

due

to Pincherlef; but it is possible to go

much

further,

can be proved that f(z) has no singularities which are not also
.

singularities oif{z)N

To prove

this theorem,

we

write

2
*

i.

r> + , + t)r(tr * w
7779. 151180;

Nyt

Tidsskrift, ix. (b), (1898), pp.

t Bologna Memorie,
pp.

(4) in. (1881), pp.

see also Nielsen,

Math. Ann.

lv. (1902),

493496.

16*2, 16*3]

NEUMANN
circle of

SERIES

527

and then, inside the

convergence*,

cos
^

{W(l

-)}

0(^)^3^.
it

From the theory of analytic


for
;

continuation

follows that, if

<f>

(z) is analytic

any value of z, so also is f(z), provided that the path of integration is suitably chosen and so all the singularities off(z) must be singularities of $ (z).

Now

the series denning

cp

(z)

may be
an

written in the form

2 S
and a theorem due
to

T(v + n+l)

Hadamardf
bn zn
,

states that, if
on zn

F
then
all

(z)

= 2
n=0

F,{z)= 2
=0

F (z)=
3

I
w=0

b n cn zn ,

the singularities of
t

(z) are expressible in


is

the form 8y, where

/3 is

some singularity of F

(z)

and y

some

singularity of

2 (z).

Since the only finite singularity of the hypergeometric function

n=0 r(v
is

Tfr+n + l) + n + %)
(f>
;

at the point
;

of f(z)x

and

this

z=l,it follows that all the singularities of (z) are singularities and therefore all the singularities of f(z) are singularities cff(z)N is the theorem which was to be proved.

The reader should have no difficulty in enunciating and proving similar theorems \ connected with the other types of expansions which are dealt with
in this chapter.

16'3.

Various special

Neumann

series.

The number of Neumann series, in which the coefficients are of simple forms, whose sums represent functions with important analytical properties is not large we shall now give investigations of some such series which are of
;

special interest.

By

using the expansion

{V-n* cos 20 + 1)"*= 1


* It is

r - Pn (cos20),
2 2

to be truncated

assumed that R(r + ) is positive; by the omission of the terms


unaffected.
;

if

not, the several series under discussion have

for

which

R (v + n + %)

is

negative, but the general

argument

is

t Acta Math. xxn. (1899), pp. 5564 Hadamard, La Serie de Taylor (Paris, 1901), p. 69. t For such theorems concerning the expansion of 16-14, see Nielsen, Math. Ann. m. (1899),
p.

230

et seq.

528

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XVI

Pincherle* has observed that

I Jm J ^
where the contour
If

(z)P f cos 20) (*) /* (COS

^p{^(<-l/Q}^ - JL m= ^lj ^ _ +
(0+)

2ti

C08 2 ^

1}

lies

wholly outside the

circle
1

= 1.
is

write (t ljt) = w, so that the contour in the w-plane (large) closed curve surrounding the origin, we find that

now we

5 JU.()P.(co.M)-^,j*
and
so

V{(*'+l)(w'+sin0)}'

we

obtain the formula e-faMtt du = -^J

(1)

n=0

X Jm+1 (z)Pn (cos 20) = -f*""

*7r J

^"""du,

where the modulus of the

elliptic function is sin 0.

The

interesting expansion

^vW-*o

2.4...(2n)

{2"+I>

I)} + n + l)

has been given by Jolliffef,

who proved

that the series on the right satisfied

the same differential equation as J,* ($z).

a special case of 11*6


interest

(1),

This expansion is easily derived as but the following direct proof is not without

By Neumann's

formula

5 '43)

we have J

J"
and,
if

^-7ri

V{<(l-0}'

we expand J (z VO
2t "

into the series

r / u\ J* <* VO -

Ti

* 2
o

(2i/

+ 2w + l)r(2i/ + w + l) m!r(2* + l)

& (- m,
2(2i/

2v

+m+

2v

+1

<) /,++! (s),

we

find

on integration that
9/1 Jv\h z) ^
=0
_
.

+ 2m+l)
*
1

"

, v r 9H-sm+i\*/i

* Bologna Memorie, (4)

vm.

(1887), pp.

125143. Pincherle used

elliptic

functions of modulus

cosec 6 in his result.

t Messenger, xlv. (1916), p. 16.

The corresponding expansion of z* J- j (J*) Jv ($z) was obtained

by Nielsen,
J If

Jfyt Tidsskrift, rx. b, (1898), p. 80.

B + i) < 0,
(j

we use loop

integrals instead of definite integrals.

16-31]

NEUMANN
r
7T
.

SERIES

529

where a> =
If ml
i

- *>~* F W9 f '^ (* \ZVt*i\ + 1) Jo


>

>

(-rn,2v

+ m + l;

2,

*)<**

tr

_L^ (V- (i - tr* fir-v-*" * dt m .ml J


v 7
I

= i=J=.
by

TT.WilJo

Vam

(1

_ tr d

"

[<r

'~!,^- tri]
dm

w partial

integrations.
is

It follows that

the coefficient of h m in the expansion of


t

I [V {t-ht(l - 0}-"-* {1 - + ht{l - t)}-*dt


in ascending powers of h
;

and

this expansion is absolutely convergent

when

|A|<1.
If

we

write

, t

(1
,

- *)
,

we

find that

am hm =
,

f\"-* * JO
1

{1

- h (1 - 0}-"-* (1 - 0"* (1 + _ u )-i (1 _ A2 M )-i dll.


and that

ht)~i dt

=I
It is

T Jo

M H"i (1

now

evident that aan+1


aan

- "^*
_1

! 3 ...(2n

1)

2.4... (2n)

Jo

v+ft _ i /i (

\_|
'

1.3...(2w-l)r(i/
2.4...(2w)

~tt' and

T(i/

+ rt + ^)r(^) + n + l)

'

this formula at once gives Jollifies form of the expansion.

16*31.

The Neumann

series

summed

by Lommel.

The effects of transforming Neumann series by means of recurrence formulae have been studied systematically by Lommel*; and he has succeeded by this means in obtaining the sums of various series of the type

2an Jv+n (z)


in

which an

is

a polynomial in

n.

Take the functions


\s4
,

m (z) *= S

(v

+ 2w + l)/2ni (v + 2n +

1)

Jv+2n+1 (z),
.

=o
(v

S8>m (z)

+ 2n + 2)/

2)H

_1

(i>

+ 2w + 2) / +!m+2 (*),

where fm (v)

is

a function to be determined presently.

* Studien liber die Bessel'sehen Functional (Leipzig, 1868), pp. 46

49.

530

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


By
the recurrence formula

[CHAP. XVI

we have

(1)

- 64v m
z
,

(z)

= I
=o

fnn, (v

+ 2n + 1) {J"+2/l (z) + Jv+ pi+2 (z)}

=/2m(V
provided that

+ l)Jv (Z) +

2^ m

(z),

/2m

(i/

fm (v) satisfies the equation of mixed differences* + 2n + 3)+/m('+2n + l)=2(i/+2n + 2)/2w^ + 2n + 2).
1

(i;

solution of this equation

is

We

adopt this value offm (v) and then

it is

found by the same method that


(z).

(2)

- M*, m
z
it

(z)

fm^

{v)

J^ (z) + 2^, m_

Hence
,

follows that

S4v m {z) = W*m ( v + !) Jy ( z ) ~ K/a-i (") J*+M + m and so 4v m (z) = " 2 f^ 2"/^ (v + 1) </ (*)
1
,

Z2 S#v

m-i (z),

=o

Therefore, since
#,,_, (z)

= 2
=o

Jr,+2 +1

(*)

=s
*>

/"*/,

(0 *,

we have

- j
and
similarly,

w |j

r(1 _
for

n+
t

j-)

(**)

>

from the expression

&y m(z)

/r+l( *)

t.-r(^- + *)

( ** )

}'

* Recent applications of Neumann series to the solution of equations of mixed differences are due to Bateman, Proc. Int. Congress of Math. 1. (Cambridge, 1912), pp. 291294.

16*32]

NEUMANN

SERIES

531

The

potentialities of the other recurrence formula

were also investigated by Lommel, but the results are not so interesting. As examples of his expansions the reader may notice that

These results were given by Lommel, though his formulae contain numerical

errors.

16*32.

The Neumann
of the series

series

summed by Kapteyn.
00

The sum

2 nJn (z)Jn (a)


n=l
is

expressible as the integral


r
a

iz 2

Jo

Mz-v) j(a _ v)dv


z-v

* the sums of the alternate terms of the series have been expressed by Kapteyn
in the form of integrals

conversely Kapteyn's formulae

from which this integral may be deduced, and may be deduced from this integral.

We
The
\z

proceed to establish this result by a simplified form of Kapteyn's

methods.
series

may be

written in the formf

n=0

2 {J (z) + J-n+1 (#)} Jn (a) = j^-j\&TT%)


x exp \\z
<0+>

\z

r (0+ > J

f<

0+)

2 <- +
M= o

I*-"

it

-J

+ a
('

(u

Hereto

~ (iy /
Now,
let

f tUh
'

exp
I**

" *)

ia

(s)} **

where the contours may be taken

to

be the

circles \u\

= l,\t\ = A>1.

Then,

if

m = | ( 1/t),

we have
3 (?

ST
van Wet.
f
are

+ m/ = 53
te

1)

* {*" ( " D] da - * [J
; ;

(a)

"

^ (a)/

'>-

* A'jeuip

Archief voor Wiskunde, (2) vn. (1907), pp. 2025 Proc. Section of ScL, K. Akad. Amsterdam, vn. (1905), pp. 494500 Kapteyn has subsequently summed other series,
is

ibid. xiv. (1912), pp.

962969. The interchange of summation and integration any points on the contours.

permissible so long as

tu

> 1,

where

t,

532

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XVI

Therefore, on integration,

I = Ce-^ + 1
where

&

f
.'

V"
o

-"'

{Jo (v)

- J, (v)/t) dv,
see that

C is

independent of

a.

By

taking a

= 0, we

C=l/t.

Hence we have

+1 =
-.

*exp fo (*

-a+

*) (*

- ^)

{tJ (v)
J

- J, (*>)} cfoj
(v) dv,

dt

4 Jo

\[J (z-a + v) + Js(z - a + v)] J


t

the majority of the terms having a zero residue at

= 0.

Consequently

I
that
is

nJ.

()

J. (a)

-|

T ^"V"/
(
J

/o (U)

*'

to say

(1)

n=l
If

! nJn (z)Jn (a) = l


find that

aJ -li^!lj
*
u

(a-v)dv.

we

select the

odd and even parts of the functions of z on each side of

this equation,

we

(2)

2 (2n+l)J2n+1 (z)Jm+1 (a)

-5[
4
J

Mz ~
\
(

v)

zand

+ ^^^1 z+v
)

/. (

*.

which

is

one of Kapteyn's formulae

Ta !,

2n

Jm ( *> J (a) =

4 \-T=-

TUT].
-*

4J 4j

*-
*+o

1V
*>
i

'

*-

when we

integrate by parts.
it

Hence
(3)

follows that

n=l

I 2nJm (z)Jm (a) = l f "*


4
J

+ f \^P +V Jo[^
'

^^\j.{t-v)dv, ZV
)

which

is

the other of Kapteyn's results.

16-4]

NEUMANN

SERIES

533

The reader should have no when R (v) > 0,


(4)

difficulty in

proving by similar methods that,

S
n=0

{v

+ n)J^ n {z)Jv+n {ci)=^^\ L


VZ f a

Jv

'0

V) -f~ ZV JM-v)dv

(z

v)

.,

16*4.

The Webb-Kapteyn theory of Neumann


series

series.

have been studied from the standpoint of the theory of by H. A. Webb*. His theory has been developed by Kapteynf and subsequently by Bateman|. The theory is not so important as it appears to be at first sight, because, as the reader will presently realise, it has to deal with functions which must not only behave in a prescribed manner as the variable tends to + oo but must also satisfy an
functions of real variables
,

Neumann

intricate integral equation.

In

fact,

the functions which are amenable to the

theory seem to be included in the functions to which the complex theory is applicable, and simple functions have been constructed to which the real
variable theory
is

inapplicable.
is

The

result

on which the theory

based

is

that ( 13*42)

Jo

<Wa W <J*n+i W
00

| 1/(4w

+ 2)
the'

m=n

),

so that, if

an odd function f{x) admits of an expansion of


f(x)*=

type

2
n=0

a*n+i

JM+1 0),
we have

and

if

term-by-term integration

id

permissible,

/, o

//<= a=r2
+ 2) Jm+1 (*)
f"

We
(1)

are therefore led to consider the possibility that

/() =
shall

(4

J -^^f{t) dt

and we

establish the truth of this expansion

under the following

conditions
(I)

The integral
Jo

exists

and

is absolutely convergent.
* Messenger, xxxin. (1904), p. 55.

t Messenger, xxxv. (1906), pp. 122125. X Messenger, xxxyi. (1907), pp. 3137.

V
534
(II)

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


The function f(t) has a continuous differential of the variable which do not exceed x.

[CHAP. XVI
coefficient

for

all

positive values

(III)

The junction f(t)


2/' (0

satisfies the

equation
t)

(2)

Jo

^ *&> {f(v +
v

+ f(y - 1)} dv

when

does not exceed

x.

We

now proceed

to

sum
(4n

the series

S=
and we
that
first

+ 2)^+1

(^r% /(0<fc,
L
is

interchange the order of summation and integration. It


00

evident

2
w=0

Jm+1 (x) [Jm (t) + J2n+2 (t)}


t

converges uniformly with respect to


since
|

for positive

Jm (01^1

and

2 Jm +i (#)
\

is
I

convergent.
effect

an absolutely convergent by 16-32,

integral,

we may

(unbounded) values of t, Hence, since f(t) possesses the interchange, and then,

8=

X/(0
(4w
/<>

l?o

+ 2) /zw+1 {x) J* n+1 (t)


}

=
2.lo

/(0 Jo|"T=ir +
- j J,
(t

-j^lMx-iddvdt
+ v)\
,

1 f* f

- v)

J,

(t

I fI

Jo (*

- V)
v)

f*
V

^
1)

{f(t

+ V) +f(t - V)}

dtdv

(x

Jo

\ Jo

f(v - 1)

^P dtdv.
t

We now

transform the last integral by using 12*2, and then

we have*

Jo

7 V (x - v)f(v ;

^P dtdv
*

= =

I" f Jo (u oJ o

- t)f(x - u)^P-dtdu
t

J (u)f(x

u) du

Jo

=f(x)
The
first

J^{u)f'(x u)du.
Jo
by writing

transformation

is effected

v=x + 1 u.

16*4]

NEUMANN
J
" f .0

SERIES

535

Hence
(3)

I
=0

(4i

+ 2) Jm+1 (x)

dt -^^-f{t) c

Now

write

Ji(0
Z
so that
'

{/(+*)+/<*-)}* 3
v,

m
an absolutely
in such an interval

F(v)

is

a continuous function of

since Ji(t)/t has

convergent integral.
If then
as (0, X),

we are to have S=f(x) when x has any value we must have


X

f Jo

J (x-v)F(v)dv = 0,

throughout this interval

and, differentiating with respect to x,

F (x) = f^ (x-v)F (v) dv.


Jo

Since \Ji(xv)\^ 1/V2,

it

follows

by induction from

this equation, since

\F(x)\^fjF(v)\dv,
* hat
\

F{xy

^W^V
|

where

is

the upper bound of

F(x)

in the interval

and n

is

any positive

integer.

If

we make n -

x>

it is

clear that

F(x) =

0,

and so the

necessity of equation

(2) is established.

The
from

sufficiency of

equation (2) for the truth of the expansion*

is

evident

(3).

been pointed out by Kapteyn that the function sin (x cosec a) is which equation (2) is not satisfied and Bateman has consequently endeavoured to determine general criteria for functions which satisfy equation (2); but no simple criteria have, as yet, been discovered.
It has
for

one

[Note.

If f{x) is not

an odd function, we expand the two odd functions

separately

and then

it is

easy to prove, by rearranging the second expansion, that

f{x)=7, a^Jn
n=0

{x),

where

a =

2 /

f(x)

Ji(\ x dx
\)

->

a= n
J

_J(x) Jn (*)

r^j

>

> 0),

provided that the appropriate integral equations are satisfied.]


*

The

sufficiency (but not the necessity) of the equation

was proved by Kapteyn.

536
16*41.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Cailler's theory

[CHAP. XVI

of reduced functions.
series

The Webb-Kapteyn theory of Neumann


theory
is

which has just been exThis


if

pounded has several points of contact with a theory due to Cailler*.


based on Borel's integral connecting a pair of functions.
Thus,

f(z)=X

cn z

n
,

then the function f(z)n defined by the series


00

f(z) B =

2
=0

cn

.n\zn

supposed convergent

for sufficiently

small values of \z\ %

may be

represented

by the integral
jo

The

function f(z)i,

maybe termed

the reduced function (la reduite) oif(z).


is

If the

Neumann

series

which represents f(z)

f(z)= 2 an Jn (z),
tt=0

then we have, formally,


f(z) R

= 2
n=0

an
1

\
-'

e~*

Jn (tz) dt
an

*
2,

|V(l+^)-l) w

Now

put
z

-t

and we see that


1

Bf/G^).-i^Hence,
function of
if

+?

.(

the

Neumann
is

series for

f(z)

is

2 an Jn (z),
tt=0

then the generating

=o

2 an n

i-r / u-r/'
provided that this function
is

analytic near the origin.

More
that
(1)

generally, iff(z) has a branch-point near the origin of such a nature

/(*)-S

an J,+n (z),

then
(2 >

.l-^-r^Ai^.),* Mini, de la Soc. de Phys. de Geneve, xxxit. (19021905), pp.

295368.

16*41, 16*5]

LOMMEL'S FUNCTIONS
if

537

In like manner,
(3)

/(*)- 5 an z'+Jv+n {z\


=o

then

[Note.

If

ef"smbz=S, an Jn

{z),

then

I ,=
nil
result,

26z ( 1

+ g2

(l-2az-z*?+4b*z*-

This

which

is

immediately deducible from Gainer's theory, was set as a problem

in tlie Mathematical Tripos, 1896.]

16*5.

Lommel's functions of two


functions,

variables.

which are of considerable importance in the theory of Diffraction and which are defined by simple series of Neumann's type, have been discussed exhaustively by Lommel * in his great memoirs on Diffraction at a Circular Aperture and Diffraction at a Straight Edge.

Two

The

functions of integral order

n,

denoted by the symbols


/w\ n+2*

Un

(to,

z)

and

Vn (w, z), are


(1)

defined by the equations


00

Un (W,z) = 2 (-W7)

Jn +*m(z),
J-n- (*>

(2)

Vn (W, Z)=X (-r (-) \Z I n=0

It is easy to see from 2"22 (3) that


(3)

Un (w,z)-V_l+2 (W,Z)= 2 (-r(-) \Z m=-<*>


I

Jn^n{z)

==C08

(w
{2

z2

mr\

2w-^-)^

(4)

tfn+i (w, z)

- F_M+1 (w, z) = sin (^ +

~ -^

The last equation may be derived from the preceding equation by replacing n by n + 1.
There
is

no

difficulty in

extending (1) to define functions of non-integral

order ; for unrestricted values of v


(5)

we

write

U.(w,z)= 2
i=0
k. b.

(-)**(

7) \zj

/,+(*).

Akad. der Wist. (Miinchen), xv. (1886), pp. 229328, and the definition of Vn {w, z) in it differs from that adopted subsequently by the factor ( - l) m Much of Lommel's work is reproduced by J. Walker, The Analytical Theory of Light (Cambridge, 1904). The occurrence of Lommel's functions in a different physical problem has been noticed by Pocklington, Nature, lxxi. (1905), pp. 607608.
529

664.

* Abh. der math. phys. Classe der

The

first

memoir

deals with functions of integral order


.

W.

B. F.

18

538

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


The expression on the
w*
is

[CHAP. XVI
z,

factor

right is an integral function of removed) an integral function of w.

and (when the

only

The corresponding generalisation of (2) gives a series which converges when v is an integer. And consequently it is convenient to define Vp (w, z) for unrestricted values of v by means of the natural generalisation of
namely
F (w,
z)

(3),

(6)

= cos

+ (f + 1^

y ) + u-+*
(J

>

z )-

It is evident that
(7)

(w, z)

+ Uv+i (w, *) 7

(z),

(8)

V, (w, z)

+ Vv+2 (w, z) = (^y ,/_ (z).


2-22 that
{

As

special formulae,

we deduce from
U. (z, z) -

(9)

V (z, ) = \
1

(z)

+ cos z},

(10)

U.iz, z) = (8),

(z,z) = I sin z;

and hence, by (7) and


(11)

U^{z,z)= Vm (z,z) = $(-)\cosz- 2

(-)^4,W}
"% (-)

(12)

Um+1 (z, z) = - V
>1

(z, z)

= \ (-) {sin z in (12).

Wl J^

+l (z)\

provided that n

in (11),

and

>0

It is also to be observed that, as a generalisation of these formulae,

(13)

Vn (w,z) = (-)Un (z*/W> z).


functions

The

2 m=0 CQS

m0.Jm (z),

2
in=0

sin (to

+ ) 6 Jm +
.

(),

which are closely associated with Lommel's functions, have been studied by Kapteyn, Proc. Section of Set., K. Akad. van Wet. te Amsterdam, vn. (1905), pp. 375 376, and by Hargreavcs, Phil. Mag. (6) xxxvi. (1918), pp. 191199, respectively.

16*51.

The

differential equations for

LommeVs functions of two


that
+1

variables.

It is evident
(1)

by differentiating
v

16'5(1)

^U (w,z) = --U

(w
1

>

z),

and hence

^
and consequently

d2

JJ V

(w, z)

z* = -

U. +2 (w,

z)

--

Uv+l (w, z),

16*51, 16*52]
It
is

lommel's FUNCTIONS
that

539

now evident

U (w, z)

is

a particular integral of the equation

Since the complementary function of this equation


Z* z 4- B sin ^ A cos s
2

is

where
is

A and B are

independent of

z, it is

clear from
v

165 (6)

that

F_ K+2 (w, z)

also a particular integral.

Therefore

(w, z) is a particular integral of

{6)

dz->-;dz-

w>-\w)

J- +z(z)

These equations are due to Lommel, Miinchener Abh. xv. (1886), pp. 561

563.

16*52.

Recurrence formulae for LomnieVs functions of two variables.


for

We
(1)

have just obtained one recurrence formula

(w, z),

namely

^U (w,z) = -^U
y

+1

(w,z).

To obtain other formulae, we observe that

OW

~ U.

(w, z)

= 2

m -Q

(-)" (v

+ 2m) (/*)*+* J, +2m (z)/z


w
l

=4 S (-y*(w/sy^*{j +m* =0
and
so
(2)

(*)+j.4 Jlml {M)},

L Uv

(w> z)

= u~* {w> z)

ww)

u +i (w
"

>

z)

Again, by differentiating 16*5 (6)


(3)

we deduce

that

^Mttf.sH-^F^M;,*),
2

(4)

AV

(w, z)

F+1 (w, z) + (z/wf F^ (w,


c is constant,

z).

If
(5)

now we take

w = cz,

where

we deduce

that

2^U (cz,z) = cU y

(cz,z)-(l/c)U+1 (cz,z),

(6)

jz V {cz, z) = cVy+1 (cz, z)


cz, CZ z) Z '
^

- (1/c) F_, (cz, z).

Hence we get
4
d*

d?

'

= C* Uv^

+ 1 / c2> U"+* cz = c'/_, (z) + er*J, (z) -(c + 1/c)2 U, (cz, z)


CZ Z)~
'

2U"

cz> *)

<

>

z)

540

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Hence
it

[CHAP. XVI
z),

follows that

Uv {cz, z),

and similarly V_ v+2 (cz,

are particular

integrals of the equation

(7)

^+(c+iy^cj . (z)+c^Mz).
v
2

The
(8)

particular case in which z

is

of

some
K

interest

we have

{w, 0)

= 2

*;/

1X

and so 7,, (w, 0) and F_ +2 (/, 0) are expressible of one variable by the equations

in term's of

Lommel's functions

HO)
Of these
The

V. y+2 (w ,0)
results, (l}r (8)

Ji w

l{
is

^
^

were given in Lommel's memoir.

following formulae, valid

when n

a positive integer (zero included),

should be noticed
(11)

Um {w, 0) = (-)

cos

\w - 2

\ZZ

(12)

Um+l (, 0) = (-) [sin iw Jfcgfcgp]


#-(w, 0)
it

(13)

= cos(u/ + |rwr).

Hence
(14)

follows that.

(w,0)
o)

= l, Vn+1 {w,0) = 0,
= (-) m=Q
(

(i5)

v.m (w,

'

\&Vn>)\

"7

(16)

V^

{w, 0)

= (-) 2

/J*"L

16*53.

Integral representations of Lommel's functions.

The formulae
(1)
tf,,

(w, z)

= -^\
Z
.0
r1

/_ x {zt)

cos

[\w (1

- *')}

t"dt,

(2)

U^ (w, z) = *

~
> v

J^

{zt)

sin

{\w (1

- i*)}

*<fc,

Jo

which are valid when R (v) > 0, may be verified immediately by expanding the integrands in powers of w and then using the result of 12*11 (1) in

16*53]

lommel's functions
For other values of
v,

541
they

performing term-by-term integrations. replaced by the equations


(3)

may be

^( w^) = - 27

_
I

(4)

^M- g^^^
wp
t
when

_^_J

J^i-MQ.cnllwil-ty.i-tYdt,
i

r(0+)

^(-*0.rin{i(l--)}.(-^d,

in

which the phase of


It is clear that,

increases from

tt

to ir as

describes the contour.

R (v) > 0,

(5)

Uv (w, z) i Uv+1 (w, z) = Zw"


this formula

z.

f
J

J^ (zt) exp

\iw (1 - **)} p dt.


.

By modifying

we can obtain

integral representations of

(w, z)

valid for positive values of

and

Let us consider
(1

JO
if

/_! ()

exp {+ \iw

- *>)}

*>

<&
and at the upper

The
limit

integral converges at the lower limit

when

R (v) >

when R(v)<,

w and

z are restricted to be positive.


it

To

evaluate the last integral, swing the contour round until

coincides

ambiguity in sign being determined by the ambiguity in sign in the integral; such a modification in the contour is permissible by Jordan's lemma.
tt, this

with the ray

arg= +

When we
we
find that

expand the new integral in ascending powers of

z,

as in 13*3,

w"

/,_, (zt)
J o

exp \iw (1
{

- 1*}} V dt
.

^. mir ;+ m)
(

'

2 * +2W

J,

"exp(?

}M)A

2"

.to

Vw)
.

'

that

is

to say

()

J/.-, (zt) exp {+ |w (1 - *)}


< R (v) <
5

r <fc = exp

*?

^ + ^)
w > 0,

When we
z

combine the results contained in


,

this formula,

we

see that, if

> 0, and
(7)

then

^J

/^^)cosii W;(l-^}.^^ = cos(|

+ ^ -^),
;

(8)

^^(*)ntt(l-lO}.ri-rin(|+^-^).

542

THEORY OF BESSBL FUNCTIONS


It follows at once

[CHAP. XVI
that

from (1) and (2) combined with

16*5 (6)

(9)

V t_(w,z) =

-
z
.'

J^(st)cM{tw{l-t)}.fdt,
1

(10)

Fi_

(w, z)

=-

J,-t (zt) sin


is

\w (1 - 1*)} V dt.
.

Since convergence at the origin

now

unnecessary, the theory of analytic

continuation enables us to remove the restriction

R (v) > 0.
- f))

Changing the
(11)

notation,

we

see that
fao

Vv (w, *) - -

w^

z v 1 -

/,_, {zt) cos


ji

{\w

(1

J*

(12)

V
w

(to,

z)

= - ^_
ji

A_, (jf) sin {| W (1

- *>)}

^
<ft,

provided that

and

-2

are positive

and

R (v) > \.

The
(13)

following special formulae are worth mention

Um (z,z) ^
ff+i(*,*)

p
f
.'o

j^
/*-*

{zt) cos

(1 __

<8)}

<9n

(*0 sin {|* (1

- <)}
<s)
|
.

2n~ 1

(14)

=p =
.

(ft) C08

n, (1 _

^
eft.

f
!

Jm-i (zt) sin ft* (1 - t*)}


o

Again, from
(15)

(6),

we

see that

/f J(rf>p(T- r ).'*- 1? r^( S5 T- r ).

and, in particular,
(16) v '

Jo
last results should

fV.w^WI ^).
8

sin \ 2 /

wcos\2iW
;

The

be comparod with 13 '3

see also Hardy, Trans. Cumb. Phil.

Soc. xxi. (1912), pp. 10, 11.

The formulae of this section (with the exception of the contour integrals) are found in one or other of Looomel's two memoirs.
16*54.

all to

be

Lommel's reciprocation formulae.

It is evident from

165 (13)

that functions of the type

(z*/w, z) are

closely connected with functions of the type


integer.

(w, z) provided that v is an

16'54, 16-55]

LOMMEL'S FUNCTIONS

543

To

appreciate the significance of such relations observe that


.

^ [cos (**) U

zt)

+ sin (but*) Uv+1 (


.

ztj

= sin (}*) T- w * tf
.

(^ *) wtU^ (
,
.

ztj]

= - zJ, (zt) sin (\wt*)


On
(1)

(wt/z) 1 -".

integration

we

find that

~
=r
x

JAzt) sin (Iwt^t'-'dt


= cos L.^(^,)-sinK.^ +1 (l
a

,,)

^g,

),

and, similarly,
(2)

f\

(zt)

cos (\wt*)

*- dt
lf+1

= smiw.Uv (^,z^-co8^wM+1 (^,z^U


Hence
( 3)

(^ v

,oy

it

follows that
f1

==; z

Ji- (^) cos [\w (1 - *

)}

t"

dt

"*^^(S'*) +8b * w -^-(S*) +C08 *


and
(4)

tc '-

Cr

-*(^

)'

J,- r (zt) sin

w (1 - *)] V dt
.

and these integrals

differ

from the corresponding integrals of the preceding

section only in the sign of the order of the Bessel function.

The reader will find some additional formulae concerning Lommel's functions in a paper by Schafbeitlin, Berliner Sitzungsberichte, vm. (1909), pp. 6267.
16*55.

Pseudo-addition formulae for functions of orders % and #.

Some

very curious formulae have been obtained by Lommel, which connect

functions of the type TJV (w, z) with functions of the same type in which the second variable is zero, provided that v is equal to \ or

When we

write v

-\

in 16-53 (5),
z)

we

get
i

TJk (w, z)

iU% (w,

= (~) j + (^A j

exp [
exp {

(\w-zt-

\wt*)} dt

($w+zt- $wt*)}

dt.

'

544

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


write

[CHAP. XVI

Now

(W
and we
find that

4-

z)2
'

(w

zf
2w

2w

(w, z)

iU%

(w, z)

n = eT* (-) f
,4

exp { <n (1

- f )} d
1

eX P ( 8i + eiz (-)* f \7T/ J -v{z*/(2to8)>

(-

~ P)l d &

in the respective integrals, awci V"> a/8 are * oe interpreted by the conventions*
.

V "

w+z = ~77o \> V(2w)


iz
{

v v

/S>

= w z
V(2w)

'

Hence we have

(w, z)

i U$ (w, *)

= \e* (2a, 0) + %Ut (2<r, 0)} k + ie *{O i (2,0)tt7,(28,0)}


r

_eW-J
+ e fe ()
When we take o-f2 and Sf
in the formula
(1)

exp ( eri(l- )}<#


exp {+
ft (1

)}

<*

J
2

as

new

variables in the last two integrals respectively,


;

these integrals are seen to cancel

and so we have the two


0)

results

combined

(w, z)

iU (w, z) - te**{Ui(2*.

iUt {2*, 0)}


,

+ **{17(2S,O)0 I (2M)},
and, as a corollary,
(2)

{g,s)xU% (s,s)-l*r*[Ui (4*,0)iU% (4M

O)}.

These formulae are due to Lommel, Miinchener Abh. xv. (1886), pp. 601 605; they are reproduced by Walker, The Analytical Theory of Light (Cambridge, 1904), pp. 401402.
16*56.
Fresnel's integrals.

It is easy to see

from

1653

(1)

and

(2) that,

when R(v) > 0,

0-h.i <.

0)

= 2y_^

(y)

I-* sin ft w (1 -

I-)) <ft,

so that
(

X)

ovJrv

<2 "
\

_1

f
2 " -1

cos

$ wt^ d ^^(w, 0) cos J w +


*
eft

J7 +1

(w, 0) sin | /,

(2)

_1 v 2" i (v)Jo
I

\*

sin (A wt2 )

= TJV (w,

0) sin

$w - Uy+l (w,

0) cos \w.

These are not the same as the conventions used by Lommel.

16*56] If

LOMMEL'S FUNCTIONS
we
take v

545

and modify the notation by writing

\w = z \m# we
t

see that
(3)

^oo.(i^A-ij;Q*oo.i.yV^()A
- [ Uk (2z, 0) cos z + U% (2z, 0) sin z]/</2 = I + [F} (2s, 0) sin + F, (2*, 0) cos z]/</2,

and
(4)

^^(I^A-l^^rinlA-l/V^)*
= [ 0"j (2s,
0) sin

= i ~ [ ^* (2*,

z-Ui (2s, 0) cos s]/V2 0) cos * - V% (2s, 0) sin s]/V2.

We

thus obtain ascending series and asymptotic expansions for Fresnel's

integrals*
(

I cos ($irta )dt,

J0

Jo

fsin(A7r*2 ) dt.

(2)

The ascending series, originally given by Knockenhauer, Ann. der Physik und Chemie, xu. (1837), p. 104, are readily derived from the ^-series, namely
<>

,, ( ,,)=

(^f _ ^. + _^__....}
1

>

while the asymptotic expansions, due to Cauchy, Comptes Rendu*, xv. (1842), pp. 554, 573, are derived with equal ease from the K-series, namely

(8)

W,--(^-LJO

+ ...}.

R. des Set. de BruxeUes, xxxi. (1863),


(3)

Tables of Fresnel's integrals were constructed by Gilbert, Mem. couronnees de I' Acad. pp 152, and Lindstedt, Ann. der Physik und Chemie, xvn. (1882), p. 720; and by Lommel in his second memoir.

Lommel has given

various representations of Fresnel's integrals by series

which are special cases of the formulae f


(9)

(V ()ft-2
r

n=0

S Jy+m+1 (z)
Z n+l

=
(10)
*

J^ n (z)
l)'

n~o(vi-l)(

+ 'd)...(v+2n +
3).,.( y

Jz

2 ('JAW" =o

("

l)(

+ 2-l) jr
+n (*).
i.

zn
[Oeuvreg,

Mim.

de I'Acad. des Sei. v. (1818), p. 339.

(1866), p. 176.]

t It is supposed in (9) that

R (v) > - 1.

546

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


verified

[CHAP. XVI
also

These are readily

by

differentiation.

Other formulae

due

to

Lommel
(11)

are

JO

f'j-i(t)di

2*COsi* [

X (-)J n + i(i*)]
t

\_n=0

+ 8 ini#[j (-)^ +| (i,)]


o

(12)

JV (*)cft-2in|#^2(--)^
t

+l (i#)]

-2looBt#[2 (-)-^ +| (J*)].


o

These may also be


16*57.

verified

by

differentiation.

Hardy' 8 integrals for Lommel's functions.

The

fact that the integrals


f
\

cos

(
(

at

Jo

b\ t = t/lP'
,

dt

f*
/

Bin [at
\

Jo

r) * tjl

b\

tdt tdt

are expressible in terms of elementary functions*

when a and
b\
tdt

b are positive

suggested to Hardy f the consideration of the integrals


/

cos
j

r + *-irF
,

b\

dt

r*
]

/ {

ain

, at+

t)Tt

and he found them

be expressible in terms of Lommel's functions of two and unity respectively. This discovery is important because the majority of the integrals representing such functions contain Bessel functions under the integral sign.
to

variables of orders zero

If 1/t be written in place of

t,

it is

seen that

<>
( 2)

i>(-+Di!*-*J>Mr!.
f>(- + )
by

*|L- j;* (- +
l

)*-/xtt+?
{2</(ab)},

-.
) i

and

since,

6*13 (3),

l-fjsin (at
it is sufficient to

=J

confine our attention to the case in which b

< a.

We now
*

write
c

= V(6/a),

2</(ab),

= $(l-c*)/c,
the lower sign
is

Hardy, Quarterly Journal, xxxn. (1901), p. 374.

When

taken

it is

supposed

that the integrals have their principal values. t Me$enger, xxxvm. (1909), pp. 129 132.

16*57]

LOMMEL'S FUNCTIONS
t

547

and then the substitutions


f"
/
.

ceu

and cosh u = r shew that

b\

dt

f" cos (x cosh w) rfw

= /," " <* 8h M)


2

{<+l/(<">
.

rfa

5=+17J5^j(

_ a 4- 6 P cos (at) t<2t ~~x~Ji (^ + t )V(t-1)*


Now
consider

e^rcfr 27^^J ^ (^+T)^/(Ta -l)


1
f

where
it,

is

a contour consisting of the real axis and a large semicircle above


1.

the real axis being indented at t =*

The only

pole of the integrand inside the contour

is

at

id,

and so

2-iriJ

T (0*

+ t*)V(t*-1)

2tV(^+l)'

it

As the radius of the large semicircle tends to infinity, the integral round tends to zero by Jordan's lemma, and hence
/"

cos(arr).TdT

ii

(^+t)V(t-1)

_ 7re~*' 2J_ 1 (^ + T )V(l-T)~2V(^ + l)'


1 f1

sin (arr)
a

rdr

Thus we have
f* 08
Jo
/
.

&\

<fo

tre~

~ 6)

a+b

[* sin

(a;

cos
0

<ft

cos
tf>

<f>

d<f>
'

yi
c&

+ <F"
4*/*

2^" Jo

+ cosa

But
and
so

^rn^ = rT7^ ccos ^" c8cos3* + c5cos5 ^~'-^'


find that

cos

we

(3)

cos(a*

Jo
it is

-) =-^
r<-6
g
>

wl^J^i*).
2 _ r TTt^J^z),
.

Similarly
f\ (4)

found that*
*
.

Jo

h \ tdt F Bn / (* + -)_,

and
(5)
/ b\ dt Pjr cos^ -^=j7rsin(a + 6)-7r 2 (-^(JV^*), + -J r
fl

(6)

Pj sin^ +
o

-J I

i =-j7rcos(a+6)-7r 2 (-)mi

csw /am

(a;).

The

details of the analysis will be

found in Hardy's paper.

548

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


The
last

[CHAP. XVI

two results may be written in the form

(7)

( Wi

*)

+F

(,)

-Pj
e

00.(^+5)^,
in

(8)

0;< w ,)+f.( W

,*)---pJ o

(^; +

2)

rr7

>

provided that 0-<


16*58.

w < .
LommeVs functions.

Integrals of Gilbert's type for

An

obvious method of representing U,(w, z) and


-

(w, z)

by

integrals

is

to substitute the Bessel-Schlafli integral of 6 2 for each Bessel function in

the appropriate

series.

We

thus get
, w,i..^f (0+) .__/'. - <y <*< (-r (*)-"- J _ ^ ex P U v+ *n+l \ u) t t \
"

u. <,

*>

1 5 gi, s
o

When
which 1 and get
J

the contour

is

so chosen that it lies wholly outside the circle on

=\ w
\

we may change the

order of summation and integration

Now

the residues of the integrand at


,

\iw are
_
vrri)

iw

iz*

and

so
ir
i
x

(0+)

(WO"

(4

*\dt

Making a
/o\ (2)

slight

change in the notation, we deduce that


x

m F^*)-Ssi..
X
(

+)

iTW^ exp V2-2l)T'


lie

^/w >"

/<

*V*

and, in this integral, the points

+ iw

outside the contour.

In general it is impossible to modify the contour in (2) into the negative half of the real axis taken twice, in consequence of the essential singularity of the integrand at the origin. The exception occurs when z = 0, because then
the essential singularity disappears, and
/q\

vt

m
=

{0+ Ht/v>ye* dt

and hence
(4)

(w, 0)

w
-

sinvTr f^exp^w-ie-iwtr

Jo

+w

du,

provided that R(i/)>0 and a


that

is

an acute angle (positive or negative) such

Ja

+ argw|< J-t.

16-58, 16*59]

LOMMEL'S FUNCTIONS
on the right
in (4) is called Gilbert's integral*.

549

If v is equal to \ or , the integral

Formula

(4)

was obtained by Lommelt from the formula of

16*53 (11)

by a transformaas,

tion of infinite integrals.

From
is

(4) it is clear that,

when

and

w are

positive,

Vv (w, 0)
*

has the same sign

and

numerically less than


sinyTr

The reader will when w is positive.


16*59.

C uv-\
Jo

c e

-kuw du _

-r(i- v ).(fror
a positive decreasing function of

A similar but less exact inequality


also observe that

was obtained by Lommel.


0)/sin vir is

Vv (w,

Asymptotic expansions of Lommel's functions of two variables.


Gilbert's integrals it is easy to

From

deduce asymptotic expansions of

Vv (w, 0)
have

and

Uv (w,

0) for large values of \w\; thus, from 16*5(8),

we

p-l

/_ \m

where p is any positive integer. We choose and then, by 16*58 (4), we have
(~) p y^+tp (w, 0)

p to be so large

that

R (v + 2p) >

7T
oo

/ Jq

1+U

exp ia

*)

-{/;
= 0(w-'-'),
when
\w\
is

M F+2p-lg-JW^M

large and, as in the similar analysis of 7*2,

arg w

<

tt.

Hence
(i)
for the values of

^
w
sin vtt
7T

<

~i, r(i-,->:).(t

under consideration.
are both positive, ( ) p

When v+ 1p and w
as,

Vv+2p (w,

0) has the same sign

and

is

numerically less than


r 7" w +2P-lg-i'^ =
,

lt

Jo

( )p r(l-i/-2p).(|w;) +^'
,'

so that the remainder after

numerically less than the (p


It (2)

p terms in + l)th term.

(1) has the

same sign

as,

and

is

may be

proved in like manner from

16*53 (11) that

V
|
|

{,s)~ 2 (-nzjivy+^J-^iz)
TO=0
;

when w

and z are fixed but it is not easy to obtain a simple expression which gives the magnitude and sign of the remainder.
is

large while v

* Mint. courorme de VAcad. R. des Sci. de Bruxelles, xxxi. t MUnchener Abh. xv. (1886), pp. 582585.

(1863), pp. 1

52.

550

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XVI

It is evident from 16*5 (6) that the corresponding formulae for

Uv (w,

z)

are
(3)

U U

{w,

0)~cos(w-i/7r)+ 2
r=

r^-i- 2m) (^w)sw-'+s

'

(4)

(w,

z)~cos($w + y*/w-$inr)+ I

(-^(^^-^J^^^).

These results were given by Lommel*, but he did not investigate them in any detail.

The asymptotic expansion of


x
is

Vv {ex, x), when

is

or 1 and c

is fixed,

while

large

and

positive, has

been investigated by Mayallf.


than

The dominant term

for general (real) values of v greater

is

readily derived from 16*53 (12)

which shews that

K
as
t

{ex, jc)

-,

-^ j
,

cos

(t+Jwr- }*-) sin

J c* (1

- * )}
2

N ow, if c> 1
tions that
(5)

the functions or (1 9 ) (a*

increases from 1 to oo

and hence
/

it

+ vir \ ir) vary monotonically may be verified by partial integra\vtr-\Tr),


(x~l).

(cx,x)~{\ -~_^co8{x +

""" 2 \* c2

the next term in the asymptotic expansion being


If,

however, c<l, then %cx(l

has a
it

maximum at

1/c;

-t2 ) + (xt+ \vir \tr\ qua function of t, and hence, by the principle of stationary phase ( 8*2),

follows that

(6)

V, (ex, x)

~ -^ cos

\%x (c

+ - ) + \vtr \

is at one end of the range of and so the expression on the right in (6) must be halved. We consequently have

Finally,

when c1, the maximum-point

integration,

(7)

Vv (x,

x)

~ \ cos (x + \mr).

This equation, like (5) and (6), has been established on the hypothesis v> J; the three equations may now be proved for all real values of v by using the recurrence formula 16'5 (8).
that

MUnchener Abh.

xv. (1886), pp. 540,


ix. (1898),

572573.

+ Proc. Comb. Phil. Soe.

pp. 259269.

CHAPTER XVII
KAPTEYN SERIES
17*1.

Definition

of Kapteyn
oo

series.

Any

series of the type

2
in

nJ*+{(

+ n)*},
a Kapteyn
first

which *

and the

coefficients an are constants, is called

series.

Such

series owe, their

name

to the fact that

they were
z,

systematically
in

investigated,

qua functions of the complex variable

by Kapteyn f

an

important memoir published in 1893. In this memoir Kapteyn examined the question of the possibility of expanding an arbitrary analytic function into such a series, and generally he endeavoured to put the theory of such series
into a position similar to that

which was then occupied by

Neumann

series.

Although the properties of Kapteyn series are, in general, of a more recondite character than properties of Neumann series, yet Kapteyn series are of more practical importance; they first made their appearance in the

was discovered by Lagrange and rediscovered half a century later by Bessel; and related series are of general occurrence in a class of problems concerning elliptic motion under the inverse square law, of which Kepler's problem may be taken as typical. More recently,
in the

solution of Kepler's problem which

hands of Schott|| they have proved to be of frequent occurrence in the

modern theory of Electromagnetic Radiation. The astronomical problems, in which all the variables concerned are real, are of a much more simple analytical character than the problems investigated by Kapteyn; and in order to develop the theory of Kapteyn series in a simple manner, it seems advisable to begin with a description of the series which
occur in connexion with elliptic motion.

17 '2. Kepler's problem and allied problems discussed by

Bessel.

The

notation which will be used in this section in the discussion of the


ellipse of

motion in an

a particle under the action of a centre of force at the


semi-minor
e.

focus, attracting the particle according to the inverse square law, is as follows

The semi-major
are denoted

axis,

axis,

and the eccentricity of the


ellipse are

ellipse

by

a, b,

and

The axes of the


assumed that
(8) x.

taken as coordinate

* It will, for the

most

part, be

r is zero.

t Ann.

tei.

de VEcole norm. sup.

(1893), pp. 91

120.

J Hist, de VAcad. R. de$ Sci. de Berlin, xxv. (1769) [1770], pp. 204233.
pp. 113138.]
Berliner
il

[Oeuvrei, in. (1869).

Abh. 18167 [1819], pp. 4955.

Electromagnetic Radiation (Cambridge, 1912).

552

THEORY OP BBSSEL FUNCTIONS


x being from the centre of the
is

[CHAP. XVII
ellipse to the

axes, the direction of the axis of

centre of force.

taken as origin of polar coordinates, the radius vector to the particle being r, and the true anomaly, namely the angle between the radius vector and the axis of x, being w. The eccentric
centre of force

The

anomaly, namely the eccentric angle of the particle on the ellipse, is denoted by E. The time which has elapsed from an instant when the particle was at
the positive end of the major axis
is

called

t.

The mean anomaly way as


to

is
t

defined as the angle through which the radius


if

vector would turn in time

the radius vector rotated uniformly in such a


it

perform complete revolutions in the time

actually takes to perform

complete revolutions.

The geometrical
(1)

properties of the ellipse supply the equations *

a(1 ~
1

+ e cos w

T = a (1 - coos E\
'

from which the equations


(2)

tan \w

= a/(jz^) tan \E,

(3)

sinw
;

= -^1

sin# = -^j g, e cos E 1 + cos w


,

are deducible

lytical expression of Kepler's

and an integrated form of the equations of motion (the anaSecond Law) supplies the equation

(4)

M = E-e8mE.

is that of expressing the various coordinates r, w, E, which determine the position of the particle f, in terms of the time t, that is, effectively, in terms of M. It is of course supposed that the variables are real and, since the motion is elliptic (or parabolic, as a limiting case), < et. 1.

Kepler's problem

The solution of the problem which was effected by Lagrange was of an approximate character, because he calculated only the first few terms in the
expansions of

E and

r.

The more complete


defines

E as

solution given by Bessel depends on the fact that (4) a continuous increasing function of such that the effect of

increasing

E by 2ir. It follows that any function of E with limited


2-n- is

M by

to increase

total fluctuation is

a function

of

M with limited total fluctuation, and so such functions of 2? are expansible


qua functions of M.
*

in Fourier series,

The

construction of these equations will be found in any text-book on Astronomy or

Dynamics of a

Particle. See, e.g. Plummer, Dynamical Astronomy (Cambridge, 1918), Ch. f Kepler himself was concerned with the expression of E in terms of M.

m.

17-2]

KAPTEYN SERIES
e sin

553
so, for all real

In particular
values of E,
it is

E is

an odd periodic function of M, and

expansible into the Fourier sine-series


go

e sin

E = 2 ^ n sin wi/,
n=
l

where

An =
j

2 " / esin ttJo f


2e sin

E sin nMdM
E cos nl/>
H

= _

f*

cos

L 2

M7T

Jo

W7T/o

,. d (e sin E) ., i-rfjf nM 71#


v
,

^*

p cos nil ir dE-dM ,,, -*


tvt
/'"

n7rj

dM

=
2

mr

cos
'

nM.dE

= - Jn (ne).
n
Hence
(5)
it

follows that

E~M+ n2 -Jn (ne) sin nM, = W


l

and

this result gives the complete analytical solution of Kepler's

problem con-

The series on the right is a Kapteyn series which converges rapidly when e < 1, and it is still convergent when e = 1 cf. 8*4, 8*42.
cerning the eccentric anomaly.
;

The

radius vector

is

similarly expansible as a cosine series, thus


/v%

GO

=B + 2
/*"

Bn cos nM,
e cos) dM
E)*dE

where

1 B = TT

(*

Jo

=when n 0,

[' (1-e cos

it J o

= l + e*,
while,

Bn = IT
L

2 f*
i

(1

e cos E) cos nM dM
7T

Jo

_ r(i-.j)..if[Jo

_2f- sin nJf + wiry


o

rf(^g) dJf
<3

"o

2c f*

mr

sin
J

Esin (nE - ne sin ^) d-E

*A'(~X
so that
(6)
O,

= 1 + ie - 2
8

ft

/'(n<?)

cos

nM.

n-l

554

THEORY OF BBSSBL FUNCTIONS


The expansion

[CHAP. XVII

w - M is

of the true anomaly is derived from the consideration that an odd periodic function of M, and so
00

w M=*% Cn sin nM,


n=l

where

Cn = -

(w M) sin nMdM
_>
r-

it

Jo

,[_ 8(,-JQc,Un L
nrr

.(*
\d>M

Jo
.

nnJa

^
/

-j-fidE = --[o cosnJf da

=
and

2 V(l

-e
is

cos (nff
1

W7r

- nc sin E ) ecos.E'
,

This expression

Bn

The

not such a simple transcendent as the coefficients A n most effective method of evaluating it is due to Bessel*, who
2

used the expansion

-e ) 1 COS i?
V(l
where

+ 2fco8E y
/i
1

2f* ^ cos2ff + 2/cos3ff

+...,

V(l

On making

the substitution,

we

find at once that

71

=i

17*21.

Expansions associated with the Kepler-Bessel expansions.

A large class of expressions associated with the radius vector, true anomaly and eccentric anomaly, are expansible in series of much the same type as those just discussed. Such series have been investigated in a systematic manner by Herzf, and we shall now state a few of the more important of them; they are all obtainable by Fourier's rule, and it seems unnecessary to write out in detail the analysis, which the reader will easily construct for himself.
First,

we have
r cos

w = x ae =

a(l-(?)-r

v 2 ' - r// n (ne) cos

so that
(1)
/i\

rcosw =
a
.

?. a -f i 3 e +

w=1

%g nM,

and next
/aN (2)
Berliner

rsinw
a

2 r / \ b r = V(l vr "> v = -smJs 2 -J n (ne)smnM,

n =i

Abh. 1824 [1826], p. 42. Nneh. era. (1884), col. 17 28. Various expansions bad also been given by Plana, Mem. delta R. Acead. delle Sei. di Torino, (2) x. (1849), pp. 249332. In connexion with their convergence, see Cauchy, Compte$ Rendu*, xviu. (1844), pp. 625643. [Oeuvres, (1) vin. (1893), pp. 168188.]

A$tr.

17-21, 17*22]

KAPTEYN SERIES

565

while
(3)

cos
if

E ae = - \e +
2 *=i

2
i

- /'(ne) cos nM.

Next,
(4)

m is

any positive integer*,

cos

mE = m

{/_ (ne)

t7" w+OT

(ne)} cos

nM,

(5)

sin

mE m 2
of a/r
is

" 1 a n

{/"_

(ne)

+ /+ (ne)} sin nM.

The expansion
(6)

particularly simple, namely,

= 1+2 2 Jn (ne)coanM.
1

The expansions
(7)

of cos w and sin w are


cos

w=e+

6*

2 2Jn (ne) cos wif,

(8)

sinw^V^-e*) 2 2/n'(ne)sinnJlf.
of cos w/r*, sin wjr* are of a simple form, 2n/n'(ne) cos

The expansions
(9)

namely

-cosw 2
i

nM,

(10)

^ s nM;= ^lzi!} X 2nJn (ne)smnM.


d*x
dJt*

[Note. It is pointed out by Plummer, Dynamical Astronomy (Cambridge, 1918), p. 39, that these are readily derived from the Cartesian equations of motion in the form

a3 cos to
r*

"**

3~> +

cPy

a3 sin
y.

-Ot

combined with

(1)

and

(2).]

17*22. Sums of special Kcupteyn series. The reader will observe that, in the case of the expansions of even functions of M, the results simplify when we take the particle to be at one of the ends

of the major axis, because then the three anomalies are


while the radius vector
of the last section
is

all

equal to

or to

ir,

equal to a (1

e) or to

a (1

+ e). From

the results

we thus obtain the

following formulae, which were given by

Herz

in the paper already quoted:

n=i
(2)

n=i

n
(ne),

5- = 2 I* 1 ~ * n=l

Jn (ne),
jr.' (ne),

(3)

(T

i^ -
(3) that,

^L = J

(-)-> Jn i^-S +
1 e

n=i

(-)- J.' (ne).

* It is seen

from

when

insertion of
col. 69.

a constant

term.

m is equal to 1, the expansion (4) has to be modified by the These two formulae were given by Jaoobi, Attr. Naeh. xxvni. (1849),
(1891), p. 149.]

[Gen.

Math. Werke, tu.

556

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


More generally we
find

[CHAP.

XVn

by

differentiating 17*21 (6) that


J
~j

< 4)

L
(

\m r (Ism

oo

lM^TZ7^\ M-_rnl nimJ


__^
=_

{ne)

>

(_)-i r r d? d* m
(5)

~i

= 2

- )"-

n J (we).

Since

dM
if

j-j-j

l-ecos# dE*
e

-r^, the expressions r

on the

left in (4) v /

and

(5) v / can

be calculated for any positive integral value of m, with


Again,
seen that
1

sufficient labour.
it is

we regard

and

M as
sin 8

the independent variables,

easily

de\isin

E (1 - e cos E))

^_ ~~

cosE

dE
87
Z? cos w " ^
4- c e

E (1 e cos 2?)
#(1 -ecosE? 1 91

sin

sin x "

E " =9e

_
(1

esini?

-ecos^)3
i

=
so that,

_a_
9ilf 1

-ecos^'

by

17'21 (6)

oe (sin 2 (16 cos E))

w= i
as the lower limit,

and

therefore, if

we
1

integrate with e =
1

(6) v
'

= - - = - 2 sm.(l-ecos2?) sinif
-.

=rp:

=-

%
=i

sin

nM

['
.

Jo
find that

Jn (nx) doc.

If
,_>

we

differentiate with respect to

M, we

cosi
;a t? /i ~TZZrW\* a sini(l-ecos#)
~~

cosJlf
~;~a jit sin'ilf
"*"

'

n (l-ecos#)
OB

ft

=2 2
=i

na cos n3f

J (nx) doc.

Jo

The

last

two expansions do not appear to have been published previously.


(6)

Expressions resembling those on the right of

and

(7)

have occurred in the researches

of Schott, Electromagnetic Radiation (Cambridge, 1912) passim.

Thus, as cases of
(8)

(4)

and
(2ne)

(5),

Schott proved

(ibid. p.

110) that

JiW2j^
last of these

= ^lL^4j J^JV^Sii*)**.-^^.
obtained by taking if equal to

The

may be

and w

in (7).

17 23]
17*23.

KAPTEYN SEBIES
Meissel's expansions of Kapteyn's type.
series,

557

Two
(1)

extremely interesting
9

namely
*?

Z JmVne)
n ~i
n*

+?

l"+f

+ (!*

+ ?)(* + )

<S\
V

'

g f K2-1)) ^ nti (2-l^ + f

e'f
f

"(l

f)(8

+ p)

ft

have been stated by Meissel * who deduced various consequences from them it is to be supposed at present f that < e $ 1, and f; is real.

The simplest method


pansions
is

of procedure to adopt in establishing these ex-

to take the Fourier series J

cos2yiif _
2 wti n +

7r

cosh

(ir

1M)

1
a 2|"
'

2sinh7r

(which
to
ir.

is

valid

when
(2ne)

M^

it),

replace

MbyEe sin E, and integrate from


l),

It is thus found that

.Vtf+F~Wo
=
2

__ 1

f v cosh (tt - 2E + 2e sin E) f


[

__!(**
/"**
[

fsinh^ tt cosh (20 + 2ecos $)


IsinhTr^
.

r}^
1)

-TrJ.^t
tt

"H
fl)

cosh 2gfl cosh (2eg cos

_ IV
*J
e,

wJo

J
is

|sinh7r|

Now
o

the last expression

an even integral function of


COsh 2 jff

and hence

it is

expansible in the form


2>m+ifim-t6m rj CQS2m

TO =i

(2w)!

Jo

sinh7r|

by a formula due
evident.

to

mtir(m + i + if)r(i + i-f) Cauchy||; and the truth of Meissel's first formula
follows in like

,c

'

is

now

The second formula

manner from the Fourier


tt

series

|
w=l
* Astr.

cos (2n

= (2n-l)*+f ~

-1)M

sinh (|tt

- M)% 4fcosh^

'

Nach. cxxx. (1892), col. 363 368. t The extension to complex variables is made in 17*31. % See Legendre, Exercices de Gale. Int. n. (Paris, 1817), p. 166. It is easy to see that the term independent of e vanishes.
||

Mm.sur

les

integrates difiniet (Paris, 1825), p. 40.

Cf.

Modern Analysis,

p. 263.

568

THBOEY OF BBSSBL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP.

XVn

Now, since the series obtained from (1) and (2) by differentiations with respect to * are uniformly convergent throughout any bounded domain
of real values of
,

we may

differentiate

any number of times and then make

We

thus deduce that

-i

Jm (2ne)
,ro
'

| Jt^. {(2n-1) n% (2n-l)


1

are polynomials* ine; the former

the latter

is

is an even polynomial of degree 2m, and an odd polynomial of degree 2m 1.

The

values of the former polynomial were given


2,

by Meissel in the cases

to

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

the values for to 1,

3 are
!?

i'

2.'

~8

'1

*-** + *
2 32
5 s

72"

The

values of the latter polynomial for



<_

m 1, 2, 3 are
e

2'

2~18' 2~

8i

+ 460'
m=4,
5.

Meissel also gave the values of the latter polynomial for

Conversely,

it is

evident that every .even polynomial of degree


oc

2m

is

expressible in the form

*/ (2ne),

and that every odd polynomial, of degree

2m 1,

is

expressible in the form

2 6J_1 K2n-l)},
where o and bn are even polynomials in 1/n and l/(2n 1) respectively, of degree 2m.
17*3.
It

Simple Kapteyn

series with

complex variables.

was stated in

171

that, in general,
series,

recondite character than

Neumann

the characteristic differences

Kapteyn series are of a more and we shall now explain one of between the two types of series.
is,

In the case of

Neumann

series it

in general, possible to expand each of

the Bessel functions in the form of a power series in the variable, and then to
rearrange the resulting double series as a power series whose domain of con-

vergence

is

that of the original

Neumann

series.
in the respective polynomials are not

* It is to be noted that the coefficients of c**

and c**-1

sero; they are

t-^
2.(m!)

and

<-

r"

2.1.8...(2m-l)

17-3]

KAPTEYN SERIES
of

559
;

The corresponding property


Kapteyn
is

Kapteyn

series is quite different

for the

series

2,a n

Jr+n {(v + n)z}


(cf.

convergent and represents an analytic function


in

87) throughout the

domain

which

*exp^(l-*')

,.

l-W(l-*)

pii^i^anl'

while the double series obtained by expanding each Bessel function in powers of z is absolutely convergent only throughout the domain in which

[#|.expV(l-|| 1 )

< Um
;

and the
the
first

latter

domain is smaller than the former thus, when the limit is 1, domain is the interior of the curve shewn in Fig. 24 of 8*7, in
;

which the longest diameter joins the points i 1, while the shortest joins the points itx 0*6627434 while the second domain* is only the interior of the circle jr - 0C627434.
j |

Hence, when we are dealing with Kapteyn


expansion into double series

series, if

we use the method of

we

succeed, at best, in proving theorems only for

a portion of the domain of their validity; and the proof for the remainder of the domain either has to take the form of an appeal to the theory- of analytic continuation or else it has to be effected by a completely different method.

As an example

of the methods which have to be employed,

we

shall give

Kapteyn'sf proof of the theorem that


(1)

, = 1 + 2
lies in

1 Jn (nz),

provided that z

the open domain in which


z exp V(l

<1.

l
venient to describe

+ vXl-**)

This domain occurs so frequently in the following analysis that it is conit as the domain K; it is the interior of the curve shewn in Fig. 24 of 87.

Formula

(1)

is,

of course, suggested

by formula

(2) of 17'22.

To

establish the truth of the expansion,


1

we

write

+ 2 2 Jn (nz) = 8(z),
= 1/(1 - z).

and then
Since

it

has to be proved that 8(z)

J^^f^^pmj^
(1898), pp.

* For an investigation of the magnitude of this domain, see Paiieoz, Journal it Math. ziv.
(1849), pp.

z.

3389, 942246. t Nieuw Areme/voor Wiikunde, xx. (1898), pp. 96102.

128126; Ann. $d. de YficoU norm,

tup, (8)

560

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


see that, if
it

[CHAP. XVII

we

we can

find a circle

with centre at the origin of such a radius

that on
(2)
is true,

the inequality
I

*P {*(- 1/Pi

then
/.v
V
'

W
/ox

= J_
2wt

l ( J(r+) 1

+ r'exp{jjr (-!/<) ~ r* exp {* (* - 1/*)}


}

eft
*

To
where
all

investigate (2),
p, u, a,

we

recall
(/>

are all real


if

the analysis of 8*7. If z = pe**, t = eu+ie and m being positive), then (2) is satisfied for
,

values of

a p V(sinh u

+ sin

a)

-u<

and when u

is

chosen so that the last expression on the

left

has

its least

value, this value is (

87)
g

1+VU-*

'

which is negative when z lies in the domain K. Hence, when z lies in the domain K, we can find a positive value of u such that the inequality (2) is
satisfied

when
1

= eu

Again,

if

we

write 1/t in place of

in (3)

we

find that

(4i\

S(z>>=J-[
is

+ * exp {-*(*-*exp{-J (*-

1/0}
1/*)}

<ft
'

2iri J (y+) 1
1
1 j

where 7

the circle

e~u

When we

combine (3) and (4) we find that + xp { *(- 1/0} d* 28 (si = t

27ri; (r+>y _)*-exp{^(r-l/0}


the residues

'

and

so

2S(z)

is the

sum of

of the integrand at

its

poles which

lie

inside the aunulus bounded by

V and
is

7.

We next
proved
this,

prove that there

we

only one pole inside the annvlus*, and, having notice that this pole is obviously t = \.
is

For the number of poles

equal to
dt

2m'J (r+>y _ )

<*

log

[l-rexp{fr (*-!/*))]

Lf
+

dt

<nog[l-rexp{fr(t-l/t)} ]
{

2inJ (r+)

W
T

dt

dt dt

dlog[l-texp{-lz(t-l/t)})
dt
\$z(t-l/t)}-\

27riJ(r+ )

= J.

mJ

d\og[l-tr>ex V
dt

dt

(fjj.)

+-L.f
liri J (T+) i T+ )

dlos[-t^{-(t-i/t)}]
dt

dt

* The corresponding part of Kapteyn's investigation does not seem to be quite so convincing as the investigation given in the text.

17-31]

KAPTEYN SERIES
the
first

561

Now

of these integrals vanishes ;

for, if

we

write

then

U <1
|

on T, and so the expression under consideration

may be

written

in the form
)

dU
dt
series involved is

ti J r +) U=o
<

j J

and the integral of each term of the uniformly convergent


zero.

Hence the number of


equal to

zeros of 1

- f exp [\z (t 1

1/t)}

in the annulus is

2iriJi r+
It follows that

>W
is

NK)>be 2/(1

28 (z)

equal to the residue of


t

+ exy{$z(t-l/t)}

t-exp{fr(t-Lft)\
at
t

and

this residue is easily calculated to

It has therefore

domain K,

i.e.

been shewn that S (z) is equal the throughout the whole of the open domain in which the series

z). to 1/(1 z) throughout

defining S(z) is convergent.


[Note. It
type;
cf.

is

possible to prove that

S ()

converges to the

of K, except at

= 1, but the

proof requires an appeal to be

sum 1/(1 - z) on the boundary made to theorems of an Abelian

17'8.]

17*31.

The extension ofMeissel's expansions to the case of complex variables.

We
(1) 7

shall

now shew how

to obtain the expansions

g v =i

M2n*)^ n* + ?

*
l

z*?

z*?
(1"

+
)

(l'+^M^ + l?)
z

+ (?) (* + ) (3 + + ...,

(2)

% J*-i\&ri-l) Z _

z>?

f!

(i+^)(3+r)(5'+r)

which are valid when z lies in the domain and is a complex variable which is unrestricted apart from the obvious condition that ft must not be an integer in (1) nor an odd integer in (2). These results are the obvious
extensions of Meissel's formulae of 17*23.
[Note. The expansions when is a pure imaginary have to be established by a limiting process by making approach the imaginary axis ; since the functions involved in and
(1)

(2) are all

even functions of

{,

no generality

is lost

by assuming that

R (f) is positive.]

562

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


In order to establish these formulae,
it is first

[CHAP. XVII

convenient to effect the

generalisation to complex variables of the expansion of the reciprocal of the

radius vector given by 17*21 (6). That


1

is to say,

we take the expansion

+ 2 2 Jn (nz) cos n<j>,

which we denote by the symbol 8 (z, <f>), and proceed to sum it by Kapteyn's method (explained in 17*3), on the hypotheses that <f> is a real variable and that z lies in the domain K. We define a complex variable yjr by the equation
<f)

yjr

z sin ^r.
<f>,

The

singularities of

yfr,

qua function of
<f>

are given
2

by cos^r =*

\jz,

that

is

= arc sec z VC^ !)


real* if z lies in the domain
ifr

None

of these values of

< is

and, as

<f>

in-

creases from

to oo through real values,

describes an undulating curve

which can be reconciled with the real axis in the ^r-plane without passing over any singular points.
It follows that
if,

for brevity,

we

write

Usr*exp[is(t-l/t)},
then

S ( *'

>-/ (T+) l-2Ucoa(j> + U*


}

l-tfa

dt
'

with the notation of 17*3.

By

the methods of that section

we have

and

so 2S(z,

<f>)

is

equal

to the

sum of

the residues

of the integrand at those of

its^ poles

which
shall

lie

inside the annulus

bounded by

T and y.
t

now shew that having proved this, we then

We

there are only two poles inside the annulus, and,

notice that these poles are obviously


is

= e***.

By

Cauchy's theorem, the number of poles

equal to

dlog(l-2U cos <(>+lP)


2iri
'

o*+,y->
<

dt
,

nog(l-2ffcos<fr +78)
dt

(r+)

+ 2irij
= _!.( = 2,
* It
is

_lf
(r+>

dlogjPexpi-zjt-l/t)}]
dt

/nj<r+) L=o

\% Un co6(n + l)<^\~dt-r2 a
J
*
<f>

easy to shew that such values of

satisfy the equation


'

^
r

t,* exp N/(l-z)

l+*/(l

-*)

so that

=-=**
!
|

<1.

17-31]

KAPTEYN SERIES

563

the integral of each term of the uniformly convergent series vanishing, just
as in 173.

Now

the residues of

1-ff'
1

-2U cos <f>+U*'t


z cos ^r);
H=1

at t=* e*** are both equal to 1/(1


(3) K
'

and therefore we have proved that

r 1^COS^r

= 1 + 22 Jn (nz)coBn<f>,

in the circumstances postulated;

function of

<f>

and the series on the right is a periodic which converges uniformly in the unbounded range of real

values of

<.

Hence, when
/

R () > 0, we may multiply by e~<* and integrate thus


Jn (m)
Jo
e~<* cosnd>

tr& dd> + 2 2
=i
to say,
,

d$ =

Jo

Jo

T r dd>. 1-^cos^r

That

is

w
(4)

f r*i^' Jo

"^-J+2i^ + f

=i
is
;

)
l

where the path of integration


undulatory curve

the undulatory curve in the -^-plane which


and,

corresponds to the real axis in the ^-plane

by Cauchy's theorem,

this

may be

reconciled with the real axis.

in (4) is

Now, when the path of integration is the real axis, the integral on the left an integral function of z\ and this function may be expanded in the

form

m =o ml Jo

By changing
v

the sign of z throughout the work we infer the two formulae

'

=i4n+f
-i

m=1

(2m)! J

K)
that (?)><>.

(fr-lf+p

=i(2m-l)!j*
lies in

raY
the domain

'

which are now established on the hypotheses that z

K and
...

By

dividing the paths of integration into the intervals (0,

ir),

(w, 27r),

and writing \ir


I

+ 0, f w + 0,

. . .

for

-ty

in the respective intervals,

we

infer that

e~** sin"* ^frcM

Jo

sinh$7r./o
1

cosh 0 cos"* Odd


.

564

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


r^ (~e-& sin2- y!rd<4r I "cosh f r T = cosh^Tr^Jo
1
z.

[CHAP. XVII

and that
Jo

cos"*" 1

6&d

"r
By substitution
all

(r +

8
}

ir

a
}

...

{^+ (2m- i^j

truth of (1) and (2)

and writing 2^ for f in (5) we at once infer the and the mode of extending the results to explained. The required generalisations already been other values of has
in (5)

and

(6)

when

R () >

of Meissel's expansions are therefore completely established.

17*32.

The expansion of z*

into

a Kapteyn

series.

With the aid of Meissel's generalised formula it is easy to obtain the expansion of any integral power of z in the form of a Kapteyn series. It is convenient to consider even powers and odd powers separately.
In the case of an even power, zm we take the equation given by 17*31 (1) in the form
,

n\ {l)

2r(n + l + tflr(n + l-ig) | J*(2mz) , a<3

27rtJ

*-ir(l+iOr(l-i)
l.

m=1 m'+f* ipr(n + l-fl _ J_ [ % r(n + + "2wJtir(.m + l+0r(m + l-t0


|

where the contour of integration is the circle f| = n+ $. Since both series converge uniformly on the circle, when z lies in the domain K, term-by-term
integrations are permissible.

Consider

now the value

of

2J,f|-. +

(+)

When $ w, there are no poles outside the contour, and so the contour may be deformed into an infinitely great circle, and the expression is seen to be equal to unity; but when m > n, the poles im are outside the circle and the
expression
is

equal to unity minus the


i.e.

sum

of the residues of the integrand

at these two poles,

to

The

m+r

(m + w)! (m n
.

1)!'

expression on the left of (1)

is

therefore equal to

Next we evaluate
27rtj| _ n+i
(

r(n + l+it)T(n + l-iZ) r (m + 1 %o r ( + i - #)

dl;

*-*+*

17*32]

KAPTEYN SERIES
the origin
is

565
if

When m^ri,
But,

the only pole of the integrand, and,


circle,

we take the
1.

contour to be an infinitely great

the expression

is

seen to be equal to
j

when

m > n, there

are no poles inside the circle

= n + \,

and the

expression

is zero.

Hence we have

o)
If

w-<*-)-J H
we
replace

^fig-^
|

+ ...^.
we

n by n -

and subtract the

result so obtained from (2),

find that
2W

= S (m + n-l)\Jam (2m*)
t.

(m + n)\J2m (2rm)
1)!'

m?-\{m-n)\
**

w= +1 m^.(m--

and so
(3) V '

= 2n* 2 (w + n- !)./ (2m* )


mZ n

m^.(m-M)!

'

If

n=

1,

equation (3)

is

at once deducible from equation (2), without the

intervening analysis.

When we
given by

have to deal with an odd power, a2" -1 we take the equation 17*31 (2) in the form
,

J_f

2.{l' + ra H38

+f }...{(2n-l)* + f*}
a

X Zi
{i -aisL ATI I J |f|=2W
2

? + (2m-iy

dZ

+-r

H3 +r2 }-..{(2n-i)
2
8 a 2

+?}

Ji {i +r U3 +n--K2m-i) +r
a

^
}

and we deduce in a similar manner that


(5)

m=i

i J^Ufc, _!),,_ 2

2
.=,+i

(" + "-

7 (m-^^m-ra-l)!

-K^- 1)^1

Hence
(6} (b)

1 *>->-2fn-Y> -2(n tfJS^


(3)

(m + n-2)!^ _1 {(2m-l)^}
.

w -___ (m _
!

w)i

The formulae

and

(6)

may
jn

be combined into the single formula


(n +

(7)

5 a*V- (**) -
is

w - 1)
(

/" {(n

+ 2m) z\
'

+ 2mr.m!

which
values

obviously valid throughout the domain

1, 2, 3,

K when

n has any

of the

just been given, though


proof.
*

This formula was discovered by Kapteyn*; the proof of it which has somewhat artificial, seems rather less so than Kapteyn's
Ann.
sci.

de VEcole norm. sup.

(3) x. (1893), p.

103.

566
17*33.
induction.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


The
investigation of the

[CHAP. XVII

Kapteyn

series

for zn by the method of

We

shall

now give an
series,

alternative

method*

of investigating the expansion

of zn as a

Kapteyn

which has the advantage of using no result more

abstruse than the equations


(1)

1 ~~

JL=l + 2
z

m-l

2 Jm (mz),

_L- = l + 2 I (-rJm (mz), L+Z ,!


and
for

which were proved


17'3
;

for real variables in 17*22

complex variables in
1,

it is,

of course, supposed that, if z


lies in

is real,

then

1 < z<

and,

if

z is

complex, then z

the domain K.
will

The induction which


f(z), of the
series

be used depends on the


ao

fact that

when the sum,

Kapteyn
W&8

series

2 am Jm (mz)
M=1

is

known, then the sum F(z) of the


if

%
r=l

m WV

can be obtained by two quadratures,

the former series

converges uniformly. To establish this result, observe that, by term- by-term


differentiations,

T^ +

=
}- 1

* CLm [Z

Jm" {mz) + (z/m) Jm


2

'

{mz)]

= (1-* ) 2
m=1
so that
it

a m Jm (mz),

(z)F(z) = (l-z')f(z);
F(z) can be determined in terms off(z) by quadratures.

follows at once that

Now, from

(1),

we have

I J^(%nz) =
and
so, if

^-

F(z)

==

Jfm

^^

then
Therefore, in the

(z^)F{z) = )sz\
domain K,

where

and

are constants of integration.

If

we make

z-*~0,

we

see that

A=B =
Consequently
(2)
*

0.

jP-2 I
m=i
Wataon, Messenger,

J"< 2w *)
rn*
xi/vi. (1917),

pp. 150157.

17-33]

KAPTEYN SERIES
like

567

In

manner, we deduce from (1) that

t=o

I Jw+1 |(2m + l) *} = -%,, lz'

and hence that

The expansions

of sn

when n

is 1

or 2 are therefore constructed.


n,

Now
form

assume

that, for

some particular value of


oo

zn

is

expansible in the

sn = n 2

bmn

Jm (mz),

and consider the function


<f>

(s) defined

by the equation
fnr

(z)

= (n + 2f X

m-i

"HL-JL bm>n Jm (mz).

By

the process of differentiation already used,

we have

=< +2

>^S+*SS-< b+2
s

>'< i

-* >*"
,

= (n + 2)
On
integration

*n+a.

we deduce that
<f>

{z)

= zn+* + A

'

log z

+ R.
<f>(z)

It is obvious that

A' = B'

from a consideration of the behaviour of

near the origin.

Hence the expansion

of zn+* is

*+*

= ( W + 2) 1
a

6WjB+a JTO (mz),

where
It follows at once

n+a

* bm

n-

by induction that

and so

fan' i
to say
2n

1 =i (2wi)^-

7=

:rn=n TT\ T (m -n + 1)
.?n a

That

is

=2

ntnm^rim-n + l)'
1

r(m + n)J(2iiu)
in the
to the

~ and this is equation (3) of 17'32. The expansion of zm is obtained same way from the expansion of z the analysis in this case is left
;

reader.

568

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XVII

We
f 4)

therefore obtain the expansion

<**)
is

= -

(K

+ 2OTr,, m

>
,

which

the expansion obtained by other methods in


valid throughout the domain K.

1732; and the

ex-

pansion

is

Since the series

mZo(n + 2m)
is

n+1

.m\

absolutely convergent (being comparable with

% l/m ),
a

the expansion (4)


is

converges uniformly throughout


particular at the points z

K and its boundary.

The expansion

there-

fore valid (from considerations of continuity)

1,

on the boundary of K, and in as well as throughout the domain K.

17*34.

The expansion of lf(t

z)

in a Kapteyn series.

From

the expansion of zn , obtained in the


outside a certain

two preceding

sections,

we can
domain

deduce, after Kapteyn*, the expansion of l/(t

z) when
will

z lies in the

K and

lies

domain whose extent

be defined later in

this section.

Assuming that

1
1

>

|,

we have
.

t-z
Now,

_1__1 JL =!+ + n+1


t

^t

|
nZ i

?!!i w+1 *

m-

| r (n + to) Jn+zn {(n + 2m) z\ (n + 2m) n+1 .ml


j

z
if

exp V(l - g 2 )

1+V(1-* )
2

= jr
'

the repeated series

is

expressible as

an absolutely convergent double

series if

the double series

2 wrc2

r (n + m) Fn+2W
1

-i-o(w
is

+ 2m)"+ .m!|<|^

convergent.

But the terms


* *

in this series are less than the terms of the

double series

provided that

2*rw+2m _ 2Fex pF 2 .-i*-om!|r ~|*Ki*l-2iT U|>2F.


i

Hence, when

t\>2

2;

exp V(l

f2

1+V(1-^)

rearrangement of the repeated series for \/(t z) is permissible, and, when we arrange it as a Kapteyn series, we obtain the formula
(1)

= S <& {t)Jn(nz), r Z <,(*) + 2 n i n


de VAcole norm. sup.
(3) x.

4nn.

sci.

(1893), pp.

113120.

17-34, 17*35]

KAPTEYN SERIES

569

where *
(2)
(3)

*.(*) -1/fc

< n (0
the last formula
;

2
9

w (Mn_2m+1
,

From

we may deduce a very remarkable theorem

discovered

by Kapteyn
it

we have
- S*

by

w-m-1)! _ 1

<*

(rt-2m)2 .(w-m-l)

and

therefore,

91

(2),
2

$nt< n (t) = i
so that,
(4)

(*

^)

{|n*

n (n*)},

by 9-12(1), < n (*) = n (1


1, 2, 3, ....

- 2 )

0 (nt)

+ sin mr + 1 cos
2

|n7r

when n =

Kapteyn's polynomial

<fb n (t) is

therefore expressible in terms of

Neumann's

polynomial
It is
for,

O n (nt).
possible to extend the

now

domain of

validity of the expansion (1)

by

8*7

combined with

9*17, it follows that

the series on the right of

(1) is a uniformly convergent series of analytic functions of z

and

when

and

t lie

in

domains such that

(5)

n(*)<n(),
.

n(*)<n(i),
I

where

ft (z)

^-^ - &) ^ W = 1+V(1-^)


x
I

z exp V(l
-^

The expansion (1)

is

therefore valid throughout the domains in which both

of the inequalities (5) are satisfied.


[Note. This result gives a somewhat more extensive domain of values of t than was contemplated by Kapteyn he ignored the theorem proved in 9*17, and observed that (since the coefficients in the series for n (t) are positive) when t ^ 1,
;

|MOI<*.(l'l)<(i)=i.
by
(4)
;

so that

Kapteyn proved that

(1) is valid

when

0(*)<0(1),. |*|^1.]
17 '35.

A Uemative proofs of the

expansion of

l/(t

- z)

into

a Kapteyn

series.

Now

that explicit expressions have been obtained for the coefficients in the expansion

=<fl

(()

+2 |
n=l

(t)

Jn (nz\
(t)

it is

possible to verify this expansion in various ways. Thus, if <

be defined as

n (1 - *2 )
the reader will find
it

2 n (nt) +sin \mr

+t cos2 \nn,
series

an interesting analysis to take the


7 t

S* + 2 +T 1^S

-2) *
n =i

nOn (nt)Jn (nz),


xx. (1893), p. 122.

* Cf. Kapteyn,

Nieuw Archief voor Wiskunde,

W.

B. F.

19

570

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Neumann
we

[CHAP. XVII
polynomials, and

substitute suitable integrals for the Bessel coefficients and reduce the result to l/(tz) after the manner of 9'14.

Or

again, if

we

differentiate the expansion twice with respect to 2

find that

{{T^f
and
then, dividing

+ .(*r^} " (1 -*2)

e n2

W * (n2)
we

'

by

z\ and making use of

17'3

(1),

find that

(<

-l)(<-2)3

(P-\?{t-Z?
e

(?-\f(t-zf

=
whence the

nW

(nz)\

C+ft'+l)'***
(t) (t) is

* (*+!) corf jnr


form

differential equation for

easily constructed in the

-n JW.W
and hence
it follows

^-^3

^-^3
Yn (nt)},

J,

that

(<) (1 - <2 ) 0 () + sin 2 \nir + < cos2 \nn +t~! {A n Jn (nt)+Bn


where

A n and

2?n are

independent of

but

it

does not seem easy to prove that

A n Bn =0.

17*4.
series.

The expansion of an arbitrary analytic function

into

a Kapteyn

We
fl (z)

shall

now prove the

following expansion-theorem
is analytic

Let f(z) be a function which ^ a, where a^.1.

throughout the region in which

Then, at all points z inside the region,


(1)

f(z) = o + 2

2 OnJn (nz),

where
(2)

*.-%z JG.V)f(t) *,
path of integration
is

and

the

is the

curve on which fi

()

= a.

This result

obvious

when we

substitute the uniformly convergent

expansion

for l/(t z) in the equation

(<)

+2
nl

< n (t)Jn (nz)

since D,
is

(t)

=a

on the contour, while both fl(s) <

and

D, (z)

< fl (*) when

inside the contour.

This theorem

is

due to Kapteyn.

17*4, 17*5]

KAPTEYN SERIES

571

It is easy to deduce that, if the Maclaurin series for f(z) is

/(*)- 2 an zn
n=0

then
(3)
(4)

Oo=Oo,
a

'** (n

~ 2m>2

(w

-m"

1)!

a"-*

17*5.

Kapteyn
of

series in

which v

is

not zero.

The theory

Kapteyn

series of the
oo

type
i

% am Jr+m{(v + m)z\
in which v
is
.

not zero or an integer, can he

made

to

depend on the ex-

pansion of zv

The

result of 17*33 suggests that it

may be

possible to

prove that
(1)

M-'L i.Zw.mS"-*'***enough to establish


is

throughout the domain K.


expansion* when \z\< 0*6627434 but no direct proof of the validity of the expansion throughout the remainder of
It is easy
this
;

the domain

known, and the expansion has

to

be inferred by the theory

of analytic continuation.

To

obtain the expansion throughout the interior of the specified


series

circle,

expand the

on the right in powers of z. The

coefficient of z v+2r is

T(p + m) w =o(i'+2m)" +1 .m!'2

(-Y~
,'

m (v + 2m)" +3r

+2r

(r-TO)!

t 2"+2Tc> + 2r+l) to OT
I

(-)'-'" v {

When
known

r>

1,

the last series

is

V(v+ r + m + 1) + 2m)gr~ r (v + m) F (v + 2r + 1 m\(r-m)\ T{v) T(v + r + m+lj' a polynomial in v of degree 3r 1 which is


1

to vanish identically

whenever v
v.

is

an integer.

It therefore vanishes

identically for all values of


(inside the circle)

The expansion

(1) is therefore established

by a comparison of the

coefficient of z 9

on each side of the

equation.

From this result, we can prove that, under the conditions specified
(2)

in

7*4,

j- = S
cJ

64*,

(0 Jh- {(" + n ) z \>

where

n\ W
* This

**,-,

+ n-2my>r(v + n-m) z^- 1 ^ W " 2 wto (tv + ny+n-^.mlt"-^


(v
z
|

'

was done when

< 0*659 by

Nielsen, Ann.

set.

de VEcole norm. sup. (3) xvin. (1901),

pp. 4246.

572

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


4n ,v(t)
in 9*2.

[CHAP. XVII

It is not difficult* to express

in terms of Gegenbauer's polynomial

An,(nt+% vt), defined

And

the reader will easily prove that if/ (2) satisfies the conditions specified

in 17-4, then
(4)

*"/(*)

n=0

Sv

J*+n {(v

n)z],

where
(5)
a,
,

= ^U j/0)

a
2

(0 dt,
;

in

which the contour of integration surrounds the origin

and hence

(fo

=1
'

X*

(v

"

2 m

+ n - 2w ) T (y + ~ w) ttn,^ (%v + n)+-" m


to
.

where a

a lf

...

are the coefficients in the Maclaurin series for f{z).

[2sote. Jacobi in one of his later papers, Aatr. Nach. xxvm. (1849), col. 257 270 [Ges. Math. Werke, vn. (1891), pp. 175 188] has criticised Carlini for stating that certain expansions are valid only when \z\ <0'663.... But Carlini had some excuse for his state-

ment because the expansions are obtained by rearrangements


domain
K.~\

of repeated series which are

permissible only in this domain, although the expansions are actually valid throughout the

17'6.

Kapteyn

series

of the second kind.

Series of the type

2 A./. {(*- + ) M } /, {(* + n)


have been studied in some detail by Nielsen f.
special series with

.
series of this

But the only

type which have, as yet, proved to be of practical importance J, are some


fi

v, and

with simple

coefficients.

The

results required in

the applications just specified are obtainable by integrating Meissel's expansion


of 1731 (1) after replacing z the domain K, 2

by

z sin#.

It is thus found that,

throughout

n=i
so that

?+? "=i(i +r)(2 2 +H...( +r )-Wo


2 2 2

sin

""'

m
yy)

I JnHnz}
nti

z*

1.3

*g
,

n*+?

21 2 +

"

"2.4 ,(P
tm is

+ ^)(2 + t )
2 2

and hence we deduce that


while the

'S,Jn 2 (nz)/iv
t

a polynomial in z2 of degree m;
in a similar

sum

of series of the type

manner from the


t Ann.

l n^n Jn2 (nz) may be found corresponding expansion 2n2m J 2n (2n2).

* Cf. Nielsen, Ann. sci. de VEcole norm. sup. (3) xvin. (1901), p. 60.
sci. de VEcole norm. sup. (3) xvm. (1901), pp. 3975. % Cf. Schott, Electromagnetic Radiation (Cambridge, 1912), Chapter vin.

17-6, 17-7]

KAPTEYN SERIES

573

Thus Schott* has shewn that


(2)

l/^-sTobr^

(3)

j^M-^,.
general theory resembling that of 16 14
-

A
(4)

is

deducible from the ex-

pansion
<*>

r( 2Ui)

io(. +

V
\

+ '-m!

^^ +w>^

which is easily derived from 175 (1) and is valid throughout K\ but it seems unnecessary to go into details which the reader should have no difficulty
in constructing, in the unlikely event of his requiring them.

17*7.

Kapteyn

series

which converge outside the domain K.


lim
n-oo
|

If

y/an

1,

we have seen
the series

that the

Kapteyn

series

%an Jn (nz)
since,

represents an analytic
1,

function throughout the domain K.

is real, \Jn (nx)\< although when \z\ > the series does not converge at points which are not on the real axis.

But

when x
axis,

may converge along the whole of the real


of such a

The behaviour
that
it

Kapteyn

series

may

be

summed

up-f-

by saying
it re-

resembles a power-series throughout the domain

K and

that

sembles a Fourier series on the real axis outside K.

As an example,

let

us consider the series

Jn (fix) s=
It is evident that, if
<f>

yfr

x sin

yjr,

then

since the Fourier series

is

uniformly convergent.

Now, when x > 1, < decreases as -\jr increases from to arccos(l/#) and then increases to ir as yjr increases from arc cos(l/#) to it. If m be the integer such that the minimum value of < lies between 2mir and 2 (m -f 1) it, let the values of yjr corresponding to the values
0,

ym

2tt,
,

-4tt,

...,

2rmr, -2mir,
,

...,

2tt,

of

<f>

be

7, 7j, ...

8 m> &m-i,

$i>

and then
n

ir{ r=0 Jyr The

Jym

r^Jtr+r

J 8

n =l

* Electromagnetic Radiation (Cambridge, 1912), p. 120.

suggestion of these analogies was

made by

Professor Hardy.

574

THEORY OF BBSSEL FUNCTIONS


Now when
yjr

[CHAP. XVII

lies in

the intervals
is

(7,.,

7r+ i) and
2

(8 r

8r+1 ) the

sum

of the

series

under the integral sign


<
2

- %Tr<f> + %ir* + r (r + 1) tt + (r + 1)
2

ir<f>,

and, since
l(yfr

x sin yfr) dty = i/r + x cos


x sin 1/r)
2

sjr,

j(yfr

d^r

= \Jr

4-

2# (>|r cos yfr

sin

-\Jr)

+ #

(-^

sin y(r cos ^),


m

it

may be shewn

without

much
2

difficulty that
2

S = ^x* + %x + 2
r-0

{ (S r

- 7,. ) + x (cos 8r - cos 7,.)} + 2tt 2


r-1

r(S r ~7r ).

The reader
this

will see

that a large class of Kapteyn series

may be summed by

method*.
The convergence of Kapteyn
series

17*8.

on the boundary of the domain K.

With the exception of the points + 1, the boundary of presents no means of Debye's asymptotic expansion the consideration of the convergence of the Kapteyn series 2an /r+M {(1/ + n)z]
features of special interest; because, by
is

reducible to that of the power series

v
and that of two similar
series f

*expV(l*Jn*, \/n

.s

)*
'

*Vt 1+V(1-* ))
2

with

written for

>Jn.

The

points
fail.

expansions

+ 1 But the lacuna thereby produced

present more interest, because the ordinary asymptotic


is filled, for real

values of

v,

by the following theorem of an Abelian type:


The convergence of
n-l J
is sufficient to

i ft

of

2 an J,+n {(p + n) x)

ensure both the convergence of 2 OnJv +n (v + n) and the continuity throughout the interval^ < x ^ 1.
is

Since So/w8 converges and {n/(p + w)p


it
is

monotonic, with a limit as n -*


-

00

follows that 2a/(i/

+ n)* converges; and since, by 8 54, (y + ny Jr+n (v + n)


,

monotonic, with a limit as n - 00


* In this

it follows

that ^,anJv+n (y

+ n)

converges.

connexion the researches by Nielsen, Overtigt K. Danske Viderukabernes Selskabs, 127146, should be consulted. t If a^/^/n does not tend to zero the series cannot converge; and if it does tend to zero Sc^/^/re 5 is absolutely convergent, and so, if we replace each Bessel function by the first two terms of the asymptotic expansion with a remainder term, the series of remainder terms is absolutely
1901, pp.

convergent.

J Due allowance has to be made for the origin Bromwich, Theory of Infinite Series, 19.

if

<0.

17*8]

KAPTEYN SERIES
J^\{v + )x) /+ (v + n)
all

575

Again,since
is

a function of n which does not increase as n increases, for

values of

in the interval

j$#^ 1,

it

follows from the test of Abel's type for uniformity

of convergence* that

% an Jv+n
is
;

{(p

+ n) x\

uniformly convergent (and therefore continuous) throughout the interval ^ x % 1 and this proves the theorem.
reversing the reasoning,

By it may be shewn that if "2a n v+n (v + n) converges, so does Sotn/n^, so that the convergence of Xcin/n* is both necessary
and sufficient for the theorem theorem of its kindf.
*

to be true; the

theorem

is

therefore the best

Bromwich, Theory of Infinite Series, 44. t This was pointed out by Professor Hardy.
(1917), pp.

Cf.

Watson, Proc. London Math. Soe.

(2) xvi.

171174.

CHAPTER

XVIII
AND
DINI

SERIES OF FOURIER-BESSEL
18*1.

Fourier s formal expansion of an arbitrary function.

In his researches on the Theory of Conduction of Heat, Fourier* was led to consider the expansion of an arbitrary function f{x) of a real variable of x
in the
(1)

form

/(#)= 2

am J

(jm x),

where jlt jif js , ... denote the positive zeros of order of magnitude.

(z)

arranged in ascending

The

necessity of expanding an arbitrary function in this

manner

arises

also in Daniel Bernoulli's

problem of a chain oscillating under gravity and in Euler's problem of the vibrations of a circular membrane with an initial arbitrary symmetrical displacement ( 1'3, 1*5).
In order to determine the
plied both sides of (l)by
coefficients a m in the expansion, Fourier multi-

xJ

(jm x) and integrated between the limits

and

].

It follows from 5*11 that

xJ
J Jo

{jm x)J (jn x)dx=\

'

+n,

KtJi(jm),

m = n,

and hence Fourier inferred that


(2)

am

- jj

*/(*) J (jm t)

dt
...

If

we now change

the significance of the symbols Jm, so thatf^,^,^,,

denote the positive zeros of the function J (z), arranged in ascending order of magnitude, then
(3)

/()= 2
TO=1

amJ,(im*)>

where
(4)

am =

2
*
+1

\Jm)J

f tf(t) J v (jm t) dt

This more general result was stated by LommelJ; but, of course, neither = does the procedure which has been indicated establish the validity of the expansion; it merely indicates how
in the general case nor in the special case v

the coefficients are to be determined on the hypothesis that the expansion


exists

and

is

uniformly convergent.

* La ThtorieAnalytique de la Chaleur (Paris, 1822), 316319. t The omission of the suffix y, associated with jj , jj, js, ..., should cause no confusion, and considerably improves the appearance of the formulae. % Studien iiber die Bessel'schen Functionen (Leipzig, 1868), pp. 69 73.

it

18-1]

FOURIER-BESSEL SERIES
is

577
for the

In fact the simplicity of the procedure


reader might anticipate that,
restrictions, the
if

somewhat deceptive;
is

the function f(x)

subjected to appropriate

expansion would be valid for


r\

all

values of v for which the

integral

tJ f Jo
isvconvergent,
i.e.

(jmt)Jv (jn t)dt

when

>

1.

Dini, however,

remarked that he was unable to deal with the range

Several subsequent writers, while proving theorems for the latter range, asserted that the extension to the former range was merely a matter of detail; but it was not until after 1922 that
interest.

- \<v< i,and limited himself to the ranges \.

anyone took the trouble to supply the detail which is tedious and of no great In the exposition given here, it will be supposed that v> \.

The first attempt at a rigorous proof of the expansions (1) and (3) i& contained in some notes compiled by Hankel* in 169 and published postmore complete investigation was given by Schlaflif a year and an important paper by Harnack* contains an investigation of the expansion (3) by methods which differed
after the publication of Hankel's work;

humously.

appreciably from those of earlier writers.

A few
(5)

years after the appearance of the researches of Hankel and Schlafli.


00

the more general expansion

/(#)= 2
,

m=l

bm J v (X m x),

where \, \2 \3
of the function

...

denote the positive zeros (in ascending order of magnitude)

z-{zJ v '(z)

+ HJ

(z)},

when

> \ and

is

any given constant, wa3 investigated by Dini.


expansion are given by the formula
2\,B2 [ tf (t)
v

The
(6)

coefficients in the

{(xw3

- v*) J* (x,) + x^j;* (\ m )j bm =

Jo

(\ m t)

dt.

The mode of determination of the numbers Xm subjects f{x) to what is known as a mixed boundary condition,' namely that /' (x) + Hf (x) should formally vanish at x 1.
'

The expansion

(5)

was examined by Fourier (when

= 0)

in the

problem

of the propagation of heat in a circular cylinder

when heat

is

radiated from

is the ratio of the the cylinder; in this problem the physical significance of external conductivity of the cylinder to the internal conductivity. * Math. Ann. vin. (1875), pp. 471 494. In the coarse of this paper, Hankel obtained the integral formula of 14*4 as a limiting case of (3).

t Math. Ann.

x. (1876), pp. 137142. % Leipziger Berichte, xxxix. (1887), pp. 191214; Math. Ann. xxxv. (1889), pp. Serie di Fourier (Pisa, 1880), pp. 190277.

4162.

578
It

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


was pointed out by Dini that the expansion
(5)

[CHAP. XVIII

must be modified* by

the insertion of an initial term


associate Dini's

when

H+v=

and, although Dini's analysis

contains a numerical error, this discovery seems to

make

it

advisable to

name

rather than Fourier's with the expansion.

The researches which have now been described depend ultimately on a set lemmas which are proved by Cauchy's theory of residues. The use of complex variables has, however, been abandoned, so far as possible, by Kneser f and HobsonJ, who have constructed the expansion by using the theory of
of
integral equations as a basis.

On
because

aesthetic grounds there


it

is

a great deal to be said for this procedure,

seems somewhat unnatural to use complex variables in proving theorems which are essentially theorems concerning functions of real variables. On the other hand, researches based on the theory of integral equations are liable to give rise to uneasy feelings of suspicion in the mind of the ultraorthodox mathematician.

The theory has recently been made distinctly more complete by the important memoir of W. H. Young, who has thrown new light on many parts of the subject by using modern knowledge of the theory of functions of real variables in conjunction with the calculus of residues. An earlier paper
by Filon|| which makes some parts of the analysis appreciably must also be mentioned here.
less synthetic

The question of the permissibility of term-by-term differentiation of the expansion which represents a function as a series of Bessel functions has been discussed by FordU, who has obtained important results with the help of
quite simple analysis
(cf.

184).

More recondite investigations are due to C. N. Moore**, who, after studying the summability of the expansion by Cesaro's means, has investigated the
uniformity of the convergence of the expansion in the neighbourhood of the
origin,

and

also the uniformity of the

summability of the expansion (when

not necessarily convergent) in this neighbourhood.

The reason why the uniformity of the convergence (or summability) of the expansion in the neighbourhood of the origin needs rather special consideration
is

that

it is

necessary to use asymptotic formulae for


and, as

J v (Xmx) which

are valid

when

XmSc

is large;

x approaches

zero, the smallest value of

m,

for

which the asymptotic formulae are


when

significant, is continually increasing.

* Details of necessary modifications

H + v <0 will be given in 18-3.

The modification

was also noticed by Kirchhoff, Berliner Sitzungsberichte, 1883, pp. 519 524. t Archiv derMath.undPkys. (3)vn. (1903), pp. 123 133; Math. Ann: lxiii. (1907), pp. 477524% Proc. London Math. Soc. (2) vn. (1909), pp. 359388. Ibid. (2) xvm. (1920), pp. 163200. Ibid. (2) iv. (1906), pp. 396430. Cf. 19 21 19 24. IT Trans. American Math. Soc. iv. (1903), pp. 178184. ** Ibid. x. (1909), pp. 391435; xu. (1911), pp. 181206; xxi. (1920), pp. 107156.

||

18-11]

FOURIER-BESSEL SERIES

579

In the exposition which will be given in this chapter, the methods of the calculus of residues will be used to a far greater extent than has been usual in recent researches; this is a reversion to the practice of Hankel and
Schlafli and (in the special case of Fourier series) of Cauchy. The advantage of this procedure is that it results in a great simplification in the general appearance of the analysis throughout the whole theory. And, although it

seems impracticable to prove certain theorems (notably those* relating to fractional orders of summability) with the help of complex variables, the gain
in simplicity is so

marked that

it

has been possible to include in this chapter

possible if the methods of the theory of functions of real variables had been used more exclusively.

very

many more theorems than would have been


of the simplicity produced

As an example may be mentioned

by using complex

variables, it

that comparatively crude inequalities, such as

where

c x is

sufficient to

a constant, independent of z, when v is given and exceeds |,are prove all the requisite theorems concerning convergence at a point

(or summability at a point) and they are also sufficient to prove theorems concerning uniformity of summability throughout an interval of which the origin

may be an end point. Direct proofs of theorems concerning uniformity of convergence throughout such an interval require more elaborate inequalities, but in this work the use of such inequalities is evaded by deducing uniformity
of convergence from uniformity of summability by an application of Hardy's

convergence theoremf.
It
to the

may be stated

here that the theorems of this chapter correspond exactly theorems concerning Fourier series which are given in Modern Analysis.

tioned

In addition to the memoirs which have already been cited, the following may be menBeltrami, R. 1st. Lombardo Rendiconti, (2) xm. (1880), pp. 327337 Gegenbauer, Wiener Sitzungsberichte, lxxxviii. (2) (1884), pp. 975 1003 Alexander, Trans. Edinburgh
:

Royal Soc. xxxm.


pp.

(1888),

pp.

313320; Sheppard, Quarterly Journal, xxm.


(2)

(1889),
(6)

223260;

Volterra,

Ann. di Mat.

xxv. (1897),

p.

145; Stephenson, Phil. Mug.

xiv. (1907), pp. 547549; Messenger, xxxm. (1904), pp. 7077, 178182; Rutgers, Nieuw Archie/, (2) vin. (1909), pp. 375380; Orr, Proc. R. Irish Acad. xxvn. A, (1910),

pp.

233248; and Dinnik, Kief Polyt.


iiber die Fortschritte

Inst.

{Engineering Section), 1911, no.

1,

pp.

8385.

[Jahrbuch

der Math. 1911, p. 492.]

The investigations by Alexander are mainly based on operational methods, while Orr dealt with expansions in which functions of the second kind are involved.
18*11.

The various types of series.

reader will remember, to

In the special case of series of circular functions, it is necessary, as the make a distinction! between any trigonometrical series
00

Ia
*

+
m=l

(am cos

mx + bm sin mx),
9-1.

t Modern Analysis, 8-5.

Such theorems have been investigated by Moore and Young, % Cf. Modern Analysis,


580

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


series in

[CHAP. XVIII

and a Fourier

which the

coefficients are expressed as integrals,

am
It
is

If' =
I

7T J v

f(t) cos mtdt, bm

=-

If".
-.jf

J IT J

f(t) sin mtdt.

necessary to

which

will

make a similar distinction* between the types of series be dealt with in this chapter; any series of the type
00

m=l
in which the coefficients

2 am J v (jm x),
will

am merely form a given sequence of constants,

be called a series of Bessel functions.


If,

however, the coefficients in this series are expressible by the formula

2 75 TT~\ v v+iKjm)

f (*) J "

^ dt

>

the series will be called the Fourier-Bessel series associated withf(x).

And
off(*\

if,

further, the series converges to the


(0, 1),

sum f(x)

for

any point x of

the interval

the series will be described as the Fourier-Bessel expansion

In like manner, the series

2
where X 1}
A-,,

bm

Jv (\ m x)

X3)

...

are the positive zeros of

zJ v '(z) + HJ v {z),
will

be called

Dims

series

of Bessel functions.

If the coefficients b m are determined

by the formula^
l

{(Xm2 - * 2 ) J.2 (x)

+ xm J/
2

(xm)} bm

= 2K*

Jo

tf(t)

J v {\m t) dt,

the series will be called the Dini series associated withf(x).

And

if,

further, the series converges to the


1),

sum/(#)

for

any point x of the

interval (0,

the series will be described as the Dini expansion of fix).

Some writers have been inclined to regard Fourier-Bessel expansions as -* oo merely a special case of Dini expansions, obtainable by making but

there are certain distinctions between the two expansions which

make

this

view somewhat misleading


18*12.

(cf.

18*26, 18*34, 18"35).

Special cases of Fourier-Bessel and Dini expansions.


coefficients

There are very few expansions of simple functions in which the assume a simple form.

One
*

function whose expansion has simple coefficients has already been


greater part of the terminology
is

The
is

due

to

Young, Proc. London. Math. Soc.


all positive integral

(2)

xvm.

(1920), pp.

167168.
is

t It

supposed that the integral

convergent for

values of m.

J It is supposed that the series is modified, as in 18*34,

when H + v ^ 0.

18-12, 18*2]

FOURIER-BESSEL SERIES
Another is x', which gives
2Jv{j x ? \ m=\Jm" v+i KJm)
rise to

581
the formal expansions

investigated in 1542.
(i)

x"=
r
i

/a\

_.

V
m=l
(*-m
S

2\m /y {\m X) J v+1 {Xm) 2 2 V*) J v - {X m ) + A. m /' (Xm)

'

It will

0$a;<l,

if

be seen subsequently that (1) is valid when + v>0. Cf. 1822, 18-35.

^x <

1,

and

(2)

when

H
i

The reduction formula


1

\n2

r + 2 + Jv (X m <) dt =

(v

+ 2n) Jv (X m )-Xm Jv

'

(X m )
+ 2n

- 4 (+n)

+ *-> J" r (X m )
is

rf<

is easily established,

positive integer.

The Dini expansion


is

so that the Dini expansion of of x v+2n + l

j?"

may be determined when


similarly be determined;

i>

any

may

in this

case the general coefficient

expressible in terms of
"i

known

functions and

/:
In order to calculate this when
function
('
K

Jv (\ m t)dt.
integer,

v is

an

McMahon*

has proposed to tabulate the

(t)

dt=*Jx

(x)

+ Js {x) + Jb (.r) + ...,


16*5, 16*56).

which

is

a special form of one of Lommel's functions of two variables (

18*2.

The methods of Hankel and


earlier investigations

Schlafli.

which were described in 181 are based on the by Dirichletf in his researches on trigonometrical series of Fourier's type; this method of proceeding is obviously suggested by the
analysis used
fact that the trigonometrical series are special cases of the Fourier-Bessel

The

expansion, obtained by giving v the values

\.

In the case of Fourier's theorem, to prove that


00

f(x) = $a

+ %

(, cos

mx + b m sin mx),

where

am

=IT J

f(t) cos mtdt,


n

bm

7r J
\

f{t) sin mtdt,


-v

it is sufficient

to prove that
1
/" ir

f(x) = lim
,.e.

{%

+ co8(x-t) + cos2(x-t) + ...+cosn(x-t)\f(t)dt,.


t
too

that
* Proc.

/(.)-

*,

g^

f* sin (n

i) (x t) *,..,. * Liil-t) '<*>


effected

10-74(3) in

American Assoc. 1900, pp. 42 43. The tabulation is most simply conjunction with Table I. (pp. 666697) ; see Table VIII. t Journal fUr Math. nr. (1829), pp. 157169.

by using


582

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XVIII

In the case of the general- Fourier-Bessel expansion, the corresponding


limit to be evaluated is

n -*

oc

m=l "

v+1

\Jm)

and so

it is

necessary to investigate the behaviour of the

sum

when n

is
is

large;

residues

and it is in this investigation that the use of the calculus more than desirable.

of

In the case of Dini's expansion, the corresponding

sum which needs

examination

is

2\ n*J (\ m x) J {\n t)
v

An

application of the calculus of residues which will be described in 18*3


to dis-

1833 shews that the difference of the two sums is readily amenable cussion, and so we are spared the necessity of repeating the whole
to the

of the analysis of the Fourier-Bessel expansion with the modifications appropriate

more general case of the Dini expansion.


The Hankel-Schldfli contour
integral.

18*21.

by

We shall now begin the attack on the problem of Fourier-Bessel expansions discussing properties of the function Tn x), defined by the equation
(t,

(\\
K**)

4 n [l,X)-

rn

/.

_ v ~
m=l

*"* v \.lrn ) Jy \Jmt) -j-r^p2 H-i \Jm)


is real

where

0<x^\,

O^t^.1, and the order v


v

and

is

subject to the condition

+ \> 0.
due
to

The method which many of the details


The

will

be used

is

Hankel* and

Schlaflif,

though

of the analysis are suggested by Young's J recent memoir.

function Tn (t, x) is obviously as fundamental in the theory of FourierBessel expansions as is the function
sin (n

sin (x
in the special theory of Fourier series.

+ ^) (x t) t)

'

In order to obtain the formulae connected with


sequently required
it is

Tn (t,

x) which are sub-

necessary to express the

mth term

of the

sum

for

jm which has poles at jlt j2 js ...jn *


,
,

Tn (t,

x) as the residue at

of a function, of the

When

this

complex variable w, has been done, we express

* Math. Ann. vm. (1875), pp. 471494. t Ibid. x. (1876), pp. 137142. J Proc. London Math. Soc. (2) xvrn. (1920), pp. 163200.

18-21]

FOURIER-BESSEL SERIES

583

Tn (t, x) as
jn and jn+1
it is
.

the integral of this function round a rectangle of which one of the

sides lies along the imaginary axis while the opposite side passes

between

The

sides parallel to the real axis are then

moved

off to infinity

in opposite directions, so that, in order to secure the convergence of the integral,

necessary to prescribe the behaviour of the integrand as


shall study,

I(w)

-* oo

There are three integrands which we


(2)

namely
2 2

2 {tJv (xw)

(3)
(4)

J v+1 (tw) - xJ (tw) J+1 (xw)}/{(t - x*)J v (to)}, ttw {/ (w) Yv (xw) J, (xw) Yv (w)} Jv (tw)jJy (w), it w [Jy (w)Yy(tw)-J v (tw) Y v (w)} J v (xw)jJ v (w).

The

first

of these was the integrand studied by Schlafli; the other two are

suggested by the work of Kneser and Carslaw which was described in

15 42.
is

A study of the asymptotic


and
(4)

values of these integrands indicates that (2)

suitable for discussions in which

xt and

<x+t<
all
2

(3)

when*

< t< x < 1

when

^x< t <

1.

We
at

proceed to verify that the integrands


2/ ( jm x)

have the same residue, namely

tv=jm
(5)

Tn the case of

(2),

Jy (jm t)jJ y +1 (jm ), we define the function f g(w) by the formula


v

g (w) =
if

p_ xi {tJy (aw) J*+i (tw) - xJ


0,

(tw) J +1 (xw)},

and then,
so that

w = jm +

where

is small,

we have
.-,

Jy (W)=0jy' (jm)

+ 1& Jy" (jm ) +

WJy>(w)

= 6*jm Jy'*(jm) +

It is easy to verify,

Jy' ( jm ) { J y" (jm) + Jy' (jm )} + .... using differential equation, that the Bessel's by
3

>

coeffi-

cient of 0* on the right vanishes;

and hence the residue of g (w)/{wJv2 (w)}

at jm

is

9'(jm)l{jm Jy*(jm)},

and

this is easily reduced to

2 J (j m x)Jy (jm t)/J\ +1 (jm )

by using recurrence formulae.


In the case of
(3),

the residue at j m

is

TTJm {J, (jm)

Yv (jm x) - Jy (jm x) Yv (jm )} Jv (jm t)/Jy = - IT jmJy (jmX) Jy (jm t) Yy (jm)/Jy (jm) = 2 Jy (jm x) J, (jm t)/Jy (jm),
2

(jm )

by

3*63,

in the
*

and this same way.


is

is

the expression required

the integrand (4)

is

dealt with

This

most

easily seen

by writing the integrand

in the

form

\iriw {HyV) (w) HyV) (xw)

- HvP) (xw)

HrW (w) } Jv (tw)\o v (w).


discussed in great detail by Graf and
i.

f The results obtainable by using the integrand

(2) are

Gubler, Einleitung in die Theorie der BesseVschen Funktionen,

(Bern, 1898), pp. 131

139.

'

584

THEORY OF BESSBL FUNCTIONS We


Bi,

[CHAP. XVIII

at

next take the contour of integration to be a rectangle with vertices A n Bi, where B will be made to tend to ao and A n is chosen so
,
.

that jn < A n <jn+1 When it is desired to assign a definite value to shall take it to be equal to (n + ^v + \) it, which lies between n &ndjn+l

A n>

we when

is sufficiently

large ( 1553).

Now

it is

easy to verify that the three integrands are odd functions of w,


left sides

and so the three integrals along the


Again,
if

of the rectangles vanish*.

w = u + iv,

it

positive or negative, while

may be verified that when v is large, and either w>0, then the three integrands are respectively
(e-<*-'>l t'i),

(e-fe-s-t'M),

(e~ (t

-x) W),

and

so, for

any assigned value of

An

the integrals along the upper and lower

sides of the rectangle tend to zero as

B -* oo when

x and

have the relative

values which have already been specified.

We

thus obtain the three formulae

_ j^

rA+i

ri

6wJ v (x0w) J v { tdw) d0dw


(0<x + t< J
2;

xt)
y

(7)

Tn (t,

x)

-I

An+
\

" w \J

(w)

(xw)

- J v (xw) Yv (,)}

J^lp
m

(0<t<x<
(8)

1)

Tn (t,

x)

=I

An+CCt

w {J, (w) F (tw) - J (tw) Yv (,)}

Appp
j

(0<x<t<l)
equation (6) it is easy to obtain an upper bound for Tn (t, x) j; for it is evident from the asymptotic expansion of 7'21 that, when v + \ is positive (or zero) and bounded, there exist positive constants cx and c2 such that

From

(9)

jv

m\ ^ exp l!f ^,
(

iJ,(^

c'

exp

F,
^ 0,

^
i

when

is

on the

line joining

A n ccitoA n + aoi
v.

and

provided that n

exceeds a value which depends on

Hence

|<*-<>r.ft.)|
so that

;s? ^J_p{-<S-.->!.||*
**'
ttc 2
2
1

(10)

\Tn (t,x)\^
'

1*

- #*
1

(2

- x - t) *J(xt)

This inequality gives the upper bound in question.


* It is necessary to make an indentation at the origin, but the integral round the indentation tends to zero with the radius of the indentation.

18*22]

FOURIER-BESSEL SERIES

585

It is also easy to see that

f Jo

t"

+l

Tn (t,a;)(t*-a?)dt
fv+l rAn+aai

= "^7
7n

J
1*

J An-ooi

J" (xw

">

/ "+ 2

(^ ~ xJ

>- ( tw )

J*+i ( aw)} ,.>-/,,

x V)J,-(W)

and hence
(11)
Ijo
f t"

+1

Tn (t, x) (JP -x*)dt\$


I

irc^A n (2

x t) *J{xt)

of the

[Note. Theorems obtained by a consideration of integrals involving Bessel functions first kind only can usually be made to cover the origin, in view of the fact that the constant Cx in equation (9) is independent of t in the interval 0<t < 1. Thus (11) may be

written

valid when 0^#^1, 0^i<l. This extension is not so easily effected when integrals involving functions of the second kind have been used because the simplest inequality corresponding to (9) is
\

ry (tw)\^ Cl

'

{\tw\-"\oS \tw\ + \tw\-i}exio{\ l(tw)\},


to obtain

and
(8)

it is

a somewhat tedious matter

a simple upper bound

to the integrand in

from this inequality.]

Equation (6) was used by Schlafli to prove that, when n

is large,

then

^n(g-a?) TnV (tx\~ ' (<rf)|_wniw(*-) 2v


l
f
|""

sin

_ *A n (t + x)l
sm$-jr(t + oc)j'

'

but, since the order of

evident,

we

shall

which

difficulties

magnitude of the error in this approximation is not next evaluate some integrals involving Tn (t, x) by means of caused by the unknown error may be evaded.

18*22.

Integrals involving

Tn (t, x).
shall

The two fundamental formulae which we


(1)

now
t

obtain are as follows

lim t
n-ooJo

t'

+1

Tn (t, x)dt = a?

(0<x<

1)

(2)

lim rt +1 Tn (t,x)dt
n-^co J

= $x*.

(0<a-<l)

From
(3)

these

it is

obvious that

lim

f\''+

Tn (t,x)dt = lx.
be apparent that
w) dt -* x* + l

(0<a;<l)

In the course of proving (1)


a* [

it will

t'

+1

Jo

Tn

(t,

uniformly as n

-* oo

when x

lies in

the interval
1

^x^
where

A,

is

any positive number.

'

586

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XVIII

We

shall also investigate the


rt

boundedness of

Jo
in the interval in

r t' +1 Tn (t,x)dt

which

< t ^ 1.

was given by Young, Proc. London Math. Soc. (2) xvin. (1920), pp. 173 174, and the proof of it, which will now be given, is his. Formula (2) seems to be new, though it is contained implicitly in Hobson's memoir.

Of these

results, (1)

It is evident that

\\Tn (t,x)dt = Z
JO

3^%^r.

tn=\jm*>v+\\Jm)

When we

transform the
18'21,
1

sum on

the right into a contour integral after the


A n+>i 2 J, (xw)

manner of

we
f

find that it is equal to

00 *

2J, (xw)

dw

1
[

dw

tiai-vi

wJ v {w)

^irijA^aoi

wJ\w)

In the former of these two integrals, the origin has to be avoided by an


indentation on the right of the imaginary axis.

Since the integrand


reduces to
iri

is

an odd function of w, the value of the

first

integral

times the residue of the integrand at the origin, so that

/:

fW

(tx)dt=x---

f^
J

^(>^

Now
!/An-*>i
WJy (w)
C^A n \/x
c2

4ci

A n (1 x) six
it is also

and, from this result, (1)

is

evident;
t>

evident that

a* f

+1

Tn (t,x)dt-x + l
long as

Jo
oo so

tends uniformly to zero as n -*


It will

^#^ 1

A.

be observed that the important expansion

(4

**+-* I

2J - (

which was formally obtained in

m=\ JmJ v+i \Jm) 1812, is an immediate consequence of (1).

y>

(0<tf<l)

Formula

(2) can

details of the proof are rather

be proved in a somewhat similar manner (though the more elaborate) by using an integrand involving
It is easy to see that

functions of the second kind. +


JO ft

/W. .)*- i ^ 'J>Uf)f.


=1

u~*)

+l Jm*f v+i\Jm)

= hm

-^

J (w)

F (xw)

- Jy (xw) Y (to)}

V,

'

18*22]

FOURIER-BESSEL SERIES

587

Now take < x ^ 1 in the last integral and substitute for the Bessel functions the dominant terms of their respective asymptotic expansions, valid when w
|

is

large (7-21).

The

0(l/w*) when

0<#<1

error produced thereby in the integrand ; and, as n ^oo, we have

is,

at mosti

J Jn-ooi

v?

An

\n)
is

Now

lim

the result of substituting these dominant terms A * +m s iD w 0-- x - i*") 7 ) sin (** ~ [
.

lim

b-*. 2iriJ

An+m C0S w ~ OTr ~ ( * I*)


H -Bi

cos ( 2*w -w-\inr-\ir) w cos (w vir ^tt)

-*f-

lim I*'*" B-^aaJ^-Bi

008(2^-^-^^-^)
wcos(tt/-w tt)

We

shall

have to
it is

type; so

discuss, almost immediately, several integrals of this general convenient at this stage to prove a lemma concerning their
oo

boundedness as n -*Lemma. The

integral

lim
is

f^**
j.

(* -*-* *)

9-+-<*> B-**>JA J n -BiV>coa(v>-$vv\ir)

(l/),

as -*. , if

If we put

-1<A<1; and the integral is bounded if'0<X<1. w=A n iv, where A n as usual, stands for (+$*+) w, the expression under
,

consideration

may be

written in the form

2;Ucos(A-l)A.
L

tA cosh v /o 04*+^)

r "%'*
coshAg.cfo cosh

-sin(A-lM n
v

f"J2^* (A *+v*) cosh 'jo


.

1
_|

When 1 < X < 1,

the modulus of this does not exceed

-4

/""

2
^4 n *

/""

t'lsinhAi;!^ ' cosh v

and the

first

part of the

Lemma is obvious.
(1 - A) =, we have* v (1 A) sinh Xv=sinh (fl ) ^ cosh v

Again,

if

^A < 1

and v

so the integral to be considered does not exceed (in absolute value)

9j

["

dv

iOA

{">

dv

and the second part of the

Lemma

is

proved.

It follows immediately from the

Lemma

that
(1/n),

f
o

t"

+1

Tn (t, x)dt

= \x* +

when
*

< x < 1 and


;

this is equivalent to (2).


say,

The function sinh(t;-) has one maximum, at & sinh* (v - &)/cosh (v- f ) which is less than sinh (t> &)

and

its

value there is equal to

V
588
Moreover,
if

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


we
close the range of values of
infer

[CHAP. XVIII

x on the right so that

<x^

1,

we

from the

Lemma
f
+1

that the integrals

Tn (t, x) dt,
<x$
1.

P f^ Tn (t, x) dt
Jo

Jo
are bounded as

-*-

oo

when

Lastly

we

shall consider
+1

Tn (t,x)dt,
1

Jn

and we

shall prove that,

when

< t
oo
.

and

<x%

1,

to integral is a bounded
that,

function

ofn,x and
i.e.

t,

as

n -*

It is easy to 1

x + 1 ^ 1,

shew by the methods which have just been used when t^x, then

when

Jo

f +1 Tn (t,x)dt

= I
l

%t +1

J v (jm x)J v+l (jm t)

- im
B-*-<*>
/

f^V. <>*<>- A (~)r.<))^*


*l
J

A n -Bi

'>v\'")

sm w(lx). SJn (frW ^ 1/7T \ IT ) ~ w cos (w - *7r - tt) VZj J,* TTiat J An-Bi r^n+Bi cos ^^ + frw w \vtt \tc) / i'+i ~ \AJ ~ jb^Io 27m? _ w cos (w - \vir - \ir) 4n p+k fAn+Bi C0S(lV + tW XW hviT \ir) + hm ^ t J / dw.
1 \
"+*

[An+Bi

fl j

These integrals are of the type examined in the


section
;

Lemma

given earlier in this

and sO the

original integral is
i.e.

bounded when

l<#+ 1^1
first

and

1 < 1 + x^l, Tn (t,x)dt = hm


-^t-

when
is

< t^. x ^ 1.
bounded when 0<x^t^l,vre
shew that

To prove that the


Jo
f
t

integral

v+1

(J (w) Fh-i (tw)

- J v+l (tw)

(w)\

and then apply the arguments just used in order to approximate to the integral on the right the details of the analysis are left to the reader.
;

It has therefore been proved that, if


i

be

an arbitrary positive number, then

ct

V +x Tn (t, x) dt <U,
I

JO

where

U is independent of n,x

and

when

A ^ x 4 1, A ^ t ^ 1.

18*23]

FOURIER-BESSEL SERIES

589

These results constitute the necessary preliminary theorems concerning and we are now in a position to discuss integrals, involving T (t, x), n which occur in the investigation of the Fourier-Bessel expansion associated with an arbitrary function f(x).

Tn (t, x),

18*23.

The analogue of the Riemann-Lebesgue Lemma*.

such that x

that, if (a, b) is any part of the closed interval (0, 1), not an internal point or an end point of (a, b), then the existence and the absolute convergence of
is

We

shall

now prove

f**f(t)dt
J

a
oo

are sufficient to ensure that, as n


6

-*-

tf(t)Tn (t,x)dt

= o(l),

wherej

0<#<1.
will observe that this

The reader

theorem asserts that the only part of the

path of integration in
Jo

F tf(t)Tn {t,x)dt
,

which

is

of any significance, as n -* oo

is

the part in the immediate vicinity of

the point x.

convenient to prove the theorem in three stages. It is first supposed is bounded and that the origin is not an end point of (a, b). In the second stage we remove the restriction of boundedness, and in the third
It
is

that t*/(0

stage

we remove the
Let

restriction concerning the origin.

(I)

t-"f{t)

= F{t){*-<*),

the upper bound of \F{t)\ in (a, b) be K. Divide (a, b) into p equal parts by the points t1 t*, ...*,_, (t = a,t = b); and, after choosing an arbitrary p positive number e, take p to be so large that
let
, ,

and

2 ( Um - Lm ) (tm <m _ ) <


x

e,

where

^
f J

Um and Lm are the upper and lower bounds of F(t) in


^<0 = *(m-0 +
|

(t

m_

m ).

-(*)

so that

a>

m (t) $
|

Um - Lm in (tm_
|

m ).

It is then evident that

tf(t)Tn (t,x)dt =

*(*_,)

m=l

Jt m-i

f"

t"+*Tn (t,x)(t*-x?)dt

+ 1
* Cf.

t^Tn (t,x)(t*-a*) a)m (t)dt


b<l.

Modern Analysis,
it ie,

9-41.

t If

x=l,

of course, supposed that

'

590

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


18*21,

[CHAP. XVIII

and hence, by the inequalities (10) and (11) of

Sc^Kp
\\f{t)Tn {t,x)dt
J a

TTC<?A n (2

x b) \/x
4c
2

fm
Jtm -i

2 7rc 2

(2 - - 6) V#m=l
a;

that

is

to say

/>

'/(*)r.('.)'|<

1wtf( g
e

_,. t) vg[^f+'J^>)

Now

the choice of e fixes

when

(and therefore

has been chosen,

we

are at liberty to choose


suitable choice of
,

An

so large that

A n > 2Kp/e.

That

is

to say,

by a

A n we may make
7TC2 (2
2

the integral on the

left less

than

8 Cl

X b) *Jx
-*-

which

is

arbitrarily small.

this is the (II)

Consequently the integral iso(l)as^l n theorem to be proved.


is

oo

and

When F (t)
fi,

not bounded throughout


is

(a, b), let it

be possible to

choose r intervals

such that F(t)

bounded outside these intervals and

such that

\F(t)\dt<e.
/u.

When

lies in

one of the intervals

we use the
4c
2

inequality

l^ (P -^)r(^)l^ W(2 _;_ 6)-^,


and hence,
intervals
/*,

if

If is the upper bound of \F(t)\ in the parts of (a, 6) outside the by applying (I) to each of these parts, we have

If

we take

e sufficiently

small (thus fixing

K) and

sufficiently large,

we can make the expression on the


left) arbitrarily small,

then take n to be right (and therefore alsc

the expression on the


to

and

this is the result

which had

be proved.
rb

(III)

If

&f{t)dt

exists

and

is

absolutely convergent,

we can choose

Jo so small that

p ]<*/(<)
and then, since we have
n

\dt

<

e,

4 Cl2
Trc 2
2

\i tf(t)Tn (t,x)dt

(2

x b)<s/x J

-a-2

eft.

18*24]
it

FOURIER-BESSEL SERIES

591

follows from (II) that

\\f(t)Tn (t,x)dt
j

7rc 2

(2

8d2 x

\r + l)Kp
b) >Jx
(v, b)

3e

An
when the

2
intervals

where

is

the upper bound of \F(t)\ in

^ are

omitted.

Hence
Lebesgue
18*24.

it

follows that the expression

small by taking

sufficiently large,
is

on the left can be made arbitrarily and so the analogue of the Riemann-

Lemma

completely proved.

The Fourier- Bessel expansion.

now prove the following theorem*, by means of which the sum of the Fourier-Bessel expansion associated with a given function is determined
shall

We

Let f(t) be a function defined arbitrarily in the interval (0


<*/(*) dt exist
J

1)-

and

let

and (if it

is

an improper integral)
.

let it

be absolutely convergent.

Let

"m =

**

/8

v+i

, ~

\jm)

f tf(t)J(jmt) dt,
< a < b < 1 and

where v

+ > 0.

Let x be any internal point of an interval (a, b) such that such thatf(t) has limited total fluctuation in (a, b).
00

Then
is

the series
its

2
m=l

a m J v (jm x)

convergent and.

sum

is

We

first

observe that,

% \f(x + 0) +f(x 0)}. by 1'8-21, 1822,


Jo
f

m-\
J {/(*

2 am Jv (jm x) =
n-*oo

tf(t)Tn (t,x)dt,

~ 0) +/(* + 0)} = lim x~f(x - 0) f

J o

VT
1

(t,

x) dt

+ lim x~'f(x + 0) [\^Tn (t, x) dt.


Hence,
if

8* (*) s

V*

{IT' f(t)

- x-f(x - 0)} Tn (t, x) dt


+
*" +1

{-/()
as

- r*/(* + 0)} Tn (t, x) dt,


in order to establish the

it

is sufficient

to prove that

Sn (x)-+0
*00

n-oc

convergence of

2
to the

0>mJv (jmX)

sum \ {f(x + 0) +f(x - 0)}.


*

Hobson, Proe. London Math. Soc.

(2)

vn. (1909), pp. 387388.

592

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XVIII

We now

discuss
1

V+
.

[tr"f(t)

- xrf(x + 0)1 Tn (t, x) dt


in

J iX

in detail,

Sn (x)

in precisely the

and the reader can then investigate the other integral involved same manner.
total fluctuation in {a,

The function t~ v f(t) x~ v f(x+0) has limited and so we may write*

b),

where

(t) t~"f (t) - or* f(x + 0) = X* (*) functions of positive increasing bounded are an d Xi (0 X2 (0

in (x,

b),

such that

Xi(*+0)-#(* + 0)0.
Hence, when an arbitrary positive number positive number 8 not exceeding b x, such that
e is

chosen, there exists a

whenever x < t < x + We then have

8.

'V+i it- f(t) - ar*f{a

+ 0)} Tn (t, x) dt
0)}

-/x+S p+i r
|

f ( t ) _ a;/ (a; +
<" +1

Tn (t, x) dt
X+S fa;+a
1

ra;+8

'

J x

X! (0

Tn (t, x)dt-

***
X

>

x, (t) Tn (t, x) dt.

We now

obtain inequalities satisfied by the three integrals on the right.

from the analogue of the Riemann-Lebesgue lemma that the modulus of the first can be made less than e by taking n sufficiently large.
It follows

Next, from the second mean- value theorem and 8 such that between

it

follows that there is a

number

r
J X

+S
t+>

Xl

(t)

Tn (t, x) dt =

xx (*

+ 8) J

('*'

*" +1

Tn <* *> dt

>

*+f

and, by 1822, the modulus of this does not exceed 2Ue; and similarly the modulus of the third integral does not exceed 2Ue. By treating the integral and *ina similar manner, we deduce that, by taking n between the limits
sufficiently large,

we can make the

difference

between
0) +/(*-<>)}

S am J v {jm x) and } {/(* +


numerically less than (8Z7

+ 2)
00

e;

and

this is arbitrarily small.


series,

Hence, by the definition of an infinite


circumstances postulated,

we have proved
its

that, in the
is

2
m-l

am J v (jm x)

is

convergent and

sum

and

this is the

i {/(* + <>)+/<* -0)}; theorem to be proved.


* Cf.

Modern Analysis,

3-64.

18-25]
18*25.

FOURIER-BESSEL SERIES

593

The uniformity of tlie convergence of the Fourier-Bessel expansion.

Let f(t) satisfy the conditions enunciated in 1824, and also let/(<) be continuous (in addition to having limited total fluctuation) in the interval (a, b).

Then

the Fourier-Bessel expansion associated withf(t) converges

uniformly to

the sumf(x) throughout the interval (a

+ A, b A) where A is any positive number.

This theorem is analogous to the usual theorem concerning uniformity of convergence of Fourier series *; the discussion of the uniformity of the convergence of the Fourier-Bessel expansion near x = 1 and near x = requires
rather more careful consideration, in the
first

place because formula


it is

1822 (1) is

untrue when x
to

and in the second place because examine the bounds of


1,
t

not practicable

P^Tnit^dt,
Jo

when x and

are small, without using approximations for Bessel functions of

the second kind.

The difficulties in the case of the neighbourhood of x = 1 are easy to overcome (cf. 18-26); but the difficulties in the case of the neighbourhood of the origin are of a graver character and the discussion of them is deferred
;

to 18-55.

We shall prove the theorem concerning uniformity of convergence throughout

(a+ A, 6- A) by a recapitulation of the arguments


In the
first place,

of the preceding section.

choice of 8 which
(a

since continuity involves uniformity of continuity f, the was made in 18*24 is independent of x when x lies in

+ A, b -

A).

Next we

discuss such an integral as

f xJ
provided that

v+1

{'""/CO
x, it

~ *"/(*)} Tn (t, x) dt.


follows from the proof of the

Since 8 is independent of Lebesgue lemma ( 18-23) that

Riemann,

this integral tends to zero uniformly as n - oc

F
is

t+i{t-f(t)-x-''f(x)}dt

J x-\-6 X

a bounded function of x.

Now
11*1
l

l^r^^f^-^'f^)} dt U
I

\o

\t h f(t)\dt+\x-*f{x)\

[\+idt, Jo

and this is bounded in (a bounded in this interval.


* Cf.

+ A,

- A)

since f(x)

is

continuous and therefore

Modern Analysis,

9-44.

t Cf. Modern Analysis, 3 61. It is now convenient to place an additional (trivial) restriction on s, namely that it should be less than A, in order that the interval Ix- d, x + d) may lie inside the interval (a, b).

594

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XVIII

Similarly the other integrals introduced in 18*24 tend to zero uniformly,

and so
n

m=l

2 am J(jm x)-f(x)
,

tends to zero uniformly as w-oo

and

this proves the

theorem

stated.

18*26.

The uniformity of

the convergence

of the Fourier-Bessel expansion

near

x=l.

It is evident that all the terms of the Fourier-Bessel expansion vanish at

the point x
is zero.

= 1,

so that, at that point, the

sum

of the terms of the expansion

Since uniformity of convergence of a series of continuous functions involves


the continuity of the sum,
it is

evident that the condition

/(l-0) =
is

necessary in order that the convergence of the Fourier-Bessel expansion

associated with/(j5)

may be uniform near x = l.


that the conditions that f(x)

is to be continuous in conditions stated* in 18*24, the combined with (a, 1) and that /(l) is zero, throughout (a + A, 1). are sufficient for the convergence to be uniform

We

shall

now prove

The

analysis

is

almost identical with that of the preceding section;

we take

V+i
/,

\t-"f(t)

-x-f(x)}

Tn (t,x)dt,
into two parts (0,

just as before, and


(0,

we then

divide the interval (0, 1) either into three parts

8),

(x

8,

8,x + 8), (a* + 8, 1), if x ^ 1 8, or x ^ 1 8. And we then prove that the 1),. if
(x

8),

three integrals (or the two

integrals, as the case

may

be) tend uniformly to zero.


8t so that

Again,

when /(l) = 0, we can choose


\x~>f(x)\<6,

\f(x)\<

when

o\

$x$

1.

Then the expression

f{x)-x-f{x){\'^Tn {t,x) dt
Jo

tends uniformly to zerof as -*oo


expression does not exceed

when x
for

(U+l)e

lies in (a + A, 1 8J, and the any value of n when x lies in

(1-8,,
*

1).

The

interval (a, b)

is,

of course, to be replaced by the interval

(a, 1).

t Because the integral involved tends to x" uniformly throughout (A, 1

- S t ), by

18*21.

18-26, 18*27]

FOURIER-BESSEL SERIES

595

Hence we can make

f(x)-x-f{x)\\^Tn (t,x) dt
.'o
a; in (a + A, 1) by a choice of n which is independent of x\ and this establishes the uniformity of the convergence of

arbitrarily small for all values of

Jo
to the

\\f(t)Tn (t,x)dt

sum/(ar) in (a

+ A,

1) in the postulated circumstances.

18-27.

The order of magnitude of the terms

in the Fourier-Bessel series.

tvhere (a, b) is

It is easy to prove that, if t*f(t) has limited total fluctuation in (a, b), any part (or the whole) of the interval (0, 1), then

fjf(t)J v (\t)dt = 0(^j


as \-*-oo

From

this

theorem we at once obtain Sheppard's result* that

when 0<#$1;

this equation, of course, has a


series.

well-known parallel in the

theory of Fourier

We first observe that, as a consequence of the asymptotic expansion of 721,


I

r*

Mo
where
c is

t*Jv (t)dt <


t

c,

a constant, independent of

when

lies in

the interval

(0, oo

).

Now
in (a, 6);

write **/(*)

where fr(t) and and then a number exists such that

= >M0 ~ ">M0>

(t)

are monotonic

|
'

*i (0 ** <L (M) dt

= ^(a)
= 0(\-*).

J a

<*

Jv (\t) dt + ^ (b) f V /, (Xt) dt


Jf

<2c{|+i(a)|

+ |*i(6)|}X-
is

A similar result
If
it is

holds for

yfr2 (t),

and hence the theorem stated

evident.

known merely

that
rh

f t*f(t)dt
J a

and is absolutely convergent, then theorem that


exists
J a

all

that can be proved

is

the

*/(0 Jv (M) dt

= o (1/V\).
(1889), p. 247.

* Quarterly Journal,

xxm.

596
This theorem
is

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


due to W. H. Young*, and
it

[CHAP. XVIII
in precisely

may be proved
shall write

the same manner as the theorem of 18'23.

We

out the proof

when

t*f(t)

is

struct the proof,

when the
into

bounded, with upper bound K, and leave the reader to confunction is unbounded, on the lines of 1823.

Divide

(a, b)

equal parts by the points

tx

t2 , ...

t -, 1 -(t

, <p

= b),

and

let

the parts be so numerous that

2
r=l

{t

m m _i) ( Um L m) <

where

Um

and

Lm

are the upper and lower bounds of t*f{t) in

(t

m -i, tm ).

Next
and then
I

let

tlf(t)

F(t),

F(t) = F(tm^) +

oy

m (t),
tm

\\f{t)Jv (\t)dt\<K I
I

\Ja

m = l>

tU

(M)dt\+
I

J tm-i

m=l J['m-i

\tiJ v (\t)a} m (t)\dt

where

is

the upper bound of \t*J v

(t)\ in

the interval

(0, oo

).

reasoning resembling that used in and this is the theorem to be proved.

1-8-23,

the integral on the

left is o

Hence, by (Ar J ),

The theorems of

this section can be

made

to cover the closed interval

(0^#<

1) in the forms

This

is

evident

when

it is

remembered that

Hence

the general

term in the Fourier-Bessel series associated with fix)

tends to zero {after multiplication by Jx) throughout the interval (0 ^

x^

1)

if x*f(x) has an integral which is absolutely convergent ; and, if this function has limited total fluctuation, the general term tends to zero as rapidly as l/jm

18*3.

Th? application of the Hankel-Schlafli methods

to Dini's expansion.

We shall now consider a class of contour integrals by means of which we can obtain theorems concerning Dini's expansion, analogous to those which have been proved for Fourier-Bessel expansions, either in a direct manner or
by means of the corresponding theorems
00

for

Fourier-Bessel expansions.
is

The Dini expansion associated with/(#)

2
>

bmJrCkmX),

where \i,X 2 \ ...are the positive zeros (arranged in ascending order of magnitude) of the function *Jw'(z)+HJ.(z),
* Proc.

London Math.

Soc. (2)

rem.

(1920), pp.

169171.

18 * 3 ]

DINI SERIES

597

where

H and v are real constants, and


v

+ i^O.

The

coefficients bm are to

be determined by the formula

bm
.

f Jo

tJ* (Xnt) dt = [\f(t) Jv (\J) dt


Jo
l

so that

2\m*j tf(t)J(Km t)dt

Before proceeding further, we shall explain a phenomenon, peculiar to certain Dini expansions, which has no analogue in the theory of Fourier-Bessel
expansions.

The investigation of Dini expansions which has poles at the zeros of

is

based on properties of a function

z-{zj;{z) + HJv (z)};


and,

when

Further,
It
is

H+v= H+ v
if

0, this last function is

has a zero at the

origin.

negative, the function has two purely imaginary zeros.

only to be expected that these zeros should contribute to the terms of the series, and such a contribution in fact is made.
If
(1)

H+ v = 0, an initial term
2( J
/

+ 1)#"

[\+if(t)dt
Jo

has to be inserted on account of the zero at the origin.


If
initial

H+ v
term

is

negative and the purely imaginary zeros are ftX,, then an

K '

(V + P)/.

(5l.)-V/r (^)io
zeros + i\

/,

/()y, (V)Ctt
'

must be inserted on account of the

These initial terms in the respective cases will be denoted by the common symbol <%(#), so that the series which will actually be considered is

where <%(#>

is

# (*)+ m 2 bm J (K zero when U + v positive and


v
1

n x),
is

is

denned as the expression

(1) or (2) in the respective eases

H+v = 0, H + v<0.

[Note. The fact that an initial term must be inserted when ff+v=0 was noticed by Dini, Serie di Fourier (Pisa, 1880), p. 268, but Dini gave its value incorrectly, the factor xv being omitted. Dini's formula was misquoted by Nielsen, Handbuch der Theorie der
Cylinderfunktionen (Leipzig, 1904), p. 354. For corrections of these errors, see Bridgeman, Mag. (6) xvi. (1908), pp. 947948; Chree, Phil. Mag. t (6) xvn. (1909), pp. 329331 and C. N. Moore, Trans. American Math. Soc. x. (1909), pp. 419420.]
Phil.

' '

598

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XVIII

We now

consider the function

2wJy (xw) Jv (tw)

Jv (w) {wJJ (w) + HJV (/)}


This function has poles at ji,j2 ,j3
,

...,

Xj, Xa, X,,


is

...,

(0 or

i\o).

The residue

of the function

at^

2Jy(jm x)Jy{jm t)

The residue

at

\ m is 2XTO J, (Xmiv) Jv (\mt)

(Xm ) \\n JJ' (Xw)

+ JJ (Xm ) + H JJ (\m)}
2 \ m2 J y (\fnOC) J p (Xmt)
(
*

The residue

at the origin

X^ - VZ) JS (Xm ) + X Jy'^ (X^) when H+v = is


-4>(u + l)x"tv
.

The

residues at

i\ when H+j/is
(xa

negative are both equal to


a?)/y (XoQ

2X 2 /y (X

+ ir-) /,* (x ) - x 2 // (x
lies
;

Now
it is

let

Dn be

a number, which

not equal to any of the numbers jm numbers jm which does not exceed n

between X and X +1 so chosen that and let jjf be the greatest of the
,

Let

Sn (t,x; H) = 2

2J

m=l

^^~'^-S4

(x,t)

i>+i

\Jm)

2 2 m=l (Xw -I^)^ (^m)

2\^Jy(\m X)Jy(\m t) + KfJJ'iKd'


2 (*/.+ l)xv t* or

where 4

(x, t) is

defined to be

0,

2X 2 /p (A ar)/> (X

(V + v ) L
2

CK)

~X

//" (,Xo)

according as

H+

i>

is positive,

zero or negative.

Then, evidently,

m-1

2 am Jy ( m x) - JT

(x)

- t bm J
m=l

(Xnx) = f\f(f) Sn (t, x


JO

H) dt.
when

We

shall
1,

now prove a number of theorems leading up


the existence and absolute convergence of

to the result that,

< x<

Jo
are sufficient to ensure that, as n -* oo
,

tf{t)Sn (t,x;H)dt = o(l).


/:

18-31, 18*32]

DINI SERIES

599

This equation enables us to deduce the properties of Dini's series in respect of convergence* from the corresponding properties of the Fourier-Bessel
series.

18*31.

The contour integral for

8n (t, x

H).

It is evident from Cauchy's theory of residues that


<? *> n it

(t,x;ll)-

2wJ (xw)J (tw)dw H\- [ 2^]^^ Jv wy]w j; {w) + HJw


Dn+zoi
v
v

(t0)

1_
27rt

p
'

wi
f J -ooi

2wJv (xw)Jv (tw)dw


Jv (w) \wj; (w) + HJV (w)\
'

where the symbol P denotes Cauchy's principal value.' The integrand being an odd function of w, the second integral vanishes, and so we have

m K)
An
(2)

(t v nK
'

'

J_ [+"* 2wJ (xw)J,(tw)dw m_ ~2TriJ J (w){wJ '(w) + HJ


v

J)n - aDi

l>

,(w)}-

immediate consequence of

this formula (cf.


c3

1821)

is

that

|iS;<-U;10|*. (2-X-t)y/(xt)'
cs is

where

independent of

n,

x and

t.

Also

and hence
!/. o
,

t"+*Sv. n (t,x;H)dt\^

/-j
t.

(2-x-t)Dn ^/x'

where

c4 is

independent of n, x and

18*32.

The analogue for

Sn (t,

x;

H)

of the Riemann-Lebesgue lemma.


(a, b) is

We shall

now prove

the theorem that, if

any part (or

the whole)

of the interval

(0, 1), then the existence

and

absolute convergence of

J a I

"fif{t)dt
,

are sufficient

to

ensure that, as n -*- oo


b

f tf(t)8n (t,x;H)dt = o(l),


J a

provided that

< x < 1. And, if b< 1, the theorem is valid when < x $ 1. The proof has to be divided into three stages just as in the corresponding theorem ( 1823) for Tn (t, x). We shall now give the proof of the first stage, when it is supposed that t*f(t) is bounded and a > 0. The proofs of the redifficulty.
*

maining stages should be constructed by the reader without


Except
at the point

x=l.

600 Let

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


t-"f(t)

[CHAP. XVIII

=
>

F(t),

and

let

the upper bound of


(a, 6)

^(0

be

if.
t2 ...

Divide

into

p equal
p

parts

by the points t u

tp^. (t

= a,tp = b),

and, after choosing an arbitrary positive

number
t

e,

take p to be so large that


e,

1
where
Let
so that
|

Um - Lm) (tm -

m ~!) <

Um and L m are
a

the upper and lower bounds of F(t) in

(<*_!, TO ).

F(t)

= F (_,) + <o m (t),

m (t) ^
j

Um L m

in

( OT_i, TO ).

Then
tf(t)Sn (t,x:H)dt
/,

= I Fit^f**
Hence, by 1831,
/"

"Sn (t,x;H)dt + I f

W
t+*a> m

(t)Sn (t,x;H)dt.

^7
so large that
3

[2Kpc<

and

if

we now take n

Dn ec >2Kpc

we have

*/()

s ft * ff )
;

*
|

<

(g

_*.V
Hence the
integral on

and the expression on the right


the
left

is

arbitrarily small.

tends to zero as

n -*- oo

the reader has removed the restrictions concerning boundedness and the magnitude of a by the method of 18'23, the theorem is completely

When

proved.

As a

corollary, it should

be observed that
Cb

a*
j

tf(t)Sn (t,x;H)dt

tends uniformly to zero as w


if b
**

oo

when

^x^

1 if 6

<

1,

and when

^x

*S

-A

1,

where

is

an

arbitrary positive number.

18*33.

Dim 8

expansion of an arbitrary function.


is

immediate consequence of the result of the preceding section the existence and absolute convergence of the integral

An

that

\*f(t)dt
/,o

with/(#) behaves are sufficient to ensure that the Dini expansion associated (or summability), as the Fourierin the same manner, as regards convergence Bessel expansion throughout the interval (0 < x < 1).

18-33]

DINI SERIES
it is

601

For

evident that

M
uniformly to zero

(x)

N n + 2 &m /(Xm#)- 2 am Jr(jm x)


m 1
tn1
;

tends to zero as n -*-oo

when < a; < 1 when ^ x ^ 1 A.

and

this

sum

(multiplied

by

>Jx)

tends

Now,
(

since the
it

1523),

follows

numbers \ m and jm which exceed v are interlaced has the same value that Dw may be chosen so that n
| |

for all values of

after

a certain stage.
n

Therefore, since
x*

am Jv (jm x)~*0,

uniformly throughout

(0, 1),

we have proved that


n
v

2 xi{bm J (\m x)-amJ (jm M (x) + =1


v
,

x)}

tends to zero, as w-*-oo

uniformly throughout

(0, 1

A).

That

is

to say, the series


00

xi&
is

(x)+ 2 x*{bm Jv (\m x)-am Jv (jm x))


m=l
(0, 1

uniformly convergent throughout

A)

and

its

sum

is zero.

It follows from the 'consistency theorems' concerning convergent series*


that,
is

when the

(uniformly)

series is 'summed' by Cesaro's means, or any summable and its sum is zero.
'
'

similar method,

it

Hence, if for any particular value of x in the interval


00

(0, 1

A),

the series

m=l
series

2 xla m Jv(jm x)>


summable by some method), then
the

associated with f(x), is convergent (or is

X*M
is

(x)

+ 2 xtbnJ.Q^x)
m=l
the

convergent (or is
'sum.'

summable by

same method) and

the two series have the

same

And if, further, the Fourier-Bessel series (multiplied by \/x) is uniformly convergent (or uniformly summable) throughout an interval (a, b), where

Q^a<b<
formly summable) throughout
(a, b).

1,

then also the Dini series (multiplied by \/x) is uniformly convergent (or uni-

In particular, iif(x) has limited total fluctuation in

(a, b)

where

0^a<6< 1,
* Cf.

Bromwich, Theory of

Infinite Series, % 100.

w.

b. p.

20

602
then the series

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XVIII

m=l
converges to the

sum
* {/(* + <>)+/( -0)}
that

at all points

x such

a + A^x^b A, where
f(x)
is

is arbitrarily
6).

small ; and

the convergence is uniform, if

continuous in (a,

18*34.

The value of Dini's

series at

= 1.
sum
of Dini's

We
series

shall

now complete

the investigation of the value of the


;

by considering the point x = 1 and we shall prove the theorem, due to Hobson*, that, if/(a) has limited total fluctuation in the interval (a, 1), the sum of the Dini expansion at x = 1 is /(l 0).

We first write Tn {t,x; H)=Tn (t,x)-Sn {t,x; H)


=
and then we have
1

<J (r

A 4-

*?

2\wt2 J y (\m x) J v {\m t)

CB+"i W<f> (W, X) J, (tw) dw

Tn {t,x;H) = \
k

27rt'Ji>n _aoi

wJJ(w) + HJv (w)'

]D

+ " i w<l>(w,t)J v (xw)dw

2iri J Dn -9>i

w Jv
-

(w)

+ HJV (w)

'

where
</>

(w, x)

7T

[{w j; (w)

#/, (/)} 7, (#w)


of

{w
is

Y: (w) + HYV (v>)} J, (xw)].


valid

The former representation latter when 0< x< t^ 1.


[Note.
tions of

Tn (t,x\ H)
(t,

when 0<

< x^

1,

the

These representations of
(t,

Tn

Tn

x) given

by

18*21 (7)
-

and

Tn

(t,

x H) analogous
;

to 18 21 (6) is

x; H) are strictly analogous to the representa1821 (8) the fact that there is no formula for the reason why Dini series were discussed in 18-33

with the help of the theory of Fourier-Bessel

series.]

Now

consider the value of


'

f Jo
when

v+1

Tn (t,l;H)dt

< t < 1.

We

have

/V T(tlH)dt- lim
JJ-^oc

'

Dn+m
[

(M)^, (*)<**
WJ W
(W) +

Tl J Dn-Bi
-JTl

HJ

(W)

B^oo
* Proc.

Dn - Bi \wJ+i(w)

\WVJ

London Math.

Soc. (2) vii. (1909), p. 388.

18-34]

DINI SERIES
8, it

603

For any given positive value of bounded function of t in the interval

follows from

1821 that
1

this is

(S, 1).

When
.

** t *S

h, it

is

(1/Dn).

And when t =

1, it

has the limit 1

when n-*oo

It follows that

I bm J S (1) +=i
write

(\ m )

-/(l -

0)

V' {r"/(0 -/(l - 0)} Tn

(*,

H) dt.

Jo

Since t~"f(t) /(l 0) has limited total fluctuation in (a, 1) we may it in the form X\ (0 ~~ X* (0> where X\ (0 and X* (0 are bounded positive
t

decreasing functions of

such that

Xi(i-o)=x*(i-<>)=o.
number
Hence, given an arbitrary positive number B, not exceeding 1 a, such that
e,

we can choose

a positive

whenever

8 **

$ 1.

We
f

then have
1

V+

[t-"f(t)

-/(l - 0)}

Tn {t,l;H) dt
0)} T(*,l;

Jo

= P~V> {*-7(0-/(l
Jo

5)*
;

+ P <" +1 X* (0 T* (* l\H)dt-C t " +1 x, (0 TM (*, 1 #) cfc. Ji-s Ji-


By arguments
right
is

similar to those used in 18*24, the first integral on the


;

o(l) as w-*oo

and neither the second nor the third exceeds

2elim
in absolute value
(cf.

f +1 Tn (t,l; H)dt
is arbitrarily

18*24),

and this expression

small.

It follows that

lim f
n-^at>J

+1

{f'f(t) -/(l

- 0)} Tn (t, l;H)dt = 0,


beginning

and so we have proved


of this section,

that, in the circumstances postulated at the

m=l
converges to the

sum /(l 0).

This discrepancy between the behaviours of Dini series and of Fourier Bessel series ( 18*26) is somewhat remarkable.

604
18*35.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


to

[CHAP. XVIII

The uniformity of the convergence of Din%s expansion in an interval

extending

x= 1.
series

Because Dini

do not vanish identically at x

1, it

that /the condition that f(x) is continuous* in existence and absolute convergence of

(a, 1),

seems not unlikely combined with the

\\*f(t)dt,
Jo

and the condition that f(x) has limited


sufficient to

total fluctuation in (a, 1),

may

be

ensure the uniformity of the convergence of the Dini expansion

in (a

+ A,

1).
is,

We

shall prove that this


for

in fact, the case.

The reason

the failure in the uniformity of the convergence of the


(

Fourier- Bessel expansion

18*26) near

was the

fact that

v+ *T (t,x)dt \ t n

Jo

does not converge uniformly to xv in (A,

1),

as

was seen in

1822.

We

shall

prove that, on the contrary,


t
t"

+l

Jo

Tn (t,x;H)dt
1),

does converge uniformly to xv in (A,

and the cause of the

failure is

removed.

consideration of

difficulty that the

1826 should then enable the reader to see without Dini expansion converges uniformly in (a + A, 1).

It is easy to see, from 18*34, that

Jo
is

\ t*+*Tn

(t,x\H)dt

the

sum

of the residues of

v+l 7rt

[{wj; (w) + HJ V (w)} F+1 (too)

at \ lt

Xjj, ...,

\, plus half the residues


t

- {w YJ (w) + HYV (w)} J+1 (tw)] x J (xw)l{wJJ (w) + HJ V (/)}, or + iko if H + v < 0. at
x;

Hence
is

v+1

Jo

Tn

(t,

H) dt

the

sum

of the residues of

- (2/w) (H + v) J v (xw)l{ivJ v
and hence, when

'

(w)

+ HJV (w)),

< x ^ 1,
,

n
t>

+1

m r v T n (t,x; H)dt = x
*

H +r-\ v

z, +0*'
f

Jw (xw) dw r//\ Lu r

\ l

Without

restriction

on the value of /(l - 0).

18-35, 18-4]

DINI SERIES
is

605

and the integrand on the right*

of the order of

magnitude of

eip{-(l-)|J(t0)l]
and so the integral on the right converges uniformly when A ^ x $ 1. That is to say
to zero like l/(Dn Jx)

l t"^Tn {t,x;H)dt
1); and we have just seen that this is a sufthe uniformity of the convergence of the Dini series associated with/(<) to the sum f{x) in (a + A, 1) under the conditions postu-

converges uniformly to xv in (A,


ficient condition
for

lated concerning f{t).


18*4.

The

differentiability

of Fourier-Bessel expansions.

In the earlier part of this chapter we obtained an expansion which, when written in full, assumes the form

We
is
(2)

shall

now study

the circumstances in which, given this expansion,

it

permissible to deduce that

/'(#)

= 2 am jmtV Jv'(jm>v x).


m=l
is

This problem was examined by Fordf, and his investigation to Stokes' researches on the differentiability of Fourier series^.
Ford also investigated the
differentiability of Dini's expansion

analogous

when

H=-v,

but his

method

is

not applicable to other values of H.

It is evident that

we can prove the

truth of (2)

if

we can succeed

in

proving that
( 3)

= - 2 am jm>y J / (*) - ^/(*) x m-l


positive zeros of

v+1

(jmtV x);

and the numbers jm>v are the

JT~* l#JV+, (*) + (*

+ 1) Jr+i (*)}.

Now we know thatf(x)-(v/x)f(x)

admits of the Dini expansion

inside

any interval in which the function has limited

fluctuation, provided that

fy{f'(t)-j/(t)\dt
exists
*

and

is

absolutely convergent.

The term

in

is infinite; this

wJv'(w) is more important than the term in Jv (w) except in the Uviit when shews clearly the reason for the difference in the behaviour of the Dini expansion
% Cf. Modern Analysis, 9-31.

from that of the Fourier-Bessel expansion (cf. 18-26). t Trans. American Math. Soc. vr. (1908), pp. 178184.

606

THEORY OF BBSSEL FUNCTIONS


The
coefficients 6m are given

[CHAP. XVIII

by the formula

bm

=
{

*iV* Jo I V' (*) " "/(*)} J*+i ijm.pt) dt Wi (>,,) +j*m,*J'\+1 (i,r) JV - (" +

7v^)/o S r
*

r+V- <^<>*
I" jm,v
*/(*) Jv (jm,yt) dt\
jo

= j-

/
Q,

</() *A.+i O'm,^)


J

Jm,v

wu

provided that

tf{t) Jv+1 (jm

t)\

= 0.

Sufficient conditions that this


(i)
(ii)
(iii)

may be

the case are

t***f(t)~0 as t+0,

/(l-0) = 0,
f(t)
is

continuous in the open interval in which

< t<

1.

These conditions combined with the existence and absolute convergence of

are sufficient to ensure the truth of (2) in any interval in which

has limited total fluctuation.

18*5.

The summahility of Fourier-Bessel

series.

consideration of the values of the coefficients in the Fourier-Bessel

series associated with f(<c)>

integral, suggests that it is

combined with the expression of Tn (t, a) as a contour no easy matter to discuss by direct methods the question of the summability, by Cesaro's means, of the Fourier-Bessel expansion.
It
is,

however, very easy to investigate the summability when the method


is

of Riesz*

used to 'sum' the

series,

and then the summability (01) can be

inferred with the help of quite elementary analysis.

The expression which method of Riesz is


lira

will

be taken as the 'sum' of the series by the

I (l-if)am Jv {jm xy,


be said to be sum-

and when mable (R).

this limit exists, the Fourier-Bessel series will

It is evident that
l

(1)

I (l-i?)a m J,(jm x)=f tf(t)Tn (t,x\R)dt,


* Cf.

Hardy, Proc. London Math. Soc.

(2)

ym.

(1910), p. 309.

18*5, 18*51]

FOURIER-BESSEL SERIES

607

where
(2)

Tn (t,x\R)= i

(i

- ip) -^ (}?*>/: [* m l)

and so it will be convenient to discuss the properties of Tn (t, x R) after the manner of 1822 before we make further progress with the main problem.
j

18*51.

Theorems concerning
is

Tn (t, x

R).

When Tn (t, x\R)


function of
t

and

x,

and so we

defined by equation (2) of 18'5, it is a symmetric shall proceed to establish the properties of the

function on the hypothesis that

corresponding properties when


results already obtained.

^ t^ x ^ 1, and we can then write down the < <r *% *% 1 by interchanging t and x in the
is

We

first

observe that

Tn (t, x R)
|

the

sum

of the residues of

(l

~) [J*{w) Y

(xw)-Jv {xw)

Y(w))

j^

For brevity we write

w {J, (w) Yp (xw) Jv (xw) Yp (w)) = 4> (w, x),


and then
it is

obvious that,

when* t < x,

ZlJAn->i\

AJ

Jp (w)

since 4> (w, x)

Jp (tw)/Jp (w)

is

an odd function of vk

We

shall

now

obtain some upper bounds for


|

both when w is imaginary axis

Jp (tw)jjy (w) on the line joining A n oo i to A n + oo


4> (w, x)
|

i,

and when

is

the formulae which will be discussed are valid

when

on the ^x^ 1

and

^t%

1,

the sign of x t being immaterial.

To obtain these inequalities, we shall use series of ascending powers of w when w\ is not large, and inequalities derived from the formulae of Chapter vn when w is not small.
|

When
.

$.

.r,

the integrals taken along the lines joining


is

as

B - ao

There

no need

to

make an

iB to A n ill do not tend to zero indentation at the origin, because $ (w, x) is analytic at

the origin.

608

THEORY OF BESS EL FUNCTIONS

|CHAP.

XVm

We first
(1)

deal with the factor

Jv (tw)/Jy (w). We
|

observe that*

J, (tw)

Jy{W)

<^exp{-<l-t)

I(w)\}

when

is

on either contour; this follows from inequalities of the type


|

18*21 (9) when w is not small, and from the ascending series not large (i.e. less than jm).
|

when

is

We

next consider 4> (w, x), which

is

equal to

\iw \HJ (w)


it
is

H (xw) - H. (xw) H (w)}


function, the

convenient to

former being valid


(I)
7

make two investigations concerning this when \ ^ v ^ \, the second when v ^ \.


is

The

first

investigation h

quite simple.

It follows from 3*6


oism

and

33 that
(2)

^.-(^K^J.i^-^K^g-jjJ
I I
j

pixw

J.

for all the values of

and x under consideration when


f

\^v^\

Hence

(3)
(II)

|*< *)|<^exp{(l-*)|/()|}.

When

>

\ and

ascending series for


(4)

w is not large, it is easy to deduce J (w), Yv (w), Jv (xw) and Yv (xw) that
| |

from the

\^(w,x)\<ks \w\x-".
|

If

is

not small,

we use the

inequalities (deduced from 7*33)


1

(5)

iW'WK^-

|ff,.()|<*gp.

together with the inequalities

W
|

<\H.n (aw)\<ki {\xw\-* + \xw\-'>}\ei>\, \\H(xw)\<ki \\xw\^ + \xw\-'')\e-*ev>\.


and
7*33 that the inequalities (6) are true

It follows from 3'6

whether

xw
I

is

large or not.
1

Hence,
|

(7)

<P (w, x)

< k2 kt {*"* + <*r'\w '} exp {(1 - x) I (w)


I*
\

},

when v>\ and

is large,

whatever be the magnitude! of \xw\.


(3), (4)

If we now combine the results contained in formulae deduce that, whether ^%v^\ or v^^,
(8)
1

and (7) we

4> (w, *)

< h (ar* + x) exp {(1 - x) / (w)\


j

},

* It is supposed that the

their values

numbers Jtj, k^, is , ... are positive and independent of w, x and may, however, depend on the value of v.

t;

f Provided of course that

x ^ 1.

18*51]

FOURIER-BESSEL SERIES
is

609
(1), it follows

when
that
(9)

any point of either contour and

< x ^ 1. Hence, by

\^{w,x)
I

O v \W)

^\<hr^(^ + x-')^\-{x-1^\I{^\\,
i

when

^ x ^ 1 and
and +

Q^.t^.1.
to the integral formula for

We now return
A n iv
deduce that, when

iv in

the

first

Tn (t, x R). If we replace w by and second contour integrals respectively, we


\

^t<x^

1,

ir.ft.|ji)i<^(^ +

^)j;^.*-*g+^.
(ot<*i),
t

We

have consequently proved the two inequalities


|r.(*,|iJ)i< -j _ (x
|j..

(io)

(ii)
It is to
|

yj |<gffi^ tt .| a)
is

<o<.<i).
and
t,

be remembered that k6
|

independent of
so.

a:

so that

we may

make x t tend
One
of

to zero, if

we

desire to do
is

other pair of inequalities


|

required in order to discuss the behaviour

Tn (t, x R) when

x and

are nearly equal.

To obtain them, we
i

write

r-< t "' B
when
vertices

1 )-si( -2;)*<" '>-^(5r'


is

^ < a? ^ 1
+ iA n
,

in this integral the contour


.

taken to be a rectangle with

A n iA n

easy to see that (9) is satisfied whether w be on the horizontal sides or on the vertical sides of this rectangle and the factor 1 (iv/A n ) does not
It
is
;

exceed

V2

in absolute value at

any point of the contour.

Consequently the modulus of the integrand does not exceed


k,1r* (x-l

+ x~) V2
6A n we
,

and since the length of the contour


(12)

is

infer that,

when O^t-^x^.

1,

\^MB)\< ZA " k^f->


when
$ x $ t^
\

and

similarly,

1,

(13)

Tn (t,x\R)\<^!^^.
enable us to discuss adequately

The

last four inequalities are sufficient to

The reader will observe that the consideration of small values of x has increased the length of the analysis to an appreciable but not to an undue extent.

the summability (R) of Fourier- Bessel series.

610
18*52.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


The analogue of Fejer's theorem.

[CHAP. XVIII

We

can now prove that the existence and the absolute convergence of
l

Jo

ftf{t)dt

are

sufficient to

ensure that the Fourier-Bessel series associated with f(t) is

summable (R) /(# 0) exist.

at all points

x of the open

interval (0, 1) at which the two limits

And

the

sum (R) of the

series is

*{/<* + Q)+/(*-0)}.
This theorem
series.
is

obviously the analogue of Fejer's theorem* concerning Fourier

Since f a series which


that,

is

convergent is

summable

(R), it follows from 18'35

when

<x<
lira

1,

t>

+l

Tn (t,x\R)dt=

lim

V*

Tn (t,

R) dt
|

Hence
lim

it

follows that,
+i

when the

limits /(a:

+ 0)

exist,

then

X
n - oo J(o
t''

Tn (t,x\R)x-'f(x-0)dt+
now

lim (\'+ 1
n-*>oo J x

Tn (t,x\R)x-'f(x + 0)dt
R), defined as

We

are

in a position to consider the

sum Sn (x
n (t,
|

I 1 \ m=l (

- 2p) a m Jv (jm x) -"/

JO
f

VT
1

x R) x~"f(x - 0) dt x R) x~"f(x + 0) dt,


|

and we
large.
.

t*+ l

Tn

(t,

shall prove that it can

be made arbitrarily small by taking n

sufficiently

The sum 8n (x R)
\

is

equal to
(t,

f jo

V {t~'f(t) - x->f(x - 0)} Tn


l

x\R)dt

+
positive

f
J X

v+l

{tr"f(t)

- ar'f(x + 0)} Tn (t, x\R)dt.

Now, on the hypothesis that the limits f(x 0) exist, if we choose an arbitrary number e, there exists a positive number J 8 such that - *-v f{x + 0) < e, (x^t^x + f *-7(0
I j

8),

ll

t- v f(f)

~ r*f{x - 0) < e,
|

(x

> t> x -

S).

We

now choose a
8,

positive function of n, say

sufficiently large values of n,

o- (n), which is less than 8 for and divide the interval (0, 1) into six parts by

the points x
* Cf.

x a (n),
X It
is

x.

Modern Analysis,

9*4. t Cf. Modern Analysis, 8-43. convenient to take 8 less than x and 1 - x.

18*52]

FOURIER-BESSEL SERIES
(0,

611

In the intervals
(x

8),

(x

8,

x a (n)) and also in the intervals

+ <r (n), x + 8), (x + 8, 1) we

use inequalities of the form given in


(x,

1851 (10)

and (11); and in the intervals (x <r(n), x), of the form given in 1851 (12) and (13).
It is thus found that

x+

<r(n))

we use

inequalities

\Sn (x\R)\ does not exceed

^^it^ sr

* /(t) - tv+ * x~ v/{x

)} dt
>

2k6 (xri + x-) r f*-'

V*dt

3A^

f*

tv+i dt

+ -, A-*V_ &*Jx}f
n

Zk6

(*'

+*

{*"/(*>
1

- *-/(* + 0)}

dt.
I

x +*

For any given value of e (and therefore of 8), the first and last terms in this expression can be made arbitrarily small by taking n sufficiently large, on
account of the convergence of

n
\t*f(t)\dl
/;

The remaining terms do not exceed


2ke e(3x-* + x-')
f

An
and,
if

U(n)

3A n*a(n))
V2
n,

J'

small as

we take <r(n) = 1/A n we please by taking

this is

independent of
small

and

it

can be made as

e sufficiently

initially.

We
|

Sn (x R)
|

can therefore make the intermediate terms in the expression for as small as we please by taking e sufficiently small, and when this
|

has been done, the

first

and

last

terms can be made as small as we please by

taking n sufficiently large.

That

is

to say, \Sn (.x\R)\ can be

made

arbitrarily small

by taking n

sufficiently large, so that

lim

Sn (x\R) = Q.

Hence
lim

n~oom = l\

i(l-2p) a m Jv (jm x) = x->f(x - 0)


-n-nl

lim
>

f
J

Tn (t, x\R)dt

+ x~"f(x + 0)
since the limits on the right exist.

lim
n-oo

f"H
f Jx

Tn (t,x\R)dt,

612

THEOKY OF

BESSE.L FUNCTIONS
is

[CHAP. XVIII
,

Since each of the limits on the right proved that

equal to

\xv

it

has

now been

2 am Jv (jm x)
summable (R) with sum l\f(x + 0) +f(x - 0)} provided that the f{x 0) exist and this is the theorem to be established.
is
;

limits

As a

corollary, the reader should


(a, b),

continuous in

be able to prove without difficulty that, if f(t) is the summability (R) is uniform throughout the interval in which
is

a + A^x^.b-A, where A
18*53.
origin.

any positive number.

Cf. 18*25.

Uniformity of summability of the Fourier- Bessel series near the

We shall now examine the uniformity of the summability (R) of the Fourier-Bessel expansion throughout an interval of which the origin is an
end-point.
tiplied

It will be supposed that the expansion is modified by being multhroughout by </x, and it will then be proved that, if t~"f(t) is con-

tinuous in the interval (0, 6), then the modified expansion is uniformly throughout (0, b A), where A is any positive number.

summable

Given

e,

we can now choose

8 (less than

A)

so that

whenever

x-8^t^x+8 and

> 0, provided

that

lies in (0, b

- A).
may be

Since continuity involves uniformity of continuity, this choice of 8

taken to be independent of x.

We

now

write

Sn (x\R) =
|

V> \r*f{t) - x~"f(x)} Tn


\

(t,

x\R)dt

and then examine x*Sn (x R)

after the

manner

of 18'52.

We

express x*Sn (x

R)

as the

sum

of six integrals (some of which are to


{ j
)

be omitted when x <

* (

8),

and we see that x*Sn (x R) does not exceed

A n 8*

'>rnrvw--/(.)|i* Jo
+ An (t-*y V2 U.- x+ (n) +s r sAj dt 4^5 [ dt + r
2kt e (x*+* + x)
["

f* -<-<*>

dt

3A n*

r*

I dt

J.. rW

A n LV 2
/Li.

!* + ,in)(t-xYJ

r\

xi

\{t- y f(t)-*-f(*)}\dt.

In this formula any of the limits of integration which are negative are supposed to be replaced by zero.

18*53, 18*54]

FOUBIER-BESSEL SERIES
upper bound
for
|

613

Now

this

x*Sn (x R) does not exceed


j

and, since x~"f(x)


arbitrarily small

is bounded (because it is continuous,), this can be made by a choice of n which is independent of x.


j

Consequently x*Sn (x R) tends to zero uniformly as n -*-

oo

Now

it

has already been shewn


at
f

(
1

18 22) that
-

F+

Tn (t,x)dt
so,

Jo
is

uniformly convergent in

(0, 1

A), and

since uniformity of convergence

involves uniformity of summability,

x*-f(x) f t v+l Tn (t, JO


tends uniformly to xi f(x) in
(0, b

x\R)dt

A).
(t,x\R)dt
R)dt,

Hence, since xi Sn {x\R) tends to zero uniformly,


xi [ tf(t)Tn

Jo

tends uniformly to x*-"f(x)


It has therefore

t"

+1

Jo

Tn (t, x

i.e.

to x*f(x) in (0, b

- AY

been proved that


OO

TO = 1

2 am x*Jv (jm x)

is

uniformly summable (R) in

(0, b

A)

with

sum

x*f{x), provided that

.'o

fV<o dt
and that
t~ v f(t)
is

exists

and

is

absolutely convergent,

continuous in (0,6).

18*54.

Methods of summing Fourier- Bessel


' '

series.

We
series*

shall

now investigate various methods of summing the Fourier- Bessel

2
m=0

a m xlJv (j m x)
(ii)

on the hypotheses

(i)

that the limits /(a,- + 0) exist,

that

j\if(t)dt

exists

and

is

absolutely convergent, and

(iii)

that the series

is

summable

(R).

It conduces to brevity to write

fm {x)

in place

oia m x*Jv {j w x), so


lies in (0, 1).

that/,,, (x)

tends uniformly to zero


*

1827) as m-^oo when x

The

factor x^ is inserted merely in order that the discussion

may

cover the investigation of

uniformity of summability near the origin.

614
Consider
first

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


the limit
lim
n - qo

[CHAP. XVIII

I
m

(l-k)fm (x)
1

Jn/
(of Riesz' type) for

which gives the most natural method


Since (jH /A n )

summing

the series.

l, it is

evident that

lim
exists

I (4lLZh\ fm(x) I

and

is

equal to lim

(l-Mfm

x).

Again, since/n (a?) = o(l),

it is

easy to see that


n

m=\
so that

2 fm(x) = o(n),

w--ac \

Jn

m=l

and therefore
lim

I (l-k)fm{x)=

li

m | (i_is) /m(a );
.

the limit on the right exists in consequence of the hypotheses made at the beginning of the section.

Again, since
Jn

whether

m be

o{n) or 0(n),
lim

it

follows that

2,(f-)/.W=o.

and

so

lim

(l-^/M (*)=lim lllJf)fm {x).


<x<
1)

Consequently the hypotheses that the limits f(x 0) exist (0


that the integral

and

Jo
exists

and

is

absolutely convergent are sufficient to ensure that


00

m=l
is

2 am xljv (jm x)

summable (C

1) with

sum #* {f(x + 0) +/(.# 0)}.


is

By the same
is

reasoning, if /(a?)

continuous in

(a, 6),

uniform in (a + A, 6
is

A)

and, if a
(0, b

and i~*f{t) has a limit as

the summability (C 1) -* 0, the

summability (C 1)

uniform in

A).

18-55, 18-56]
18*55.
origin.

FOTTBIER-BESSEL SERIES

615

Uniformity of convergence of the Fourier-Bessel expansion near the

We
of

has limited

can now prove, by using Hardy's convergence theorem*, that, if ^ fit) total fluctuation in (0, b), while f(t) is also subject to the conditions 18-53, then

1 am x*Jv (jm x)
JB=1
is

uniformly convergent in

(0, b

A)

with

sum

x*f(x).

equal to zero in

Let h {t) be an auxiliary function defined to be equal to f(t) in (0, b) and (6, 1); and let the Fourier-Bessel series associated with h(t) be
eo

w=l
co

Then, by
(0, 6

18*54,

m=l

S am x*Jv (jm x) is uniformly summable (01) throughout


( 18*27),

A)

with sum xlf(x), and, by Sheppard's theorem


is

a mlJjm

is

0(l/m), while (jm x)lJv (jm x) Hardy's convergence theorem,

a bounded function of

a;

and m. Hence, by

m=l
is

uniformly convergent throughout

(0, 6

A),

with

sum

x*f(x).

Again

(am

-aJJJ. (jm x) = ** [ V() Tn ft a) <fc


A)
as n-*-oo

and this tends uniformly to zero in (0, b Riemann-Lebesgue lemma ( 18*23).


n

by an analogue of the

Hence

2,

am x*Jv (jm x) tends uniformly


is

to the

sum

x*f(x) in

(0, 6

A)

as

n~*~x; and this

the theorem to be established.

18 56.

Summability of Dini

series.

Except when x = 1, the summability (G 1) of the Dini series associated with 18*53. f(t) may be inferred by combining the results of 18*33 and 18*51

all

points x such that

The summability (01) may, however, be established independently f for < x $ 1 by replacing A n and the functions Jv (w) and

wY

F (w), which occur in 18*5, by y (w) and n and the functions wJJ (w) + to the analysis may be left the of details the respectively; HY (w) (w) + v reader, and he will find that when x = 1 the expression \ {f(x + 0) +f(x - 0>]
'

HJ

must be replaced by/(l


* Cf.

0).
8-5.

Modern Analysis,

t Of course on the hypotheses concerning f(t) which were assumed in 18-53.

616

THEORY OF BBSSEL FUNCTIONS


The uniformity
of the summability in the interval (a
(a, 1)

[CHAP. XVIII

is

continuous in

may be

dealt with in the


18*33, 18*35.

+ A, 1) when f(x) same way as the uniformity

of convergence

was dealt with in

The summability of Dini series (and of Fourier- Bessel series) by a modifimethod is of some physical importance. Thus, in Fourier's* problem of the Conduction of Heat in an infinite solid cylinder of radius unity,
cation of Abel's

the temperature v at distance r from the axis satisfies the equation

dv __, (d 2v 1 dv dt~ \dr 2+ rdr

with the boundary condition

if

the initial distribution of heat

is

symmetrical.
satisfying

Normal

solutions of the differential equation

the boundary-

condition are
J*
(*-m?\)

exp (.- k'kmH),

and so the temperature v

is

given by the series f

m=\

2 brnJoQ^r) exp (~k\mH),


be determined from the consideration that
00

where the

coefficients bm are to

is

that the initial temperature

the Dini series associated with the initial temperature f(r). It is expressible as
00

is

evident

lim

2 6m J (Xm r)exp(-A-\TO
the Dini series
is

);

and

this limit exists

when

summable

(R).

18*6.

The uniqueness of Fourier- Bessel

series

and Dini

series.

It has

been shewn by YoungJ that the existence and the absolute con-

vergence of
Jo are sufficient to ensure that if all the coefficients a m of the Dini series (or the Fourier- Bessel series) associated withf(t) are zero, then the function (t) must be a null-function.

*
xii.

La

(1906), pp.

Theorie Analytique de la Chaleur (Paris, 1822), 306320. Cf Rayleigh, Phil. Mag. {6) 106107 [Scientific Papers, v. (1912), pp. 338339] ; and Kirchhoff, Berliner
.

Sitzungsberichte, 1883, pp. 519

524.
H

> 0, and so there is no initial term to be inserted. t In this physical problem, t Proc. London Math. Soc. (2) xvni. (1920), pp. 174175.

18-6]

FOURIER-BESSEL SERIES
this

617
...,

To prove

theorem we observe that, when p

= 0, 1, 2,

we may write

i-HrH- 5 am tiJAjm t),


where the
coefficients

am are determined by the formula


*'

Um =

7r4n P tv+ P+1J (i *+i\Jm)Jo


*

*) dt;

and the series on the right converges uniformly in (0, 1 - A) and oscillates boundedly in (1 A, 1). It is therefore permissible to multiply the expansion y **/(*) and integrate term-by-term.
It follows that

JO

f\+n>+*f(t)dt=

m=0

5 am \\f{t)Jv {jm t)dt


JO

= 0.
Since
all

the integrals

n
t'

+w f(t)dt

Jo

(p 1,2,3,...)

are zero, it follows that t"f(t) is a null-function, by Lerch's theorem*, and the theorem stated is proved for Fourier-Bessel series. The theorem for Dini

can be proved in precisely the same way, and it is theoretically simpler because the Dini series associated with t" +*> does not foil to converge uniformly in (1 A, 1).
series

It is possible to construct a theory of series of Bessel functions of the types


<3C

00

2 am Jv (jm x),

bm

(\ m x),

(where the coefficients am and bm are any constants) which resembles Riemann's theory of trigonometrical series f.

Such a theory

is,

however, more directly associated with Schlbmilch's


;

which will be discussed in Chapter xix seems convenient to defer the examination of the series
ao oo

series of Bessel functions,

and

it

m-l

2 am J {jm x),
-

m-1

X bm Jv (km x)

by Riemann's methods

to 19 7, when the discussion of the series forms a simple corollary to the discussion of Schlomilch series.
* Lerch,

Acta Mathematica, xxvn. (1903), pp. 345347


Cf. 12-22.

pp.

3743.

Yoang, Messenger, xl. (1910)

t Cf. Modern Analysis, 9*6

9632.

CHAPTER XIX
SCHLOMILCH SERIES
19*1.

Schlomilch' s expansion of

a function of a

real variable.

In Chapter
real variable

xvm

we

dealt with the expansion of a function f(x) of the


00

in the form

f(x) =

2 am J {jm x),
that, for large values of

where jm

is

the with positive zero of

J (z), so jm = (m + \v - i) 7T +

m,

(1/m).
in

That

is

to say, the
is

the series

argument of the Bessel function in a term of high rank approximately proportional to the rank of the term.

In this chapter we shall discuss the series in which the argument of the Bessel function in each term is exactly proportional to the rank of the term. By choosing a suitable variable, such a series may be taken to be
3D

2 OmJyimx).
It will appear subsequently that it is convenient to

(19-11;

cf.

1833); and the analysis


first

is

simplified

add an by making a

initial

term

slight modi-

fication in the

form of the coefficients in the series (19'2).


investigated

Series of this type were

by Schlomilch*. They are not

of such great importance to the Physicist as Fourier-Bessel series, though

they present themselves naturally in the investigation of a periodic transverse vibration of a twodimensional membrane, if the vibration is composed of an unlimited number

Rayleighf has pointed

out that (when v

= 0)

of equal one-dimensional transverse vibrations uniformly distributed in direction

through the two dimensions of the membrane.

Apart from applications the series present various features of purely mathematical interest; and, in particular, it is remarkable that a null-function can be represented by such a series in which the coefficients are not all zero
(19-41).

In some respects the series are more amenable to analysis than FourierBessel series, but the two types of series have many properties in common; and the reader will be right when he infers from a comparison of the arguments jm x and mx that the relevant range of values of x is (0, ir) for Schlomilch series, corresponding to the range (0, 1) for Fourier-Bessel series.
* Zeitschrift

fUr Math, und Phya. n. (1857), pp. 155158


(6) xxi. (1911),

Schlomilch considered only the

special cases

r=0 and r = l.
pp.

t Phil Mag.

567571

{Scientific Papers, vi. (1920), pp.

2225].

19-1, 19-11]

SCHLOMILCH SERIES
a
series

619

19*11.
zero.

Schlomilch's expansion in

of Bessel functions of order

We now state and prove the expansion theorem discovered by Schlbmilch. The theorem is concerned with the expansion of an arbitrary function f(x) of the real variable x, and, with modern terminology, it is to the following
effect:

Letf{x) be an arbitrary function, with a derivate (x) which is continuous in the closed interval (0, v) and which has limited total fluctuation in this

interval.

Thenf{x) admits of the expansion


CCr

(!)

/(#) = \a

+ 2 am J

(mx)

where
o

= 2/(0) + 2 [ n [**
/
/

[' f 7TJ0 JO

uf(u sin
<f>)

<j>)

d<bdu,

(2)

m = and
this

uf (u sin

cos raw d<f>du;

{m >

0)

expansion
tt).

is valid,

and

the series is convergent, throughout the closed

interval (0,

Schlomilch's investigation

is

based on a discussion of the integral equation

(3)

/(*) =

-[% (* sin 0)d0,

of which he proved that a continuous solution is

(4)

g (x) =/(0) + x["f(x sin <f>) d$.


Jo

proceed to verify that the function g (x) defined by (4) actually is a solution of (3); we substitute the value given by (4) in the expression on the right of (3), and then we see that

We

-J o

g(xam6)de =
7r j o

/(0) + x sin 6 2x

f (x sin
<f>)

sin

<f>)

d<f>

\d6

-/() +

J
x

ft" ft*

f (x sin 6 sin

sin0 d<f>dd.

Now

replace 6

by a new

variable
sin

defined

by the equation
<f>

x = sin 6 sin

620

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XIX

and change the order of the integrations.

We

deduce that
sin sin
d<f>dd

TT.'o

g(xsm0)dd-f(O)= vr
2x
[*" [ 9 1,
x

/' (# sin
Jo
cos

<f>)

J o

sin

v d% d0

= 2^

n*

/"*

V.U
/ J^
f*

x
,

cos v d# c?y sin /(a;Smx) V(cos^-cos


.

V0)
cos

= 2x
= #/

(x sin

X ) |- arc

sin

/cos 0\~|**

J J^

X dX

/'(a;sinx)cosxax

Jo

and

so,

when
it is

<jr

(x) is defined

by

(4),

g (x)

is

a solution of (3).

easy to verify from (4) that, when/'() is a continuous function with limited total fluctuation in the interval (0, ir), so also is g{x); and therefore, by Fourier's theorem, g (x) is expansible in the form
00

Now

g(x) = %a

+ 2 am cosmx,
m-l

where am =
2 [*
\

g (u) cos mudu


y(0) + ul

_
and
this series for

f (u sin

<) d<f>

cos

mwdw,
interval (0,
tt).

g (x) converges uniformly throughout the


integrations are permissible, and so

Hence term-by-term

we have

/<*)-!fV**)<W irJ
o

* "Jo
I

U<*o
I

+ S a cos (wmj sin 0H d0


=i
J

= |a + 2 am J (mx),
m=l

and

this is the expansion to

be established.

It is easy to verify that the

values obtained for the coefficients am are the

same

as those

given by

equation

(2).

When the restriction concerning the limited total fluctuation of /' (x) the Fourier series associated with g(x) is no longer necessarily removed, is convergent, though the continuity oif(x) ensures that the Fourier series

19 * 2 ]
is

SCHLOMILCH SERIES
(0, tt);

621

uniformly summable (C 1) throughout


00

and hence, by term-by-term

integration, the series

a + X am J (mx)
uniformly summable (Cl) throughout (0, tt), with sum f(x); an application of Hardy's convergence theorem* then shews that the additional condition
is

am
is sufficient

(l/0n)

f(x) when x

to ensure the convergence of the Schlomilch series to the lies in the half-open interval in which < x % ir.

sum

For further theorems concerning the summability of Schlomilch the reader should consult a memoir by Chapman f.

series,

[Note. The integral equation connecting f(x) and (x) is one which was solved in 1823 g by Abel, Journal fur Math. i. (1826), p. 153. It has subsequently been investigated* by Beltrami, 1st. Lombardo Rendiconti, (2) xm. (1880), pp. 327, 402 Volterra, Ann. di Mat.
;

(2)

xxv. (1897),

p.

104

C. E. Smith, Trans.

American Math.

Soc.

vm.

(1907), pp. 92

106.

The equation
2x fhw rj
/
1

rr

/ (x sin 6 sin

<p)

sin

6 <fy d6 / (x) -/(0)

is

in

most simply established by the method of changing axes of polar coordinates, explained 3-33 this method was used by Gwyther, Messenger, xxxm. (1904), pp. 97107, but
;

in view of the arbitrary character of f(x) the analytical proof given in the text seems preferable. In connexion with the changes in the order of the integrations, ef. Modern Analysis,
4-51.

19'2.

The

definition

of Schlomilch

series.

We have now investigated Schlbmilch's problem of expanding an arbitrary


function into a series of Bessel functions of order zero, the argument of the function in the (m + l)th term being proportional to m; and the expansion is valid for the range of values (0, rr) of the variable.

Such series may be generalised by replacing the functions of order zero by functions of arbitrary order v\ and a further generalisation may be effected by taking the general term to contain not only the function (mx) but also a

function which bears to the Bessel function the same kind of relation as the sine does to the cosine. The latter generalisation is, of course, suggested by the theory of Fourier series, and we are thus led to expect the existence of

expansions valid for the range of values (-

tt, it)

of the variable.
for insertion are

The
* Cf.

functions which naturally

come under consideration

Modern Analysis, 8 5. t Quarterly Journal, xliii. (1911), p. 34. t Some interesting applications of Fourier's integral theorem to the integral equation have been made by Steam, Quarterly Journal, xvn. (1880), pp. 90104.

622

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XIX

Bessel functions of the second kind and Struve's functions; and the types of series to be considered may be written in the forms*:

a
a

m Jv (mx) + bm Y, (mx)

I> + 1)

am J* (x) + bm H (ma?)
=!

(\rnxy

Series of the former type (with i/= 0) have been considered by Coatesf; but his proof of the possibility of expanding an arbitrary function f(x) into

such a series seems to be invalid except in the trivial case in which f(x) defined to be periodic (with period 27r) and to tend to zero as x -*- oo
Series of the latter type are of

is

much

greater interest, and they form a

direct generalisation of trigonometrical series.

They will be

called generalised

Schlomilch

series.

Two

types of investigation suggest themselves in connexion with general-

ised Schlomilch series.

The

function into such a series;

first is the problem of expanding an arbitrary and the second is the problem of determining the

properties of such a series with given coefficients and, in particular, the

construction of analysis (resembling Riemann's analysis of trigonometrical series) with the object of determining whether a generalised Schlomilch
series, in

which the

coefficients are

not

all zero,

can represent a null-function.

Generalised SchlSmilch series have been discussed in a series of memoirs by Nielsen,

Math. Ann. Lil. (1899), pp. 582587 Nyt Tidsskrift, x. B (1899), pp. 7381 Oversigt 1901, pp. 1900, pp. 5560 K. Danske VidensJkabernes Selskabs, 1899, pp. 661665 127146 Ann. di Mat. (3) vi. (1901), pp. 301329.
;
;

Nielsen J has given the forms for the coefficients in the generalised Schlomilch expansion of an arbitrary function and he has investigated with
great detail the actual construction of Schlomilch series which represent null-functions, but his researches are of a distinctly different character from
those which will be given in this chapter.

The

investigation which

we

shall

now

give of the possibility of expanding

an arbitrary function into a generalised Schlomilch series is based on the in his memoir on applications investigation given by Filon for the case v =
of the calculus of residues to the expansions of arbitrary functions in series of functions of given form. It seems to be of some importance to give such an

investigation
*

||

because there

is

no obvious method of modifying the


in the denominators is to

set of

The reason for inserting the factor x"

make the terms of

the second

series one-valued (cf. 1921).

t Quarterly Journal, xxi. (1886), pp. 189190. + See e.g. his Handbuch der Theorie der Cylinderfunktionen (Leipzig, 1904), p. 348.

London Math. Soc. (2) iv. (1906), pp. 396430. has to be assumed that - < v < . The results which will be proved in 1941 1962 of v. suggest that it is only to be expected that difficulties should arise for other values
Proc.
II

It

19*21]
functions J, (mx),

SCHLOMELCH SERIES
H (mx)
( ir,
so as to obtain a set

623

set for the interval

which is a normal orthogonal and consequently there is no method of obtaining the coefficients in a Schlomilch expansion in so simple a manner as that in which
nr);

the coefficients in a Fourier-Bessel expansion are obtained

( 18-1).

The investigation, which forms the latter part of the chapter, concerning the representation of null-functions by generalised Schlomilch series, is of
exactly the

trigonometrical series given in

same character as the exposition of Riemann's researches on Modern Analysis, 9*6 9632.

19*21.

The application of

the calculus

of residues

to

the generalised

Schlomilch expansion.

We shall now explain the method* by which it is possible to discover the values of the coefficients in the generalised Schlomilch expansion which represents an arbitrary function f(x), when the order v of the Bessel functions
lies

between

- \ and

\.

When

this has

been done, we

shall not consider the

validity of the processes

by which the discovery has been made, but we

shall

prove directly that the Schlomilch series in which the coefficients have the specified values actually does converge to the sum /"(#).
This is analogous to the procedure which theorem in the expansion
:

is

adopted in* Dirichlet's proof of Fourier's

GO

/(#) h+

2
m-l

(a m

coswe+/3Bl sinfiM?)

the values of the coefficients are discovered by multiplying the expansion by cos mx and by sin mx, and integrating, so that the values of c^ and /3 m are taken to be given by the equations

<%=-

/"
|

/(0

cos mtdt,

Pm =-l

If*

f(t) sin mtdt.

We then take the series in which the coefficients have these values,
2^1' f(t)dt+~
and prove that
it

namely

I
j

f (t) cos m(x-t)dt,

actually converges to the

sum f(x).

It conduces to brevity to deal with the pair of functions

Jy (mx) i H (mx)
(I

mx)'

'

instead of with the pair of functions

J, (mx)l(%mxy,

H (mx)j(\ mx) v

We

shall write

(1)
*

Jv (z) + il3..(z) _
for the special case
is due to Filon; it was given by him, *=0, but the extension to values of v between

Apart from details of notation, the following analysis

memoir just cited, presents no difficulty


in the

624
so that*
<f> v

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


(z) is analytic

[CHAP. XIX
complex

and uniform

for all finite values of the

variable z;

and evidently

J (mx)
v
i

t'H (mx)
i
'

<f>

+ mx).

We

now observe

that (

<f>

(mx)

is

the residue at z
(xz)

=m

of the function

w<f> v

&\WKZ
where

m = 0,

1, +2,

. .

and so we

shall consider the integral


7r<

(xz)
~dz,

S7TI J

SI

in

origin,

which the contour C is a circle, of radius + \, with its centre at the is an integer whioh will be made to tend to infinity. and

is assumed to be one- valued throughout the 2-plane, be analytic at infinity (cf. 19'24); its only singularity in the finite part of fche plane is an essential singularity at the origin.

The function F(z)


to

and

By

Jordan's lemma, the integral tends to zero as

tends to infinity,

provided that v

> |.
by calculating
residues, that

It is evident,

2 (-)m \F(m)
is

<f> v

(mx)

+ F(-m)

<f>

(- mx)}

equal to the residue at the origin of

'

sin trz

that

is

to say

(2)

2 (-) {F (m)

<j> v

(mx)

+ F(-m)

<f> v

(- mx)}

=The problem

2m
1
y

r
J

(0+)

ET/ F(z)

.ir<t>*(xz) , T dz. sin ttz

of expanding an arbitrary function /(a?) into a generalised Schlomilch series is consequently reduced to the determination of the form of

F(z) in such a way as to make

-s 2m
differ

F(z)
J

?"
sin

'

dz

vrrz

by a constant from f(x).

* The insertion of the factor (J z) v in the denominator makes # (z) amenable to Cauchy's theorem when the contour of integration completely surrounds the origin.

19*22]
19*22.

SCHLOMILCH SERIES
The construction of
the function F(z).

625

We now

take the contour integral

2m J
and, in order to calculate

'

smirz

it in a simple manner, expansible in a series of Filon's type*

we

shall

suppose that F(z)

is

(1)

F(z) =

i
w=l

?4#,
*

where yfrn (z) denotes the sum of those terms in the expansion of ir- 1 sinirz whose degree does not exceed n, and the coefficients n will be defined later.

The reader

will observe that

M*)=-M*)=*-*iry,

With

this definition of F{z), it is evident that, for small values of \z\,

^"sin^^/^sin^
- y
=i
It follows immediately that
(2)
i

*-<">
j

X n+1 (s

Tn+1 cos in7r + 0(^)1


(n+1)!
sin-w^

jt\

-'fV w *) &
=6 (0) i VfV
=i
*> 7rWcos * W7r
(/i

+ l)!

_ l

pqtg)

n^r^n + ^r^n + v+l)*


n

and consequently we proceed to identify


Pn(%ix) -X .-ir(in+i)r(*n +

i-

+ l)

with /(a?) -/(0). For this purpose we have to assume temporarily that f(x) has differential coefficients of all orders at the origin, and then we define the
coefficients

pn by the equation

(3\ K)

/ (0)_ pn ( i)n "n!'~ r(in+l)r(in + + l)'


<w)
i-

= 1,2,3,...).
way that the sum

We next transform
of the series,

this equation defining


is

by which F(z)

pn in such a defined, is expressible in a

form

the transformation of the series for

compact symbolic F(z) can be effected by expressing

* This type of series is fundamental in Filon's theory, and is not peculiar to Schldmilch expansions; thus, in his work on Fourier-Bessel series, sin *z is replaced by z~"J {z) and v fn (z) denotes the sum of the terms whose degree does not exceed n in the expansion of that function.

626
the coefficients
that they

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


pn
in a form
first

[CHAP. XIX

which involves n only as an exponent. For this


kind, and, in order
shall find that it is necessary to

purpose we make use of Eulerian integrals of the

may be convergent, we
\.

suppose that

<

<

We
_

then have

rgyrgn+v + i)
r
)

= - *ru-l)
r( *>

fm (0)

(1

-**+-*-**

/!

^r(i-,)Jo

^/W] dt ^-f-^r^ fa (1 d* U*'

and so we obtain the symbolic formula


<">

* - - *m~) /> D stands


if

^
_

it ['"

*/>] *

where

for dfdu.

Now,

we arrange the

series

in descending powers of

z, it is

easy to verify that


sinh irD
it (iz

^
w=1

tyn (z) D" n+1 in z

- D)

'

and therefore

Again, a consideration of (2) shews that

we need

to

sum

the series

y pn
and we are able to
effect

7T

W cos ntr

our purpose by making use of formula

(4),

whence

we

find that

(6)

ii'"(n+T)r

have now obtained symbolic expressions for all the coefficients in the generalised Schlbmilch expansion of /(#), but it is necessary to transform these expressions into more useful forms, by finding the significance to be
attached to the symbolic operator
for the

We

-jjyzT\ ^ fcn
'

for

g6116'8,1 values

of *

and

value zero of z.

19*23]

SCHLOMILCH SERIES

627

19*23. The transformation of the symbolic operators in the generalised Schlomilch expansion.

We

proceed to obtain an interpretation* of the symbolic expression

/(<B) i \_tt(D-iz) j

r^e
^

The usual

interpretation of

^o

- f(tu) is

i:

e-^fi^dv,
;

where a

is

a constant of integration
sinh irD
.._,
.

and therefore
.

sinh-wi) T

u
.

,.

"1
.

7T

Now, by the symbolic form of Taylor's theorem, we have


e
"D

x(u ) = x( u 7r )>
;

where x (M )

is

an arbitrary function of u

and hence
fJa

it

follows that

/(ftf /V >] f L7T(i)-t^)-

_*Z

= r sinh^(D-f^)
[
7T

yV
J-0

'J w==0

- e-
that
is

I* 'e-^fitv) dv Ja J-0

to sayf

The second term on the


*

right has simple zeros at

all

the points at which

= 0,

1, 2,

....

Therefore, so far as the calculation of residues of

F(z)
*

ir<f>,

(xz)

sin irz

numerous expressions involving symbolic operators of the types nnder l. (1839), pp. 22 32 and by Boole, Differential Equations (London, 1872), chapters xvi and xvn. t The expression for F(z) which is derived from this formula does not appear to have a singularity at the origin unless a is infinite or is a function of z ; but it seems unreasonable to be perturbed by this when we consider the nature of some of the analysis which has already been
interpretations of

The

consideration have been discussed by Gregory, Cambridge Math. Journal,

used in the course of this investigation.

628
at 0,

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


+
1,

[CHAP. XIX
(1),

2, ... is

concerned,

we may omit

the second

term on the right in

and

calculate the residues of


sin trz

where
<

(z) is defined by the formula

2
>

ww^km
1922
(6)

F.

(1

- eyi"Jt [*' /". e

/(tv) dv

dt.

Again, from
(3)

and equation
f

(1) of this section

we have

j.gcoBinir
ti
(n

= r(i)/(0)

+ 1)!

r(i-).l
2r(*

(1 vx

py^dr "'" A

eft

^W^^W^*
<f> v

dt

The
v

first

= 0; when

term on the right in (3) is equal to T (v+ l)/(0), except when* = 0, the value of the term in question is zero.

We
(4)

thus obtain the expansion

f{x)

<f) v

(0)

P(0)+ I (-)" [F (m)

(mse)

+F(-m)
in (4).

<f> v

(- mx)\

In the special case in which v


additional term

= 0,

the modified form of (3) shews that an

/(0) must be inserted on the right

When we

change the notation to the notation normally used

for Bessel

functions and Struve's functions, the expansion becomes


(5)

/W "^(y +
am
)

l)

"-

.t 1

(\rnxY

where f

-T{\-v)T{\)),

(6)

O-^-a
(1

IT

f (tv) cos mv dv

dt,

bm ~
This
19*24.
is

r(|-,)r(D J

"

<2)

*"*

dt.

./

ir

the generalised form of Schldmilch's expansion


z
-*- oo

The boundedness of F(z), as

now prove that, when the function f{x) is restricted in a suitable manner, the function F(z) is bounded when [z|--oo, whatever be the value of arg. The reader will remember that the assumption that F(z) is bounded was made in 19"21 to secure
shall

We

the convergence of the contour integral.

We take

the series of 1922

(1),

by which F{z) was originally denned, namely

* When v is negative it is necessary to use a modified expression for the integrals ; cf. 19*3. t When p = 0, the expression for a flas * he modified by tbe insrtion of the term 2/(0), in consequence of the discontinuity in value of the expression on the right of (3).

19-24, 19-3]

SCHLOMILCH SERIES
first

629

and divide it into two parts, namely the where is the integer such that

N terms
1.
ir

and the remainder of the terms,

N^
When n ^ AT
,

it

< N+

the terms of

n
\

(z)

do not exceed

n ~ l \z n jn
\

!,

and

therefore,

whwn n

< JV,

+n
When n ^ JV, we
1

(z)

n*-i\sW(n l)
z\ n+1

|*|.(-1)!
,

have

yfr

(?)

<n

sinh
1

n-

and therefore
l

IFMi^ W J_
'

Sinh*r|3l " IP+Ar+i S l^nk"- + ir|*|^t n ?o !*l=i (n-l) |*|*


sinh

'

Since

\z\" +l
\z
\

tends to zero as
as z
I j

00

it is

evident that a sufficient condition for F(z) to be bounded

-*- 00 is

that the series

2 \Pn\
should be convergent
;

and

this is the case if f(x) is such that

2 " + i|/()(0)|
is

convergent.

19*3.
series.

The expansion of an arbitrary function

into

a generalised Schlomilch

Now that the forms of the coefficients in the generalised Schlomilch expansion have been ascertained by Filon's method, it is an easy matter to specify sufficient conditions for the validity of the expansion and then to
establish
it.

The theorem which we


in the interval (ir,
(I)
ir),

shall

prove*

is

as follows

Let v be a number such that

\ < v < \;

and letf(x)

be defined arbitrarily

subject^ to the following conditions:


the equation

The function h(x), defined by


h(x)

= 2vf(x) + xf'(x),
ir, ir).

exists

and

is

continuous in the closed interval (

(II)

The function h(x) has limited

total fluctuation in the interval

( ir,

it).

(III)

Ifv

is negative I the integral

i*i\*r if (*)-/(<>)}]** r J O
is absolutely convergent
*

when

is

a (small) number

either positive or negative.

by Nielsen, Handbuch der Theorie der Cylinderfunktionen (Leipzig, which he gives for the coefficients in the expansion seem to be quite inconsistent with those given by equation (2). t The effect of conditions (I) and (II) is merely to ensure the uniformity of the convergence of a certain Fourier series connected with h (x). X If v is positive, this Lipschitz condition is satisfied by reason of (II).
is stated

The expansion

1904), p. 348; but the formulae

630

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


+ 6m H, (mx)
,

[CHAP. XIX

Thenf(x) admits of the expansion a am Jv (rruc) . (1) /(*) f(i7Tr)

+^

g^;

where

K=L
wAen

r<F^r(J) 2?
of a
is

[sin2v

f( U8in V-f(

M sin ^*>

m > 0;

the value

obtained by inserting an additional term

2I> + l)/(0)
on the right in the first equation of the system
(2).

We

shall base the investigation

on a discussion of the integral equation

it will

be proved that a continuous solution

is

given by the formula

(4)

sr(*)=I> + l)/(0)

+ r^7>
by condition
equation (4)
(III).

f
r

sec2 " +1
'

~ sin *> /(0)1] d<t> * o% [sin2" * [f{x


is

[Note. The (absolute) convergence of the integral contained in this formula

secured

It should be observed that the aggregate of terms containing /(0) in


is

may

be omitted when v

positive in view of the formula

/:o

cUf>

r( ^

which

is

valid only

when

v is positive.]

We

solution of (3),

proceed to verify that the function g (x) denned by (4) actually is a by taking g (x) to be defined by (4), substituting in the expres-

sion on the right of (3),

and reducing the

result to /(#).

The
IT

result of substitution is

2cosy7r

Jo Jo

[* [

in

C082*

sec^+i

*
<j>

[gin*-

<*9

{/(* sin

sin

<f>)

-/(0)}]

d<f>d0

+/(0).

^^
IT

Hence we have
**
f

to prove that
2"

JO

Jo

f ^cos

$ sec 2" +1

<f>

^r
d<P

[sin"

<f>

{f(x sin

sin

<f>)

-/(0)}] d<f>d0

=/(*)-/(0).
Replace
<f>

on the

left

by a new
sin

variable
i

defined by the equation

x sni ^ s

n 9>

change the order of the integrations in the resulting absolutely convergent by a new variable ty defined by the equation integral, and then replace
cos

cos x sin ^.

^
19*3]

SCHLOMILCH SERIES
thus deduce that

631

We

/**/

X) "WW*** * {/( "Jo Jo ( sinfl-sin*xr> djc l n* rh* sin cos 2 " d r = [Sm" {/(a; Sm X) " /(0)1] 2 * (cos io i x X - cos 0)"+* d

sin

cos2 "

,,

^
is

'.Jit

rjir

= j'jjj tan2r *<**

[sin-

x {/(* sin x) -/(0)}] <fc

= ir( v +|)r(i-v){/(^)-/(0)},
and hence the formula to be established is evident; and defined by (4), then equation (3) is satisfied.
so,

when g(x)

Now, by

Fourier's theorem,
oo

g{x) = \a

+ 2
JB-l

(am cos ma; + bm sin ma;),

where
\am
(5)
J

= I
7r

'-'

g
<7

(u) cos

mudu,

&m

(u) sin

mudu;

and

it is

easy to verify that

when f(x)
( ir,

is 7r)

a continuous function with limited


so also is

total fluctuation in the interval

g (a:), and

therefore the

expansion for g (x)


is

is

uniformly convergent when

- ir + 8 ^ x ^ it - 8, where
cos2 *
;

an

arbitrarily small positive


a;

number.

Replace

by

a;

sin

in the expansion of

g (x), multiply by

0,

which

has an absolutely convergent integral, and integrate term-by-term at once that


f( \ r{x)

we deduce

-T( v + 1) +.*
m and
b m given

^ a

_i_

V aJ* ( ma! ) + ^tH y (mx) ~~

W^f

and

this expansion converges uniformly

when ir+ 8^x ^ir 8.


(5) are easily reconciled with

The

values of

a.

by formula

those given by formula

(2).

by the Riemann-Lebesgue lemma, a m and bm 0(l/m) when m is large. This seems to be connected with the fact that when we come to deal with any Schlomilch series ( 1962) we are unable to make any progress without assuming that 26TO/m is convergent (or some equivalent hypothesis) this assumption will appear in 1962 to be
are both
;

It should be noticed that,

necessary because the differential equation which Struve's function satisfies is not homogeneous, so that Struve's function is not of a type which occurs in
solutions of Laplace's equation or the

wave equation

there would conse-

632

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XIX

quently seem to be reasons of a physical character for the limitations which have been placed on f(x) in order to ensure the existence of the Schlomilch
expansion.
[Note.
Just. as in 19*11,
is
if

condition (II) concerning the limited total fluctuation of

all statements made in this section up to this point about convergence of series have to be replaced by statements about sumtnability (Cl).]

vf{x)-\-xf'(x)

not

satisfied,

then

There is one important consequence which follows from the fact that a m (1/m) when 2vf{x) + xf (x) has limited total fluctuation and bm are both in ( it, 7r), namely, that in the neighbourhoods of it and it, the general (l(m v+ %), and so the expansion repreterm of the Schlomilch expansion is
sents a continuous function
;

hence the expansion converges (uniformly) to


it, it).

the sum/(a;) throughout the interval (


19*4.

Special functions represented by Schlomilch series.

There are a few problems of Mathematical Physics (other than the problem mentioned in 19*1) in which Schlomilch series occur in a natural manner, and we shall now give an account of various researches in which Schlomilch
series are to

be found.
is

very simple series

1+1
this series is convergent

e~ mz J (mp)

when p and
it is

cylindrical-polar coordinates,

z are positive, and, if p and z denote a solution of Laplace's equation at all points

of space above the plane z

= 0.

Various transformations of the series have been given by Whittaker*; thus, by changing to Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) and using 2*21, we have
00

(1) v/

1+ %
,

e- mz

J
2

n= i

If' : (mp) v r/ = z2ir J _ 1

du

exp

>

{ (z

+ %x cos u + xy sin u)\

-.

When a? + y* + z < 1, the integrand may be of z + ix cos u + iy sin k.


If this
(2) v
is

expanded in ascending powers

done,
CO

we getf
1
fir

1+2
7W=l

e~ mz Jo (mp) r/

= 52-7T

_..

fill
.

ix cos u
(z v

+ ~r~. 2 + %y sin u 5
ix cos

+7T 2 -7s
27T OT=!

(2m)l

-r-^

u + iy sin

J_,r

VI

m) 2**" 1

du

where

(r,

6) are the polar coordinates corresponding to the cylindrical-polar


(p, z),

coordinates

and
*
I

1}

B.2

...

are Bernoulli's numbers.

Math. Ann.
Cf. 4-8

i.vn. (1903), pp. 341342. and Modern Analysis, 7-2, 18-31.

19'4]

SCHLOMILCH SERIES

633

Another transformation of the series, also given by Whittaker, is obtained from the expansion for 1/(1 e~ l ) in partial fractions; this expansion is

\-e-

^L_ = I + l4. 2
1

i
w=1

1
\t - 2miri
f
I

l
t

+ 2miri)

'

whence we deduce that


(3)

1+ I =
1M

e-Jo(mp) = i + s & T
?! \jj{(%nviri

+ 2

+ zr + a? + tf) " </{(2mm-zf + a? + y*U

'

due to a set of unit charges (some positive and some negative) at the origin and at a
It follows that the series represents the electrostatic potential
set of imaginary points.

The reader may find it interesting to discuss the Lipschitz-Hankel integral of 13'2 as a limiting form of a series of Whittaker's type.

Some other series have been examined by Nagaoka* in connexion with a problem of Diffraction. One such series is derived from the Fourier series for the function which is equal to 1/V(1 a?) in the interval ( 1, 1).
The Fourier
(4)
series in question is

1
-r-z

^ = " +

*"

J (wwr) cos withe,


interval

and it converges uniformly throughout the is any positive number.


Multiply by
to
e""*

(- 1

+ A,

- A), where A
(also

and integrate, and we then obtain the formula

due

Nagaoka)
I e%
<3 >
goaii

fa

Jj

w=*>

~b
igoxi

2 ?.

r J

'

(mv)

.a cos mirx lairi sin mmsc\

^^

J
interval

The series on the right in (5) converges uniformly throughout the (-1,1) and so we may take - 1 and 1 as limits of integration.
Hence,
/r\ (6)
for all values (real
r J
t (a) \

and complex) of a,
[1
_l.9 8 3 + **

- -j-

sina Ti

(-)"J,(m7r) l
a?

_m

A
(7) ' v

more general
v

result, valid

when

R (v + ) > 0, is
i

+*,(!) i Ma)m \<&r a \T(v+l) WJ m=


'

lm" (a- - nt'ir*)]


Some
of Nagaoka's

^/'^

* Journal of the Coll. of ScL, Imp. Univ. of Japan, iv. (1891), pp. 301322. formulae are quoted by Cinelli, Nuovo Cimento, (4) i. (1895), p. 152.

W.

B. P.

21

634
This expansion
fractions*.

THEORY OP BESSEL FUNCTIONS


is also

[CHAP. XIX
as a sura of partial

obtainable

by expressing

Various representations of the integral on the left of (5) were obtained by Nagaoka the formula quoted seems to be the most interesting of them.

Finally

we

shall give the

formula f

This

is

deducible from the Fourier series

" cos(2wi-l)a?

?,

(2m-iy

ol -g(*-MX

ir.

,,

<<<)
.

by replacing
the variable

a;

by

a;

sin

6 and integrating with respect to


calculation of the

from

to

\tr.

As an example of the
lies

outside the interval (

then, if/(#) denotes the

sum

of the

sum of a Schlbmilch series when we shall take ir < x < 2tt, and Fourier series, we see that
7r, ir),

fare

sin (/)

^ T
O

fi*

")

\f(xsmd)d0
J arc sin {nix))

(JO
/"arc sin (nix)
'

^(Tr-2x8m6)d0
o

TTJ o

+
so that,

-/"""
(2# sin " 'w arc sin (ir/x)

- 3tt) d0,

when

-n-

<

a?

<

2-7T,

we have
!

S J".[(2m-1)}
(9)

To

rts

... /tt = v (^ t ) *a; 7r arc cos +


2

if
8"

19*41.

Null-functions expressed as Schlomilch

series.

We
(1)

shall

now prove

the remarkable theorem that

(-rJ.(m)-0, \+2 * m-l


<x<
ir
;

provided that

the series oscillates

when x =

and diverges

to

oo

when x = ir.
series, and, in fact,

This theorem has no analogue in the theory of Fourier


it is

definitely

knownj that a Fourier

cosine-series cannot represent a null-

function throughout the interval (0,


* Cf.

ir).

Modern Analysis,

7*4.

t This was set as a problem in the Mathematical Tripos, 1895.

+ Cf. Modern Analysis, 9-6 9632.

19*41]
It is easy to prove (1)

SCHLOMILCH SERIES
by using Parseval's integral; when
2
ft" il

635

M
)

is

a large

integer,

we have
1

M
+ 2

(-)m J (mx)

= -\

k+

M
2
(-) cos
a;

(mx sin t)\dt


sin
)
t]
,

_ ("^ /*** cos {(J/ + )


7r

Jo

cos (# sin

_ (~) M [ x cos (^ + h) u
ir

cos

\u

'

du ^(x2

v?)

= 0(1),
as
itf -*- oo
,

by the Riemann-Lebesgue lemma*, which

is

applicable because

the integral

du

f Jo cos \u
'

\Z(ar*

a it )

exists

and

is

absolutely convergent

when

< x<

ir.

Hence we have proved

that

lim

\\+ 2

(-) J, (*)]
stated.

=0

when

< x < ir and


;

this is the

theorem

It is easy to prove in

a similar manner that

(i)

when <

$ J and

< a; < 7r,


"

(ii)

when

>

and

< x ^ tt.

By
\

using Poisson's integral we have (since


,

v> \)

r<v+i)

(-)*Jp(imB)

"",.-!

{\mxy

" ro+Lr^ r {^ + .?i r C08


(

(rw * 8in

cos" tdt

r(* + *)r<*)Wo

cos**

<*

'

= o(l),
as Af -* co
,

provided that the integral

*(a?-u*y
.'o

cosu

dw
is

exists

and

is

absolutely convergent; and this

the case

when x and

v satisfy

the conditions stated.

The truth
If

of (2)

is

now

evident.
if v is

is

a positive integer, and

so large that v

In > \

the operator

d [ d xdx\ dx
* Cf.

Modern Analysis,

941.

636

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


be applied n times to equation
(2).
is

[CHAP* XIX

may

The

effect of

applying the operator

once to the function


therefore,

Jv {mx)j{\mx)
2

to multiply the function

by

s
;

and

when

< x < ir,


m=i

(-jm )" (-)*"/,, (ms) =


(Jwa?)"

{)

that

is

to say,

l<\\

(3)

y (-)"'/>
J5i

(i^r^x<
ir,

H
or

_ -

'

provided that either


(i)

\ < v In ^ \ and
in this
;

(ii)

- In > \ and

^ x ^ 7r.
lii.

The formulae given

section are

pp. 582 587 two other papers by Nielsen on this subject were published at about the same time, Nyt Tidsskrift, x. B (1899), pp. 73 81 ; Ooersigt K. Danske Yidenskabernes
Selskabs, 1899, pp. 661

due to Nielsen*, Math. Ann.

(1899),

665.

In the

first

two of these three papers integral values of

only were considered, the extension to general values of v being


Shortly afterwards t Nielsen gave a formula for the
this formula is easily obtained

made

in the third paper.

sum of the

series in (2)

when

x>

ir

from the integral of Dirichlet's type

M
thus found that, when x

f* cos

(M+$)u
cos^it

^_ ur -j d
3r,

by considering the behaviour of the integrand at u = ir,


It is
is

5w,

positive

and q

is

the integer such that

(2q-l)ir<x<(2q + l)ir,
then

2 w^TTT+ r(i/ + l) m=1

(~)m Jv (mx)

2r(J)

(2tt-l) 2

7ry-*

(%mxy

xT{*

evident that,

The importance of Nielsen's formulae lies in the fact that they make it when a function f{x) is defined for the interval ( ir, ir), if the

function can be represented by a Schldmilch series throughout the interval

number of points) the representation is not unique and there are an unlimited number of Schlomilch series which are equal to the function f(x) throughout the interval, except at a finite number of points, namely the points already specified together with the origin and (when
(except possibly at a finite

< v K. i)
coefficients

the end-points

ir.

The converse theorem,


which

that the only Schldmilch series with non-vanishing


null-functions
at
all

represent

points

of the

interval

ir<x<ir,

(whenl

\ <

v ^.\) except the origin are constant multiples of

I> + 1)
*

|
^-x

(-) m J,(mx)

($mxy

'

Formula

(1)

was rediscovered by Gwyther, Messenger, xxxm.


vi. (1901),

f Oversigt K. Danske Yidenskabernes Selskabs, 1900, pp. 55


Kielsen, Ann. di Mat. (3)

60;

(1904), p. 101.

see also a later paper


results. Cf.

by

pp.
;

301329

for

more complicated

J The theorem is untrue when y>f cf. formula (3). any Schlomilch series other than the one given can represent a

194(9). It would be interesting to know whether


null- function

when J<.r<|.

19*5]
is,

SCHLOMILCH SERIES
much deeper
character,

637

of course, of a
to this

and

it

seems that no proof of it has


its

yet been published.

We
;

shall

now

discuss a series of propositions which lead

up

theorem

the analysis which will be used resembles, in

main

features, the analysis*,


series.

due to Riemann, which

is

applicable to trigonometrical

19*5.

Theorems concerning

the convergence

of Schlomilch

series.

We shall now discuss the special type of Schlomilch series in which v = 0, and in which Struve's functions do not appear the object of taking this particular case is to avoid the loss of clearness due to the greater complication in the appearance of the formulae in the more general case. With a few
;

exceptions, the complications in the general case are complications in detail only; those which are not matters. of detail will be dealt with fully in

19-6 1962.

The series now


(1)

to

be considered
ao

is

a + 2 am J
m=\

(ma;),

in which the coefficients a m are arbitrarily given functions of m.

We
of X,

shall first

prove the analogue of Cantor's


(mac)

condition that

am J

lemma f, namely that the -*Oosm->oo,aiaW points of any interval of values


am

is sufficient to

ensure that

= o ( *Jm).

[Note.
.

If the origin is
n

a point of the interval in question, then the theorem that

m=o(l)
interval

is

obviously true.]

Take any portion^ of the


let this portion

be called It

which does not contain the Let the length of J, be L


t
.

origin,

and

Throughout Ix we have
am J (mx)
and,

(cf.

7'3)

am I

[P (mx, 0) cos (mx \ir)Q (mx, 0) sin (mx |tt)]

asm-*-,

P (ma?, 0)^1,
Hence,

Q(mco,

0)^0.
all

for all sufficiently large values- of

m, (say

values exceeding

ra,,)

P(mx,0)>$,
at all points of/,.

\Q(mx,0)\^$

Now suppose

that am

is

not o (^/m);

we have

to

shew that

this hypothesis

leads to a contradiction.
* Cf. Modern Analysis, 9'69*632. t Sinee J (mx) is an even function of

x, the portion

may

t Ibid. % 9 '61. be supposed to be on the right of

the origin without loss of generality.

638
If

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


am
is

[CHAP. XIX

not o (\/m), a positive


I

number
am >
|

must

exist such that

slm

whenever m is given any value belonging to a certain unending sequence * Let the smallest member of this sequence which exceeds both wh, raa m* m and 2ir/Li be called ?/.
,

(m/ x \tr) goes through be a portion f of I say J2 such that

Then

cos

all its

phases in Ilf and so there must

x ,

cos (w/a?
.

far) >
|

V3,

sin (ra/a?

\ir) < |
j

at all points of

J2

If

L% is

the length of i2 , then


of the sequence

Z2 = \irjm-l.

Next
and

let

the smallest

member

mr which
,

exceeds both

m/

2tt/Z 2

be called mj.

Then

cos

(w8'a; ^7r) goes through


,

all its

phases in 72 and so there must

be a portion of 7a say
j

I3 such that
,

cos (rn^'x
.

\ir) ^ \/3,
|

sin

(tfij'a?

^7r) <
|

at all points of

7S
is

If

i3

is

the length of / then L,

= $w/m2
is

'.

By
which

continuing this process,


contained in
lies inside all

we obtain a sequence of intervals Iu I9


its

1,,...

such that each

predecessor ; there

therefore a point

these intervals, and at this point

we have
j

cos

(mX lir) ^ \/3


j

sin
I

(mX \tt) < \,

when

has any of the values

to/, to/, to,',....

For such values of to we consequently have


\an J

(mX)\>\am \^/[^~ I)
x [P(mX,0)
.
|

cos

(mX - tt) - \Q(mX,0)


|

sin

(toX -

J*-)

>6 V
and
all

3-1 //2\
4

vUi'
that

this is inconsistent

with the hypothesis that a^ J (mx) tends to zero at

points of

The
o {\Jm).

contradiction which has

now been obtained shews

Om must be

The next theorem which we

shall prove is that, if the Schlomilch series

converges throughout any interval, then the necessary

and

sufficient condition

* It is supposed that mx<m <m3 <.... 2 t There are, in fact, at least two such portions of I\ ; in order that I8 mined, we take I2 to be that portion which lies on the left of the others.

may

be uniquely deter-

19*51]

SCHLOMILCH SERIES

639

that the series should converge

for any positive value of x (whether a point of

the interval or not) is that the series

^ a **/(

] .

cob (wmj

- iw) +

sin

(mx -

\ir)\

should be convergent for that value of x.

This theorem
(am m~S) 19*51.

is

evident from the fact that the general term of the

trigonometrical series differs from a m

J (mx)

by a function of
series.

which

is

= o (ra~ 2)

and So (m -2)

is

a convergent

The associated function.


series

Let the sum of the

%a + 2 am J
m-l
at any point at which the series
is

(mx),

convergent, be called f(x).

Let
(1)

F(*)- o,*- 2

a J< mc>
.

Then
series

P (x)

will

be called the function associated with the Schlomilch

whose sum

is f(x).

It is easy to see that, if the series defining

f(x) converges at

all points

of any

interval, then the series defining

P (x)

converges for all real values

of

x.

For am J
(195)

(ntx)

as m-*-ao at all points of the interval,

and therefore

a = o ( Vw).
Again, by 2*5
(5), for all real

values of x

lJ.(*)ki;
and consequently am J (mx)
Since

^ o / 1\

*)
is

convergent,

it is

obvious that the series on the right in (1) must be

convergent.
It is evident, moreover, not only that the convergence is absolute,

that

it is

but also uniform throughout any domain of values of the real variable x.

640
19*52.

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Lemma
I.

[CHAP. XIX

We
,i\ (1)

shall

Schlomilch series whose


-*/ x G(x,a)

now prove that, if Y(x) sum is f(x\ and

is the

function associated with the

if

= (x + a)T(x-r2a) + (x-a)T(a;-2a)-2xT(a;)

then
(2)

lim G(x,a) = xf(x)


a-fcO

at

any point x at which

the series defining f(x) is convergent, provided that*

am =
It is easy to

o (Jm).

deduce from (1) that


00

G- (x, a)

= \a x 2
,. l

4o2

[(x

+ a) J (mx + 2ma) + (x a) J (mx 2ma) 2xJ


it

(mx)]

and, from l'Hospital's theorem,

follows that

lim

a +o4>m cP

\(x + a) J (mx + 2ma) + (x a) J (mx 2ma) 2xJ (mx)~\


2

= lim pr [Jn (mx + 2ma) J


'

(mx 2ma)

+ 2m(x + a) J (mx + 2ma) 2m (x a) Jo' (mx 2ma)] = x Jo" (mx) + J^ (mx)fm = xJ (mx).
Consequently the limits of the individual terms of the series defining Cr(#,a> are the individual terms of the series defining xf(x).
It is therefore sufficient to prove that the series for Ot(x, a) converges when x uniformly with respect to a in an interval including the point o has any value such that the series forf(x) is convergent.
It shall

may be assumed, without


then take a so small that
|
j

loss of generality, that


it

x
;

is positive f,

and we

does not exceed \x

we

shall
a.

now prove

that the series for Cr (x, a) converges uniformly

when - \x ^

\x.

By

observing that

-V{(2)}
and that the
series

% tg + V
< |a /^
3

fc

(g2g)}

S a m i w2

Jo
[x

(mx 2ma)

+ *J{x(x

2a)}]

* Since we are not assuming more than the convergence of / (x) at a single point, it is not permissible to infer from 19-5 that am must be o (Jm). (0, o) =0, the special t The functions under consideration are even functions of x ; and since

case in which

x=0

needs no further consideration.

19*523
is

SCHLOMILOH SERIES

641

uniformly convergent (upper or lower signs throughout being taken),

we

see that Or (x, a) differs from

*".*,

W?
.

[V( + 2a) Jo (mx + 2wa)

+ */(x 2a) J (mx - 2ma) -2*Jx.J


.

(mx)]

by the sum of two

series,

each of which

is

uniformly convergent.

It is therefore sufficient to establish the uniformity of the convergence of

the last series which has been written down.

Now
[

take the general term of this


2a)

series,

namely
.
.

^^ V(# +
it

{mx + 2wa) +

ftx

- 2a) J (mx - 2ma) - 2 sjx J

(mx)]

and write

in the form
,
.
.

//2x\[

sin

(mx ?r)"l

/sin

ma\ 2

If

2x\
'

cos

(mx ^7r) sin2ma


'

V
V

\wr/

8m (a? - 4a2)

ma
a

_ aw + am
where 4> (y)
is

//2a?\ sin (to#


'

|7r) cos
'

2wa

V"7 * (" - 4a2)


f 2<S> (imp)
L

m*

/(2x\

V UJ-

$> (ma! + 2ma) $> ( 2ma)"

4m^

'

denned by the formula

* (y) = {-P <* 0) - 1} cos (y - i) - |i + Q (y, 0)j sin (y - Jtt).


The general term
general terms,
is is

thus expressed as the


series, of

sum

proceed to prove that each of the four

of four terms, and we which these terms are the

uniformly convergent.

The first two series are proved to be uniformly convergent, in connexion with the theory of trigonometrical series*; and the third is obviously uniformly convergent from the test of Weierstrass.

To

deal with the fourth series,

we observe

that,

by the

first

mean-value

theorem, numbers f

and

exist such that

-1<0<1, -1<0,<1,
* Cf. Modern Analysis, 9'62, 9-621. It has been the general (bat not invariable) custom to obtain various properties of the series without establishing the uniformity of their convergence. The convergence of the series for f(x) is required to deal with the first serits the second series can be dealt with in consequence of the less stringent hypothesis that a m =o\ >/m).
;

The number

is

a function of a variable

which

will be introduced immediately.

642
for

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


which
24> (mx)

[CHAP. XIX

<l>

(mx + 2ma)

(nix

2ma)
2mat)} dt

= 2ma

{<'

(mx - 2mat) - <t>' (mx +


<fc"

Jo

= 2ma
= 4m
Since 4>"(^)
2 2

4>mat

(mx
1

2moi6t) dt

Jo

a2 4>"
3/

( - 2ma6
is

).

= 0(l/y ) when

large, it is evident that

m=l
is

uniformly convergent with respect to

a.

Hence

G (x, o)

is

expressed as the

uniformly with respect to a

sum of six series each of which when \x < a < \x\ and therefore
lim
a--0

converges

G (x, a)
G (x, a),
;

is
is

equal to the

sum

of the limits of the terms of the series for

i.e. it

equal to xf(x), provided that the series the lemma to be proved.


19*53.

for/O)

is

convergent

and this

is

Lemma
(\/m)

II.

We
that a m

shall next prove that, with the notation

of%

19*51, 19*52, the condition

is sufficient to

ensure that

(x

+ a) F (x + 2a) + (x-a)F(x- 2a) - 2xT (x) _ Q


a

a
for
all values

of

x.

As

in 1952,

we need

consider positive values of x only

and we express

the series for a

G (x, a) as the sum

be uniformly convergent when cerning trigonometrical series which were used in

of six series each of which is easily seen to x < a < \x, by applying the theorems con 19*52.

Hence
lim [a

G (x, a)]
= lim(W)- \im-^~[(x + a)J (mx + 2ma)
+ (x - a) Jo (mx - 2ma) - 2xJ
{mx)\

a0

= 0,
and
this is the

lemma

to

be proved.
series.

19-54.

The analogue of Riemanns theorem* on trigonometrical


if

We

can now prove that,


(i.e.

consideration

with v

=
**

0,
Cf.

two Schlomilch series of the type now under and with Struve's function absent) converge
Modrrv Analysis, 963.

19-53, 19*54]

SCHLOMILCH SERIES

643

and have the same sum-function throughout the interval (0, ir), then corresponding coefficients in the two series are equal. The formal statement of the theorem is as follows
all points
series, of the special type, which converge and are equal at of the closed interval (0, tr), with the possible exception of a finite number of points, must have corresponding coefficients equal, unless the end-

Two Schlomilch

points

and

7T

are both exceptional points.

If these

points are exceptional points, the two series

may differ by a

constant

multiple of the series

+2

(-T

(nix).

Let the difference of the two series be

$a + 2 am J
m-l

(mx),
all

and

let

the

sum

values of x between

of this series be f(x), so that f(x) converges to zero for and nr, except the exceptional values.
(0, ir),

Let x

&

be any points (except the origin) of the interval

such

that there are no exceptional points inside* the interval (, 2).

We

proceed to prove that,

if

V(x)

is

the function associated with the

interval ( 2 ).

Schlomilch series for fix), then P (x) is a linear function of log x in the This is the analogue of Schwarz' lemmaf.
If

= 1, orif0 = -l,andif

*()-^[F()-F(ft)-^^{F(6)-F(ft)j]

then

<f>(x) is

continuous when Zi^x^g,, and

*(fc)-*(&)-o.
If the first term of
will
first

be some term of

(x) is not zero J throughout the interval (&, 2), there <f> point c at which it is not zero. Choose the sign of so that the
<f>

(c) is positive at

c,

and then choose h


it

so small that

<f>

(c) is

still positive.

Since

<f>(x) is

continuous in (&,),
positive.

attains its upper

positive since

<f>(c) is

Let

it

attain its upper

bound which is bound at clt so that

ft<c,<(r,.

Now by Lemma
j.

I (
<f>

1952)

(c,

+)

(c,

+ 2a)+(d - a)
4o
2

<ft

(ct

- 2a) - 2c,

(cQ

=^

^o
*

The

points 2

|2 themselves

may

be exceptional points.

f Cf. Modern Analysis, 9631. X If it is zero throughout ( x |.2 ), then


,

P {x)

is

obviously a linear function of log x.

644

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


<f>

[CHAP. XIX
left

But

(Cj 4-

2a)

<f>

(cj),

<f>

(Cj

2a) ^

tf>

(d), so the limit

on the

must be

negative or zero.

term of (cc) must be zero throughout (f1} f2), that is to say that F(#) must be a linear function of log x and this is the theorem to be proved.
This contradiction shews that the
first
;

Hence the curve whose equation

is

F (a?)

consists of a set of

segments

of logarithmic curves with equations of the type

y= A
Now, by

log x

+ B.
and so these logarithmic curves y = 'F(x) cannot have

1951, F(#)

is

continuous in

(0, ir),

are connected at the exceptional points; and the curve

an abrupt change of direction at an exceptional point, because, by

Lemma

II,

a-*-o

{_

la
is

2a
;

even when

an exceptional point

that

is

to say

fF'(+0) = F'(f-0).
Hence the constants
points,

A and B cannot be discontinuous at the exceptional and so they have the same values for all values of x in the
-n-).

interval (0,

Consequently,

when

<x<
2

ir,

H*
Make
x-*
;

- 2 -*-^
r=l
"'*

'-

= A\ogx + B.

the series on the left has a limit, namely

because it is uniformly convergent. x -* 0, and so A is zero.


Consequently,

Therefore

A \ogx + B

has a limit

when

when

^x %
m=\

ir,

if*

and the

series

on the

left

converges uniformly throughout

(0, ir), so

integrations

term- by- term are permissible.

Replace x by x sin

0,

multiply by sin

0,

tt

nd integrate from

to \tt.

Then,

by 12

11,

&a x*-B=

2.

"j (mx sin sin 0d0 0)

s am sin ma?
Hence, when

^ x ^ tt,
"

am

smmx =
-

D f^a x3 Bx.

19'6]

SCHLOMILCH SERIES

645
it is

Multiply by sin

mx and
7ra8 2m i*

integrate from

to

ir

then evident that

[2m3

m
a m = (-)w a
.

'

Since dm

is

given to be o (*Jm), this equation shews that

B = J9 n*a
Hence we must have
f(x) = a

w=l

From the

results contained in 19*41 concerning the behaviour of the

and at #= ir, it is evident that f(x) cannot be a series on the right at a? = convergent Schlomilch series at either point unless a is zero; and this proves
the theorem stated at the beginning of this section.
19*6.

Theorems concerning

the convergence

of generalised Schlomilch series.

We shall now
{)

study briefly the series


fro,

" am Jv (mx)

+ w H, (mx)
fr

i> + l).ti
when v<\,
-*- oo

QmwY
the condition that the

We

shall first prove that,

(m +

\)th

term of

the series tends to zero as ra


is sufficient to

at all points

of any

interval of values

of x

ensure that

am =
[Note. If the origin
is

o(ra" + *),

6w

= o(ir+ *).

is

a point of the interval in question, then the theorem that

m=0(l)
obviously true.]

Since the series under consideration


of x
lost
if

is

unaffected

by a change

in the sign
is

the signs of

all

the coefficients bm are also changed, no generality


interval on the right of the origin.
;

by considering an

We call

this interval /,

and, at all points of /,,


cm

we
,

have,

by
,

1041
v

(4),

am Jv (mx) + bm

(mx)
*

.\ 5 ($mxy

= 71

yii / +i */'jr (%mxy

rD/ [P (w*,

v) cos

, (mx - \vir -\ir- n m )

Q (mx, v) sin (mx \vir \ir vm )] + b, n (n _1 where am = cm cos m b m = cm sin M We now suppose that a m and bm are not both o(w + *); we have to shew
.

),

r\

i/

that this hypothesis leads to a contradiction.


If that
cm

am and b m are not both

o (m" + *), a positive

number

must

exist such

>em v+i

whenever

is

given any value belonging to a certain unending sequence

wio,

3 ,....

646

THEORY OF BBSSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP. XIX

We now
inequalities

prove, exactly as in 19*5, that, at

some point

of

Ilf the

P(mX,v)>l \Q(mX,v)\<l, sin (mX \vir \tr m ) ^ \ |i/7r -\ir n m ) > \ */3, cos (mX
|

r)

are satisfied whenever


is

w has

any value belonging to a sequence (mr ) which

a sub-sequence of the sequence

(mr

).

For values of
a m Jv

which belong to this sub-sequence we have

(ml) + bm H (mX)

qmxy
and, since v
small.

>m&-***>
is sufficient

\
is

is

negative, the expression on the right cannot be arbitrarily


to prove that

This

the contradiction which

am and

bm

must both be

o(ra"+*) if the

(m + l)th term
(as in

of the Schlomilch series tends to

zero at all points of J,.

The reader may now prove


condition that
it

19 5) that, when v <\,tf the generalised


sufficient

Schlomilch series converges throughout any interval, the necessary and

may

converge for any positive value of

x {whether a point of

the interval or not) is that the series

Hcos(ra# kwr \ir vm )


4i/
2

-l
Bin

Smx

(mx -

W
the

l-rr

- Vm )\ +

r(l + i)r(i) ]
,

should be convergent for that value of x.

19*61.

The associated function.

Let us take

< v<
a

and

let

sum

of the series

r(i/+l)
at

=i

| am Jv (mx) + bm ($mxy

(mx)

any point at which the


Let

series is

convergent be called f, (x).

m {)
Then

v_ *"
/

W ~8I>-|-2)
floff

5 a m J, (mx) + bm H (mx)
mti

m\(tmxy

F(a?) will be called the function associated with the Schlomilch series

whose sum isf (x).


of any
It is easy to prove that, if the series defining r (x) converges at all points interval, then the series defining F (x) converges for all real values of x.

The only

respect in which the proof differs from the analysis used in

19*51 is that the additional

theorem that

(x^x"

is

a bounded function of

the real variable x has to be used.

19-61, 19-62]

SCHLOMILCH SERIES

647

Again,
(2)

let

(x,a)

= l[(x + 2va + a)F,(x + 2a) + (x - 2va - a) F (x - 2a) - 2x F (x)]/**.


19*52,

Then, just as in

we may prove that*

Hm.(^)-./.(.)at

rfr+ )r(t)

j^
i

any point x

at

which the series defining


o

fy (x)
ao

is convergent,

provided that

am and bm are both


Further we

(m -"'*) and
prove that

that the series

bm/m is convergent.

may

lim [a Gr {x, a)] =


a--0

0,
ao

provided only that am and bm are both o


convergent or not.
19*62.

(to" + *),

whether the series

X
m=l

bmfm is

The analogue of Riemann's theorem.

We

order v {where

can now prove that, if two generalised Schl&milch series of the same \ < v < ^) converge and have the same sum-function at all
(it is

ir, ir) with the possible exception of a finite supposed that the origin and the points tt are not all exceptional points), and if the coefficients of the terms containing Struve's functions in the two series are sufficiently nearly equal f each to each, then all

points of the closed interval (

number of points

corresponding coefficients in the two series are equal.

Let the difference of the two

series

be

_Joo__

I> + 1)
and
let

|
ti

am Jv (mx) + bm H.,(mx)

($mxy
(x),

the

sum

of this series be

so that the series for / (x) converges


tt)

to zero at all points of the interval

( tt,

with a

finite

number

of exceptions.

The convergence
( 7r,
7r)

of the series for / (x) nearly everywhere in the interval

necessitates the equations

am = o (m"+*),

bm

= o (m"+i).
terms containing Struve's funcis

The statement that the


tions in the

coefficients of the

two

mean

that 6m

be sufficiently nearly equal --Oasm-*oo in such a way that i.


series are to

to be interpreted to

L.

is

convergent.

We
*

now

discuss the function F(a") associated with the Schlomilch series

for / (x).

It can

be proved J that

if

the interval
is

(,,

f2 )

is

such that the origin


differential

The presence

of the series

on the right

due to the lack of homogeneity in the

equation satisfied by Struve's function. f This statement will be made definite immediately.
t It seems unnecessary to repeat the arguments already used in 19*54.

648

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


"

[CHAP. XIX

and the exceptional points (if any) are not internal points of the interval, then F,(#) is a linear function* of a? - 2" in the interval. It may then be shewn
that the exceptional points do Dot cause any discontinuity in the form of

r (x),

and hence we deduce that

iT v (x) = Ax-*" + B,

(0<x%ir)
, >

\Fv {x) = A'\x\-" + B


where A, B,

(0>x>-tt)

A\

B' are constants.

Now

take the equation

p
replace

" K

a^ m = 8I> +
>

2)

1 aw Jv (mx) + bm H (mx) m\{\mxy mZx


1

x by #sin0, multiply by sin2"* convergent integral) and integrate from


tions are permissible.
It is thus found that
f**-,

0/cos2v

0,

(which has an absolutely

to \ir.
0,

The

series for

Fr (#sin0)

converges uniformly in this interval of values of

so term-by-term integra-

F (X Sin 0)

+1 ^ sin "gT/ 0,0 =


2
,

Jo
00

cos "0
2

fi'8m iv+3 cue* 5^=-^ 8r(i/ (i/ + 2)J cos2 "0

d0
JQ

- 2

fj *

"a

m J, (mxsm0) + bm H (mx sin

0) sin" +1
'

m=l JO

m
Y(\

.(m#)"
*

cos2"0

(Iff

_ g^T(\ v)
12r()

v)

g m sin mx +b m (l

cos mx)

T(i)

Zx
we deduce
a*a?

m*x
that
1

When we
/ 1X (1)

substitute for P (x sin 0)

^
we

v aTO sinm#+&m (l-cosma;)

when 0^#^7r

and a similar

() -^r(, = 12-- r + i), ( f-,) equation may be obtained when O^x^ tt.
,

4a?

- 2"

Since am and 6 OT are both o

(m v+*),

it is

term-by-term when

>*/>-; but

it

may

permissible to differentiate (1) twice only be differentiated once if

If

differentiate, twice or

on the
fails to

left

once as the case may be, the resulting series tends to a limit as x -* 0, but the resulting expression on the right

do so unless
infer that

is zero.

We
of
It
<e>\

A = 0,

and

in like

F (x) at the

origin then shews that

manner A' must be zero the continuity B and must be equal.


;

now

follows from (1) that

(2)

Jr

% am Sm mX + km (1 - COS mx)

_ -^-BxTiv+l)
(^X3
.

when 7r $ x ^ ir.
*

When

v is zero

x~iv has

to be replaced

by logx.

19*7]

SCHIidMELCH SERIES

649
to it
;

Multiply (2) by cos mx and integrate from


(3)

ir

and then

6TO

= 0.

Again, multiply by suitor and integrate; and then

(-) m dm
This equation
is

= <h + {2BT (v + 1) - ^OoTT3


2

}.

inconsistent with the fact that

am

is

o(mv+l)

unless

and then

am
series for / (#)

= (-)m a

Hence the

must reduce

to

lr(r+i)

t1 m
ir,

a^y
is

J;

Now

at least one of the points 0,

the series for/r (a?)


is also zero.

not an exceptional point and cannot converge at that point unless a* is zero, so that am

- 7r

have therefore proved that, if the series 2 bm/m is convergent all the am and bm must vanish that is to say, the two Schlomilch series with which we started must have corresponding coefficients equal. And this is the theorem to be proved.
coefficients
;

We

We have therefore established for Schlomilch series in which \ < v < theorems analogous to the usual theorems concerning the representation of
null-functions

by trigonometrical

series.

19*7.

Theorems of Riemanris type concerning

series

of Bessel functions and

Dini's series of Bessel functions.

We

shall

now

give a very brief sketch of the method by which the series

discussed in Chapter xviii,

namely

t=i

2 am Jv {jm a;),

2
t=i

bm

Jv (\m

a;),

(in

which v

> ) may be investigated

after the

manner

of Riemann's investi-

gation of trigonometrical series.


is identical with the method of investigation of Schlomilch given in 19 6 1962, though there are various points of detail*, which do not arise in the case of Schlomilch series, due to the fact that m j and Xm are not linear functions of m.

The method

series just

These points of detail are very numerous and there is no special difficulty in discussing any but it is a tedious and lengthy process to set them out in full, and they do not seem to be of sufficient importance to justify the use of the space which they would require. The reader who desires to appreciate the details necessary in such investigations may consult the papers by C. N. Moore, Trans. American Math. Soc. x. (1909), pp. 391435; xn. (1911), pp. 181206; xxi. (1920), pp. 107156.
*

of

them

650
In the
if

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


first place, it is

[CHAP. XIX

easy to prove by the method used in


00

195

that

the series
00

OmJ.ijmti),

2 bmJyQ^x)

converge throughout any interval of values of x, then

Next we consider the

associated function
OO

we

write

f(x)

= 2 am Jv (jm x\
m=l
is

and then the function associated with /(a?)

defined by the equation

F(x) =
It

mljm

2 5s/ (**>.
"

may be proved
is

that,

when x has any


if

positive value for which the series

defining /(a?)

convergent, and

the expression

+ 2va + a) F(x + 2a) - 2x F(x) + (x~ 2v* -)F(x- 2a)] ^s l(x


is

latter series is uniformly convergent

arranged as a series in which the rath term has am for a factor, then the with respect to a in an interval containing the point o = 0, and that its limit when a -* is ^""/(a?).
It

may

also

be proved

that,

whether the

series for

f(x) converges or

not,

the condition that am =*o (*/m)

is sufficient

to ensure that

t- [(# + 2vo + o) F(x + 2d)


tends to zero with
a.

- 2x F(x) + (x~ 2i> - a) F(x - 2a)]

The

proofs of these theorems depend on a


?2*

number
ain2/
8

of

lemmas such as the lemma* that

- rt

2
m=l! Jm+1"'
is

fm<**

a bounded function of a

proofs of the

proofs in the special (trigonometrical) case in which

lemmas can be constructed on the v=$.


(cf.

lines of the

It

now

follows in the usual

manner

19'54) that,

when/()

is

a null-

function throughout the interval (0,

1),

then F(x)

satisfies

the differential

equation

and sof
where

*-rf^ + (2,, + 1) F(x) = A + Bx-*>,


and

^=
is
962.

>

B are

constants.
* Cf.

This equation

valid

when

< x ^ 1.

Modern Analysit,

When v=0, F(x)=A+B'logx.

19*7]

SCHLOMILCH SERIES
since

651

Now

v>-,

J,(jm^)/(jf>^y
so,

is

bounded when

O^a^l

whatever

be the value of

and

when*

<

, the series

converges uniformly

when

^x<

1,

by the

test of Weierstrass.

Hence F{x)
is

is

zero

when

v is

a continuous function of x in the closed interval and so positive and is zero in the case v = 0.
;

For any assigned value of n multiplying the series for F(x) by x+1 J,(j x) n does not destroy the uniformity of its convergence; and, when we integrate,

we

find that

J? 0) = j
=jn

2
J

{Ax*
J

+ Bar 9 ) x Jv (jn x) dx
~ (A + B) J: n)
*

B
[

'^rW

Now, when n

is large,

j''->i-V(),
for

and so the formula just obtained


n

an

is

inconsistent with the equation

= o (00 when

>

unless both

A +B and B are zerof;

and then an

is

zero.

Hence a series of Bessel functions (in which v > |) cannot converge to sum zero at all points of the interval (0, 1), with the possible exception of a finite number of points (the origin not being an exceptional point} when
the
v

>

),

unless

all

the coefficients in the series are zero.

We infer that two series of Bessel functions, in which v > \, cannot converge and be equal at all points of the interval (0, 1), with the possible exception of a finite number of points, unless corresponding coefficients in the
two
series are equal.

Dini's series
00

f(x)= 2
may be
dealt with in the

6m 7F (\JB a;)

same manner. The


F(x) = i

associated function

is

defined

by the equation

^J^zl,

* When *>}, the convergence of the series for /(a)/*" at.r=0 is sufficient to ensure the uniformity of the convergence. t An exception might occur when v - 1= - ; but this is the trigonometrical case.

% The

series divided

by x" then has to converge at the

origin.
is

It is supposed for the present that

H+v>0,

so that no initial term

inserted.

652

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


it is

[CHAP. XIX
(0, 1),

and

inferred that

when f(x)
that

is

a null-function throughout

then

constants

and

B exist such

F(x) =
bn

A + Bar*,

(l

- ) /* (\n) + JJ 2 (X.)] = v/^ (A*P + Bar*) xJv (X) efo - \ r^^+1 (\) + b

and

when v ^ 0. Now, when n is large

5=

f^p - ^.

<*)}]

J, +1 (X)=0(X-*),
so that, if

/-iOO = 0(\n-),
'

5^0,
n

~ 2T( V)
bn

and

this is inconsistent

with the equation

= o (\/n),

since v

> .
J? is zero,

Hence

and therefore

6n [(l

) ^
2

(X.)

+ J* (Xn)] = 4\ J,+1 (X).

This equation

is

inconsistent with the equation


bn
o (\/n)
;

unless

A is zero, since /+, (\) is not zero and then bn is zero. We next consider what happens when H + v is zero or negative
assume the forms
oo

in these

cases Dini's series

Xp

+ 2
w=l

bmJyCKnX),
oo

6 / (\ x)
respectively.

+ 2 bm J, (\m x),

In the second of the two cases the previous arguments are unaffected by the first of the two cases needs more careful consideration because the initial term to be inserted in the associated
the insertion of an initial term
function
;

is

b x*

4(i/+l)'
and hence, when n

>

1,
l

bn JS (\)

= X

[Ax*
J

^f^ + Bar*} xJ

{\nx) dx

19-7]

SCHLOMILCH SERIES
and then that

653

Since bn
(^n)">

= o (0i) we infer first that b = and so bn =


;

2?

= 0,

by considering the term in

for all values of n.

infer also that, as in the limiting case of series of Bessel functions, Dini's series of Bessel functions cannot represent a null-function throughout the interval (0, 1), and that if two of Dini's series (with the same v and H)

We

converge and are equal at


of a finite

all

points of the interval (0,

1),

with the exception

number

of points, then corresponding coefficients in the two series

are equal.

CHAPTER XX
THE TABULATION OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS
20' 1.

Tables of Bessel Functions

and

associated functions.
vii,

It is evident

from a consideration of the analysis contained in Chapters

VIII

and XV that a large part of the theory of Bessel Functions has been con-

structed expressly for the purpose of facilitating numerical computations connected with the functions. To the Mathematician such computations are
of less interest and importance* than the construction of the theories which make them possible; but to the Physicist numerical results have a significancef

which formulae may

fail

to convey.

it

As an application of various portions of the Theory of Bessel Functions, has been considered desirable to insert this Chapter, which contains an historical account of Tables of Bessel Functions which have been previously published, together with a collection of those tables which seem to be of the
greatest value for the present requirements of the Physicist.

The reader will not be concerned with the monotony and technical irrelevance of this Chapter when he realises that it can be read without the efforts required to master the previous chapters and to amplify arguments so ruthlessly condensed.

his

The first Tables of J (*) and J (x) were published by Bessel himself in memoir on Planetary Perturbations, Berliner Abhandlunyen, 1824 [1826],
x

pp. 46

52.
fo*r

decimals

These tables give the values of J (x) and J, (x) to ten places of a range of values of x from x = to x = 3'20 with interval O'Ol.

A short Table of J(x) and J Hx) to four places of decimals was constructed
by Airy,
the same
Phil.

Mag.
0*2.

(3)

xvm.

(1841),

p.

7; its

range

is

from

a?

to

x 100

with interval

Airy J had previously constructed a Table of

2/j (x)/x,

of

scope.

ZeiUchrift fiir Math,


;

The function Ji{x)jx was subsequently tabulated to six places of decimals by Lommel, und Phy. xv. (1870), pp. 164167, with a range from x-^0 to #=20*0 Table, with a Table of JJ (a?)/^2 was republished by, Lommel, 0*1 this interval with Munckener Abhandlungm, xv. (1886), pp. 312315.
,

* Cf. Love, Proc.

London Math.

Soe. (2) xrv. (1915), p. 184.

" in formulas unless I feel their arithmetical f Cf. Lord Kelvin's statement I have no satisfaction magnitude at all events when formulas are intended for definite dynamical or physical problems."

Baltimore Lectures (Cambridge, 1904),

p. 76.

% Tram. Camb. Phil. Soc. v. (1835), p 291. A Table of 2JX (x)/x and its square, to four or five 1125 (with interval 15) places of decimals, in which the range is from to the circular measure of was given by Sohwerd, Die Beugung$er$cheitmngen (Mannheim, 1835), p. 146.
:

20 *1]

TABULATION OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

655

In consequence of the need of Tables of Jn (x) with fairly large values of for Astronomical purposes, Hansen constructed a Table of J (x) and (x) to six places of decimals with a range from x = /"i to x = 10-0 with

n and x
interval

was published in his Ermittelung der absoluten StOrungen und Neigung (Gotha, 1843). Hansen's Table was reprinted by Schlomilch* and also by Lommelf who extended it
;

01

this

in Ellipsen von beliebiger Excentricitdt

toa: = 20.

These

tables,

however, are superseded by Meissel's great Table of


is

J (x)

and

J (x)
x

to twelve places of decimals]:, published in the Berliner

Abhand-

lungen, 1888; its range


Meissel's Table

from x =

to

15*50

with interval 001.

by Gray and Mathews, A Treatise on Bessel Functions (London, 1895), pp. 247 266, and an abridgement of it is given in Table I infra, pp. 666697.
was reprinted in
full

A
to

Table of

(x)

and

/,

(x) to

x = 60 with

interval 01, has

twenty-one places of decimals, from x = been constructed by Aldis, Proc. Royal Soc.
50 has been computed by
series, Phil.

lxvi. (1900),

p. 40.
l, 2, 3, ...,

A Table of J (ntr) to six places of decimals for n =


Nagaoka, Journal of the
Coll.

of Sci. Imp. Univ. Japan,

iv. (1891), p. 313.

The value
Mag.

of

(40)

was computed by W. R. Hamilton from the ascending

(4) xiv. (1857), p. 375.

A
pp.

0-2 has been published

Table of Ji(x) to six places of decimals from ^=201 to # = 41 with interval 0*1 or by Steiner, Math, und Naturwiss. Berichte aus Ungarn, xi. (1894),

372373.

The

earliest table of functions of the second

B. A. Smith, Messenger, xxvi. (1896), pp. 98101; this 0) places of decimals of Neumann's functions (x) and

kind was constructed by is a Table to four

<

from x =
interval 01.

to

x =100 with

interval

01 and from

Y (x). Its range is x= 10 to x = 102 with


<"

more extensive table of these functions


76

is

ciation Report, 1914, pp.

82;

given in the British Asso-

this is a Table to six places of decimals

whose range is from x = to x= 1550 with interval 002; a year later a table was published, ibid. 1915, p. 33, in which the values of F (x) and F< (x) were given to ten places of decimals for a range from x = to x = 6'0 with interval 0*2 and from x = 6*0 to x= 160 with interval 05.
(0

Shortly after the appearance' of Smith's Table, an elaborate table was constructed by Aldis, Proc. Royal Soc. lxvi. (1900), p. 41, of Heine's functions O (x) and Gx (x) to twenty-one places of decimals; the reader should be
far Math, und Phijs. n. (1857), pp. 158165. t Studien iiber die Bessel'schen Functionen (Leipzig, 1868), pp. 127 135. X Meissel's Table contains a misprint, the correct value of J (0-62) being +0-90618..., not + 0-90518.... An additional misprint was made in the reprint of the Table by Gray and Mathews.
* Zeitschrift

These functions were also tabulated by B. A. Smith, Phil. Mag.


the scope of this table
is

(5),

xlv. (1808), pp. 122


I'*
1
)

123

the

same

as that of his Table of I'M (x)

and

(,c).

656

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP.

XX

reminded that these functions are equal to \irY (x) and |w Y t (x) reto x = 6'0 with interval 0*1. spectively. The range of Aldis' Table is from x =

Another table of these functions with a smaller interval was published in


the British Association Report, 1913, pp. 116 130; this table gives the functions to seven places of decimals for a range from x = to x = 16*00 with
interval 001.

decimals from

x 65

The Report for 1915, p. 33, contains a to x 15*5 with interval 0"5.

table to ten places of

The

functions
;

(x)

and

(x) are tabulated to seven places of decimals

in Table I infra

this table has

an appreciable advantage over the British

Association Tables*, in that the auxiliary tables

make

interpolation a trivial
is

matter; in the British Association Tables interpolation

impracticable.

By means of the

recurrence formulae combined with the use of the tables

which have now been described, it is an easy matter to construct tables of functions whose order is any integer. Such tables of /", (x) were constructed by Hansen and reprinted by Schlomilch and Lommel after their Tables of J (x) and J (x). Subsequently Lommel, Miinchener Abhandlungen, XV. (1886), 316, published a Table of Jn (x) to six places of decimals, in which pp. 315 n = 0, 1, 2, ..., 20, and x - 0, 1, 2,..., 12; this Table is reprinted in Table IV 731. A Table of Jn (x) of practically the same scope was also infra, pp. 730 published by Meissel, Astr. Nach. cxxviii. (1891), col. 154 155.

much more

extensive Table of
it.

seems that he never published


eighteen places of decimals

for publication in their Treatise,

Jn (x) was computed by Meissel, but it He communicated it to Gray and Mathews 279. This table gives Jn (x) to pp. 267

when n = 0,

1, 2, ...

60,

and x =
211

0, 1, 2, .... 24.

Some graphs of Jn (x) were constructed, with


table,

the help of the last-mentioned

by Hague, Proc. Phys.

Soc. xxix. (1917), pp.

214.
n (x) to 6*0

The corresponding Tables


tensive.

of functions of the second kind are not so ex-

The

British Association Report, 1914, pp.83

86 contains Tables of G
x

to five places of decimals forf

= 0,

1, 2,

...,13 for the range

with interval 0*1 and x


Similar Tables f of

= 60

to

160 with

interval 05.

{n)

(x) to six places of decimal- iwith the intervals

in the earlier part equal to 0*2)

appeared in the Report

for 1914, pp.

34

36.

Some

values of Hankel's function

Yn (x)

had been given previously by

Nicholson, Proc. London Math. Soc. (2) XI. (1913), pp. 113

114.
is

Table of

Yn (x)

to seven (or more) significant figures

contained in
(x)

Table IV infra. This has been computed from Aldis' Table of


* In the coarse of

and

(x).

and 6,

(x)

computing Table I, a small part of the British Association Table of G (x\ was checked, and the last digits in it were found to be unreliable in about 5 / of the

entries checked.

t For the larger values of

n the functions are not tabulated

for small values of x.

20,1 J

TABULATION OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


.
j

657

Tables of log10 [s/i^irx) ^> (x) v ] to eight significant figures are given in the British Association Report, 1907, pp. 9497. The values assigned to v are 0, \, 1, 1, ..., 6, and the range of values of x is from 10 to 100
j

x=

For this range of values of x, the asymptotic expansion ( 7*51) gives so rapid an approximation that the Table is of less value than a table in which the values of x and the intervals
to

(interval 10)

and 100

1000 (interval

100).

are considerably smaller.

Functions of the first kind with imaginary argument have been tabulated in the British Association Reports. The Report for 1896, pp. 99149, contained a Table of I (x) to nine places of decimals, its range being from to x = 5-100 with interval 0001. Table of /, (x) of the same scope had been

x=0

published previously in the Report for 1893, pp. 229 279; an abridgement of this (with interval 001) was given by Gray and Mathews in their Treatise,
pp.

282284.
Tables of

I (x) and 1^ (x) to twenty-one places of decimals have been conby Aldis, Proc. Royal Soc. lxiv. (1899), p. 218. The range of these Tables is x = to x = 60 with interval 01; Aldis also gave (ibid. p. 221) the values of I (x) and I (x) for x = 7, 8, 9, 10, 11.
structed
x

Extensive tables connected with I (x) and I\ (x) have been published by Andmg,Sechsstellige Tafeln der Bessel 'schen Funktionen imagindren Arguments
(Leipzig, 1911).
to

x= 1000
.

These tables give log ]0 1 (x) and log 10 /, (x)/x] from #=0 with interval 001. They also give the values of the functions
{

vX27nr) <r*

(x),

^(2irx) e~*Ix
.

(x),

log 10

[Jx IQ (x)) and log10


.

{y/x /, (*)}
.

for values of

(interval 1),

x from x = 100 x = 200 to x = 1000

to

= 500

(interval 01),

# = 50

to

#=200

(interval 10),

and

for various larger values of x.

Table II infra, pp. 698 713, gives the values of e~ x IQ (x) and er* J, (a?);, these have been computed, for the most part, by interpolation in Aldis' Table.
constructed bv These give (x) and x (x) to twenty-one places of decimals for values of x from ^= to x = 60 with interval 01, and also to between seven and thirteen significant figures from x = 5*0 to x = 12*0 with interval 01.
Aldis, Proc.

The

earliest tables of functions of the type

Kn (x) were

Royal

Soc. lxiv. (1899), pp.

219221.

The

values of

e*Ka (x) and e*K

(x) in

Table II infra were computed with


<?-*/<,(#)

the help of Aldis' Table, like the values of

and e^I^x).

ficant figures for

to

By means of recurrence formulae, In (x) has been tabulated to twelve signiw = 0, 1, 2, ..., 11 over the range of values of x from x = x = 60 with interval 02. These Tables of In (x) were published in the

British Association Report, 1889, pp. 29 32, and reprinted by Gray and Mathews in their Treatise, pp. 285 288. An abridgement (to five significant figures) of these Tables has been given by Isherwood, who added to them

658
Tables of

THEORY OP BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP.
.

XX

Kn (x) to five significant figures for n =


x=
to

0, 1, 2,

. .

10 over the range

of values of x from

x = 6'0 with

interval 0*2.
Lit.

Isherwood's Tables were

published in the
no. 19.

Mem. and Proc, Manchester

and Phil. Soc, 1903

1904,

Tables of e~ x In (x) and n (x) to seven places of decimals are given in Table IV infra, pp. 736739.

The
Meissel,
11,
. .
.

earliest

Tables of Bessel functions of large order were constructed by

who

has calculated

Jm (n)
?i

* twelve significant figures for

n=10,

21, Astr. Nach, cxxix. (1892), col. 284; Meissel also calculated

Jn (1000)

to seven significant figures for


col.

= 1000,

999,

...,

154155. The values of Jn (n), Jn-An),

981, ibid, cxxviii. (1891), n (n), Y< ~v(n), G n (n), G n ^(n)

n from n = l to 7? = 50 (interval 1), = w 50 to w=100 (interval 5), n = 100 to n = 200 (interval 10), n = 200 to n = 400 (interval 20), n = 400 to n = 1000 (interval 50), n = 1000 to n = 2000 (interval 100) and for various larger values of n, are given in the British
to six places of decimals for values of

Association Report, 1916, pp. 93

96.
to seven places of decimals are given

Tables of
in Table

Jn (n), Jn '(n), Yn (n), Yn '(n)


746747.
(x), bei (x),

VI

infra, pp.

The

functions ber

ker (x) and kei (x) have been extensively

tabulated on account of their importance in the theory of alternating currents.

A brief Table of ber (x) and bei (x), computed by Maclean, was published by Kelvin, Math, and Phys. Papers, ill. (1890), p. 493. Tables of J (xy/i) and y'2 J (x \fi) to twenty-one places of decimals have been constructed by Aldis, Proc. Royal Soc. lxvi. (1900), pp. 42 43; their range is from
.

x=

These are extensions of the Table of J (x *Ji) to nine places of decimals for the range from x = to x = 60 with interval 02 published in the British Association Report, 1893, p. 228, and reprinted by Gray and Mathews in their Treatise, p. 281.
to

x = 60 with

interval O'l.

Tables of ber(#), bei

x= 1, 2, 3,
p. 53.

...,30,

(a;), ker(#) and kei (x) to four significant figures for have been published by Savidge, Phil. Mag. (6) xix. (1910),

The

functions ber

(x),

bei (x), ber' (x)

and

bei' (x) are

tabulated to nine

places of decimals, from

to x

10*0 with interval

01

in the British

Association Report, 1912, pp. 57 68; and a Table of ker (x), kei (x), ker' (x) and kei' (x) of the same scope (except that only six or seven significant figures

were given) appeared in the Report for 1915, pp. 36 38. Tables of squares and products of the functions to six significant figures from x = to x= 100 with interval 02 were given in the Report for 1916, pp. 118 121.

The functions </ (+$)(#) have been tabulated to six places of decimals by Lommel, Milnchener Abh. xv. (1886), pp. 644 647, for n 0, 1, 2, ...,6 with x = 1 2, 14 50, and (in the case of functions of positive order) n = 7, 8,

. .

20-1]

TABULATION OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


1, 2,
. .
.

659
;

34 with smaller ranges of values of x see and n = 15, Table V infra, pp. 740 743. A Table of the same functions to four places of decimals with n =0, 1, 2 and from a; = to x = 80 with interval 02 is given by Dinnik, Archiv der Math, und Phys. (3) xx. (1913), pp. 238240.
,

with x =

20,

. . . ,

Association Reports.

Functions related to J(n +h)( x) have recently been tabulated in the British The notation used is
s/Qirx)
.

Jn+i (x) = Sn (x), i-Y^irx)

J_ n . h (x) = Cn (x),

and the functions and their logarithms. In the Report and in the Report
12,..., 19.
for 1916, pp.

En (x) = \Cn (x) + iSn (x)\, tabulated are Sn (x), Cn (x), En (x),
2

Sn'(x), Cn'(x),

En'*(x),

for 1914, pp.

88

102, the functions are

tabulated to seven significant figures for n

97107,

= 0,1, 2, ...,17 and x = 1,2,3, ...,10, for n = 0, 1, 2, ..., 10 and x =11,

Functions of order + J, , have been tabulated by Dinnik, Archiv der Math, und Phys. (3) xvni. (1911), pp. 337 338, to four places of decimals; the functions tabulated are T(l + J) Ji (x), T(l %)J$(x) from = to x = 8*0 with interval 0*2; and Dinnik has also tabulated I(x), I$(x), ibid.

(3) xxii. (1914), pp.

326. All these have the range x = x = 8 with 02. The Tables of T(l + $)Ji(x) are extensive than Table III 714 729 with the exception of Dinnik's there
pp.

226227 and Ji (x), Ji (x),


tables
less

ibid. (3)

xxi. (1913),
interval
infra,

324

to

pp.

but,

tables,

exist

no

tables of functions of orders f, J

and f
, Airy's
miff)

In connexion with functions of order +


I

Table of his integral

cos

^rn-

(w3

dw

Jo

must be mentioned
0'2
;

the values of this integral for values of

Airy calculated by quadratures and by ascending series from 5'6 to + 5'6 with interval

= 4tom = 4is given in the Trans. Camb. a seven-figure Table from Phil. Soc. vi. (1838), p. 402, and a five-figure Table from ra = - 56 to m = 56,
vin. (1849), p. 599.
-

ibid.

Apart from the work of Euler described in 15 5 the earliest computation of the zeros of J (x) and */, (x) is due to Stokes, Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. ix. (1856), p. 186 [Math, and Phys. Papers, n. (1883), p. 355]. Stokes gave the values of the first twelve zeros (divided by if) of J (x) and J, (x) to four places of decimals. In the same memoir he gave the first fifty zeros of Airy's integral, and the first ten stationary points of this integral.

The
Ann.
sci.

first

nine zeros of

J (x), J (x), ...,J (x)


t

de Vficole norm. sup.

ill.
;

given to three places of decimals

87. Bourget's results are (1866), pp. 82 some corrections in his Tables have recently

were computed by Bourget,

been made by Airey*.


* Phil.

Mag.

(6) xxxii. (1916),

pp.

714.

660

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

[CHAP.

XX

Bourget's Tables have been reprinted so frequently that their authorship has been overlooked by the writers of the articles on Bessel Functions in the Encyclopiidie der Math. Wiss. and the Ewrgclopedie de.i Set. Math.

The first five zeros of J (x) and J2 (x) were given to six places of decimals by Lommel, Zeitschrift fur Math. und. Phys. xv. (1870), p. 167 and Munchener Abhandlungen, XV. (1886), p. 315.
x

The
The
pp. 153

first

ten zeros of

(x)

were computed to ten places of decimals bv

Meissel, Berliner Abhandlungen, 1888.


first fifty

zeros (and their logarithms) of

J
x

(x)

were given to ten places

of decimals by Willson and Peirce, Bulletin

155;

they also

American Math. Soc. Hi. (1897), gave the values of J (x) and log \Ji{x)\ at these
respectively.

zeros to eight

and seven places of decimals


zeros of

The
this

computed

and the corresponding values of J (x) were to sixteen places of decimals by Meissel*, Kiel Programm, 1890; Table is reprinted by Gray and Mathews in their Treatise, p. 280.
first fifty
x

(x)

Tables of roots of the equation

Jn (x) Yn (kx) Jn (kx) Yn (x) =


have been constructed by Kalahne, Zeitschrift fur Math, und Phys. liv. (1907), 86 the values taken for k are 1*2, 15 and 2 0, while n is given the pp. 55

values

0, , 1, f, 2, f.

Dinnik in his Tables of functions of fractional order mentions the values of a few of the zeros of each function, while Airey, Phil. Mag. (6) xli. (1921), 205, has computed the value of the smallest zero of pp. 200 v {x) 'for small fractional values of v by Euler's method.

i.

(1899), pp.

Rayleigh, Proc. London Math. Soc. x. (1878), pp. 6 363364], has calculated that

7 [Scientific Papers,

has a

maximum when
ten zeros of

a?

(1-tfW, (#)// (x) = 0*4858.


und Phys.
(3) xx. (1913), p. 291, has

Airey, Archiv der Math,

computed

the

first

3xJ

(x)

2J\ (x) and of

2xJ

(x)

(x) to four places

of decimals.

Lommel

In his memoirs on Diffraction, Munchener Abhandlungen, xv. (1886), has published tables connected with his functions of two variables,

but these tables are so numerous that a detailed account of them will not be given here. His Table of Fresnel's integrals (p. 648) to six places of decimals from x = to x 50'0 with interval 0*5 (with auxiliary tables for purposes of interpolation) must, however, be mentioned, and with it his Table of the first sixteen maxima and minima of these integrals.
* Jahrbitch iiber die Fortschritte der

Math. 1890,

p. 521.

In consequence of the inaccessibility

of Meissel's table, the zeros of J\ (x) were recomputed (to ten places of decimals) for insertion in

Table VII,

p. 748.

20*2]

TABULATION OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


for Fresnel's integrals

661

Lommel's form

was

Ji(t)dt;
J o

a different form was tabulated earlier by Lindstedt, Ann. der Physik und Ch&mie, (3) xvn. (1882), p. 725.
Defining the functions
/

M (x) and N (x) by the equations cos dt = M {x) cos x JV (x) sin x
t
2 %
2
,

J X

sin

Pdt =

M (x) sin x* + N (x) cos x

2
,

and writing x =

{(y

of decimals from

+ ) tt}^ Lindstedt tabulated M(x) = to y = 9 with interval O'l.


-

and

N (x) to six places

The

function I(x) defined as

if Hi 2(2) rf*
t

00

has been tabulated to four places of decimals by Struve, Ann. der Physik und Chemie, (3) xvn. (1882), pp. 10081016, from x = to 4'0 (interval 01), from

= 40

to

70

(interval

02) and from x =

7*0 to 11-0 (interval 0'4).

table of values of the integral

in which the limits are consecutive zeros (up to the forty-ninth) of

(x),

has

been published by Steiner, Math, und Naturwiss. Berichte aus Ungarn xi. (1894), pp. 366 367 this integral occurs in the problem of Diffraction by

a Circular Aperture:

No

Tables of Struve's functions- seem to have been constructed before the

Table of

Ho (x) and Hi (x) which

is

given on pp. 666

697.

20*2.

Description of the Tables contained in this book.

to

Preliminary considerations on the magnitude and character of the tables be included in this book led to the following decisions
(I)

That space did not usually admit of the inclusion of more than seven

places of decimals in the tables.


(II) That the tables should be so constructed as to minimise the difficulty making interpolations. In particular, it was decided that a table with a

of

moderately large interval (such as 0*02), together with an auxiliary table to facilitate interpolation, would be more useful than a table with a smaller
interval (such as 0*01), occupying the
auxiliary, in

same space

as the first table

and

its

which interpolation was impracticable.

662
(III)

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


That
in

[CHAP.

XX

computing

tables, calculations

should be carried to ten


of cases of inaccuracy

places of decimals in order to ensure that the

number

in the last figure of the published results should be trivial*.

This does not

apply to the auxiliary tables of angles which are entered in Tables I and III.

In order to obtain seven-figure accuracy,


figure table of natural sines

it is

not sufficient to tabulate to

tenths of a second of arc, because the differences per minute of arc in a seven-

may be

as large as

00002909 on the other hand,


;

an error of a hundredth of a second does not affect the value of the sine by more than 0*00000005. Hence, for seven-figure accuracy, it was considered
adequate to compute to nine places of decimals the sines (or cosines) of the angles tabulated and then to compute the angles from Gifford's Natural Sines
(Manchester, 1914)
;

these are eight-figure tables with an intervalf of 1".


in error as to the
(i.e.

The angles tabulated may consequently frequently be


last
digit,

but, in all probability, the error never exceeds a unit


arc).

hundredth of a second of

"We now proceed


x=
to

to describe the tables in detail.

and F, (x) from and J^ix) up to 1550 are taken from Meissel's Table J, while the values of Y (x) and Y {x) were computed partly by interpolation in Aldis' Table of G (x) and Gx (x) and partly from the asymptotic expansions of J 2 (x) + F 2 (x) and J^ (x) + Y? (x)
Table I consists primarily of Tables of
(x), (x),
1

(x)

1600 with

interval of 0*02.

The

values of

{x)

given in

7*51.

The
n

{1) auxiliary tables give the values of \H n w(x)\ and arg n (x) for and n=l. In these tables the first differences are sufficiently steady

H
is

(except for quite small values of x) to enable interpolations to be effected

with but

little

trouble on the part of the reader ; thus,


|

when x

about 10

the second differences of

H
(x)

W
j

(x) do not exceed 0*0000009.


\

and arg H (x) can consequently be computed by the reader for any value of x less than 16, with the exception of quite small values. The corresponding values of Jn (x) and Yn (x) can then be calculated immediately by the use of seven-figure logarithm tables.

The values

j|

of

Hn

ll)

{1)

and it was found that the by more than a unit in the tenth place so it is hoped that the number of errors in the last figure retained does not exceed about one in every thousand entries. tNo tables with a smaller interval have been published; the use of any tables with a larger interval and a greater number of decimal places would have very greatly increased the labour of constructing the auxiliary tables of angles, and the increased accuracy so obtained would be of no advantage to anyone using the auxiliary tables for purposes of interpolation. X I must here express my cordial thanks to the Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu
*

The

tables were di. T erenced before removing the last three figures,

ten-figure results were rarely in error

Berlin for permitting

me

to

make use

of this Table.

The

idea of constructing the auxiliary tables grew out of a conversation with Professor Love,

in the course of

of

which he remarked that it was frequently not realised how closely Bessel functions any given order resemble circular functions multiplied by a damping factor in which the rate

of decay is slow.
I|

The remarks immediately following

of course presuppose that n

is

or

1.

20*2]

TABULATION OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


relation
briefly

663

The
most

between the various functions tabulated may be expressed w (x) and arg n (a?) as the polar coordinates by regarding n
|

{1)

of a point in a plane

then the Cartesian coordinates of this point are

Jn (x)

and 7 (x).

Thus, from the entry for x

= 800,

+ 01716508 = 0-2818259 cos 412 28' 40"60, + 02235215 = 02818259 sin 412 28' 40"60.
Table I also contains the values of Struve's functions (x) and These functions are included in Table I, instead of being contained
separate
Table,
to facilitate
is

(x).

in a

interpolation;

by

Hn (x) Yn (x)
The Tables
and Ho'(ar)
Ho"(#), Ho"'

10'41 (4),
it

the difference

a positive monotonic function, and

varies sufficiently

steadily for interpolation to be easy

when x

is

not small.

of Struve's functions were

directly from the ascending series


(#),... for

computed by calculating the values of (x) when x=\, 2, 3,..., and then calculating these values o( x from the differential equation 10-4(10) and the
it.

equations obtained by differentiating

A few differential coefficients are adequate to calculate Ho (x) and Ho' (x) by Taylor's theorem for the values 0-5, 0'6, 07, ... of x. Interpolation to fiftieths of the unit is then effected by using Taylor's theorem in the same manner. This process, though it seems at first sight to be complicated and lengthy, is, in reality, an extremely rapid one when a machine* is used. It is very much more effective than the use of asymptotic expansions or the process suggested in the British Association Report, 1913, p. 116. As an example of the rapidity of the process, it may be stated that thewalues ofe~ x I (x) and e~ x Ix (x) in Table II took less than a fortnight to compute of course the time taken over this tabulation was appreciably shortened by the use of Aldis' Table as a framework for interpolation.
;

Table II consists of Tables of e-* I (x), e~x Ij (x), e? (x), and e x A", (.r), and a Table of e* is inserted, in case the reader should require the values of the functions'^ I (x), Ix (x), (x) and (x); the functions are tabulated

from

to

1600 with

interval 002.
is

Interpolation by differencing

easy in the case of the

first

four functions

throughout the greater part of the range.

The Table of e* was constructed with the help of Newman's Table of e~ x Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. XIII. (1883), pp. 145241. Unlike the other Tables in this book, the Table of e* is given to eight significant figures J, and care
,

has been taken that the


lation in this Table
is,

last digit

given

is

accurate in every entry.

Interpo-

of course, effected by multiplying or dividing entries


;

by exponentials of numbers not exceeding O'Ol


calculated without difficulty.

such exponentials can be

* The machine on which the calculations were carried out is a Marchant Calculating Machine, 10 x 9 recording to 18 figures. t These functions were not tabulated because tables of them are uusuited for interpolation.

X Nine figures are given in parts of the Table to avoid spoiling

its

appearance.

664

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


;

[CHAP.

XX

Newman's Table gives e~ x to a large number of places of decimals, but the actual number of significant figures in the latter, part of the Table is small and less than half of the Table of e* was constructed by the process of calculating reciprocals the rest was con;

structed from

Newman's Table by using the values

of e13

and

e 16

given by Glaisher* and

the value of e -15,6 given by

Newman

in a short table of e~ x with interval 0-1.


all

These ex-

ponentials were employed because the tenth significant figures in


significant figures in the first

three and the eleventh

and third are

zero.

Table III consists of Tables of


of the

(x),

(*),

H^ (x)

and arg
\

H^ (x)

same scope as Table

I,

and
e*

interpolations are effected in the

manner

already explained.

Table of

K$ (x)

is also

included.

These Tables are

of importance in dealing with approximations to Bessel functions of large

order

( 8'43),

and

also in the theory of Airy's integral.

The reader can


of the formula

easily

compute values of J_ 4 (x) from

this table

by means

J_j (x)

H^ (x)

cos {60

+ arg H^ (x)}.

Table

IV

gives the values of


n.

values of x and

The

values

Jn (x), Yn (x), e~x In (x) and Kn (x) for various of Jn (pc) are taken from Lommel's Table t, with
;

but the remainder of Table IV, with the exception of some values of n (x) taken from Isherwood's Table f, is new they have been constructed in part by means of Aldis' Tables of functions of orders zero and unity.

some

corrections,

Lommel's Tablet of J (w+i )(a;) and Fresnel's integrals with some modifications and corrections. Table VI gives the values of Jn (n), Yn (n), Jn '(n), Yn (n) and n*Jn (n),
Table
is
'

'

n Y (n), n*Jn (n), n n ' (n) for n = 1, of the last four of the eight functions
!>

'

2, 3,

. . .

50.

Interpolation in the tables

is easy.

Table VII gives the

first
is

forty zeros of

Jn (x) and Yn (x)

for various values

of n; part of this Table

taken from the Tables of Willson and Peircef.

Forty zeros of various cylinder functions of order one-third are also given. Table VIII gives the values of
X

li
from x

(t)dt,

I J

(t)dt,

= to 50 with interval 1, together with the first sixteen maxima and minima of the integrals. The former table of maxima and minima can be used to compute the coefficients (cf. 18'12) in certain Fourier-Bessel series
for

which v
* Trans. t I

= 0.
my
(1883), p. 245. cordial thanks to the Bayerische

Camb. Phil. Soc. xni.

must here express

Akademie der Wissenschaften zu

Miinchen, to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, and to the American Mathematical Society for permitting me to make use of these Tables. The non-existence of adequate trigonometrical tables of angles in radian measure has made it impracticable to check the last
digital in

the entries in the greater part of Table V.

TABLES
OF

BESSEL FUNCTIONS

666

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

Functions of order zero

/.(*)

(x)

!?(*)!

arg#(*)
90

HoW
o-ooooooo

+ i-ooooooo
0-02 0-04 O'OO o-o8 O-IO 0-12 oI4 0-16 0-18 0-20 0'22 0-24

+ + + + + + + + + +

o o o o o
o o o o o

9999000 9996000 9991002 9984006 9975016


9964032 9951060 9936102 9919164 9900250

2-5639554 2-1219006 1-8626264 1-6780254 I-5342387


1-4161969 1-3158701 1-2284710 1-1509166 1-0811053
1-0175412 0-9591221 0-9050133 0-8545676 0-8072736

2-7520297 2-3455622 2-1136647 952581 8299993


7315984 6497727 5800007 5193772 4659257

68 64 61 5Q 56

41 42*16 4 6 3J*73 47 28*29 52*70 58 10*79

+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

0-0127318 0-0254603 0-0381819 0-0508934 0-0635913 0-0762722 0-0889328 0-1015697 0-1141796 0-1267590

0*02 o04 0-06 0-08 O-IO 0*12 0-14 O-IO

54 52 I 4 '<42 5 2 54 5I 2 0*32 49 14 37'o5 3i 4^89 47

rh

018
0-20
0-22 0'2A 0-20 0-28 0-30

026
0-28

030
0-32 o-34 0-36 0-38 0-40

+ + + + +

o o o o o

9879366 9856518
9804958 9776262

4182414 3752907 3362914 3006375 2678500 2375444 2094070 1831788 1586436 1356190
1

45 44 42 41 39

50 44-63
6*41 37 46*91 4 27"57 32 53*32 13

0-1393046 0-1518131 0-1642813 0-1707056 0-1890829 0-2014099 0-2136834

+ + + + +
+ + + + +

o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o

9745634 9713081 9678615 9642245 9603982 9563838 9521825 9477955 9432242 9384698

0-7627204 0-7205732 0-6805558 0-6424376 0-6060246 0-5711520 o-5376789 0-5054836 0-4744608 -4445i87
0-4155768 0-3875642 0-3604182 0-3340833 0-3085099

38 2 51*54 36 34 12 "42 35 6 47*25 33 40 28*14 32 15 8*97

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

O32
o-34 0*36

02258999
0-2380565 0-2501497 0-2621765 0-2741336 O-2OOOI0O 0-2978265

038
0-40
0-42 o-44 0*46

0-42 -44 0-46 0-48 0-50


0-52 *54 0-56 0-58 o-6o 0-62 0-64 o-66 o-68 0-70
0-72 0-74 0-76

139500

0935036 0741648 0558337 0384231


0218560 -0060645 0-9909884 0-9765738 0-9627727

30 50 29 27 28 4 26 42 25 20

44*27 9*25
19*71 11*96 42*72

O3O95559
0-32I2033 0-3327655 0-3442396 0-3556226 0-36691 14 0-3781032 0-3891950 0-4001841 0-4110675 0-4218424

048 050
0*52 o-54 0-56

+ + + + +
+ + + + +

9335339 9284179 9231233 9176518 9120049


9061843 9001918 8940292 8876982 8812009
8745391 8677147 8607300 8535868 8462874

23 59 49*07 22 39 28*42 21 19 36*41 20 O 16*94 i8 4 i 22*10


17 22 52*16

058 060
0-62

o o o o o p o o o o
o o o o o

- 0-2836537 - 0-2594751 - 0-2359383 - 0-2130113 - 0-1906649

0-94954I7 0-9368418 0-9246378 0-9128976 0-9015920


0-8906945 0-8801807 0-8700283 0-8602168 0-8507273

16

4 45*55 47 0*82 13 29 36^67 12 12 31*88

064
o-66 o-68 0-70
0-72
oo-7

078
o-8o
0-82 0-84 o-86 o-88 0-90 0-92 0-94 0-96 0-98 I-OO

+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +

0-1688729 0-1476114 0-1268587 0-1065950 0-0868023 0-0674640 0-0485651


0-03009*17

10 55 45*35 39 16*05 to 8 23 3*05 7 7 5*4 5 5i 22*51 4 35 3 20 53*4J 37*48 2 5 34*o6 o 50 42*55 o2 3 57*6i
i 3 8 26*96 2 52 45*99

+ 0-4325061 + 0-4430558
+ 0-4534888 + 0-4638026 + 0-4739944

7% o>7

8388338 8312284 8234734 8155711 8075238 7993339 7910039 7825361 7739332 7651977

0-0120311 + 0-0056283

0-8415424 0-8326455 0-8240231 0-8156598 0-8075434 0*7996618 0-7920038 0-7845590 0-7773I77 0-7702706

+ + + + +

0-4840616 0-4940018 0-5038124 0-5134909 0-5230350


0-5324422 0-5417103 0-5508368 0-5598197 0-5686566

0-82

084
o-86 o-88 0-90
0-92

o o o o o

+ + + + +

0-0228974 0-0397860 0-0563032 0-0724576 0-0882570

6 < 5 20

55*i6 54*92 6 34 45*67

+ + + + +

094 096 098


I-OO

TABLES OP BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

667

Functions of order unity

X
o
0-02 0-04 O-OO 0-08 O-IO
0-12 0-14 o-io T8 0-20 0-22 0-24 O-20 0-28

AM
O-OOOOOOO

Y^x)
00

IH^WI
00

arg rfi(*)

Hit*)
o-ooooooo

-90
9 58' 55-26 89 55 4I-64 89 50' 20*64 89 42; 54*34 89 33 25*29

+ + + + +

00099995
0-0199960 0*0299865 0-0399680

00499375
0-0598921 0-0698286 0-0797443 0-0896360 0-0995008

- 31-8598128 - 15-9643089 - 10-6757892 - 8-0376696 - 6-4589511 -

31-8598144

159643214
10-6758314 8-0377690 6-4591441

+ + + + +

0-0000849 0-0003395 0-0007638 0001 3575 0-0021207

0-02 0-04 O-OO 0-08 O-IO


0-12 0-14 0-16 0-18 0-20 0-22 0-24 0-20 0-28 0-30

+ + + + +
+ + + + +

5-4094402 4-6619853 4-1030547 3-6696037

3323825b
3-0416730 2-8071277 2-6091059 2-4396971 2-2931051 2-1649866 2-0520233 1-9516372 1-8617949 1-7808720
I-7075549 1-6407704 I-579633I
x

5-4097717 4-6625082 4-1038295 3-6706983 3-3253I40 3-0436375 2-8096547 2-6122883 2-4436328 2-2978968
2-1707415 2-0588527 i-959656i 1-8711218 1-7916282
1-7198647 1-6547603 1-5954320 1-5411449
1

- 89 21' 56*38 -89 8' 30*73 -88 53' 11*68 -88 36' 2*65 - 88 17' 7*17
- 87 56' 28*81 - 87 34' 11*11 - 87 10' 17*63 -86 44' 51*87 - 86 17' 57*28

+ 0-0030528 00041539 + 0-0054232 + 0-0060607 + 0-0084657


+ + + + +
0-0102377 0-0121762 0-0142806 0-0165502 0-0189843 0-0215820 0-0243427 0-0272652 0-0303489 0-0335925
0-0369952 0-0405559 0-0442733 0-0481463 0-0521737

01093358
0-1191381 0-1289046 0-1386325 0-1483188

030
0-32 o-34

036 038
0-40
0-42

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

0-1579607 0-1675553 0-1770997 0-1865911 0-1960266 0-2054034 0-2147188 0-2239699

" -

5! 85 84 84

49' 37-22
19' 55'oo

48' 53*80
43'

-83

16 36*72 6*78

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

0-32 o-34

036 038
0-40
0-42 0-44 0-46 0-48 0-50
0-52 o-54 0-56

044
0-46 0-48 0-50
0-52 o-54 0-56 0-58 o-6o
0-62 0-64 o-66 o-68 0*70

02331540
0-2422685 0-2513105 0-2602774 0-2691665 0-2779752 0-2867010

5234063

I-47I4724 1-4233094 1 '3784737 1-3365858 1-2973191 1-2603913


1-2255572 1-1926026 1-1613400 1-1316043 1-1032499

4912830

- 83 8' 26*86 - 82 32' 39*76 - |i 55 48*18 X " 54;69 -8o 3 9' 1*79

K
79

I-4453258 1 -4028308
1

-79
-

59' 11*85 18 27*16

3634193

1-3267657 1 -2925880
1-2606415 1-2307120 I-2020I22 1-1761767

78 36 49*90 77 54 22*18 77 ii' 5*99


27' 3*26 42' 15*81 56' 45*4i

0-0563542 0-0606865 0-0651691 0-0698006 0-0745797

058
o-6o
0-62 0-64 o-66 o-68 0-70

0295341
0-3038932 0-3123547 0-3207230 0-3289957
0-337I705 0345244 8 0-3532164 0-3610829 0-3688420

II5I2595
I-I2773I2 1-1054763 1-0843920 1-0643861 I-0453758

- 76 75 74 74 73

10 33*73
23' 42*38

0-0795046 0-0845739 0-0897860 0-0951392 0-1006317


0-1062619 0-1120279 0-1179279 0-1239601 0-1301225
0-1364131 0-1428299 0-1493716 0-1560343 0-1628175

0-72 o-74 0-76

078 080
0-82"

1-0761476 1-0501828 1-0252532 1-0012677 0-9781442

- 72 36' 12*87 - 71 48' 6*68 - 70 59' 25*22 - 70 io' 9*80 - 69 20' 21*73 - 68 30' 2*20 - 67 39' 12*39 - 66 47 53*42 -65 56 6*35 - 65 3' 52*21 64 63 62 6l 6o
ii' 11*97

0-72 0-74 0-76 0-78 o-8o 0-82

0-84

0-3764916 0-3840292

086
o-88 0-90 0-92

03914529
0-3987603 0-4059495 0-4130184 0-4199649 0-4267871

09558093 09341970
0-9132475 0-8929069 0-8731266

1-0272864 I-OI00507 0-9936077 0-9779022 0-9628837

+ + + + + + + + +

084
o-86 o-88 0-90
0-92 o-94 0-96

094
0-96 0-98 i-oo

+ + + +

08538622
0-8350735 0-8167241 0-7987806 0-7812128

0-9485066

+ 0-1697186
0-1767354 0-1838656 0-1911070 0-1984573

09347290
0-9215126 0-9088223 0-8966259

04334829 + 0-4400506

6*57 24' 36*89 30' 43*79 36' 28*10

1 8'

098
I-OO

668

TABLES OP BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

Functions of order zero

7oW
+ 07563321 + 07473390 + 0-7382212 + 07289813 + 07196220
+ + + + +
0-7101461

Y9 i*)
+ + + +
0-1037085 0-1188188

|ffJW
0-7634092

arg H^(*)

H
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

(*)

X
I'02

1-02

:a
i-o8 I-IO

OI335943
0-1480406 0-1621632

07507255
0-7502I20

074386I4 07376671
0-7316228 0-7257225

7 48' 27*80 9 2' 1*68 io 15' 27*64 11 20' 46*01 12 41' 57*10

0-5773455 0-5858842 0-5942706 0-6025028 0-6105787

53
1

08

r-io
I-I2

112
i-i4 i-i6 i-i8 1-20
1-22 1-24 1-26 1-28

07005564
0-6908557 0-6810469 0-6711327 0-66^1163 0-6510004 0-6407880 0-6304822 0-6200860 0-6096023 0-5990343 0-5883850 0-5776576

+ 0-1759670 + 0-1894567

+ 0-2026367 + 0-2155111 + 0-2200835


+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
0-2403577 0-2523369 0-2640243
O-27'54220

O7I99606

13 55' J*20 15 7 58-58


16

20 49*49

o7 I 433i7
07088309
07034533
0-6981944 0-6930499 0-6880157 0-6830879

I7 , 33' 34*20 1 8 46' 12*92


19 21 22 23 24
58' 45-88 II' 13-30 23' 35^37

0-6184965 0-6262544 0-6338504 0-6412828 0-6485500


0-6556502 0-6625819 0-6693434 0-6759334 0-6823503

114 116 118


1-20
1-22

130
1-32

+ + + + +
+ + + + +

XXI
1-28
1

0-2865354
0-2973645 0-3079127 0-3181824 0-3281758 0-3378951

35 52-28 48 4 ? 22
0' 11*36 12' 13*86

30

1-38
I

m
40

0566855
0-5559807 0-5450376 0-5340289 0-5229579 0-5118277

0-6782630 0-6735372 0-6689073 0-6643701 0-6599226


0-6555618 0-6512850 0-6470895 0-6429728 0-6389325 0-6349662 0-6310717 0-6272469 0-6234898 0-6197983

26 27 28 29 30

0-6885928 0-6946595

132
i-34

24' 11*88 36' 5*57 47' 55*o8

07005492 07062606
0-7117925

136
1-38

140
1-42 1-44 1-46
1 1

1-42 1-44 1.46 1 -48 1-50


1

+ + + + +

0-3473424 0-3565195 0-3654285 0-3740710

O3824489
0-3905639 0-3984176 0-4060116 0-4I33476 0-4204269
0-4272512 0-4338219 0-4401404 0-4462083 0-4520270

31 59' 40*54 33 11' 22 "08 34 22' 59*82 35 34' 33*9o 36 46' 4*43 37 39 40 4i 42
57' 31*50

0-7171439 0-7223136

07273008 07321043
0-7367235

-48

50

52

+ 0-5006415 + 0-4894026
-f-

*% 1-58
i-6o
1-62

0-4781143

+ 0-4667797 + 0-4554022 + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + +
0-4439850

+ + + + +
+ + + + +

55*24 20' 15*74 3i' 33-io 42 47*42


8'

+ + + + +
+ + + + +

0-7411573 0-7454051 0-7494662 0-7533398 0-7570255

1-52 i-54 1-56 1-58 i-6o

!ts
1-68

04325313
0-4210446 0-4095280 0-3979849 0-3864185 0-3748321 0-3632292 0-3516128 0-3399864

170
1-72 1-74

0-6161706 6-6126049 0-6090994 0-6056526 0-6022627


0-5989282 o-5956477 0-5924198 0-5892429 05861 159 0-5830374 0-5800061 0-5770210 0-5740809 0-5711845

43 45 46 42 48

53' 5**77
5, 7*26 16' 12*95

07605226 07638306
0-7669493

162

sa
1-68

27 /,

J 5*94

38' 16*30

07698781 07726168

170

176 178
i-8o
1-82 1-84 1-86 1-88 1 -90 1-92 1-94 1-96 1-98 2-00

+ o-4575979 + 0-4629223 + 0-4680019

+ 0-4728378 + o-47743i7
+ + + + + + + + + +
0-4817849 0-4858989 0-4897751 0-4934149 0-4968200 0-4999917 0-5029315 0-5056411
0-'j08l220

49 49' 14*10 51 0' 9*41 52 il' 2*31 53 21' 52*85 54 32' 4i*n 55 56 58 59 6o 6i 62 6 3 65 66
43' 27*14 54' 11*00
4' 52*75 15' 32*45

+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

07751652 07775230 07796902 07816666


0-7834523 0-7850474 0-7864518

m
it
1-82

1-72

4 0-3283532

0-3167166 0-3050797 0-2934460 0-2818186


0-2702008 0-2585959 0-2470071 0-2354376 0-2238908

26 10*14
36' 47' 57' 8' 18'

07876658 07886897 07895236


0-7901680 0-7906233 0-7908898

lit
i-88
1

90

05683310
0-5655192 0-5627481 0-5600168 o-5573243

0-5103757

45*88 I9 ? 73 5I-7I 21*89 50*32

192
i-94

07909681 07908588

196 198
2-00

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

669

Functions of order unity

X
1-02 I-04 1-06 1-08 I-IO
I-I2

ZiW
+ + + + +
0-4464882 0-4527939 0-4589660 0-4650027 0-4709024
-

{*)

K'wi
0-8848938 0-8735987 0-8627154 0-8522205 0-8420926
-

arg

IT* 1 '/
,

(x)

H
+ + + + + + + + + +

(*)

X
1-02 1-04 I -oo 1-08 I-IO
I-I2 1-14

0-7639930 0-7470959 0-7304984 0-7141794 0-6981196


0-6823011 0-6667078 0-6513248 0-6361385 0-6211364

59 58 57 56 55

4 1 ' 50*60 46' 52*03 5i' 33'i2 55 54-55

59 56*99
3' 41 '07

0-2059142 0-2134753 0-2211382 0-2289005 0-2367597

+ 0-4766634 + 0-4822840

I'l6 1-18 1-20


1-22 1-24 1-26 1-28
I
I

+ 0-4877629 + 0-4930984 + 0-4982891


+ 0-5033336 + 0-5082305

0-8323117 0-8228591 0-8137178 0-8048715 0-7963055

- 55

-54

7-40 7 - 53 10' 16*56 - 52 13' 9*IQ - 5i 15' 45*57

0-2447133 0-2527589 0-2608939 0-2691157 0-2774218

116
1-18 I-20
1-22 1-24 1-26 1-28 i-3

+ 0-5129786 + 0-5175766
+ 0-5220232

30
32

0-6063070 0-5916398 0-5771253 0-5627546 - 0-5485197

0-7880056

07799589
0-7721533 0-7645772 0-7572200 0-7500717 0-7431229 0-7363647 0-7297888 0-7233873

50 18' 6*48 49 20' 12*33 48 22' 3*58 47 23' 40*70 -46 25' 4*12
_ 45 44 43 42
26' 14*26

+ 0-2858095 + 0-2942761
4-

0-3028191

+ 0-3114357 + 0-3201231 + + + + +
0-3288788 0-3376999 0-3465837 0-3555273 0-3645280

1-34 1-36 1-38 1-40


1

+ + + + +

0-5263174 0-5304580 o-5344439 0-5382741 0-5419477


0-5454638 0-5488215 0-5520200 0-5550586 o-5579365 0-5606532

- o-5344i33 - 0-5204287 - 0-5065597 - 0-4928008 - 0-4791470 - 0-4655936 - 0-4521367 - 0-4387723 - 0-4254973 - 0-4123086
-

27

n*54

27' 56*34

-41
" 4 39 38 37 36

28 29*03 28' 49*98


28' 28' 28' 28' 27'

1-32 i-34 1-36 1-38 1-40 1-42 1-44 1-46

42

1-44 I -46 1-48

150
152
1-54 1-56 1-58 i-6o
1-62 1-64 1-66 1-68 1*70 1-72 1-74 1-76 1-78 i-8o

+ + + + + + + + + +

0-7171528 0-7110785 0-7051576 0-6993840 0-69375 1 0-6882554 0-6828896 0-6776493 0-6725298 0-6675267
0-6626355 0-6578524 0-6531734 0-6485948 0-6441131

59*54 58*03 45*78 23*11 50*30

+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + +

0-3735830 0-3826894 0-3918443 0-4010450 0-4102085


0-4195719 0-4288924 0-4382471 0-4476330 0-4570472

1-48

150
1-52

03992036
0-3861800 0-3732356 0-3603088 o-347578o

-35
-

05632079
0-5656003 0-5678298 0-5698959

27' 7'65 34 26' 15*44 33 25, 13*93 32 24' 3*39 31 22' 44*05

1-56 1-58 i-6o


1-62 1-64 1-66 1-68 1-70

+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

0-5717984 o-5735368 0-5751108 0-5765204 0-5777652


0-5788453 0-5797604 0-5805107 0-5810962 0-5815170
0-5817731 0-5818649 0-5817926 0-5815566 0-5811571

03348619
0-3222194 0-3096498 0-2971522 0-2847262

- 3O 2l' 16*17 - 29 19' 39*97 - 28 17' 55*68 - 27 16' 3*52 - 26 14' 3*70

0-4664869 0-4759490 0-4854306 0-4949288 + 0-5044407

0-2723716 0-2600881 0-2478757 0-2357345 0-2236649


0-2116671 0-1997416 0-1878891 0-1761102 0-1644058

0-6397250 0-6354274 0-6312171 0-6270914

- 25

06230473
0-6190823 0-6151939 0-6113796 0-6076371 0-6039642 0-6003588 0-5968189 0-5933424 0-5899276 0-5865726

ii' 9' - 23 7 - 22 4' - 21 l'

-24

56*41 41 '85 20*21 51*68 16*43

+ + + + +
+ + + + +

05139633
0-5234937 0-5330289 0-5425661 0-5521021
0-5616342 0-5711594 0-5806748 0-5901775 0-5996645

1-72 1-74 1-76 1-78 i-8o


1-82 1-84 1-86 1-88 1-90

1-82 1-84 i-86 i-88 1-90


1-92

" 19 59' 34*63

- 18 56' 46*45
- 17 53' 52*04 - 16 50 51-57 - 15 47' 45*18

194
1 -96

98

2-00

0-5805946 0-5798695 0-5789825 0-577934J 0-5767248

0-1527766 0-1412236 0-1297478 01 183504 0-1070324

- M 44' 33*oi - 13 4i' 15*22 - 12 37' 51*93 - n 34' 23*27 - io 30' 49*38

+ + + + +

0-6091329 0-6185800 0-6280027 0-6373982 0-6467637

1*92 1-94 1-96 1-98

2-00

670

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

Functions of order zero


(

X
2-02 2-04 2-06 2-08 2-IO

;.w
+ 0-2123697 + 0-2008776 + 0-1894177
+ 0-1779931 + 0-1666070 + + + + +
0-1552625 0-1439626 0-1327106 0-1215095 0-1103623

Y9 (x)
+ + + + + + + + + +
0-5124038 0-5142080 0-5157900 0-5171513 0-5182937

|tf ?(*)l
(

arg

H J{x)
{1

HW
+ + + + +
0-7905626 0-7900800 0-7894119 0-7885590 0-7875222

X
2-02 2-04 2-06 2-08 2-IO 2-12 2-14 2-16 2-l8 2-20
2-22 2-2A 2-20 2-28 2-30

0-5546698 0-5520523 0-54947 10 0-5469250 o-5444i37 0-5419362 o-53949i7 0-5370796 o-534699i o-5323496

67 29' 17*02 68 39' 42*05 69 50 5*44 71 27*23 72 io' 47*47


73 74 75 76 78 79 8o 81 82 83 5 86 87 88 89
21' 6*18 3i' 23*41 41 39;i9 51' 53*55
2'

212
2-16 2-l8 2-20
2-22 2-24 2-26 2-28 2-30 2.32 2-34 2-36 2-38 2-40 2-42 2-44 2-46 2-48

0-5192190 0-5199289 0-5204252 0-5207097 0-5207843

+ 0-7863025 + 0-7849006
+ 0-7833178 + 0-7815550 + 0-7796135

6*53

+ + + + + + + + + +
-

0-0992720 0-0882416 0-0772742 0-0663726

+ 0-5206508 + 0-5203112
+ 0-5197675 + 0-5190215

00555398
0-0447786 0-0340921 0-0234828 0-0129538 0-0025077
0-0078527 0-0181247 0-0283057

+ 0-5180754 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
0-5169311 0-5155908 0-5140565 0-5123304 0-5104147

0-5300304 0-5277408 0-5254803 0-5232482 0-5210439 0-5188670 0-5167167 0-5145926 0-5124942 0-5104209
0-5083723 0-5063478 0-504347 1 0-5023696 0-5004149

12' 18*15

22' 28*45 32' 37*46

42 45*20 52' 51*71


2 ' 57*01 13' 1*12 23' 4*08

+ + + + +

07774943
0-7751986 0-7727279 0-7700834 0-7672665
0-7642787 0-7611214 0-7577962 0-7543047 0-7506485
0-7468293 0-7428488 0-7387088 0-7344112 0-7299577

33
43'

5*90 6*62

+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +

2-32 2-34 2-36 2-38 2-40


2-42 2'44 2-46 2-48

00383929
0-0483838 0-0582758 0-0680664 0-0777531 0-0873*34 0-0968050 0-1061654 0-1154123 0-1245434 0-1335565 0-1424494
0-1512198 0-1598658 0-1683852 0-1767759

250
252
2-54 2-56 2-58 2-60
2-62 2-64 2-66 2-68 2-70

0-5083116 0-5060233 0-5035522 0-5009004 0-4980704 0-4950645 0-4918851 0-4885347 0-4850157 0-4813306

6*25 92 3 4-83 93 13' 2*36 94 22' 58-88 95 32' 54*40

9 53'

250
252
2-54

0-4984826 0-4965722 0-4946834 0-4928157 0-4909608


0-4891422 o-4873357 0-4855488 0-4837812 0-4820325

96 97 99 IOO IOI
102 103 104 io6 107

42' 48*94 52' 42*52

07253504
0-7205912 0-7156821 0-7106251

35*17 12' 26*90 22' 17*74


2'

256
2-58 2*60 2-62 2-64 2-66 2-68 2-70
2-72 2-74 2-76

07054223
0-7000759 0-6945880 0-6889609 0-6831967 0-6772977

0-4774820 o-4734724

04693043
0-4649805 0-4605035
0-4558761 0-4511009 0-4461806 0-4411181

7*69 4 I' 56*77 51' 45*OI 1 32*41 11' 19*00

32'

2-72 2-74 2*76

278 280
2-82 2-84 2-86 2-88 2-90

04803025
0-4785907 0-4768970 0-4752209 o-473562i
0-4719204 0-4702955 0-4686871 0-4670950 0-4655187
0-4639582 0-4624131 0-4608831 o-459368t

01850360

04359160
0-4305772 0-4251045 0-4195008 0-4137689 0-4079118

108 2i' 4*79 109 30' 49*80 no 40' 34*04 111 50; 17*53 0' 0*27 1 13 114 115 Il6 117 118
19 121 122 1 23 124
1

+ + + +
+ + + + +

0-6712664 0-6651050 0-6508160 0-6524017 + 0-6458646


0-6392073 0-6324323 0-6235420 0-6185392 0-6114264 0-6042062 0-5908814 0-5894546 0-5819206 0-5743061

278
2-80
2-82 2-84 2-86 2-88 2-90
2 92

- 0-1931636 - 0-2011568 - 0-2090137 - 02167325 - 022431 15 0-2317491 0-2390434 0-2461931

+ + + + + + + + + +

9' 42*29 19' 23*59 29' 4*20

38' 44*12 48' 23*36 58'


7'

2 -92 2-94 2*96 2-98 3.00

04019323
0-3958334 0-3896181

1*94 39*86

02531964

03832893
0-3768500

17' 17*15 26' 53*82

- 0-2600520

04578678

36' 29*87

+ + + + +

2-94 2-96

298 300

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

671

Functions of order unity

X
2-02 2-04 2-06 2-08 2-IO 2-12 2-14 2-l6 2-l8 2-20

7iW
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
0-5753554 0-5738267 0-5721393 0-5702942 0-5682921
0-5661342 0-5638212 0-5613543 0-5587345 0-5559630
-

(x)

l#7(*)l

arg

(x)

H
+ + + + + + + + + +

(*)

X
2-02 2-04 2-06 2-08 2-IO
2-12 2-14 2-16 2-18 2-20 2-22 2-24 2-26 2-28

0-0957951 0-0846398 0-0735677 0-0625801 0-0516786

o-5832757 0-5800353 0-5768497 o-5737i74 0-5706370


0-5676071 0-5646262 0-5616930 0-5588064 0-5559650

- 9 27' 10*37

-8 23 26*38
I9 37 " ll ;^ - 6 15 43*88 - 5 45*59

"

0-6560964 0-6653933 0-6746517 0-6838688 0-6930418

0-0408645 0-0301393

00195045
0-0089616
0-0118422 0-0220999 0-0322594 0-0423191 0-0522773

+ 0-0014878 + + + + +

4 7' 42 ? 76 3 3 35*49 i 59' 23*88 0 55' 8*03 o 9' 11*98


J 3' 3 6 ;4 2 i8' 4*07 3 22' 35*97 4 27' 11*68 5 31' 51*10

0-7021680 0-71 12445 0-7202680 0-7292381 0-7381496

2-22 2*24 2-26 2-28

230
232
2-34 2-36 2-38 2-40
2-42 2-44 2-46 2-48 2-50

0-5530410 0-5499696 0-5467502 0-5433841 0-5398725


0-5362170 0-5324190 0-5284801 0-5244016 0-5201853 0-5158327 0-5113456 0-5067256 0-5019745 0-4970941
0-4920863 0-4869528 0-4816957 0-4763168 0-4708183

0-5531678 0-5504135

0-54770H
0-5450295 o-5423977

+ + + +

0-7470008 0-7557890 0-7645117 0-7731661 + 0-78I7498

230
2-32 2-34 2-36 2-38 2-40 2-42 2-44 2-46 2-48

+ 0-0621324 + 0-0718828

+ 0-0815267
4-

0-0910627 + 0-1004889

0-5398047 o-5372496 o-53473i5 0-5322494 0-5298025


0-5273901 0-5250111 0-5226650 0-5203509 0-5180682

6 7 8 9 IO

36' 34-16 41' 20*77 46' 10*86 5i' 4"37 1*21 56

+ 0-7902603 + 0-7986950

+ 0-80705I4 + 0-8I53272 + 0-8235I98


+ + + + + + + + + +
0-83I6270 0-8396463

+ + + + + + + + + +

0-1098039 0-1190059 0-1280934 0-1370647 0-1459181 0-1546522 0-1632654 0-1717560 0-1801226 0-1883635

12 I' 1*31 6' 4*62 13 I4 II' II*o6 16' 15 20*57 16 21 33*IO

^8475755
0-8554I22 0-863I542 0-8707993 0-8783453 0-8857900 0-893I3I4 0-9003674

250
2-52 2-54 2-56 2-58 2-60

252
2-54 2-56 2-58 2-60
2-62 2-64 2-66 2-68 2-70 2-72 2-74 276 2-78 2-80
2-82 2-84 2-86 2-88 2-90 2-92 2-94 2-96 2-98 3<x>

0-5158160 o-5i3593 0-5114009 0-5092366 0-507 roo3


0-5049913 0-5029092 0-5008534 0-4988232 0-4968182 0-4948378 0-4928816 0-4909490 0-4890395 0-4871528 0-4852883 0-4834456 0-4816243 0-4798240 0-4780443 0-4762847 o-4745449 0-4728245 0-4711232 0-4694406

17 18 19 20 21

20' 48*57

6*93 32 37 28*12 42 52*08 48' 18*76

0*4652020 0-4594700 0-4536245 0-4476676 0-4416014


0-4354281 0-4291500 0-4227693 0-4162882 0-4097092

+ 0-1964774 + 0-2044627 + 0-2123179


+ 0-2200416 + 0-2276324

22 53' 48*11 23 59 20*07 25 4'54'6o 26 10 31*65 27 16' 11*16

+ 0-9074958 + 0-9I45I48 + 0-92I4224


+ 0-9282I67 + 0-9348957

2-62 2-64

2-66
2-68 2-70 2-72 2-74

+ + + + +
+ + + + +

0-2350890 0-2424099 0-2495937 0-2566393 0-2635454


0-2703106 0-2769339 0-2834140 0-2897497 0-2959401
0-3019839 0-3078802 0-3136281 0-3192264 0-3246744

28 29 30 31 32

21' 27' 33' 39' 45'

53*09 37*39 24*03 12*95


4"i
?
1

+ 0-94I4577 + 0-9479008 + 0-9542233 +0-9604235 + 0-9664998


+ + + + +
0-9724504 0-9782739 0-9839687 0-9895333 0-9949663
I-0002663 I-00543I8 I-OI046I7 1-0153547 1-0201096

276
2-78 2-80
2-82 2-84 2-86 2-88 2-90 2-92 2-94 2-96 2-98 3-oo

0-4030346 0-3962667 0-3894079 0-3824607 0-3754275


0-3683108 0-3611130 0-3538368 0-3464846

33 50' 57 4 8 34 56 53-oi 36 2' 50*66 37 8' 50*39 38 14' 52*17


39 40 4i 42 43
20' 55*96 27' 1*72 33' 9 ? 42 39' 19*02 45' 30-50

+ + + + +

03390590

+ + + + +

+ + + +

672

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

Functions of order zero


(

/(*)

(x)

\H l\x)\
0-4563820 0-4549103 o-4534528 0-4520090 0-4505787 0-4491618 o-447758i 0-4463673 0-4449893 0-4436239
0-4422708 0-4409300 0-439601 0-4382841 0-4369787

axgH

(x)

H
+ + + + +

(*)

302
3-04 3 06 3-o8 3-10 3-12

02667583
0-2733140 0-2797178 0-2859683 0-2920643

+ 03703033 + 0-3636522

+ 0-3568997 + 0-3500489 + 03431029


+ + + + +
4-

125 46' 5*31 126 55 40*16 128 5' 14*42 129 i 4 ' 48*11 130 24' 21*23
J 3i

0-5665900 0-5587829 0-5508877 0-5429073 0-5348444


0-5184831 0-5101905 0-5018270 0-4933957

3-02 3-04 3-06

308 310
312 3-M
3-16

- 0-2980048

3M 3-16
3'i8 3-20

0-3037884 0-3094142 0-3148811 0-3201882


0-3253345

0-3360648 0-3289376 0-3217245 0-3144287 0-3070533


0-2996013 0-2920760 0-2844806 0-2768182 0-2690920

33' 53'-8o

+ 0-5267021

132 43' 25*82 133 52' 57*3i 135 2' 28*27 136 11' 58*71 137 1 38 139 140 141
J 43

+ + + +
+ + + + +

318
3'20
3. 22 3-24 3*26 3-28

322
3*24 3-26 3-28 3 30

03303193
0-3351416 0-3398009 0-3442963
0-3486272

+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

21' 30' 40' 49'

28-65 58*08 27-02 55*47 59 23*45

0-4848996 0-4763415 0-4677245 0-4590516 0-4503257

330
332
3*34 3-36 3-38 3-4

332
3-34 3-36 3'38 3'4

03527931
0-3567934 0-3606277 0-3642956 0-3677967 0-3711306 0-3742972 0-3772963 0-3801277 0-3827914 0-3852873 0-3876155 0-3897760 0-3917690

0-2613052 0-2534609 0-2455624 0-2376128 0-2296153


0-2215732 0-2134896 0-2053678 0-1972108 0-1890219

0-4356849 0-4344023 o-433i3io 0-4318706 0-4306210


0-4293822 0-4281539 0-4269360 0-4257283

'50*95

144 18' 18*00 14 fo 2 7' 44-59 146 37 10*74

+ 0-4415499 + 0-4327272 + 0-4238607


4-

0-4149532

147

46 36*44

+ 0-4060080
+ + + + + + + + + +
0-3970279 0-3880161 0-3789757 0-3699095 0-3608208
0-3517124 0-3425876

3H2
3-44 3-46 3-48

350
352 354
3-5f>

04245308
o-4233432 0-4221655 0-4209974 0-4198389 0-4186898
0-4175501 0-4164195 0-4152980 0-4141855 0-4130817

148 56' 1*71 150 5' 26*56 I 5 I 14' 5o"98 152 24' 15*00 153 33' 38*6i 154 155 157 158 159
43'

3H2 344 3H6


3-48

350
352
3-54

3-58

360
3-62 3-64 3-66 3-68

+ + + + +
+ + + +

0-1808043 0-1725612 0-1642956 0-1560109 0-1477100

1*82

52 24*63 1 47*05 11' 9-10 20' 30*77


29' 52*06 39' 12*99 48' 33*56

O3334492
0-3243003 0-3151440

3-5f 3-58 3-6o


3'62 3-64 3-66 3-68 3-70

370
372 374 376 378
3'8o
3-82

- o-3935947 - o-3952533 - 0-3967452 - 0-3980707 - 0-3992302


-

+ 0-1393962
0-1310727 0-1227424 0-1144086 0-1060743 0-0977426 0-0894167 0-0810994 0-0727939 0-0645032

160 161 162 163 165


166 167 168 169 170

+ 0-3059833 + 0-2968211 + 0-2876605


+ 0-2785044 + 0-2693559

57 53-78 7' 13*65


16' 25' 35' 44'

0-4002242 0-4010532 0-4017178 0-4022187 0-4025564

+ + + + +

0-4119867 0-4109003 0-4098223

33*17 52*36
11*21

+ 0-2602179

3-72

+ 025IO933
+ 0-2419852 + 0-2328964 + 0-2238298

04087528
0-4076915

29*74 53 47*93
3'

374 376 378


3-8o
3-82 3'8o 3-88 3-90
3-92

0-4027318 0-4027456

3-86 3-88

04025986
0-4022918 0-4018260
0-4012023 0-4004218

390
3 92

+ + + + +

0-0562303 0-0479782 0-0397498 0-0315481 0-0233759

04066383
0-4055933 0-4045561 0-4035269 0-4025054 0-4014915 0-4004853

172 173 174 17 fa 176

12 21

3 40

5*81 23*37 40*63 57*57 14*22

+ + + + + + + + + +

0-2147883 0-2057749 0-1967923 0-1878435 0-1789312 0-1700582 0-I6I2273 0-1524412 0-1437027 0-1350146

394
3 96
;

+ 0-0152362 + 0-0071319
- 0-0009343

I7 49' 30*56 Zo 178 58' 46*60

398
4-00

03994854 03983943 03971498

- 0-0089594 - 0-0169407

03994865 03984951 o-3975"o

180

181 17' 17*86 182 26' 33*05

2*36

394 396
3-98 4-00

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

673

Functions of order unity

J lit)
+ + + + + + + + +
0-3315626 0-3239979 0-3163677 0-3086746 0-3009211

Yi(*)

Ifl'I'WI

argtf^*)
44 45 47 48 49
51' 43 ? 8i 57 58*93

HW
X

302
3-4 3.06

308 310
312 314
3-16 3-i8

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

0-3299712 0-3351158 0-3401076 o-3449457 0-3496295

0-4677763 0-4661301 0-4645016 0-4628904 0-4612963

4 15*82 10 34*45 16' 54*80

+ + + + + + + + + +

1-0247251 1-0292003
1

0335340

1-0377252 1-0417730 1-0456765 1-0494347


1

302 304 306 308 310

320
3.22 3*24

0-2931100 0-2852440 0-2773257 0-2693579 + 0-2613432

0-3541583 0-3585314 0-3627483 0-3668084 0-3707113 o-3744565 0-3780436 0-3814723 0-3847421 0-3878529

o-4597!90 0-4581582 0-4566135 0-4550847 o-45357i6


0-4520738 0-4505911 0-4491233 0-4476701 0-4462312
0-4448064 o-4433955

50 23' 16*83
51. 29' 40*52

312
3-14

52 36' 53 42'

5*84.

0530469

316
3-i8 3-20

3276
1*25

54 49

1-0565124 1-0598303

326
3-28

330
332 334
3-3o 3'38

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + +

0-2532845 0-2451844 0-2370457 0-2288711 0-2206635


0-2124255 0-2041599 0-1958696 0-1875574 0-1792259

55 55' 31*29 2' 2*86 57 58 8' 35*92 59 15 10*45 6o 21' 46*43 6i 28' 23*84 62 35' 2*65 63 41' 42^85

+ 1-0630001 + 1 -06602 1 + 1-0688928


+ 1-0716147

322
3-24

326
3-28

+ 1-0741863 + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +
1-0766072 1-0788770 1-0809955 1-0829624 1-0847774

330
332
3-34 3-36 3-38 3-40
3*42 3-44

340
342
3'44 3-46

+ 0-3908045 + 0-3935966 + 0-3962292 + 0-3987021 + 0-4010153

04419983
0-4406145

04392439
0-4378863 0-4365415 0-4352093

64 48 24-40 65 55' 7*28


1' 51*48 67 68 8' 36*98 69 15' 23-75 70 22 11*77 71 29' 1-04

3-48 3'50

0-1708779 0-1625163 0-1541439 0-1457634 0-I373775

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

0-4031689 0-4051628 0-4069973 0-4086724 0-4101884


0-41 15455

04338895
0-4325819 0-4312864 0-4300020 0-4287305 0-4274699 0-4262206
0-4249824 o-4237552 0-4225387

1-0864406 1-0879516 1 0893 1 06 1-0905175 1-0915723


1-0924752 1-0932264 1-0938260 1-0942743 1-0945716

3H6
3-48 3-5 3-52 3\54 3-56 3-58 3-6o
3-62 3-64 3-66 3-68

352 354
3-56

358 360
362 364 3 1 3-68 370

0-1289892 6-1206010 0-1122159 0-1038365 + 0-0954655

7235'5i r 5i
73 42 43-18 74 49' 36 "04 75 56' 30-05 3' 25*21 77

0-4127440 0-4137843 0-4146667 0-4153918 0-4159599 0-4163716 0-4166275 0-4167282 0-4166744


0-4164668 0-4161062 0-4155934 0-4149293 0-4141147

+ + + + +

0-0871059 0-0787602 0-0704312 0-0621215 0-0538340

04213329
0-4201376
0-4189527 0-4177779 0-4166131 0-4154582 0-4143131

78 79 80 81 82

io' 17' 24' 31' 38'

21*50 18*89 17*38 16*94 17*57

1-0947183 1-0947147 1-0945614 1-0942589 1-0938077


1-0932084 1-0924617 1-0915683 1-0905289 1-0893444

370
3-72 3-74

372 374 376 378


3-80
3-82

+ 0-0455712

83 45' 19*23

+ 0-0373359 + 0-0291307*
+ 0-0209582 + 0-0128210 + 0-0047218 - 00033369
- O-OI 13524 - 00193223 - 0-0272440

84*52 21*94
59 25*65 f5 87 6' 30*37 88 13' 36*07
89 20'

+ + + + +

376 378
3-80
3-82
3 'h

3 1i 3-88

390
3.92

0-4131506 0-4120381 0-4107780 0-4093717 0-4078200


0-4061243 0-4042858 0-4023056 0-4001851 0-3979257

04131776
0-4120516

4275

04109349
0-4098274 0-4087290

90 27' 50*38 91 34' 58-96


92 42' 8*47 93 49' 18*8^9 94 96 97 98 99
56' 30*22
3' 42*44 10' 55*54 18' 9-50 25' 24*33

+ + + + + 1-08-12762 + + + + +

1-0880156 1-0865434 1-0849288 1-0831727


1-0792403 1-0770662 I-074755I 1-0723082 1-0697267

3*2
3-88 3 90

394 390
3-98 4-00

0-0351151 0-0429330

00506953
0-0583995 0-0660433

0-4076396 0-4065590 0-4054871 0-4044238 0-4033691

392
3-94 3 96 3-98 4-00

674

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

Functions of order zero


(

/oW
- 0-3957530 - 0-3942053 - 03925079 - 0-3906622 -

{*)

l# >)l
0-396534 0-3955643 0-3946015 o-3936457 0-3926967
o-39i7546 0-3908191 0-3898903 0-3889680 0-3880522
0:3871428 0-3862397 0-3853428 0-3844522 0-3835676
0-3826891 0-3818166 0-3809499 0-3800891

arg

H
',

(x)

H(*)

X
4-02 4-04 4-06

4-02 4-04 4-06 4-08 4-10

0-0248755 0-0327610

35 47*96 ^o 184 45' 2^62


185 54' 16^99 187 3'31-n 1 88 12' 44*96

00405944
0-0483732 0-0560946
0-0637561 0-0713550
0-0.788889

- 0-3886697 - 0-3865318 - 0-3842500 - 0-3818259 - 0-3792610 - o-376557i


-

+ + + + + + + + + +

0-I263794 0-II77998 0-1092784 0-I008I79 0-0924208

408
4-10
4-12 4-14 4-i6 4-18 4-20

4-12 4-14 4-16 4-18 4-20


4'22 4'2 4 4*26 4-28 4-30 4-32 4'34 4'30 4'38 4-40
4-42 4*44 4-46

0-0863551 0-0937512

189 21' 58*54 190 31' 11*87 191 40' 24*95 Ig2 49' 37*78 l 193 58 50*36
195 196 197 198 1 99
8' 271 17' 14*81 26' 26*67

0-0840896 0-0758269 0-0676351 0-0595166 0-0514740

0-3737I57 0-3707386 0-3676276 0-3643845 0-3610111

0-1010748 0-1083234 0-1154947 0-1225863 0-1295959

+ 0-0435095 + 0-0356255
+ 0-0278243 + 6-020IOOI + 0-0124793

35' 38-31 44' 49*71

4-22 4-24 4-26 4-28 4-30

- 0-3575093 - 0-3538810 - 0-3501281 - 0-3462527 - 0-3422568


- 0-3381424 - 033391 16 - 0-3295666 - 0-3251095 - 03205425

0-1365213 0-1433602 0-1501104 0-1567699 - 0-1633365


- 0-1698081 - 0-1761827

03792341
0-3783848
.0-3775411

200 54' o-88 3' 11*83 202 203 12' 22*56 204 21 ' 33*08 205 30' 43*37
206 207 208 2IO 211
212 2I3 o 214 215 217
39' 53*45 49' 3*33

+ 00049399
-

0-0025077 0-0098616 0-0171197 0-0242798

4-32 4-34 4-30 4-38 4-4


4-42 4*44 4-46 4-48

4H8
4-50
4-52 4-54 4-5o 4-58 4-60

- 0-1824583 - 0-1886330 - o- 1947050


-

0-3767030 0-3758705 0-3750434


0-3742217 0-3734053 o-3725943 0-3717885 0-3709878
0-3701923 0-3694018 0-3686164 0-3678359

58 12*99 7' 22*45 16' 31*70


25' 40-76 34; 49;62 43' 58*28 53' 6*75
2' 15*03

0-0313400 0-0382984 0-0451530 0-0519019 0-0585433

450
4-52 4-54 4-5 4-58 4-60 4-62

0-3158678 0-3110877 0-3062045 0-3012204 0-2961378


0-2909591 0-2856866 0-2803228 0-2748700 0-2693308

0-2006723 0-2065332 0-2122859 0-2179287 0-2234600

00650755
0-0714966 0-0778050 0-0839990 0-0900771

$
4-78 4-80
4-82

4-62

4-68

470
472 474 476

0-2288780 0-2341813 0-2393683 o-2444376 0-2493876


0-2542172 0-2589248

03670603
0-3662896 0-3655237

218 11' 219 20' 220 29' 221 38' 222 47'
223 225 226 227 228
57'

23*12 31*03 38*75 46*29 53*65


0*83

- 0-0960376 - 0-1018790 - 0-1075998 - 0-1131987 - 0-1186742 -

1% 4-68
4-70
4-72 4-74 4-76 4.78 4-80 4-82

0-2637076 0-2580029 0-2522193

02635093
0-2679693 0-2723038

03647625
0-3640061

6' 7*84 15' 14*68

02463592 O2404253
0-2344201 0-2283462 0-2222062 0-2160027 0-2097383

03632543
03625071
0-3617645 0-3610265 0-3602929 o-3595637

24' 21*34 33' 27*84

0-1240251 0-1292500 o-i343477 0-1393170 0-1441567

0-2765116

02805915
0-2845427 0-2883640 0-2920546

4-86 4-88

490
4-92 4-94 4-96

229 42' 34*17 230 51 40-33 232 O' 46*33 233 9' 52*17 234 18' 57-85 235 28' 2*37 236 37' 8*74 237 46' I3 ?95 23 '55 19*01 4' 23*93 240

- 0-1488659 - o-i534435 - 0-1578884 - 0-1621997 - 0-1663766

4-f 4-88 4-90


4-92 4-94 4-96 4-98 5-00

498
5-00

0-2034158 0.1970377 0*1906067 0-1841255 0-1775968

02956136
0-2990401

0-3588389 0-3581185

0302333s 03054928
0-3085176

03574023 03566904 03559828

- 0-1704182 - 0-1743238 - 0-1780925 - 0-1817237 - 0-1852168

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

675

Functions of order unity

X
4-02 4-04 4-06 4-08 4-10
4-12

/W
-

Yx()

!<(*)!
0-4023226 0-4012845 0-4002545

arg rf\\x)

HxW
4-

X
4-02 4-04 4-06 4-08 4-10

0-0736243 0-0811401 0-0885884 0-0959669

01032733

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

0-3955287 0-3929956 0-3903277 0-3875267 0-3845940


0-3815313 0-3783401 0-3750222 o-37i5792 0-3680128

03992325
0-3982185

ioo 101 102 103 105

32' 39' 47' 54'


i'

40-00 56*49
13*81

1-0670119

31-94 50*87

+ 1-0641653 + 1 -0611801 + 1-0580818 + 1-0548479

414 416
4-18 4'20
4'22 4-24 4-26 4-28

- 01 105054 - 0-1176609 - 0-1247378 - 0-I3I7339 - 0-1386469 -

03972123
0-3962138

03952229 03942396
0-3932638

9' 106 107 16' 23' 108 109 31'

no

10*59 31*08 52*34 14*36 38' 37*12


46' 0*62 53' 24*85
'

+ + + + +
+ + + + +
4-

1-0514880 1-0480034 1-0443959 1-0400671 1-0368186


1-0328522 1-0287695 1-0245724 1-0202627 1-0158422

4-12 4-14 4-16 4-18 4-20


4-22 4-24 4-26 4-28 4-30
4*32 4'34 4-36 4-38 4-40

430
4-32 4'34

0-1454750 0-1522160 0-1588679 0-1654287 0-1718966


0-1782695 01 845457 0-1907233 0-1968005 0-2027755
0-2086467 0-2144125 0-2200710 0-2256209 0-2310604

0-3643248 0-3605171 0-3565914 o-3525497 0-3483938

03922953 03913340
0-3903799

in
112

"4
115

49*79

03894328
0-3884928

116

8 15*45 15 41*80

+ 0-3441256 + o-3397472

430
4-38 4-40

+ 0-3352606
+ 0-3306677 + 0-3259707

0-3875596 0-3866333 0-3857136 0-3848007 0-3838942


0-3829943 0-3821008 0-3812136 0-3803327 o-3794579 0-3785893 0-3777267 0-3768700 0-3760193 0-375I744 o-3743352 0-37350I8 0-3726740 0-3718517 0-3710350

117 23' 8*84 118 30' 36*56 1 19 38' 4*96 120 45' 34*02 121 53' 3*74
0' 34*10 123 8' 5*10 124 125 15' 36*73 126 23' 8*99 127 30' 41*86

+ 1-0113128
1-0060764 + 1-0019350 + 0-9970906 + 0-9921451

4H2
4-44 4'42 4-48 4-5

+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

0-3211716 0-3162725 0-3112757 0-3061832 0-3009973


0-2957202

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

0-9871006 0-9819591 0-9767229 0-9713939 0-9659744


0-9604664 0-9548724 0-9491944 o-9434347 o-9375956
0-9316793 0-9256883 0-9196249 0-9134914 0-9072901

4-42 4-44 4-46 4.48

450
452
4-54 4-56 4-58 4-60
4-62

452
4*54

- 0-2363882
-.

0-2416027

02903542
0-2849015

450
4-58 4-60 4*62

- 0-2467026 - 0-251 686a - 0-2565528

128 38' 15*34 1 29 45' 49*42 130 53' 24*09


132 133

02793644
0-2737452
0-2622702 0-2564190 0-2504952 0-2445013

'59*33
8' 35*18

x\ 4-68
470
472
4-74

0-2613006 0-2659284

+ 0-2680464

02704352
0-2748196 0-2790807
0-2832174 0-^872286 0291 1 133 0-2948707 0-2984999 0-3019999 0-3053702 0-3086098

134 16' 2 *35l 3 136 31 I3 Zo 3 i/ 1 38 46'

11*59

4f;56 26*09 4 ;o 7 42*80

#* 4-68
4-70

02384397
0-2323128 0-2261230 0-2198730 0-2135652

476
4-78 4-80
4-82 4-|4 4-86 4-88 4-90

0-3702237 0-3694177 0-3686171 0-3678218 0-3670317


0-3662467 0-3654068 0-3646919

139 54' 21*96 141 2' 1*65 142 9' 41 -8 7 143 17 22*60 i4425' 3*85
32' 45*6i *4 6 40 27*87 147 48' 10*62 148 55' 53*86 150 3 37"59

0-9010236 0-8946941 0-8883042 0-8818563 0-8753528


0-8687963 0-8621891 0-8555338 0-8488330 0-8420890

472
4-74 4-76 4.78 4-80
4-82 4-84 4-86 4-88 4-90
4-92 4-94 4-96 4-98 5-00

03117182
0-3146947

0-2072020 0-2007860 0-1943198 0-1878058 0-1812467

M5

03639221

0363 1 57
0-3623971 0-3616418 0-3608913 0-3601456 0-3594045

492 494
4-96 4-98 5-00

- 031 75386 - 0-3202495 - 0-3228269 - 0-3252702 - 0-3275791

0-1746449 0-1680031 0-1613238 0-1546097 0-1478631

151 *5 2 153 154 155

11' 21*79
*?',

26 5 J *6i 34; 37*22 42 23-28

6 "A7

0-8353045 0-8284820 0-8216241 0-8147332 0-8078119

676

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

Functions of order zero


{

X
5-02 5-04 5-06 5-08

7o(*)

Y
-

(x)

\H l\x)\
o-3552793 o-3545799 0-3538847 o*353!934 0-3525062

arg //(*)
13' 28*68 22' 33*30 31' 37*76

H(*)
-

X
5-02 5-04 5*o6 5-o8 5-10 5-12 5-14 5-16 5'i8 5-20 5*22 5-24 5-26 5-28 5-30 5-32 5-34 5-36 5-38 5-40
5-42 5-44 5-46 5-48 5-50

510
5-12 5-14

0-1710232 0-1644075 0-1577524 0-1510606 0-1443347

0-3114072 0-3141609 0-3167784 0-3192590 0-3216024 0-3238083 0-3258764 0-3278063 0-3295978 0-3312509 0-3327654 0-3341413 0-3353785 0-3364772 0-3374373
0-3382591 0-3389428 0-3394886 0-3398969 0-3401679

241 242 243 244 245

40 42*09 49' 46*28

0-1885712 0-1917864 0-1948610 0-1977971 0-2005919 0-2032458 0-2057586 0-2081301 0-2103600 0-2124483

516
5-18 5-20
5-22 5-24 5-26 5-28

0-1375776 0-1307919 0-1239803 0-1171456 0-1102904 0-1034176 0-0965297 0-0896295 0-0827198 0-0758031
0-0688822 0-0619598 0-0550386 0-0481211 0-0412101

0-3518230 o-35ii437 0-3504684 o-3497968 0-3491291


0-3484652 0-3478051 0-3471487 o-3464959 0-3458469

246 58' 50*32 248 7' 54*22 249 1 6' 57*98 250 26' 1 "61
251 35'

5*"

530
5'32 5'34 5-36 5-38
5'4<>

252 44' 8?47 253 53 n*70 2' 14*80 255 256 n' 17*76 257 2o' 20*60

- 0-2143949 - 0-2161998

- 0-2178630 - 0-2193846 - 0-2207647


0-2220035 0-2231013 0-2240583 0-2248748 0-2255513

0-3452014 o-3445595 0-3439212 0-3432863

03426550
0-3420271 0-3414027 0-3407816 0-3401639 0-3395496

258 29' 23*32 259 38' 25*91 260 47' 28*37 261 56' 30*72 5' 32*95 263
264 14' 35*05 265 23 37*04 266 32' 38*91 267 41' 40*66 268 50' 42*30

5H2 5H4
5-4^ 5-48 5 50
5-52 5.54 5-56 5-58
5 60

0-0343082 0-0274180 0-0205422 0-0136833 0-0068439

0-3403021 0-3402999 0-3401619 0-3398886 0-3394806

- 0-2260882 ^ 0-2264860 - 0-2267451 - 0-2268062 - 0-2268499

+ + + +

- 0-0000266 0-0067661 0-0135315 0-0202673 0-0269709

0-3389385 0-3382631 0-3374550 0-3365151 o-3354442


0-3342432 0-3329130 0-3314545 0-3298689
0-328157,1

0-3389385 0-33^3307 0-3377262 0-3371249 0-3365267


0-33593I7 o-3353399

269 271 272 273 274

59' 43*83
8' 45*24

17 46*54
26' 47*73

35 48*81

0-2266969 0-2264079 0-2259836 0-2254249 0-2247327

5-52 5-54 5-56 5-58 5-6o 5-62 5-64 5-66 5-68 5*70

5-62 5-64 5-66 5-68

570
572 574 576 578
5-8o
5-82 5 'h 5 *fi 5-88 5-90
5*92 5-94 5'96 5-98 6-oo

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

0-0336398 0-0402716 0-0468638 -534 I 4 I 0-0599200


0-0663792 0-0727894 0-0791482 0-0854533 0-0917026

0-33475"
0-33+1655 o-3335828

49*79 50*65 51*41 52*07 280 20' 52*62


275 44' 276 53 2' 278 279 ii'

- 0-2239078 - 0-2229512 - 0-2218639 - 0-2206469 - 0-2193014


-

0-3263203 0-3243597 0-3222763 0-3200715 0-3177464

03330033
0-3324267 -33 I 853 0-3312824 0-3307146

28l 282 283 284

29' 38' 47' 56'

286
2

53*07 53*42 53*67 53*82 5' 53*87

0-2178284 0-2162291 0-2145048 0-2126567 0-2106861

572 574
5-76

578
5-80
5-82

0-0978937 0-1040245 0-1100928 0-1160964 0-1220334


0-1279015 0-1336987 0-1394230 0-1450725 o- 1506453

- 03153025 - 0-3127411 - 0-3100636 - 0-3072714 - 0-3043659

03301498
0-3295878 0-3290286 0-3284723 0-3279188
0-3273681 0-3268201 0-3262749

l 53*83 f ll 288 23 53*68 289 32' 53 ? 44 290 41' 53*11 291 50' 52*68

<

- 0-2085942
- 0-2063827 - 0-2040527 - 0-2016058 - 01 990435

lit
5-88 5-9o 5 92 5-94 5-96 5-98 6-oo

0-3013488 0-2982215 0-2949856 0-2916428 0-2881947

03257324 03251925

292 294 295 296 297

59' 52*16 8' i* 5 54 17' 50-84

26 50-05 35' 49 ? i6

0-1963672 0-1935787 0-1906794 0-1876711 01 845553

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

677

Functions of order unity

X
5-02

/iW
-

(x)

i^J'wi
0-3586680

argH^x)
i565o'
160
1 62

Ht(*)

X
5-02

504
5-06 5-08 5-io
5-12

03297533 03317925 03336963 03354646


0-3370972

+ 0-1410869 + 0-1342835 + 0-1274556


0-1206057 + 0-1137364
4-

9 ? 8o

03579362
0-3572088 0-3564859 0-3557675

157 57' 56-75 159 5' 44**5


13' 31*99 l6l 2l' 20*26 29' 8*96 163 36' 58*08 164 44' 47*61 165 52 37 r 56 27*92 167
8' 18*68 168 169 16' 9*84 170 24' 1*40 i7i3i'53 ? 34 1 72 39' 45-63

+ + + + +

0-8008629 0-7938886 0-7868916 0-7798745 0-7728398


0-7657902 0-7587281 0-7516562 o-744577o 0-7374930
0-7233211 0-7162382 0-7091607 0-7020912 0-6950321 0-6879061 0-6809555 0-6739428 0-6669506

504
5-06 5-08

510
512
5-14

516
5-i8

520
5-22 5-24 5-26 5-28 5-30

- 03385940 - 03399550 - 0-3411802 - 03422695 - 03432230

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

0-1068504 0-0999502 0-0930384 0-0861176 0-0791903


0-0722592 0-0653269 0-0583958 0-0514685 0-0445476

03550534
0-3543437

03536383
0-352937 1

03522402
o-35i5474 0-3508587

+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +

516 518 520


522
5-24

0-3440409

+ 0-7304068

03447234 03452707 03456831 03459608


03461043
0-3461140

03501742
o-3494936 0-3488171

526 528 53
532 534
5'3 5-38

532 534
5'36 5-38

5HO
5'42 5*44 5*4 6 5'48 5'50 5-52 5'54 5'5o

00376356
0-0307351 0-0238485 0-0169784 0-0101273

03459903
0-3457337 o-3453448 0-3448242 0-3441725

0-3481446 o-3474759 0-3468112 0-3461503 0-3454933 0-3448400

173 47' 38;39 174 55 31-49

176 177 178 179


I

3'

24*96

ii' 18*80 19' 13*00

54
542
5-44 5-46 5'48

+ 0-0032975 - 00035083

03433905
0-3424788 0-3414382

- 0-0102879
- 0-0170386 - 0-0237582 -

03441904
0-3435445 0-3429024 0-3422638

27' 7*56 2 4 ; 2 lo 35 42 57-78 182 50 53 r 4i 183 58' 49 T 39

*K
J

0-6599812 0-6530372 0-6461209 0-6392347 0-6323810 0-6255623 0-6187809 0-6120390 0-6053391 0-5986835 0-5920743 0-5855138

550
552 554
5-56 5-58 5-60

0-3402696

00304443
0-0370944 0-0437062 0-0502774 0-0568050

0-3416288

03389739
o-33755i8

03409975
0-3403696 o-3397452

558
5-60
5-62

0336004s 03343328

03391243

5: 6 ; 45-72 14' 42*38 187 22' 39*38 188 30' 36*72 189 38' 34*39

186

+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +

S3 568
5-7
5'72 5-74 5-7

- 0-3325379 - 0-3306208 - 0-3285826

- 03264245 - 03241477
0-3217534 0-3192429 0-3166176 0-3138787 0-3110277
0-3080661

00632886
0-0697241 0-0761099 0-0824437 0-0887233

03385069
0-3378928 0-3372821 0-3366748 0-3360708

190 46' 32*39 I9i 54' 30 ? 7i 2' 29*35 193 194 io' 28*30 18' 195 27*57 196 26' 197 34' 198 42' 199 50' 200 58'
6'

562
5
5-68

05790044
0-5725481 0-5661472

s&

570
572
5-74 5'7| 5-78

578
5'8o
5-82

0-0949466 0-1011115 0-1072157 0-1x32573 0-1192341


0-125 1 442
o- 1309855

0-3354700

03348725
0-3342782

03336871
0-3330991

27*15 27;04 27*23 27*72 28*52

0-5598038

05535201
0-5472981 0541 1399 0-5350476

580
582 54

03049952
0-3018166 0-2985318

5-86 5-88 5'90


5*92 5-94 5'9o 5-98 6-oo

02951424
0-2916501 0-2880563 0-2843629 0-2805715
0'2 766839

0-3325I43

03319326
0-33I3540 0-3307784 0-3302059
0-3296363 0-3290697 0-3285061 o-3279453 0-3273875

0-1367560

01424539
0-1480772

202 29*60 203 14' 30*98 22' 32*65 204 205 30' 34*61 206 38' 36*85

+ + + + + + + + + +

0-5290231 0-5230685 0-5171858 0-5113768 0-5056434

5-86 5'88

590
5 92

- 0-1536240 - 01590925 - 0-1644809 - 0-1697874 - 0-1750103

207 208 2IO 211 212

46' 39*37 54' 42*17


2' 45*25

IO' 48*60 l8' 52*23

0-4999876 0-4944111 0-4889157 0-4835031 0-4781753

594
5-96

598
6-oo

5 1

678

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

Functions of order zero

X
6-02 6-04 6-o6 6-o8 6-io 6-12 6-14 6-i6 6-i8 6-20 6-22 6-24 6-26 6-28 6-30 6-32 6-34 2' 3 f 6-38 6-40
6-42
' 4

/(*)

Y
-

(x)

K'(*)l
0-3246553 0-3241208 0-3235889

arg H"H( X )

Ho(*)
- 0-1813339 - 0-1780085 - 0-1745809 - 0-1710529 - 0-1674264 -

X
6-02 6-04
6.-06

+ + + + +
+ + + + +

0-1561393 0-1615527 0-1668837 0-1721306 0-1772914

0-2846430 0-2809893 0-2772356 0-2733835 0-2694349 0-2653917 0-2612556 0-2570287 0-2527128 0-2483100
0-2438221 0-2392513 0-2345996 0-2298691 0-2250617

03230596
0-3225328 0-3220087

298 299 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 309

44' 48-19 53' 47*13


2'

45*98

11' 44*74 20' 43*43

6-o8 6-io
6-12 6-14 6-16 6-l8 6-20
6-22 6-24 6-26 6-28 6-3 6-32 6*34 6-36 6-38 6-40

0-1823646 0-1873484 0-1922411 0-1970413 0-2017472 0-2063574 0-2108705 0-2152848 0-2195991 0-2238120
0-2279222 0-2319283 0-2358292 0-2396237 0-2433106 0-2468888 0-2503573 0-2537151 0-2569612 0-2600946
0-2631145 0-2660201 0-2688106 0-2714853 0-2740434

03214870
0-3209679

03204513
Q-3I9937 1

29' 38' 47' 56' 5

42*03 40*54 38*97 37*32 35*59

0-1637033 0-1598854 0-1559746 0-1519730 0-1478824

+ + + + + + + + + +

0-3194255 0-3189162 0-3184094 0-3179050 0-3174029


0-3169032

310 14' 33*77 311 23' 31*88 32' 29*90 31 313 41' 27*85 314 5o' 25*73

0-1437050 0-1394427 0-1350977 0-1306719 0-1261676


0-1215867 0-1169316 0-1122043 0-1074071 0-1025422 0-0976117 0-0926181 0-0875634 0-0824500 0-0772802

0-2201798 0-2152253 0-2102005 0-2051075 0-1999486

03164059
0-3159109 0-3154182 0-3149278

315 59' 23*52 8' 21*24 317 318 17' 18*88 26' 16*44 319 320 35' 13*94
321 44' 11*36 322 53' 8*71 324 2' 5*98 325 11' 3*18 326 20' 0*31
3 2 z: 28 ; 57-38 328 37; 54*37 329 46' 51*29 330 55; 48'M 4' 44*93 332

2 6-46 6-48 6-50


6-52 5

+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + +

0-1947259 0-1894417 0-1840982 0-1786977 0-1732424

03144396
o-3i39537 0-3134701

03129887
0-3125094

6-42

%\%
6-48 6-50
6-52

i 6-58 6-6o
6-62 6-64 6-66 6-68 6-70 6-72

PI

- 0-1677348 - 0-1621770 - 0-1565714 - 0-1509204 - 0-1452262


-

03120324
o-3i 15575

0-3110848 0-3106143

0-0720564 0-0667807 0-0614556

tit
6.58 6-6o 6-62 6-64 6-66 6-68 6-70
6-72 7 7t 6-78 6-8o

00560834
0-0506665 0-0452073 0-0397080

03101458
0-3096795 0-3092152

+ 0-2764843
0-2788074 0-2810122 0-2830981 0-2850647 0-2869117
o-'2886385

0-1394913 0-1337179 0-1279085 0-1220655 0-1161911

03087530
0-3082929

03078348 03073788
0-3069248 0-3064727 0-3060227 0-3055746
0-3051285

333 *3' 41*65 334 22' 38*30 335 3i' 34*88 336 40' 31*40 337 49' 27*86 338 58' 2 4 *2S 7' 20*58 340 341 16' 16*84 342 25' 13*04 343 34 9 ? i8

00341 7 1
0-0285990 0-0229940

6$ 6-78
6-8o
6-82 6-84 6-86 6-88 6-90

+ + + + +
+ + + + +

0-2902449 0-2917307 0-2930956

0-1102879 0-1043582 0-0984043 0-0924287 0-0864339


0-0804221 0-0743958 0-0683573 0-0623092 0-0562537

0-0173587 0-0116953 0-0060063 0-0002941 + 0-0054389

0-2943394 0-2954620 0-2964633 0-2973434 0-2981020


0-2987395 0-2992557 0-2996510 0-2999254 0-3000793

03046843
0-3042421 0-3038017 0-3033633

344 43' 5*26 345 52' 1*27 34Z 57*22 348 9'53'i2 349 18' 48*95
350 35i 352 353 355
27' 44*73

+ + + + + + + + + +

0-0111903 0-0169576 0-0227386 0-0285306

003433 1
0-0401386 0-0459497 0-0517624 0-0575743 0-0633830

6-82 6-84 6-86 6-88 6-90


6-92 6-94 6-96 6-98 7-00

6-92 6-94 6-96 6-98 7-00

+ + + + +

0-0501933 0-0441303 0-0380671 0-0320062 0-0259497

0-3029268 0-3024921 0-3020593 0-3016283 0-3011992

36 40*45 45 36*10 54' 31*70 3 27*25

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

679

Functions of order unity


{

X
6-02 6-04 6-o6 6-o8 6-IO
6-12 6-14 6-16 6-i8 6-20

/iW
-

Y
-

(x)

\H \\*)\
0-3268325 0-3262804 o-32573ii 0-3251846 0-3246409

&rgH
213 214 215 216 217

(x)

H,W
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + +
0-4729337 0-4677800 0-4627160 o-457743i 0-4528629 0-4480769 0-4433866 0-4387935 0-4342988 0-4299040 0-4256104 0-4214192 0-4I733I7 0-4133490 0-4094724
0-4057028 0-4020415 0-3984894 0-3950474 0-3917166

X
6-02 6-04 6-o6

0-2727017 0-2686269 0-2644612 0-2602066 0-2558648


0-25I437 8 0-2469275

0-1801479 0-1851985 0-1901605 0-1950322 0-1998122

26' 56*12 35' 0*27 43' 4*69 51' 9*37 59' 14*31

608
6-io
6-12 6-14 6-16
6- 1

02423358
0-2376649 0-2329166 0-2280930 0-2231961 0-2182281 0-2131910 0-2080869 0-2029180 0-1976865

0-2044989 0-2090908 0-2135865 0-2179846 - 0-2222836


-

03240999
0-3235616 0-3230261

03224932
0-3219630 0-3214354 0-3209104 0-3203880 0-3198682 0-3193509
0-3188362 0-3183239 0-3178142 0-3173069 0-3168020

7' 19*50 219 220 15' 24*94 221 23' 30*64 222 31' 36*59 223 39' 4 2 *7 8

6-20
6-22 6-24 6-26 6-28 6-30 6-32 6-34 6-36 6-38 6-40
6-42

6-22 6-24 6-26 6-28 6-30


6-32 6-34 6-36 6-38 6-40
6-42 6-44 6-46 6- 8 4 6-50

0-2264824 0-2305796 0-2345740 0-2384643 0-2422495


0-2459284 0-2494998 0-2529629 0-2563166 0-2595599 0-2626920 0-2657119 0-2686190 0-2714123 0-2740913

224 225 227 228 229

47' 49*21 55' 55"89 4' 2*8l 12' 9*97 20' 17*35

01923944
0-1870440 0-1816375
0-1761771 0-1706650 0-1651035 0-1594949 0-1538413 0-1481451 0-1424086 0-1366341 0-1308238 0-1249802

23O 28' 24*98 23I 36' 32"83 232 44' 4*9i 233 52' 49*22 235 0' 57*75

0-3162996 o-3i57996 0-3153020 0-3148067 0-3143138

236
2 3Z
x

9' 6*51 7' 15*48

238 25' 24*68 239 33' 34'og 240 41' 43*72


241 49' 53*56
13*86 244 245 14' 24*33 246 22' 35*00
6'

0-3884978 0-3853919 0-3823996 0-3795218 + 0-3767591

t$
6-48 6-50
6-52 6-54

652
6-

54

6-56 6-58 6-6o


6-62 6-64 6-66 6-68 6-70

- 0-2766551 - 0-2791032 - 0-2814349 - 0-2836498 - 0-2857473


-

03138232
0-313335 0-3128490 0-3123653 0-3118839
0-3114047 0-3169277 0-3104529 0-3099804

2 +2

5!

3 ;J

+ + + + +

0-3741123 0-3715819 0-3691685 0-3668728 0-3646951

%1 600
6-62 6-64 6-66 6-68 6-70

0-1191054 0-1132019 0-1072720 0-1013179

0095342
0-0893469

0-2877269 0-2895883 0-2913310 0-2929548 0-2944593 0-2958444 0-2971098 0-2982554 0-2992811 0-3001869 0-3009727 0-3016385 0-3021846 0-3026109 0-3029176
0-3031051 0303 1 734

03095099
0-3090417

nl 3; 45*88 248 38' 56*96 249 47' 8*24 250 55' I9*7i 3' 3i*38 252
2

+ + + + +
+ + + + +

0-3626360 0-3606958 0-3588749 o-357i737 o-3555923


0-354I3 10 0-3527901 0-3515696 0-3504696 0-3494901

6-72 6-74

00833346
0-0773076 0-0712681 0-0652187

03085756
0-3081116 0-3076^97 0-3071899
0-3067322 0-3062765 0-3058229 0-30537I3 0-3049217
0-3044741 0-3040285

676 678
6-8o
6-82 6-84 6-86 6-88 6-90
6-92 6-94

253 11' 43*25 2 54 19 55*31 255 28' 7*56 256 36 20*01 257 44' 32*64

6-72

t%
6-78 6-8o 6-82 6-84 6-86 6-88 6-90

- 0-0591615 - 0-0530989 - 0-0470332 - 0-0409669 - 0-0349021


-

258 52' 45*45 260 0' 58*45 261 9 11*64 262 17' 25*01 263 25' 38*56

+ + + + +
+ + + + +

0-3486313 0-3478930 0-3472751 o-3467775 0-3464001

696
6-98 7-00

0^0288412 0-0227066 0-0167404 0-0107051 0-0046828

03031230 0302954
0-3026672

03035849
0-3031432 0-3027035

264 265 266 267 269

33' 52*29 42' 6*19


50' 20*27

58' 34*53
6'

48*96

0-3461426 0-3460047 0-3459862 0-3460867 0-3463057

6-92 6-94 6-96

698
7-00

680

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

Functions of order zero

X
7'02 7-04 7-06 7-08 7-10
7-12 7.14 7-16 7-18 7-20 7-22 7-24 7-26 7-28 7*3 7-32 7-34 7-36 7-38 7-40
7-42 7'44 7-46 7-48 7-50
7*5^ 7'54 7 3 7-58 7 '60
'

;.w
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
0-3001128 0-3000264 0-2998204 0-2994953 0-2990514 0-2984893 0-2970096 0-2970128 0-2960996 0-2950707
-

y.w
0-0199002 0-0138600 0-0078314 0-0018167 + 0-0041818

!?(*)!

arg# oM
(

HoW
+ + + + +
0-0691861 0-0749812 0-0807662 0-0865383 0-0922958

X
7-02 7-04 7-06 7-08 7-10 7-12 7-14 7-16 7-18 7-20
7-22 7-24 7.26 7-28 7-30

0-3007719 0-3003464 0-2999227 0-2995008 0-2990806


0-2986622 0-2982456 0-2978307 0-2974175 0-2970060 0-2965962 0-2961881 0-2957817 0-2953769 0-2949738

356 12' 22*74 357 21' 18*17 358 30' 13-54 8*86 359 39 360 48' 4*12
36i 56' 59*33 5' 3f3 14' 54*49 364 49*59 365 23' 44*64 366 32' 39*63
41' 34-57 3f7 368 50' 29*46 369 59' 24*30 371 8' 19*09 372 17' 13*83

+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

0-0101617 0-0161208 0-0220568 0-0279674 0-0338504

+ 0-0980360 + 0-1037565 + 0-1094553


+ 0-1151299 + 0-1207782

0-2939268 0-2926686 0-2912970 0-2898128 0-2882169


0-2865103 0-2846939 0-2827607 0-2807358 0-2785962
0-2763512 0-2740018 0-2715492 0-2689947 0-2663397

0-0397036 0-0455247 0-0513115 0-0570620 + 0-0627739


0-0684451 0-0740734 0-0796569 0-0851934 0-0906809

+ + + + +

0-1263979 0-1319868 o-i3754 2 7 0-1430634 0-1485467

0-2945724 0-2941726 o-2937743 0-2933777 0-2929827


0-2925893 0-2921975 0-2918072 0-2914185 0*2910313 0-2906457 0-2902616 0-2898790 0-2894979 0-2891183
0-2887401 0-2883635 0-2879883 0-2876146 0-2872424

373 374 375 376 378

8*52 3-i6 35 43 57*75 52 52-29 1' 46-78

26'

+ 0-1539905 + 0-1593927

+ 0-1647511 + 0-1700638 + 0-1753286


+ + + + + + + + + +
0-1805435 0-1857066 0-1908158 0-1958692 0-2008648

7-32 7'34 7-36 7-38 7-40 7-42 7-44 7-40 7-48 7-50 7-52 7'54 7-56 7-58 7-60 7-62 7 6 7 7-68 7.70

0-0961173 0-1015007 0-1068292 0-1121007 0-1173133 0-1224652 0-1275545 0-1325793 0-I375379 0-1424285 0-1472494 0-1519988 0-1566751 0-1612765 0-1658016

io' 19' 381 28' 382 37' 383 46'

379 380

41*22 35"6i 29*96 24*26


I* 5 2

+ + + + +

0-2635853 0-2607329 0-2577839 0-2547397 0-2516018

384 55' 12*72 ' 6?88 386 4 387 13' 1*00 21' 388 55*07 389 30 49*09 39! 391 392 394 395
39' 43*07 48' 37*00 57' 30*89
6' 24*74

0-2058008 0-2106753 0-2154865 0-2202325 0-2249115 0-2295219 0-2340620 0-2385299 0-2429241 0-2472429

7-62 7-64 7-66 7-68 7-70

+ 0-2483717
+ 0-2450508 + 0-2416407 + 0-2381429

+ 0-2345591
+ + + + + + + + + +
4-

+ + + + +

15

18*54

+ + + + +

772 774
7-76 7-78 7-80
7-82 7-84 7-86 7-88 7.90 7-92 7-94 7-96 7-98 8-oo

0-2308910 0-2271400 0-2233081 0-2193967 0-2154078 0-2113430 0-2072042 0-2029932 0-1987118 0-1943618
0-1899452

+ 0-1702488 + 0-1746164

+ 0-1789029
+ 0-1831070 + 0-1872272 + + + + +
0-1912620 0-1952101 0-1990701 0-2028408 0-2065209
0-2101093 0-2136046 0-2170058 0-2203118 0-2235215

0-2868715 0-2865021 0-2861341 0-2857676 0-2854024 0-2850386 0-2846763 0-2843152 0-2839556 0-2835973 0-2832404

396 397 398 399 4o


402 403 404 45 406

24' 12*30 33' 6*02 41' 59*70 50' 53*33

+ 0-2514848 + 0-2556482 + 0-2597315


+ 0-2637334 + 0-2676524

7'72 7'74

r7 6
7-78 7-80
7-82

59 46*92
8' 40*47 17' 33*98

26 27*45 35 20*87 44' 14*26


7*6i

+ + + + + + + + + +

0-2714870 0-2752358 0-2788977 0-2824711 0-2859549


0-2893479 0-2926488 0-2958566 0-2989700 0-3019881

7-86 7-88 7.90

74

+ + + +

01 854639
0-1809198 0-1763147 0-1716508

+ + + + +

02828848 02825305
0-2821776 0-2818259

0*92 410 10' 54*19 4 JI x ' 47*41 4 1 2 28 40*60

407 53' 2 409

7-92 7-94 7.96 8 z 9 8-00


-

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

681

Functions of order unity

X
7-02 7-04 7-06 7-08 7-10
7-12 7-14 7-16 7-18 7-20

/iW
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
0-0013241 0-0073134 0-0132828 0-0192302 0-0251533
-

(x)

i^i'wi
0-3022656 0-3018297 0-3013957 0-3009636

argtf,
270 271 272 2 73

(x)

H^*)
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
0-3466429 0-3470978 0-3476699 0-3483585 0-3491631 0-3500830 0-3511175 0-3522659 0-3535275 0-3549013

X
7-02 7-04 7-06 7-08 7-10 7-12 7-14 7-16 7-18 7-20

0-3022627 0-3017411 0-3011029 0-3003486 0-2994789


0-2984943 0-2973957 0-2961837 0-2948590 0-2934226
0-2918752 0-2902177 0-2884511 0-2865763 0-2845944

15' 3*56 23' 18*33 31' 33-27

03005333
0-3001049 0-2996704 0-2992536 0-2988307 0-2984096
0-2979903 0-2975727 0-2971569 0-2967429 0-2963306

39 4*37 274 48' 3*65

0-0310498 0-0369177 0-0427547 0-0485586 0-0543274

275 56' 19*08 2 7Z 4' 34"69 278 12' 50*45 279 21 ' 6*37 280 29' 22*45
281 37' 38-69 282 45' 55*09 283 54' 11*65 2' 28*36 285

7-22 7-24 7-26 7-28 7-30


7-32 7*34 7-36 7-38 7-40

0-0600589 0-0657511 0-0714017 0-0770089 0-0825704


0-0880844 0-0935488 0-0989617 0-1043211 0-1096251

286
287 288 289 290 291

10' 45*22

0-3563867 0-3579825 0-3596880 0-3615021 + 0-3634239 0-3654523 0-3675862 0-3698244 0-3721659 0-3746094

7-22 7-24 7-26 7-28 7-30


7*32 7-34 7-36 7-38 7-40

0-2825063 0-2803132 0-2780161 0-2756163 0-2731149

0-2959200

029551 12
0-2951041 0-2946986 0-2942948

19' 27' 35' 43' 52'

2*23 19*40 36*7i 54*17 11*78

+ + + + +
+ + + +

7-42 7'44 7-46 7-48 7-50


7-52 7*54

0-1148718 o- 1 200593 0-1251857 01 302494 0-1352484


0-1401811 0-1450456 0-1498404

- 0-2705132 - 0-2678124

- 0-2650138 - 0-2621187 - 0-2591285


-

0-2938927 0-2934923 0-2930935 0-2926963 0-2923007

0' 29*54 293 294 8' 47*44 295 17' 5*48 296 25' 23*67 297 33' 42-00

+ 0-3771537
0-3797976 0-3825396 0-3853786 0-3883131
0-3913417 0-3944630 0-3976756 0-4009779 0-4043684

7-42 7-44 7-46 7-48 7-50


7-52 7 54 7-56 7-58 7-60
-

Tb%
7-58 7-60
7-62 7>6 i 7-66 7-68 7-70

01545636
0-1592138

0-2560446 0-2528684 0-2496015 0-2462451 0-2428010

0-2919068 0-2915145 0-2911237

02907345
0-2903469

298 42' 0-46 299 50' 19*07 300 58' 37*82 302- 6' 56*70 303 15' 15*72
304 305 306 307 308
23' 34*87 31 54*16

+ + + + +

+ 0-1637892 + 0-1682883 + 0-1727096 + 0-1770516 + 0-1813127

0-2392706 0-2356555 0-2319574 0-2281778 0-2243185

899609 0-2895764 0-2891935 0-2888I20 0-2884321


0-<2

40 13*58 48' 33*13 56' 52*82

+ 0-4078456 + 0-4114078 + 0-4150535


4-

0-4187811

+ 0-4225888
+ + + + +
0-4264750 0-4304379 0-4344758 0-4385870 0-4427696 0-4470219 0-4513419 0-4557279 0-4601780 0-4646902
0-4692627 0-4738934 0-4785806 0-4833221 0-4881160

7-62 7-64 7-66 7-68 7.70


7'7 2

7-72 7-74

776
7-78 7-80
7-82

+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +

0-1854916 0-1895868 0-1935970 0-1975208 0-2013569


0-2051041 0-2087611 0-2123267 0-2157999 0-2191794

- 0-2203810 - 0-2163672 - 0-2122788 - 0-2081175 - 0-2038851


-

0-2880537 0-2876768

O2873OI4
0-2869274 0-2865549

5' 12*63 310 311 i 3 '32?58 312 21' 52*65 313 30' 12*85 3M 38' 33*17

7-74 7-76 7-78 7-80

Tb

7-86 7-88 7-90


7-92 7-94 7-96 7-98 8-00

0-1995834 0-1952143 0-1907797 0-1862813 0-1817211

0-2861839 0-2858143 0-2854462 0-2850795 0-2847142


0-2843503 0-2839878 0-2836267 0-2832670 0-2829087

315 316 318 319 320

46' 53*62 55' 14*20 3 34-89

55*71 20 16*66
11

+ + + + + + + + + +

7-82

7-86 7-88 7-90


7*92 7 94 7-96 7-98 8-oo
-

0-2224642 0-2256533 0-2287457 0-2317403 0-2346363

0-1771010 0-1724229 0-1676888 0-1629007 0-1580605

321 28' 37*72 322 3 6' 58-90 323 45' 20*20

32453 4 I *62
326
2'

3-16

682

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

Functions of order zero

X
8-02 8-04 8-o6 8-o8 8-io 8-12 8-14 8-i6 8-i8 8-20 8-22 8-24 8-26 8-28 8-30

7oW
+ + + + +
0-1669299 0*1621542 0-1573255 0-1524459 0-1475175

Y*{*)

iO)i
0-2814756 0-2811266 0-2807789 0-2804324 0-2800873
0-2797434 0-2794007 0-2790594 0^2787192 0-2783803
0-2780427 0-2777062 0-2773710 0-2770370 0-2767042
0-2763725 0-2760421 0-2757128 0-2753847 0-2750578
0-2747321 0-2744075 0-2740840 0-2737617 0-2734405

argH^W
413 414 4 I 5 417 418
37' 33*75 46' 26*87 55' I9"94
4' 12*98

HW
+ + + + +
0-3049098 0-3077342 0-3104602 0-3130870 0-3156137 0-3180394 0-3203635 0-3225852 0-3247036 0-3267183

X
8-02 8-04 8-o6 8-o8 8-io
8-12 8-14 8-i6 8-i8 8-20

+ + + +
4-

0-2266339 0-2296480 0-2325628 0-2353776 0-2380913

13'

5*98

+ 0-1425423 + 0-1375223 + 0-1324598


+ 0-1273568 + 0-1222153

+ 0-2407033 + 0-2432126 + 0-2456187


4-

0-2479207
0-2522101 0-2541963 0-2560762 0-2578492 0-2595150

419 21' 58^95 420 30' .5 1*87 4 2I 39/ 44*76 422 48' 37*62
423 57' 30*43

+ 0-2501180 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
4-

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

+ + + + +
4-

0-1170375 0-1118256 0-1065816 0-1013077 0-0960061

425 426 427 428 429

6' 23*21 15' 15*96 2 4 ' 8*67 33' 1*35

41' 53*99
50' 46*59 59' 39*i6
8'

0-3286286 0-3304339 0-3321337 0-3337274 0-3352147


0-3365952 0-3378684 0-3390341 0-3400920 0-3410418 0-3418834 0-3426166

8-22 8-24 8-26 8-28 8-30 8-32 8-34


' 3

8-32

8-36 8- 3 8 8-40
8-42 8-44 8-46 8-48 8-50 8-52 5i 8-56 8-58 8-6o

+ + + +
4-

0-0906789 0-0853282 0-0799563 0-0745652 0-0691573

0-2610730 0-2625230 0-2638647 0-2650977 0-2662219


0-2672370 0-2681430 0-2689397 0-2696271 0-2702051
0-2706738

430 431 433 434 435

31*70

17 24*21 26' i6'<68

S 8-38 8-40
8-42 8-44 8-46 8-48 8-50

+ 0-0637345
0-0582992 + 0-0528534 + 0-0473994 + 0-0419393

436 35' 9 -ii 437 44 i;5J 438 52' 53-88 46*22 r 440 441 io' 38*53

03432414
o-3437576 0-3441653 0-3444644 0-3446550 o-3447373 0-3447114 o-3445775 0-3443357 0-3439865 o-343530i 0-3429669 0-3422972

+ + + + +

0-0364752 0-0310094 0-0255440 0-02008I2 0-0146230

+ + + +
4-

02710333
0-2712837 0-2714251 o-27i4577 0-2713818 0-2711977 0-2709056 0-2705060 0-2699992 0-2693857
0-^678405

0-2731204 0-2728015 0-2724836 0-2721669 0-2718513

442 443 444 445 446


448 449 450 451 452

19' 30*80 28' 23*04 37' 15*25

7*43 54' 59*58

46

+ + + + +
+ + + + +
44-

8-52 8-54
I'

56
8
,

%1 8-6o
8-62 8-64 8-66 8-68 8-70

8-62 8-64 8-66 8-68

+ 0-0091717 + OOO37293
- 0-OOI70I9 - 0-007I200 - 0-OI25227

0-2715368

3'

51*69

870
872
74

+ + + +
4-

02712233
0-2709109 0-2705996 0-2702894
0-2699803 0-2696722 0-2693651 0-2690591 0-2687541

12' 43*77

35*83 30 27*85 39 19*84


21

876 878
8-8o
8-82 8-84 8-86 8-88 8-90
8-92 8-94 8-96 8-98 9-00

- 0-0179081 - 0-0232739 - 0-0286l82 - 0-0339388 - 0-0392338


-

+ 0-2686660
4-

453 48' 11*80 454 57' 3*73 456 5 55*64


4 5Z

+ 0-2669100 + 0-2658749 + 0-2647360 + 0-2634939


4-

458

23' 39*35

47*5i

0-3415216 0-3406404 + 0-3396543 + 0-3385638 + o-3373694

872
8-76 8-78 8-8o
8-82 8-84 8-86 8-88 8-90 8-92 8-94 8-96 8-98 9-00

0-0445011 0-0497387 0-0549445 0-0601167

0-2621493

+ 0-2607030
+ 0-2591558

O0652532
0-0703522 0-0754116 0-0804295 0-0854042 0-0903336

0-2684502 0-2681473 0-2678454 0-2675445 0-2672446


0-2669458 0-2666479 0-2663510 0-2660552 0-2657603

459 32' 31*17 460 41' 22*95 461 50' 14*71 462 59' 6*44 464 7' 58-14

+ + + +
4-

0-3360719 0-3346718 0-3331700 0-3315672 0-3298642


0-3280617 0-3261608 0-3241622 0-3220669 0-3198760

+ + + + +

0-2575085 0-2557620 0-2539172 0-2519751 0-2499367

465 16' 49*81 466 25' 41*45 467 34' 33;07


46: 43 24 66 469 52 l6-22

+ + + + +

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

683

Functions of order unity

X
8-02 8-04 8-o6 8-o8 8-io

7iW
+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
0-2374329 0-2401291 0-2427241 0-2452173 0-2476078
-

(x)

HCtol
0-2825517 0-2821961 0-2818419 0-2814889 0-2811373
0-2807871 0-2804381 0-2800905 0-2797441 0-2793991

aig^Jw
327 328 329 330 33i
10' 18' 27' 35' 43'

HiW
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
0-4929604 0-4978531 0-5027922 0-5077756 0-5128012
0-5178671 0-5229711 0-5281111 0-5332850 0-5384907

X
8-02 8-04

0-1531702 0-1482318 0-1432475 0-1382191 0-1331488

24*81 46*58 8*46 30-46 52*57

806
8-o8 8-io

812
8-14 8-i6 8-i8 8-20
8-22 8-24 8-26 8-28 8-30
8.32 ' 3 4

0-2498950 0-2520702 0-2541570 0-2561306 0-2579986


0-2597605 0-2614159 0-2629644 0-2644056 0-2657393
0-2669651 0-2680829 0-2690924 0-2699936 0-2707863

0-1280386 0-1228906 0-1177069 0-1124896 0-1072407


0-1019624 0-0966569 0-0913261 0-0859723 0-0805975 0-0752040 0-0697937 0-0643690

332 52' 14*79 0' 37*12 334 335 8' 59*56 17' 22*11 336 337 25' 44 T 78
338 339 340 o 341 343 344 345 346 34 Z 348
34' 7 r55 42 3o r 42 50 53 ? 40 59' 16*49 7' 39*69
16' 2*99 24' 26*39 32' 49 ?90

812
8-14 8-i6 8-i8 8-20
8-22 8-24 8-26 8-28 8-30 8-32 '34 8-36 8-38 8-40 8-42

0-2790553 0-2787128 0-2783716 0-2780316 0-2776929

0-5437262 0-5489893 0-5542779 0-5595898 0-5649229

Pi 8.38
8-40
8-42

00589319 00534845
0-0480290 0-0425676

0-2773554 0-2770191 0-2766841 0-2763503 0-2760177

^l* 49 37*22
1*03

*K

0-5702752 0-5756443 0-5810283 0-5864249 + 0-5918321

8-46 8-48 8-50


8.52

0-2714704 0-2720460 0-2725131 0-2728717 0-2731220

00371023 00316333
0-0207046

- 0-0261687

0-2756864 o-2753562 0-2750272 0-2746994 0-2743728


0-2740473 0-2737230 o-2733998 0-2730779 0-2727570 0-2724373 0-2721187 0-2718012 0-2714849 0-2711696
0-2708555 0-2705424

349 58' 351 6; 352 14 353 23' , 354 3i 355 356 357 359 360

24*94 48*95 13*05 37 r 26

0-5972476 0-6026694 0-6080953 0-6135232 0-6189510


0-6243764 0-6297975 0-6352120 0-6406180 0-6460132 0-6513957 0-6567633 0-6621139 0-6674455 0-6727561

%\%
8- 8 4 8-50

8-56 8*58 8-6o


8-62 8*64 8-66 8-68 8*70

0-2732640 0-2732981 0-2732244 0-2730432 0-2727548 0-2723596 0-2718580 0-2712504 0-2705372 0-2697190
0-2687964 0-2677699 0-2666402 0-2654079 0-2640737

00152452

40' 1*56 48' 25*97

8-52

0-0097926 0-0043488 + 0-0010840

56 50*46 5' 15*06 13' 39*74

tu
8-58 8-6o
8-62 8-64 8-66 8-68 8-70 8-72 8*74 8-76 8-78 8-8o
8-82 8-84 8-86 8-88 8-90

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

00065038
0-0119084 0-0172953 0-0226640 0-0280110

361 22' 4*52 362 30' 29*39 363 38' 54*35 364 47' 19*41 365 55 44*57

+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +

872
74 8-76 8-78 8-8o
8-82 8-84 8-86 8-88 8-90

0033334 6 0-0386328
00439037
0-0491453

02702305
0-2699196 0-2696098
0-2693011 0-2689934 0-2686868 0-2683813 0-2680768

00543556
0-0595326 0-0646744 0-0697790 0-0748447 0-0798694
0-0848513 0-0897886 0-0946795 0-0995220 0-1043146

367 368 369 370 37i

12' 35*14 21' 0*57 29' 26*08 37' 51*68

'

9*81

0-6780436 0-6833060 0-6885413 0-6937475 0-6989226


0-7040647 0-7091718 0-7142420 0-7192734 0-7242641
0-7292122 0-7341159 0-7389734 0-7437828 0-7485424

+ 0-262638^

+ 0-2611028 + 0-2594677
+ 0-2577339 + 0-2559024 + + + + +
0-2539740 0-2519497 0-2498306 0-2476176 0-2453118

372 373 375 376 377

46' 17*36 54' 43*14


3, 9*oo 11 34*95

20'

0*98

8-92

8-96 8-98 9oo

i* 9 4

+ + + + +

0-2677733 0-2674709 0-2671694 0-2668691 0-2665697

378 28' 379 36' 380 45' 38i 53'


383

27*10 53*3 19*59 45-96

8-92
i* 896

9*

2' 12*41

8-98 9-6o

684

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

Functions of order zero

X
9-02 9-04 9-06 9-08 9-10
9-12 9-14 9-16 9-18 9-20

/oW
-

Y*(*)

l?(*)l.

Mgfl^*)
4?I o 472 473 474 475
j/

HoW
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
0-3175904 0-3152111 0-3127393 0-3101761 0-3075226 0-3047800 0-3019495 0-2990324 0-2960300 0-2929435
0-2897743 0-2865238 0-2831934 0-2797845 0-2762985

X
9-02

0-0952160 0-1000496 0-1048325 0-1095629 0-1142392

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

0-2478029 0-2455748 0-2432536 0-2408402 0-2383360

0-2654663 0-2651734 0-2648814


0-2645904.

7 75

<

9 59*26 18; 50*73 27' 42-18


36' 33 "60

904
9-06 9-08 9-10
9-12

0-2643003

0-1188596 0-1234224 0-127925$ 0-1323684 0-1367484


0-1410642 0-1453143 0-1494972 0-1536113 0-1576552

0-2357420 0-2330595 0-2302898 0-2274341 0-2244937


0-2214700 0-2183644 0-2151782 0-2119130 0-2085701

0-2640112 0-2637230 0-2634358

47645'25;oi

477*54 16*39
479
3'

914
9-16 9-18 9-20
9-22 9-24 9-26 9-28 9-30

7*73

02631495
0-2628641

480 11' 59*05 481 20' 50*35 482 29' 41*62 483 38' 32*86 484 47 24*08 485 56 15-28 487 5' 6*44
488 489 490 491 492
13' 57*59 22' 48*70 31 '39*80 40' 30*87 49' 21*92

9-22 9-24 9-26 9-28

930
9.32

0-2625796 0-2622961 0-2620135 0-2617318 0-2614510


0-2611711 0-2608921 0-2606140 0-2603368 0-2600604

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

934
9-36 9-38 9-40
9-42 9-44 9-46 9.48 9*5

0-1616274 0-1655265 0-1693511 0-1730999 0-1767716

+ 0-2051510 + 0-2016573
+ 0-1980905 + 0-1944522 + 0-1907439 + + + + + + + + + +
0-1869673 0-1831240 0-1792157 0-1752440 0-1712106

0-2727370 0-2691014 0-2653933 0-2616143 0-2577659


0-2538498 0-2498675 0-2458208 0-2417112 0-2375406 0-2333107 0-2290231 0-2246796 0-2202821 0-2158322 0-2113319 0-2067829 0-2021871 0-1975464 0-1928625
0-1881375 0-1833732 0-1785715 0-1737344 0-1688637 0-1639615

932
9-34 9.36 9-38 9-40 9-42 9-44 9-46

- 0-1803648 - 0-1838783 - 0-1873109 - 0-1906615 - 0-1939287


-

0-2597850

02595104
0-2592367

493 58' 12*95 495 7, 3*94

496i5'54'92

02589638
0-2586918

497 24' 45*87 498 33 36*8o

948
9-50

952
9-54 9'56 9-58 9-60
9-62 9-64 9-66 9-68 9.70 9.72 9-74 9-76

0-1971117 0-2002092 0-2032202 0-2061437 0-2089787

0-1671174 0-1629659 0-1587580 0-1544955 0-1501801


0-1458137 0-1413982 0-1369352 0-1324268 0-1278748

0-2584206 0-2581503 0-2578809 0-2576123 0-2573445


0-2570775 0-2568114 0-2565461 0-2562816 0-2560180
0-2557551 0-2554931

49942'27;70 500 51' 18-58 502 0' 9*44 503 9' 0*28 504 17' 51*08
505 5o6 507 508
26; 41*87 35' 32*65 44' 23*40

952 954
9-50 9-58 9-60
9-62

0-2117244 0-2143797 0-2169439 0-2194161 0-2217955

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

53 14*12 510 2' 4*82


5II IO 5 49 512 l 19' 46*15 513 28' 36-79 5 r 4 37' 27*40 515 46' 18-00
',

+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

964
9-66 9-68 9.70
9-72 9-74 9-76 9-78 9-80 9-82 9-84 9-86 9-88 9.90
9.92

978
9-80
9-82 9-84 9-86 9-88 9.90

0-2240814 0-2262730 0-2283698 0-2303710 - 0-2322760


- 0-2340844 - 02357955

0-1232810 0-1186475 0-1139760 0-1092686 0-1045271

02552318
0-2549714 0-2547117

0099753s
0-0949498 0-0901178 0-0852597 0-0803773

02544529
0-2541948

5^:55; 8*57

- 0-2374090 - 02389243 - 0240341


-

02539375
0-2536810 0-2534253

518 3 59*12 519 12' 49-65 5202l' 40*15 52 I 30' 30*64

01 590296
0-1540700 0-1490847 0-1440757 0-1390449 01 339943 0-1289259 0-1238417 01 187437

9.92

994
9-96 9-98 io-oo

0-2416590 0-2428777 0-2439968 0-2450163

0-0754727 0-0705477 0-0656045 0-0606450

02531703
0-2529161 0-2526626 0-2524100 0-2521580

02459358

0055671

522 39'2I*II 523 48' 11-56 524 57' 1*99 526 5 52*39 / 52 7 i 4 42*78

+ + + + +

994
9-96 9-98 io-oo

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

685

Functions of order unity


l

AW
9-02

Yt(*)

\rf

M\

arg

H l\x)
{

H,W
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
0-7532504 0-7579051 0-7625048
9-02

904
9-06

908
9-10
9-12 9-14 9-16 9-18 9-20
9. 22

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

0-2429143 0-2404263 0-2378489 0-2351833 0-2324307


0-2295925 0-2266698 0-2236640 0-2205765 0-2174087

+ + + + +

0-1090553 0-1137425 0-1183744 0-1229495 0-1274659

0-2662713 0-2659740 0-2656776 0-2653823 0-2650879


0-2647945 0-2645021 0-2642107 0-2639202 0-2636307
0-2633421 0-2630545 0-2627679 0-2624822 0-2621974

384 io' 38*94 3|5 19' 5-56 386 27' 32*26 387^35'59'o 4 388 44' 25*90
389 52' 52*84 391 i' 19-86 392 9' 46 -95 393 18' 14*12 394 26' 41*37

904
9-06

07670477 07715322

908
9-10
9-12 9-14 9-16 9-18 9-20
9-22 9-24 9-26 9-28 9-30 9.32 9-34 9-36 9-38 9-40

+ 0-1319221 + 0-1363164
4-

0-1406474

+ 0-1449133 + 0-1491128 + + + + +
o- 1532443

07759567 07803195 07846192 07888540 07930226

9-24 9-26 9-28 9.30

0-2141618 0-2108375 0-2074370 0-2039620 0-2004139 0-1967943 0-1931047 0-1893468 0-1855221 0-1816322

0-1573063 0-1612974 0-1652162 0-1690613

395 35' 8*70 396 43' 36*11 397 52' 3*59 399 o' 31*15 400 8' 58*78
401 402 403 404 4 05
17' 26*49 25' 54*27

+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

07971234
0-8011549 0-8051156 0-8090043 0-8128195
0-8165598 0-8202240 0-8238107 0-8273187 0-8307469

932
9'34 9-36 9-38 9'4
9-42 9-44

+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ 0-1728314 + 0-1765251

+ 0-1801413 + 0:1836785
+ 0-1871357

0-2619135 0-2616306 0-2613486 0-2610675 0-2607873

34 22*13 42 50*06 5i'i8*o6

946 948
9'5

0-1776789 0-1736637 0-1695884 0-1654548 0-1612644


0-1570192 0-1527208 0-1483711 0-1439718 0-1395248

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + +

0-1905116 0-1938050 0-1970150 0-2001403 0-2031799


0-2061329 0-2089982 0-2117749 0-2I4402I 0-2170590

0-2605080 0-2602297 0*2599522 0-2596756 0-2593999


0-2591250 0-2588511 0-2585780 0-2583058 0-2580344

406 59' 46*14 408 8' 14*28 409 16' 42*50 410 25' 10*79 4" 33' 39-15
412 42' 7*58 413 5o' 36*08 416

0-8340939 0-8373587 0-8405401 0-8436371 0-8466485


0-8495735 0-8524110 0-8551601 0-8578198 0-8603894

9H2
9-44 9-46 9-48 9-50
9-52
9*5j

952
9-54 9-50 9-58 9-60
9-62 9-64 9-66 9-68

7'33*2 4i7i6' 1*99

9-5 9-58 9-60 9-62 9-64 9-66 9-68 9.70

970
9.72 9-74

0-1350319 0-1304950 0-1259159 0-1212965 0-1166386


0-1119443 0-1072154 0-1024537 0-0976613 0-0928401

0-2195646 0-2219783 0-2242992 0-2265267 0-2286600

0-2577639 0-2574943 0-2572255 0-2569576 0-2566904


0-2564242 0-2561587 0-255894 1 0-2556303 0-2553673
0-2551052 0-2548438 0-2545833

418 24' 30*76 4i932'59"6i 420 41' 28*52


4 2I

4^57*49

422 58' 26*53


424 6' 55*64 425 15' 24*82 426 23' 54*06 427 32' 23^36 428 40' 52*73

0-8628679 0-8652546 0-8675487 0-8697495 0-8718563


0-8738685 0-8757855 0-8776066 0-8793314 0-8809594
0-8824901 0-8839230 0-8852579

976 978
9-80
9-82

0-2306986 0-2326417 0-2344889 0-2362395 0-2378932

972
9-74 9-76

978
9-80
9-82 9-8 4 9-86 9-88 9-90

9 'h

9-86 9-88 9.90


9.92

0-0879920 00831 189 0-0782229 0-0733059 0-0683698


0-0634167 0-0584484 0-0534670 '484745 -0434727

0-2394495 0-2409079 0-2422681 0-2435297 + 0-2446924

02543235
0-2540646
0-2538064 0-2535491 0-2532925 0-2530367 0-2527816

429 49' 22*16 52*66 6' 21*22 432 433i4'5o"8 4 434 23' 20*52
43<> 57'

+ + + + + + + + + +

08864944
0-8876322

9-94

996
9.98 IO-OO

0-2457560 0-2467203 0-2475850 0-2483501 0-2490154

4353i'50 ? 27 436 40' 20*08


437 48' 49*95 438 57' 19-88 440 5' 49*87

0-8886710 0-8896106 0-8904508 0-8911914 0-8918325

9.92 9-94 9-96 9.98 IO-OO

686

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

Functions of order zero

X
10-02 10-04 IO-OO 10-08 IO-IO IO-I2 10-14 IO-IO 10-18 10-20
IO-22

/.(*)

Y.ix)

!?(*)

arg H^(x)

H(*)

X
10-02 10-04 10-06 10-08 IO-IO IO-I2 10-14 10-16

0-2467551 0-2474743 0-2480931 0-2486116 0-2490297

+ 0-0506850 + 0-0456806
4-

0-0406838

+ 0-0356728 + 0-0306574 + 0-0256397 + 0-0206216


4-

0-2519069 0-2516564 0-2514068 0-2511578 0-2509096


0-2506622 0-2504154 0-2501694 0-2499241 0-2496795

5304i'i 3 ^2
53i 50' 4'i3 532 58 54'4i

528 23' 33*15 529 32' 23*49

+ 0-1136338 + 0-1085142
0-1033867 0-0982533 + 0-093II62
4-

4-

0-2493474 0-2495649 0-2496822 0-2496996 0-2496171

0-0156052 0-0105924 + 0-0055852


4-

534 7' 44 -68 535 16 34*93 536 25 '25*16

4-

53734'i5'37 538 43 5'56


539 5* '55*73 541 0' 45*88 542 9' 36*02 543 18' 26*13 544 27' 16*23

0-0879771 0-0828382 + 0-07770I4 4- 0-0725687 + 0-0674420


4-

1018
10-20
IO-22 10-24 IO-26 IO-28 IO-30 IO-32

IC24
IO-2D IO-28

IO3O
IO-32 10-34 10-36

0-2494350 0-2491536 0-2487732 0-2482942 0-2477108 0-2470416 0-2462690 0-2453994 0-2444335 0-2433718
0-2422148 0-2409633 0-2396178 0-2381792 0-2366482

4-

0-0005856 0-0044044 0-0093830 0-0143481

0-2494357

4-

02491925
0-2489501 0-2487084 0-2484674

00192978
0-0242303 0-0291435

0-0623234 0-0572148 O-O52II0I + 0-0470353 4- 0-0419684


444-

00340355
0-0389045 0-0437486

1038
10-40
10-42 10-44 10-46 10-48 10-50

0-2482270 0-2479874 0-2477484 0-2475102 0-2472726


0-2470357

545 546 547 549 o

36' 6*31

OO369I92

44 56*37 53 46*41 2 3 44 I 550 11' 26*44

0-0318896 + 0-02688I7 4- 0-02I8972 + O-OI6930I


4444-

1034 1036 1038


10-40
10-42 10-44 10-46 10-48

0-0485659

00533546
0-0581128

02467995
0-2465640 0-2463291 0-2460949
0-2458614 0-2456285 0-2453963 0-2451648 0-2449339
0-2447037 0-2444741 0-2442451 0-2440168 0-2437891
0-2435621 0-2433357 0-2431099 0-2428847 0-2426602

00628386
0-0675304

55i2o' 16*43 552 29' 6*41 553 37 5<>"36 554* 46' 46*30 555 55 36 ? 22
557 558 559 560 561 562 563 565 566 567

0-OI20062 0-007I034 0-00223I5 - 0-0026077 - 0-0074I23

1050
10-52 10-54 10-56 10-58 IO-OO
10-62 10-64 io-66 io-68 10-70

1052
10-54 10-50 10-58

1060
10-62 10-64 io-66

- 02350255 - 02333120 - 0-2315085 - 0-2296158 - 0-2276350

0-0721862 0-0768043 0-0813830 0-0859205 - 0-0904152


-

4'26?i2
13 16*00 22' 5*87 30' 55*72 39' 45*55
48' 35*37

0-0121806 0-OI69I08 0-02I60I2 0-0262499 0-0308553

1068
10-70
10-72 10-74 10-76 10-78 io-8o
10-82 10-84

0-2255670 0-2234127 0-2211732 0-2188495 0-2164427

0-0948652 0-0992689 0-1036247 0-1079309 0-1121859


0-1163881 0-1205360 0-1246281 0-1206627

57 25*17 6' 14*95 15 4*71 23' 54*46

- 0-0354157 - 0-0399295

- OO443948 - 0-0488103
- 0-0531741

0-2139539 0-2113843 0-2087349 0-2060071 0-2032020


0-2003208

01326384
0-1365537

568 32' 44*20 569 41' 33*91 570 50' 23*61 57 I 59'i3 ? 30 573 8' 2*97
574 575 576 577
16' 52*62 25; 42 -26

- 0-0574847 - 0-0617406 - 0-0659402 - 0-070082I - 0-0741646


-

10-72 10-74 10-76 10-78 io-8o 10-82

1086
io-88 10-90
10-92 10-94 10-96 10-98 II'OO

01973650
Q-I943357 0-1912343 0-1880622

01 404073
0-1441977 0-1479234 0-1515832
0-1551757 0-1586996 0-1621537 0-1655367 0-1688473

0-2424363 0-2422130

02419903
0-2417683 0-2415468

34 31-88 43' 21*48


1'

57852'n*07
580
581

0-0781864 0-0821461 0-086042I 0-0898731 0-0936378

1084
io-86 io-88 10-90
10-92 10-94 10-96 10-98 II-OO

- 0-1848208 - 0-1815115 - 0-1781356 - 0-1746947 - 0-1711903

0-2413260 0-2411057 0-2408861 0-2406671 0-2404486

0*64

OO973349
0-1009630 0-I045209 0-1080073 0-III42IO

582 583 584 36' 18*79

9' 50*20 18' 39*75 27' 29*28

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

687

Functions of order unity

7iW
10-02 10-04 IO-OO 10-08 IO-IO
IO-I2 10-14 IO-IO 10-18 10-20 IO-22 IO-24 IO-26 IO-28

^iM
+ + + + +
0-2495809 0-2500465 0-2504122 0-2506782 0-2508444
0-2509111 0-2508783 0-2507464 0-2505154 0-2501858

!<(*)!
0-2525274 0-2522739 0-2520212 0-2517692 0-2515180

arg

7w
+ + + + +
-1-

H,M
0-8923738 0-8928155 0-8931574 0-8933996 0-8935423
[0-02 [0-04 to-oo 10-08 [O-IO

+ + + + +

0-0384638 0-0334497 0-0284322

00234135 00183955

44ii4'i9'93 442 22' 50*04 443 31' 20*21 44439'5o'44 445 48' 20*73
446 56' 51*08 448 5' 21-49 449 13, 51 "95 450 22 22*48

+ 0-0133801 + 00083694 + 0-0033652


- 0-0016305 - 0-0066157 -

+ + + + +
4-

0-2512676 0-2510179 0-2507690 0-2505208 0-2502733 0-2500266 0-2497806

08935856
0-8935295 0-8933744 0-8931204 0-8927679 0-8923172 0-8917685 0-8911224

45i3o'53 ?o6
452 453 454 456 457
39' 23*69 47' 54*39 56' 25*14
13' 26*80

+ + + +
+ + + + +

tO-12 [0-14 tO-IO co-i8 CO-20


CO-22 [0-24 [0-20 CO-28 [0-30 [0-32 [0-34 [0-36 10-38 10-40
[0-42 to-44 [0-46 [0-48 to-50
[0-52 to-54 [0-56 10-58 [0-6o

IO3O
IO-32 10-34 10-36

0-0115886 0-0165471 0-0214895 0-0264137 0-0313178

+ 0-2497578
0-2492319 + 0-2486082 + 0-2478874 + 0-2470699

02495353
0-2492907 0-2490469
0-2488038 0-2485614 0-2483197 0-2480787 0-2478385

4,55*94

08903793
0-8895395

- 0-0362001 - 0-0410586

1038
10-40
10-42 10-44 10-46 10-48

- 0-0458914 - 0-0506967 - 0-0554728 -

+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + +

0-2461562 0-2451468 0-2440423 0-2428434 0-2415506

45 8 21' 57*72 459 30' 28-69 460 38' 59*71 461 47' 30*79 462 56' 1*93 464 4'33 ? i2 465 13 4*36 466 21 35*65 4673o' 7-00 468 38' 38*40 469 47o 472 473 474
47' 9 r 8 5 55' 4i*35 4' 12*91 12 44*52 21' 16*18

+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +

0-8886036 0-8875722 0-8864459 0-8852252 0-8839107


0-8825033 0-8810035 0-8794122 0-8777301 0-8759580 0-8740969 0-8721475 0-8701109 0-8679879 0-8557796

1050
10-52 10-54 10-56 10-58 10-60
10-62 10-64 io-6o io-68 10-70 10-72

0-0602176 0-0649296 0-0696068 0-0742475 0-0788500


0-0834125

0-2401646 0-2386862 0-2371162 0-2354552 0-2337042

0-2475989 0-2473600 0-2471218 0-2468843 0-2466475 0-2464114 0-2461760 0-2459412 0-2457071 0-2454736

00879333
0-0924107 0-0960431 0-1012287

0-2318640 0-2299355 0-2279195 0-2258171 + 0-2236293

- 0-1055659 - o- 1098532 - 0-1140889 - 01182715 - 01 223994

+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +

0-2213570 0-2190013 0-2165633 0-2140441 0-2114448


0-2087666 0-2066107 0-2031783 0-2002707 0-1972891
0-1942349 0-1911093 0-1879138 0-1846498 0-1813185
0-1779215 0-1744602 0-1709362 0-1673507 0-1637055

0-2452409 0-2450088 0-2447773 0-2445465 0-2443164


0-2440869 0-2438581 0-2436299 0-2434024

475 29' 47*89 476 38 19-65 477 46 51*46 55 23*32 *lK 4o 3 '55'23
481 12' 27-19 482 20'59-20 4 8 329'3i T 25 44 38 3 T 36 48546'35 ? 5i
55; 7-71 4fto 488 3 39-96 489 12 12-26 490 20' 44*61 491 29' 17*00

+ 0-8634870
+ o-86li 1 10 + 0-8586529

+ 0-8561136 + 0-8534944
+ + + + +
0-8507964 0-8480203 0-8451689 0-8422418 0-8392408

[0-62 10-64 co-66 to-68 10-70

1074
10-76 IO-78 io-oo
10-82 10-84 io-86 io-88

- 0-1264711 0-1304852 0-1344401

01 383343
0-1421666

02431755
0-2429492 0-2427236 0-2424986 0-2422742 0-2420505 0-2418273 0-2416048 0-2413829 0-2411616 0-2409410

[0-72 [o-74 10-76 [0-78 co-8o CO-82 [0-84 to-86 co-88 [0-90

1090
10-92 10-94 10-96 10-98 ii-oo

01459354
o- 1496394 0-1532774 0-1568479 0-1603497

+ 0-8361673 + 0-8330226 + 0-8298080


+ 0-8265250

+ 0-8231749 + + + + +
0-8197592 0-8162792 0-8127366 0-8091327 0-8054691

- 0-1637815 - 0-1671422 - 01 704305 - 01 736452 - 0-1767853

+ + + + +

492 37' 49 -43 493 46 21*92 49454'54 ?45 496 3 27*03 497 11 59 T 65

10-92 10-94

[096
[0-98 :i-oo

688

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

Functions of order zero

X
-

7.W
0-1676238 0-1639968 0-1603109 0-1565675 0-1527683
-

nw
0-1720845 0-1752470 0-1783338 0-1813437 0-1842758

Ifl^WI
0-2402308 0-2400135 0-2397968 0-2395807 0-2393652

arg H(x)

HoW
-

II-02

5^45,' 8*29
57-77 5fto 53 588 2 47*23 589 11' 36^69 5902o' 26*13

WZt
n-o8
II-IO
11-12 11-14 ii-i6 ii-i8 II-20

0-1147608 0-1180257 0-1212144 0-1243260 0-1273593


0-1303133 0-1331870 0-1359795 0-1386899 0-1413173

II-02

\\&
11-08 II-IO 11-12

0-1489149 0-1450089 0-1410520 0-1370458 0-1329919


0-1288922 0-1247483 0-1205618 0-1163346 0-1120685

0-1871289 0-1899021 0-1925944 0-1952050 0-1977329

02391503
0-2389359 0-2387222 0-2385090 0-2382963
0-2380843 0-2378728 0-2376618 0-2374514 0-2372416 0-2370323 0-2368236 0-2366155 0-2364078 0-2362008

59i29'i5 ?55 592 38' 4*96


593 46' 54*35 594 55, 43 r 73 590 4 33-9 597 598 599 6oo 601
13' 22' 31' 39' 48'

\\-\l ii-i8 II-20


11-22
1 1

11-22 11-24 11-26 11-28

1130
11-32

- 0-2001772 - 0-2025372 - 0-2048121 - 0-2070011 - 0-2091034


-

22*44 11*78
1*10 50*41

0-1438608 0-1463196 0-1486929 0-1509799

-24

39*70

01531801
0-1552926 0-1573169

11-26 11-28 II-30


11-32

\m
1 1 -38

4o

0-1077650 0-1034261 0-0990535 0-0946491 0-0902145

0-2111185 0-2130457 0-2148843 0-2166338 0-2182937

602 604 605 606 607

57' 28*98
6' 18*25 15' 7*51 23' 56*75

01592522
0-1610982 0-1628541

%%
11-42

32' 45*97 41' 35*18 50' 24*38 59' 13*56


8' 2*73 16' 51*89

11-38 II-40

H-42
\\.\\ 11.48 11-50
11-52

- 0-0857517 - 0-0812623 - 0-0767484 - 0-0722117 - 0-0676539


-

0-2198634 0-2359942 0-2213425 -0-2357882 0-2227306 0-2355828 0-2240273 0-2353779 0-2252321 0-2351735

608 609 6io 612 613

0-1645196 0-1660942 0-1675773 0-1689687 0-1702681


0-1714749 0-1725891 0-1736103 0-1745384 o- 1 75373 1 0-1761144 0-1767622 0-1773163 0-1777768 0-1781436 0-1784169 0-1785968 0-1786832 0-1786765 0-1785768
0-1783843 0-1780994 0*1777222 0-1772532 0-1766928 0-1760413 0-1752992 0-1744669 0-1735451 0-1725341

n-44
11-46
1 1

-48

1150
n-52

\m
11-58

n-6o
11-62

0-0630771 0-0584830 0-0536735 0-0492505 0-0446157

0-2263449 0-2273652 0-2282930 0-2291278 0-2298697


0-2305185 0-2310740

0-2349696 0-2347663 0-2345635 0-2343612 0-2341595


0-2339582 0-2337575 0-2335573 0-2333576

614 25' 41*04 615 34' 30*17 616 43' 19*28 6i 7 52' 8*39 619 0' 57*48

mt
11-58

n-6o
11-62 11-64 11-66

w-it u-68
11-70
11-72 11-74 11-76 11-78 II-OO

0-0399711 0-0353184 0-0306597 0-0259967 - 0-0213313

02315362
0-2319050

C2321806
0-2323620 0-2324526 0-2324481 0-2323513 0-2321618
0-2318798 0-2315056 0-2310396 0-2304820 0-2298332

02331584 02329598
0-2327616

620 621 622 623 624

9' 18' 27' 36'

46*56 35*63 24*68 13*72 45' 2*75

n-68
11-70
11-72

0-0166653 0-0120006 0-0073391 0-0026825 + 0-0019672

02325639
0-2323668 0-2321701

62553'5i"76 2 40*77 627 628 11' 29*75 629 20' 18*73 63O 29' 7*70
631 37' 56-65 632 46 45*59 6 33 55 34*52 635 4 23*44 636 13' 12*34

n-74
11-76

\\t
11-82

11-82

Hit
n-88
1 1 -90

+ + + + +
-+

0-0066082 0-0112388 0-0158571 0-0204612 0-0250494

0-2319740 0-2317783 0-2315831 0-2313884 0-2311942


0-2310005

wit
n-88
11-90
11-92

11-92

+ 0-0296200
0-0341710 + 0-0387007 + 0-0432074 + 0-0476893

n-94
1 1

-96

11-98 I2-00

0-2290937 0-2282638 0-2273441 0-2263351 0-2252373

02308073
0-2306146

02304223
0-2302306

637 638 639 640 641

22' 30' 39' 48' 57'

1*24 50*12 38 -99 27*84 16*69

W-tt
11-98 12-00

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

689

Functions of order unitv

X
II-02 -

7iW
0-1798496 0-1828371 0-1857467 0-1885774 0-1913283
0-1939984 0-1965863 0-1990926 0-2015150 0-2038531
0-2061063 0-2082738 0-2103549 0-2123488 0-2142550

i\0)
+ + + + +
o- 1 60002

\H

(x)\
1

arg

H
20' 29' 37' 46' 54'

(x)

HW
X

\1%
11

08

II-IO
11-12

0-1562419 0-1524266 0-1485578 0-1446371


0-1406661 0-1366465 0-1325799 0-1284681 0-1243127

0-2407209 0-2405014 0-2402826 0-2400643 0-2398466 0-2396296

498 499 500 501 502

32*32 5*03 37 '-79 10*59 43*44

+ + + + +

0-8017474 0-7970691 0-794I357 0-7902489 0-7863103


0-7823215 0-7782842 0-7742001 0-7700707 0-7658979 0-7616832 0-7574286 o-753i356 0-7488060 0-7444416 0-7400442 0-7356155 o-73ii573 0-7266715 0-7221598
0-7176241 0-7130661 0-7084877 0-7038907 0-6992769

I I 1 1

-02

04

n-o6 n-o8
II'IO
11-12

III4 IIl6
11-18 II-20
11-22 II-2 4 II-26 11-28 II-30

+ + + +
+

02394131
0-2391972 0-2389819 0-2387671

504 505 506 507 508

3'i6*34
ii' 49^27

2o'22-25 28' 55*28 37' 28*35

+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +

;;:;* ii-i8 II-20


11-22 II-2 4
II- 3

+ + + + + + + + + +

0-1201154 0-1158779 0-1116021 0-1072896 0-1029422


0-0985617 0-0941498 0-0897083 0-0852391 0-0807440 0-0762247 0-0716830 0-0671209 0-0625402 0-0579425

0-2385530 0-2383394 0-2381264 0-2379140 0-2377021


0-2374909 0-2372801 0-2370700 0-2368604 0-2366513 0-2364428 0-2362349 0-2360275 0-2358207 0-2356144

50946' 1*46 5io54'3 4 '-6i


512 3' 7-8i 513 11 41-05 514 20 14*33

11-26 11-28

11-32

n-34
11-36 11-38

1140
11-42 11-44 11-46
11

0-2160729 0-2178019 0-2194415 0-2209912 0-2224506


0-2238192 0-2250966 0-2262825 0-2273766 0-2283786
0-2292883

515 28' 47*65 516 37' 21*01 ? 5 I Z45'54 42 518 54 520 3' 1*36

n-32 n-34
11.36 11-38 II- 4 o

27%

-48

1150
11-52

+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

521

n'34*89

52220' 8*46 523 28' 42*07 524 37' 15*72 525 45 49"4i
526 54' 23*14 2' 56*91 528 529 11' 30*72 530 20' 4*58 531 28' 38*47

+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

1142
11-44 11-46
1 1

-48

11-50
11-52

n-54
1 1 -56

02301055
0-2308300

1158
ii-6o

02314617
0*2320005 0-2324463 0-2327992 0-2330591 0-2332261 0-2333002 0-2332817 0-2331707 0-2329674 0-2326720 0-2322847

0-0533299 0-0487042 0-0440671 0-0394206 0-0347665


0-0301065 0-0254427 0-0207768 0-0161106 0-0114460

0-2354086 0-2352034 0-2349987 0-2347946 o- 2 3459io 0-2343879 0-2341854 0-2339833 0-2337818 0-2335809
0-2333804 0-2331804 0-2329810 0-2327821 0-2325837 0-2323858 0-2321884 0-2319915 0-2317951 0-2315993

0-6946483 0-6900066 0-6853536 0-6806913 0-6760215

n-54
11-56

n-58 n-6o
11-62 ll-6 4

1162

\!U

n -68

11-70
11-72

532 37' 12*39 533 45' 46-3 534 '54 20*37 536 2 54*41 537 ii' 28*49 538 20' 2*61 539 28' 36*77 540 37' 10*96 54i45'45'i9 542 54 I9 ?46
544 2'53'77 545 11 28*11 5462o' 2*49 547 28' 36*91 548 37' 11*36 549 45' 45-85 550 54, 20*37 552 2 54*93 553 1 1' 29*53 554 20 4*16

0-6713459 0-6666665 0-6619851 0-6573035 0-6526236


0-6479472 0-6432761 0-6386122 0-6339572 0-6293131 0-6246815 0-6200643 0-6154633 0-6108802 0-6063169
0-6017751 0-5972565 0-5927628 0-5882959 0-5838573

n-66 H-68
11-70
11-72 11-74 11-76 11-78 II-OO
11-82 Ii.84

"'%

+ 0-0067849 + 0-0021209
- 0-0025199 - 0-0071598 - 0-0117890
-

ml
11-82

wit
n-88
11

90

0-2318060 0-2312361 0-2305754 0-2298243 0-2289832

0-0164057 0-02IOOOI 0-0255944 0-0301628 0-0347115 0-0392388 0-0437430 0-0482223 0-0526749 0-0570992

n-86 n-88 1190


11-92

1192

l!U
11-98 I2'00

- 0-2280528 - 0-2270334

02314039
0-2312090 0-2310146 0-2308207 0-2306273

n-94
11-96 11-98 I2-00

- 0-2259255 - 0-2247299 - 0-2234471

690

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

Functions of order zero

X
12-02 12-04 I2-00 12-08 I2-IO 12-12 12-14 I2-I6 12-18 12-20
12-22 12-24 12-26 12-28 12-30 12-32 12-34 12-36 12-38 12-40

;.w
+ + + + + + + + + +
0-0521447 0-0565718 0-0609690 0-0653346 0-0696668
-

(x)

i^Cwi
02300393
0-2298485 0-2296581 0-2294682 0-2292788

axgH

(x)

HoW
-

X
12-02 12-04 12-06 12-08 I2-IO

0-2240513 0-2227778

02214173
0-2199706 0-2184384 0-2168214 0-2151204

643 6' 5*52 644 M' 54-35 645 23 43-16 646 32' 31*96 647 41' 20*74

0-1714348 0-1702475 0-1689731 0-1676121 0-1661654

0-0739640 0-078224^ 0-0824468 0-0866292 0-0907701

02133362
0-2114698 0-2095218 0-2074933 0-2053852 0-2031985 0-2009341 0-1985931
0-1961765 0-1936855 0-1911210 0-1884844 0-1857766 0-1801527 0-1772390 0-1742591 0-1712143

0-2290899 0-2289014 0-2287134 0-2285259 0-2283388


0-2281522 0-2279660 0-2277803 0-2275950 0-2274102 0-2272258 0-2270419 0-2268585 0-2266754 0-2264928 0-2263107 0-2261290 0-2259477 0-2257669 0-2255865 0-2254065 0-2252270 0-2250479 0-2248692 0-2246909
0-2245131 0-2243357 0-2241587 0-2239821 0-2238059

6485o' 9*52 649 58' 58*29 651 7'47'-4 652 16' 35-78 653 25' 24^51
654 34' 13 -23 655 43 i*94 656 51' 50*64 658 o' 39*32 659 9' 28-00 66o 18' 16*67 66i27' 5-32 662 35' 53*96 663 44' 42*60 664 53' 31*22
666'
2' 19-83

0-1646336 0-1630175 0-1613180 0-1595359 0-1576720

12-12 I2-IA 12-16 12-18 12-20 12-22 12-24 12-26 12-28 I2-30 12-32 12-34 12-36 12-38 12-40

+ .0-0948680 + 0-0909212 + 0-1029283 + 0-1068877 + 0-1107980

0-1557274 0-1537028 0-1515994 0-1494180 0-1471598


0-1448257 0-1424169 0-1399344 0-1373794 0-1347532

+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +

0-1146576 0-1184651 0-1222191 0-1259182 0-1295610


0-1331462 0-1366724 0-1401382 0-1435426 0-1460841 0-1501615

12-42 12-44 12-46 12-48 12-50


12-52 12-54 12-56 12-58 12-60

- 0-1829990

667ii' 8*43
668 19' 57*02 669 28' 45*60 7037'34* I 7
67I 672 6 74 675
46' 22*73 55' 11*28
3' 59 -82 12' 48*35 21 '36*86

01320567

0-1292914 0-1264583 0-1235588 - 0-1205943

12-42 12-44 12-46 12-48 12-50 12-52 12-54 12-56 12-58 12-60
12-62 12-64 12-66 12-68 12-70
12-72 12-74 12-76 12-78 12-80

01533737
0-1565195 0-1595977 0-1626073
0-1655471 0-1684160 0-1712131 0-1739374 0-1765879

0-1681060 0-1649354 0-1617040 0-1584131 0-1550641


0-1516585 0-1481976 0-1446830 0-1411161 0-1374984

0-1175659 01 144750 0-1113230

o-io8ni2
0-1048412 0-1015142 0-0981318 0-0946953 0-0912064 0-0876664

676
678 679 680 682 683 684 68 5 686 687

12-62 12-64 12-66 12-68 12-70

677 30' 25*37

39 13-87 4 8' 2*36 56' 50*84 5' 39 -30


I4 ' 27*76 23' 16*21 3 2' 4*65 40' 53*08 49' 41*50

12-72 12-74 12-76 12-78 12-80


12-82 12-84 12-86 12-88 12-90
12-92 12-94 12-96 12-98

0-1791636 0-1816637 0-1840872 0-1864334 0-1887014

0-1338314 0-1301168 0-1263559 0-1225504 0-1187019


0-1148120. 0-1108823 0-1069143 0-1029098 0-0988704

0-2236302 0-2234548 0-2232799

02231054
0-2229313

0-0840769 0-0804395 0-0767556 0-0730269 0-0692549

+ 0-1908904 + o- 1929997 + 0-1950286


4-

0-1969764 + 0-1988424
0-200626I
0-2\023269

0-2227576 0-2225843 0-2224114 0-2222389 0-2220668


0-2218951 0-2217238 0-2215529 0-2213824 0-2212123

688 58' 29*91 690 7' 18-31 691 16' 6*70 692 24' 55*08 69333'43''45

- 0-0654413 - 0-0615076 - 0-0576954 - 0-0537665 0-0498024 - 0-0458049 - 0-0417755 - 0-0377160 - 0-0336280 - 00295 1 33

12-82 12-84 12-86 12-88 12-90 12-92 12-94 12-96 12-98 13-00

1300

+ + + + +

0-2039441 0-2054773 0-2069261

- 0-0906934 - 0-0865592 - 0-0823968 - 0-0782079

- 00947977

694 695 697 698 699

42' 31*81 51' 20*16 0' 8*51


8' 56*85

17' 45*17

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

691

Functions of order unity

X
12-02 I2-04 12-00 12-08 I2-IO 12-12 12-14 12-16 12-18 12-20 12-22 12-24 12-26 12-28 I2-30 12-32 12-34

Ji(*)

Y1 (x)
-

I^WI
0-2304343 0-2302419 0-2300499 0-2298584 0-2296674

arg

^V)
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

H^*)
0-5794489 0-5750722 0-5707290 0-5664209 0-5621495

X
12

0-2220777 0-2206225 0-2190821 -2i74574 0-2157490

0-0614935 0-0658561 0-0701853 0-0744794 0-0787369


0-0829561 0-0871355

555 28' 38*83 556 37' 13*53 557 45 48-27 558 54 23*04 560 2' 57*84
561 11' 32*68 5622o' 7 55 563 28' 42*46 56437'i7 ? 40 565 45' 52^38
"-

02

12-04 12-06

1208
I2-IO
12-12 12-14 I2-IO 12-18 12-20 12-22 12-24 12-26 12-28 I2-30 I2-32

02139578
0-2120846 0-2101303 * X 0-2080958 0-2059820
"*

00912733
0-0953682 0-0994184

0-2294769 0-2292868 0-2290973 0-2289082 0-2287195


0-2285313 0-2283436 0-2281564 0-2279696 0-2277833 0-2275974 0-2274120 0-2272270 0-2270425 0-2268585

0-5579164 0-5537234 0-5495718 0-5454634 0-5413995 0-5373819 0-5334119 0-5294911 0-5256209 0-5218027
0-5180381 0-5143282 0-5106746 0-5070786 0-5035415

0-2037900 0-2015206 0-1991749 0-1967540 0-1942588


0-1916907 0-1890506 0-1863397 0-1835591 0-1807102
0-1777942 0-1748122 0-1717656 0-1686557 0-1654838 0-1622513 0-1589594 0-1556097

0-1034226 0-1073791 0-1112866 0-1151435 0-1189484


0-1226999 0-1263966 0-1300372 0-1336202 0-1371444
0-1406084 0-1440111 0-1473511 0-1506272 0-1538383
0-1569831 0-1600606 0-1630696 0-1660091 0-1688779

566 54' 27*39 568 3 2*43

569n'37-50
570 20' 12*61 57i28' 4 7?75

I236
12-38 12-40
12-42 12-44 12-46 12-48

57237'22"93
573 574 576 577 45 58-13 54 33/37 3' 8*64 11 43*95
20' 19*28 28' 54*65

1234
12-36 12-38 12-40
12-42 12-44 12-46 12-48 12-50 12-52 I2 \54 12-56 12-58 12-60 12-62 12-64 12-66 12-68 12-70

1250
12-52 12-54 12-56 12-58 12-60

0-2266749 0-2264917 0-2263090 0-2261267 0-2259449


0-2257635 0-2255826 0-2254020 0-2252220 0-2250423
0-2248631 0-2246843 0-2245059 0-2243280

578 579 5o 581 582

37 30*05 5*48 54' 40*94

46

+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

0-5000646 0-4966492 0-4932964 0-4900076 0-4867839


0-4836265 0-4805365 0-4775151 0-4745632 0-4716820
0-4688725 0-4661356 0-4634724 0-4608838 0-4583706

01522036
0-1487423

584 3 'i6"43 585 11' 51*95 586 20' 27*51


587 29' 3-09 588 37' 38*71

12-62
12

64

12-66 12-68 12-70 12-72 12-74 12-76 12-78 I2-80


12-82 12-84 12-86 12-88 12-90

0-1452276 0-1416606 01 38043 0-I343765 0-1306622

0-1716752 0-1743998 0-1770509 0-1796274 0-1821280

02241505
0-2239734 0-2237967 0-2236204 0-2234446 0-2232692
0-2230942 0-2229196 0-2227454 0-2225716 0-2223982

589 590 592 593 594

46' 14*35 54' 50*03 3 25*74 12' 1*47 20' 37*24

0-1269019 0-1230971 0-1192494 0-1153604 0-1114310

0-1845534 0-1869012 0-1891710 0-1913621 o-i934738

595 29' 13*04 48*86 596 37' ' 59 Zo 46 2 4*72 59855' 0*60 600 3' 36*51 6oi 12' 12*45 602 20' 48*43 603 29' 24*43

o-4559337 0-4535740

04512923
0-4490893 0-4469659

12-72 12-74 12-76 12-78

1280
12-82 12-84 12-86 12-88 12-90

- 0-1074646 - 0-1034612 - 0-0994229

01955054
0-1974561

- 00953513 - 0-0912483
-

01993253
0-2011125 0-2028170
0-2044382 0-2059758 0-2074291 0-2087978 0-2100814

6o438' 0*46 605 46' 36*51

0-4449226 0-4429602 0-4410794 0-4392807 0-4375647

12-92

1294
12-96 12-98 13-00

0-0871153 0-0829541 0-0787603 0-0745538 0-0703181

0-2222253 0-2220527 0-2218805 0-2217088 0-2215374

6o655'l2*6o 608 3' 48*71 609 12' 24*85 6io2i' 1*02


61 i 29' 37*22

0-4359320 0-4343830 0-4329183 0-43I5383

12-92

1294
12-96 12-98

04302435

1300

692

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

Functions of order zero

AW
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
0-2082899 0-2095684 0-2107612 0-2118679 0-2128882
-

(x)

i*C(*)i

arg

(x)

H(*)
-

1302 1304 1306


13-08 13-10
13-12 13-14 13-16 13-18

0-0739941 0-0697573 0-0654990 0-0612211 0-0569253

0-2210426 0-2208732 0-2207043 0-2205357 0-2203676


0-2201998 0-2200324 0-2198654 0-2196987 0-2195325

700 701 702 703 705

26' 33-48 35; 21*79

00253735
0-0212104 0-0170257 0-0128211 0-0085984

1302
13-04 13-06 13-08 13-10
13-12 13-14 13-16 13-18 13-2 13-22

44 10*08 52' 58 -37 1' 46*65

1320
1322 1324 1326 1328 1330
13-32

0-2138219 0-2146687 0-2154284 0-2161009 0-2166859

0-0526132 0-0482867

706 10' 34*92 707 19' 23*18


708 28' 11*43

00439475
0-0395973 0-0352379

70936'59-68 710 45' 47*91

- 0-0043592 - 0-0001054 + 0-0041614 + 0-0084393 + 0-0127268

0-2171835 0-2175935 0-2179159 0-2181508 + 0-2182981

0-0308710 0-0264983 0-022I2I7 0-0177428 0-0133634

0-2193666 0-2192010 0-2190359 0-2188711 0-2187067


0-2185427 0-2183790 0-2182158 0-2180528 0-2178903
0-2177281 0-2175662 0-2174047 0-2172436 0-2170029

7H 54' 36"i4
713 3 24*35 714 12 12*56 7i5 2i' 0*76 716 29*48*96 717 718 719 721 722
38' 47' 56' 5 13'

+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +

0-0170219 0-0213229 0-0256282 0-0299359 0-0342443 0-0385517 0-0428564 0-0471565 0-0514504 0-0557363 0-0600126 0-0642775 0-0605292 0-0727662 0-0769866

1324
13-26 13-28 13-3
I3-32 13-34

!334 1336
I3-38 13-40

0-2183579 0-2183304 0-2182156 0-2180138 0-2177252

- 0-0089853 - 0-0046I0I - 0-0002396 + 0-0041244 + 0-0084802

37*14 25*31 13*47


1*63

1336
I3-38 13-40

49*78

1342
J3-44 13-46 I3-48 13-5

+ + + + +

0-2173499 0-2168884 0-2163409 0-2157076 0-2149892

+ 0-OI28262

+ 0-0171605
+ 0-0214816 + 0-0257876 + 0-0300770 + + + + +
0-0343480 0-0385990 0-0428282

723 724 725 726

22' 37*92 31' 26*05 40' 14*17

1342
I3-44 I3-46

49 2*29 72757'5o"39
729 6' 38*49 730 15' 26*58 731 24' 14*66 732 33' 2*73 733 41 '50*80
734 735 737 738 739
50' 38"86

1348
I3-50

1352 1354 1356


I3-58 13-60
13-62

+ 0-2141858

+ 0-2132981
+ 0-2123263 + 0-2112712 + 0-2101332

OO47034I
0-05I2I50
0-0553693 0-0594954 0-0635916 0-0676565 0-0716883

0-2169225 0-2167624 0-2166027 0-2164434 0-2162044

+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

0-0811889 0-0853714

1352
13-54 I3-56 I3-58 13-60 13-62 13-64 13-66 13-68 13-70
13-72 13-74 13-76 I3-78 13-80 13-82 13-84

00895324
0-0936702 0-0977832 0-1018698 0-1059283 o- 1099573 01 139550 0-1179199
0-1218505 0-1257452 0-1296025 0-1334209 0-1371989

1364
13-66 13-68

1370
13-72

+ + + + +

0-2089128 0-2076107 0-2062276 0-2047641 0-2032208

+ + + + +

0-2161257 0-2159674 0-2158095 0-2156519 0-2154946


0-2153377 0-2151811 0-2150249 0-2148690 0-2147134
0-2145582 0-2144033 0-2142488

59 26*90 8' 14*94 17 2*98 25' 51*00

1374
13-76

1378 1380 1382 1384 ^If, 13-88 1390


13-92 13-94

+ + + + +

0-2015986 0-1998982 0-1981203 0-1962659

01943356

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ 0-0756856 0-0796469 0-0835705


0-0874551 0-09I2990

740 34' 39*02 741 43' 27*03 742 52' 15*03


3"o3 744 1 95i-oi 745

+ 01923305 + 0-1902515 + 0-1880993 + 0-1858751 + 0-1835799

0-0951009 0-0988593 0-I025727 0-1062398 0-1098592

746 18' 38*99 747 27' 26*96 748 36' 14*92


749 45' 2*87 750 53 50*82

02140945
0-2139407
0-2137871 0-2136339 0-2134010

+ + + + +

01 409350
0-1446278 0-1482758 0-1518777 0-1554320

6 ^f 13-88 1390
,

1396 1398
14-00

+ + + + +

0-1812145 0-1787801 0-1762777

01737085
0-1710735

0-1134294 OI I69492 0-I204I72 0-1238321 0-I27I926

02133284
0-2131762

752 753 754 755 756

2'

38*76

11' 26*70 20' 14*63 29' 2*54

+ 0-1589374 + 0-1623925 + 0-1657960

1392
13-94

37 50*45

+ 0-1691466 + 0-1724429

1396 1398
14-00

7 3

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
X
13-02
I.

693

Functions of order unity

/iW
-

Y
-

(x)

itf'l'wi

axgH^x)
612 38' 13*45

U
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

(x)

1304
13-06 13-08 13-10
13-12 13-14 13-16 13-18 13-20

0-0660609 0-0617841 0-0574892 0-0531781 0-0488525

0-2112796 0-2123920 0-2134183 0-2143582 0-2152115


0-2159780 0-2166575 0-2172499 0-2177551 0-2181729
0-2185034 0-2187466 0-2189025 0-2189712 0-2189527 0-2188473 0-2186550 0-2183761 0-2180108 0-2175595
0-2170223 0-2163997 0-2156920 0-2148996 0-2140229 0-2130625 0-2120188 0-2108924 0-2096838 0-2083936 0-2070225 0-2055711 0-2040400 0-2024302 0-2007421

0-2213665 0-2211959 0-2210257 0-2208559 0-2206066

6i346'49 ? 7i
614 55' 25*99 616 4' 2*30 1 2' 38*63 61

0-4290341 0-4279106 0-4268732 0-4259222 0-4250579

1302 1304 1306 1308


13-10
13-12 13-14 13-16 13-18

00445140
0-0401645

00358056
0-0314391 0-0270667

0-2205176 0-2203490 0-2201007 0-2200129 0-2198455


0-2196784 0-2195117 0-2193454 0-2191795 0-2190139 0-2188487 0-2186839 0-2185195 0-2183555 0-2181918
0-2180285 0-2178655 0-2177029 0-2175407 0-2173788

618 21' 14*99 6i929 , 5i*38 620 38' 27*80 621 47' 4*24 622 55' 40*71 624 4' 17*21 625 12' 53-73 626 21' 30*28 6273o' 6*85 628 38' 43*45 629 630 632 633 634
47' 20*08 55' 56 ? 73 4 33 ? 4i 13 10*12 21 '46*85

0-4242805 0-4235900 0-4229868 0-4224709 0-4220422

1320
1322
13-24

1322
13-24 13-26

1328
13-30

0-0226902 0-0183113 0-0139317

00095532

- 0-0051775

0-4217010 0-4214472 0-4212807 0-4212014 0-4212094


0-4213044 0-4214062 0-4217547 0-4221096 0-4225507

1326
13-28 13-30

1332 1334 1336 1338


13-40
13-42 13-44 i3-4| 13-48

+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

- 0-0008063 0-0035587 0-0079157 0-0122630

0-0165990
0-0209219 0-0252301 0-0295218 0-0337954 0-0380493

1332
13-34

1336
I3-38 13-40

1350
13-52 13-54 13-56 I3-58 13-60

635 30' 23*60 636 39' 0*38 6 3747'37* I 9 638 56' 14*02 640 4' 50*87
6 4 I I 3'27 ? 75 64222' 4*66

0-4230776 0-4236901 0-4243876 0-4251699 0-4260365 0-4269869 0-4280206 0-4291371 0-4303358 0-4316161
0-4329775 0-4344191 0'4359404 0-4375406 0-4392190

1342
13-44 I3-46 I3-48

1350
1352
13-54

0-0422817 0-0464911 0-0506758 0-0548341 0-0589646


0-0630655 0-0671353 0-0711725 0-0751755 0-0791428

0-2172174 0-2170562 0-2168954 0-2167350 0-2165750


0-2164153 0-2162559 0-2160969 0-2159382 0-2157799

6433o'4i-59
644 39' 18*54 645 47 55*52

1356
I3-58 13-60 13-62 13*64 13-66 13-68

1362
13-64 13-66 13-68 13-70 13-72 13-74 13-76 13-78 13-80
13-82 13-84 I3 1f I3'88 13-90

6 4^ 648 649 650 651

56' 5 13 22' 31'

32*52 9*55 46*60 23*67 0*77

1370
1372
13-74 13-76 I3-78

0-0830728 0-0869640 0-0908150 0-0946243 0-0983905


0-I02II2I 0-1057877 0-1094160 o-ii 29955 0-1165249

- 0-1989768 - 0-1971349 - 0-1952173 - 0-19322^9 - 0-1911585 -

0-2156220 0-2154644 0-2153071 0-2151502

02149936
0-2148374 0-2146815 0-2145260 0-2143708 0-2142159 0-2140614 0-2139072

652 39' 37*89 653 48' 15*04 654 56 52*21 656 5 29*41 657i 4 ' 6*62 658 659 66o 661 662
664 665 666 667 668
22' 43*86

0-4409748 0-4428071 o-4447i52 0-4466981 0-4487550

1380
13-82 13-84 13-86 13-88

0-1890191 0-1868077 0-1845252 0-1821726 0-1797510

21*12 39' 58*41 48' 35*72 57' 13*05


1
'

+ 0-4508850 + 0-4530871
+ o-45536o3 + 0-4577036 + 0-4601160

1390
1392
13-94

1392
13-94

1396 1398
14-00

0-I200029 0-1234282 0-1267995 0-1301156

OI333752

0-1772613 0-1747048 0-1720824 0-1693954 0-1666448

5' 50*40 14' 27*78

+ 0-4625965
+ + + +
0-4651439 0-4677571 0'4704350 0-4731766

02137533 02135998
0-2134466

23' 5-18 31' 42*60 40' 20*64

1396 1398 1400

694

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

Functions of order zero

X
14-02 14-04 14-06 14-08 14-10
I 4 -I2

;(*)

Y
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + +

(x)

i^I'wi
02130243
0-2128727 0-2127214 0-2125705 0-2124198
0-2122695 0-2121195 0-2119699 0-2118205 0-2116715

axgH
757 758 760 761 762

(x)

Ho(*)
4-

X
14-02 14-04 14-06 14-08 14-10
I 4 -I2

+ + + + +
+ + + + +

0-1683739 0-1656108 0-1627855 0-1598991 0-1569529


0-1539^81 0-1508861 0-1477681 0-1445954 0-1413694

0-1304974 0-1337454 0-1369354 0-1400660 0-1431362 0-1461449 0-1490909 0-1519731 0-1547905 0-1575421 0-1602268 0-1628437 0-1653919 0-1678704 0-1702783
0-1726147 0-1748790 0-1770701 0-1791875 0-1812302 0-1831977 0-1850893 0-1869042 0-1886420 0-1903019
0-1918835 0-1933862 0-1948095 0-1961530 0-1974163

46' 38^36

0-1756839

55 26*25 4' 14*14 13 2*02 21' 49*89

+ 0-1788681 + 0-1819944 + 0-1850617


+ 0-1880687

14-14 14-16 14-18 14-20 14-22

763 30' 37*76 764 39' 25*62 765 48' 13*47 76657' 1*32 768 5' 49-16

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

0-1910143 0-1938974 0-1967169 0-1994718 O-2O2I0IO

14-14 14-16 14-18 14-20 14-22 14-24 14-26 14-28 14-30


14-32 14-34 14-36 I4-38 14-40

1424
14-26 14-28

1430
14-32

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

0-1380914 0-1347629 0-1313851 0-1279596 0-1244877 0-1209709 0-1174107 o- 1 1 3808 s 0-1101658 0-1064841 0-1027650 0-0990100 0-0952206 0-0913984 0-0875449 0-0836617 0-0797504 0-0758127 0-0718500 0-0678641
0-0638565 0-0598280 6-0557827 0-0517198 0-0476418 0-0435503 0-0394470 0-0353334 0-0312113 0-0270823
0-0229481 0-0188102 0-0146704 0-0105303 0-0063915

0-2115227 0-2113743 0-2112262 0-2110784 0-2109310 0-2107838 0-2106369 0-2104904 0-2103441 0-2101982
0-2100525 0-2099072 0-2097621 0-2096174 0-2094729

769 14' 36*99 770 23' 24*81 771 32' 12*63 77 2 4i' 0*44 773 49 48*24
774 770 777 778 779
58' 36*03 7 23*82

0-2047836 0-2073385 0-2098248 0-2I224I6 0-2145880


0-2168632 0-2190663 0-2211964 0-2232530 0-225235I
0-2271421 0-2289733 0-2307281 0-2324058 0-2340059

J434
14-36 I4-38 14-40
14-42 14-44 14-46 14-48 14-50 I4-52 14-54 14-56 I4-58 14-60 14-62 14-64 14-66 14-68 14-70 14-72

16 11*60
24' 59*38

33 47*15

780 42; 34*91 781 51' 22*66

?K ?K 785

o;

8 58 6 , 7' 45 ll -89 1

14-42 14-44 14-46 14.48 14*50

0-2093288 0-2091849 0-2090414 0-2088981 0-2087552


0-2086125 0-2084701 0-2083280 0-2081862 0-2080447
0-2079035 0-2077626 0-2076219 0-2074816 0-2073415 0-2072017 0-2070622 0-2069229 0-2067840 0-2066453

786 26' 33*61 787 35' 21*33 7844 9 -o 5 789 52' 56*76 791 1' 44*46
792 10' 32*15 ' x 73 I g / 9;84 794 28' 7*52 79536'55 ? 20 796 45' 42*87

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

0-2355279 0-2369710 0-2383350

02396194
0-2408236
0-2419474 0-2429903 0-2439521

I4-52 14-54 14-56 I4-58 14-60


14-62 14-64 14-66 14-68 14-70
14-72 I4'74 14-76 14-78

0-1985989 0-1997005 0-2007208 0-2016595 0-2025163 0-2032910 0-2039834 0-2045933 0-2051206 0-2055652
0-2062060 0-2064022 0-2065157 0-2065464 0-2064946 0-2063603 0-2061436 0-2058449

O2448324 O2456309
0-2463475 0-2469820 0-2475341 0-2480038 0-2483909 0-2486955 0-2489173 0-2490565 0-2491132 0-2490872
0-2487881 0-2485152 0-2481604 0-2477238

M-74
14-76 14-78 14-80
14-82 14-84 14-86 14-88 14-90 14-92 14-94 14-96 14-98

+ + + + + + + + + +
-

79754'3o"53 799 3 18*19 8ooi2' 5*84 8oi2o'53*4 g 802 29' 41*12


803 804 8o 5 807 808
38' 28*75 47' 16*37 5 6' 3*98
4'

1480
14-82

+ 0-2059270

51*60 13' 39*21

14-86 14-88 14-90

+ 0-0022558
0-0018753 0-0060002 0-0101171

1500

00142245

+ + + + +

0-2065069

02063688
0-2062309 0-2060934

809 22' 26*8l 8io 31' 14*40

+ 0-2489788

8n4o'

1*99

02054643

02059561

812 48' 49*57 8i3 57' 37*M

+ + + +

1492 1494
14-96 14-98

1500

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

695

Functions of order unity

X
14-02 14-04 14-00 14-08 14-10 14-12 14-14 14-16 14-18 14-20 14-22 14-24 14-26 14-28 14-30

7i(*)

Y1 (x)
-

i<'wi
0-2132937 0-2131411 0-2129889 0-2128370 0-2126855
0-2125342

arg

1
]

(x)

HiW
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
0-4759804 0-4788455 0-4817705 0-4847542 0-4877954
0-4908927 0-4940449 0-4972506 0-5005085 0-5038172 0-507I753 0-5105814 0-5140341 0-5175320 0-5210736

X
14-02 14-04 14-06 14-08 14-10

+ + + + +

0-1365770 0-1397201 0-1428030 0-1458248 0-1487844

0-1638320 0-1609579 0-1580240 0-1550314 0-1519813


0-1488752 0-1457142 0-1424998

669 670 672 673 674

4 8'57 ?5i 57 35'oo


6' 12*51

14' 5o'o4 23' 27*60

+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +
4

0-1516805 0-1545122 0-1572785 0-1599783 + 0-1626107

02123833
0-2122327 0-2120824 0-2119325

01392332
0-1359159
0-1325491 0-1291344 0-1256731 0-1221667 0-1186166

5;i7 f7532' 6 7 4o' 42*77 677 49' 20*39 678 57' 58 -03 68o 6' 35*69

14-12 14-14 14-16 14-18 14-20


14-22 14-24 14-26 14-28

0-1651747 0-1676695 0-1700940 0-1724475 0-1747291

0-2117828 0-2116335 0-2114845 0-2113358 0-2111874 0-2110394 0-2108916 0-2107442 0-2105971 0-2104502 0-2103037 0-2101575 0-2100116 0-2098660 0-2097207
0-2095757 0-2094310 0-2092866 0-2091425 0-2089987 0-2088552 0-2087120 0-2085691 0-2084265 0-2082842

681 682 683 68 4 685


686 688 689 690 691

15' 13*38 23' 51*08 32' 28*81

4 i' 6*55 49' 44*32


58' 22"ii

1430
1432
14-34 14-36

1432 1434
14-36 14-38 14-40
14-42 14-44 14-46 14-48 14-50 14*52

0-1769380 0-1790734 0-1811346 0-1831209 0-1850317


0-1868661 0-1886237 0-1903038 0-1919059 0-1934295

- 0-1150243 - 0-1113912 - 0-1077189 - 0-1040089 - 0-1002626 -

59*92 15' 37 -75 24 15*60 32' 53 -47


6'

+ + + + +
+ + + + +

0-5246575 0-5282821 0-5319460 0-5356477 0-5393857 0-543I583 0-5469642 0-5508016 0-5546691 0-5585651

1438
14-40
14-42 14-44 14-46 14-48 14-50 14-52 J4-54 14-56 I4-58 14-60

0-0964816 0-0926676 0-0888219 0-0849462 0-0810421


0-0771111 0-0731549 0-0691749 0-0651730 0-0611506

692 41' 31*37

6935o' 9*28 694 58' 47 -22 696 7' 25*18 697i6' 3"i6
698 699 700 701 702
704
24' 41*14 33' 19*15 41' 57*18

1454
14-56 14-58 14-60
14-62

+ + + + + + + + +

0-1948740 0-1962389 0-1975240 0-1987287 0-1998527


0-2008956 0-2018572 0-2027371

50 35*23
59' 13*31

+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

0-5624879 0-5664361 0-5704080 0-5744019 0-5784163 0-5824496 0-5865001 0-5905662 0-5946463 0-5987387
0-6028418

1$
14-68

02035352
0-2042513
0-2048851 0-2054365 0-2059054 0-2062910 0-2065956

1470
14-72 14-74 14-76 14-78 14-80 14-82 14-84

0-0571093 0-0530509 0-0489769 0-0448890 0-0407888

7' 51*40 705i6'29*5i 7o625' 7*64 7Z33'45"8o 708 42' 23*97

14-62

1S&
14-68 14-70 14-72

+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

0-0366779 0-0325580 0-0284307 0-0242978 0-0201607

0-2081422 0-2080004 0-2078590 0-2077178 0-2075709 0-2074363 0-2072960 0-2071560 0-2070163 0-2068768 0-2067377 0-2065988 0-2064602 0-2063219 0-2061838

7095i' 2*16 7 IO !59'40-36 8' 18*59 712 713 16' 56*84 714 25' 35*10
715 716 717 719 720
721
34' 13*39 42' 51*69 51' 30*01
0' 8*36 8' 46*72

OOO69539
0-6110734 0-6151987 0-6193280 0-6234599 0-6275926 0-6317244 0-635853$ 0-6399791 0-6440987 0-6482109 0-6523142 0-6564068 0-6604873

M'74
14-76 14.78 14-80
14-82 14-84 14-86 14-88 14-90

i486
14-88

1490
1492
14-94 14-96

0-2068167 0-2069553 0-2070113 0-2069849 0-2068702 0-2066853 0-2064124 0-2060577 0-2056215 0-2051040

0-OI002I2 0-OII8809 0-0077415 0-0036045 + 0-0005283

1498 1500

0-0046553 0-0087750 0-0128857 0-0169858 + 0-02I0736

+ + + +

17' 25*09 72226' 3*49 723 34' 41*90 724 43' 20*33 725 5 I' 58*79

+ + + + +

14-92 14-94 14-96 14-98

1500

696

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

Functions of order zero

/oW
-

nw
4 0-205002I 4- 0-2044585 + 0-2038339 4 0-2031287 4- 0-2023432

1*0*)

argH
815

{x)

Ho(*)
0-2472058 0-2466066 0-2459265 0-2451659 0-2443252

X
I5-02 I5-04 15-06 I 5 -o8 I5-IO 15-12 I5-I4 15-16 I5-I8 I5-20
15-22 I5-24 I5-26 15-28

15-02 15-04 15-06 15-08 15-10 15-12 15-14 15-16 15-18 15-20 15-22 15-24 15-20 15-28 15-30 15-32 15-34 15-36 15-38 15-40
15-42 15-44 15-46 15-48 15-50

0-0183207 0-0224042 0-0264732 0-0305263 0-0345619

0-2058191 0-2056823 0-2055459 0-2054097 0-2052737 0-2051381 0-2050027 0-2048675 0-2047327 0-2045981

6; 24*71

4444-

816 15' 12*27


8i7 23' 59-83 818 32' 47*38 8l 9 4i 34-93

4-

- 0-0385782 - 0-0425738 - 0-0465472 - 0-0504967 - 0-0544208


- 0-0583180 - 0-0621868 - 0-0660256 - 0-0698330 - 0-0736075
-

4 0-2014779 4 0-2005332 4- 0-1995096 4- 0-1984076 4- 0-1972277

820 50' 22*47 82i59' 10*01 23 7'57 ? 54 824i6'45?o6 825 25' 32*57 826 34' 20*08
7-58 l 828 51' 55*08 830 0' 42*58 831 9'3o''o7
2

0-2434048 0-2424052 4- 0-2413268 4- 0-2401701 + 0-2389357


444-

+ 0-1959705 + 0-1946367 + 0-1932268


4-

0-1917415 0-1885475 0-1868403 0-1850607 0-1832093 0-1812872

+ 0-1901815
4-

0-2044638 0-2043297 0-2041959 0-2040624 0-2039291


0-2037961 0-2036633 0-2035308 0-2033986 0-2032666

0-2376242
0-2347721 0-2332329

ll<

+ 0-2362361
44-

+ 0-2316191
4 0-2299315 0-2281707 4- 0-2263377 4- 0-2244331 + 0-2224578
44-

I53O
15-32 15-34

0-0773477 0-0810521 0-0847192 0-0883477 0-0919362 0-0954833 0-0989876 0-1024478 0-1058626 0-1092307 0-1125507 0-1158213 0-1190418 0-1222103 0-1253260
0-1283875 0-1313938 0,I 34343 8 0-1372363 0-1400702

+ + + 4
4-

832 18' 17*55 8 33 27' 5 ? 03 834 35, 52 -50 835 44, 39*96 8 3653 27*42
838
2;

1536
I5-38 I5-40

0-1792950
0-1751045

+ 0-1772338
4-

+ 0-1729078 + 0-1706449
4 0-1683167 + 0-1659242 + 0-1634685
4-

0-2031349 0-2030034 0-2028722 0-2027412 0-2026105


0-2024801 0-2023499 0-2022199 0-2020902 0-2019607

14*87

839n' 2*32
840 19' 49*76 841 28; 37*20 842 37' 24*63
84346' 1 2 "06 844 54' 59-48 846 3' 46*89 ?47 I2 '34 ? 30 848 21' 21*71 8493o' 9*11 85038'56 ?50 5I f o4 ^ 43 ? 9 852 56' 31*27 854 5'i8 ? 6 5
85 5
i4
'

444-

4-

0-2204127 0-2182987 0-2161166 0-2138674 0-2115520


0-2091715 0-2067269 0-2042191 0-2016493 0-1990185

I5H2
15-44 I5-46

I5H8
I5-50
I5-52 15-54 I5-50 I5-58 I5-60
15-62

15-52 15-54 15-56 15-58 15-60

4-

4444-

0-1609506 + 0-1583715

15-62 15-64 15-66 15-68 15-70 15-72 15-74 15-76 15-78 15-80 15-82

+ + + + +
4-

0-I557325 0-1530346 0-1502790 0-1474668 0-1445992

0-2018315 0-2017026 0-2015739 0-2014454 0-2013172

4-

0-1963278

+ 0-1935784 4- OT907714
44-

0-1879079 0-1849893
0-1789911 0-1759141 0-1727868 0-1696105

15-66 15-68

1570
15-72 15-74 15-76 I5-78 15-80 15-82 15-84

- 0-1428446 - 0-1455583 - 0-1482104 - 0-1507998 - o-i533257 -

4-

0-1416775 0-1387029 4- 0-1356766 + 0-1326000 + 0-1294742


44-

0-2011892 0-2010615 0-2009340 0-2008067 0-2006797

6*02

+ 0-l820l66
4444-

856 22' 53*39


?573i',40"75 858 40' 28*11 859 49' 15-46

mt
15-88 15-90
15-92 15-94 15-96 15-98 16-00

0-1557872 0-1581832 0-1605130 0-1627757 0-1649705

444-

0-1263006 0-1230805 0-1198153 0-1165064 0-1131550 0-1097626 0-1063305 0-1028603 0-0958110

0-2005530 0-2004264 0-2003001 0-2001741 0-2000483 0-1999227 o- 1997974 0-1996723

86o58' 2*81 6' 50*15 862 863 15' 37-48


865 33' 12^14
866 41' 59*46 867 50' 46*78 868 59' 34*09 870 8' 21*39 87ii7' 8*69

44444-

0-1663866 0-1631163 0-1598009 0-1564420

OI530407
0-1495986
0-1425972 0-1390409

^is 1590
15-88 15-92 15-94 15-96

0-1670966 0-1691532 0-1711396 o-i73055i 0-1748991

44-

4-

+ 0-1461170
4-

4-

+ OO993533
4-

OI995474
0-1994228

4-

1598
16-00

+ 0-1354493

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
I.

697

Functions of order unity

/iW
15-02 15-04 15-06 15-08 15-10 15-12 15-14 15-16 15-18 15-20 15-22 15-24 15-26 15-28

Y
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +

(x)

1*0*)

arg

(x)
\

HiW
+ + + + +
0-6645540 0-6606052 0-6726395 0-6766552 0-6806508
I5-02 I5-04 15-06 I5-08 I5-IO

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

0-2045057 0-2038267 0-2030675 0-2022286 0-2013102

0-0251476 0-0292062 0-0332478 0-0372707 0-0412735

0-2060460 0-2059085 0-2057713 0-2056344 0-2054977


0-2053613 0-2052252 0-2050893 0-2049537 0-2048184

727 728 729 73o 73i


732 733 735 736 737

' 37*25

9'i5 7 74 1 7 54*25 26 32^77 ? 3i 35

0-2003130 0-1992373 0-1980838 0-1968530 0-1955454 0-1941618 0-1927027 0-1911688 0-1895608 0-1878794
0-1861255 0-1842998 0-1824032 0-1804363 0-1784003

0-0452546 0-0492124 0-0531454 0-0570521 + 0-0609309


0-0647803 0-0685990 0-0723853 0-0761370 0-0798551 0-0835358 0-0871785 0-0907816 0-0943440 0-0978642

43' 49-87 52' 28*45

+ 0-6846246 + 0-6885753
+ 0-6925011 + 0-6964006
4-

7-04 1 9 45-65
18' 24-28

0-7002724 0-7041148 0-7079263 0-7117056

I5'I2 15-14 I5-l6 I5-I8 I5-20


I5-22 I5-24 I5-26 I5-28 I5-30

1530
15-32 15-34 15-36 15-38

0-2046834 0-2045486 0-2044141 0-2042798 0-2041459


0-2040121 0-2038787 0-2037455 0-2036125 0-2034799

738=27' 2*93 739 35 4**59 740 44 20*27 741*52 58*97 1 37-69 743
744 10' 16*42 745 i8' 55*17

+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

07I545I2
0-7191616
0-7228353 0-7264711 0-7300674 0-7336229

1540
15-42 15-44 15-46 15-48 15-50 15-52 15-54 I5-56 I5-58 15-60 15-62 15-64 15-66 15-68 15-70 15-72 15-74 15-76 15-78 15-80 15-82 15-84 15-86 15-88 15-90
15-92 15-94 I5-96 15-98 16-00

+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

1532
r 5-34 15-36 I5-38 15-40

746 27 33*94 747 36' 12*72 748 44 51-52 749 751 752 753 754
53' 30 -34

07371363
0-7406061

+ 0-1762958

+ 0-1741239 + 0-1718855
+ 0-1695816 + 0-1672132 + + + + +
0-1647812 0-1622868 0-1597310 0-1571149
O' 1 544396

0-1013409 0-1047727 0-1081584 0-1114960 0-1147861


0-1180258 0-1212142 0-1243503 0-1274329 0-1304608

0-2033475 0-2032153 0-2030834 0-2029518 0-2028204 0-2026892 0-2025584 0-2024278 0-2022974 0-2021673

I5-42
I5'4^

9*17 2 io' 48*02 19' 26*89


28'
5 "77

07440312
0-7474101 0-7507416 0-7540245

15 -4 I5-48 15-50

755 36' 44 -67

756 45 23*59 757 54 2*52 2 4i*47 759 760 11 20*43

0-7572574 0-7604392 0-7635687 0-7666447 0-7696660

1552
15-54 I5-56 I5-58 15-60
15-62 15-64 15-66 15-68 15-70

+ 0-1517062 + 0-1489160
+ 0-1460700 + 0-1431695 + 0-1402157

0-1334329 0-1363480 0-1392052 0-1420033 o-i4474i3


0-1474181 0-1500329 0-1525847 0-1550724 o-i5 74953

0-2020374 0-2019078 0-2017784 0-2016493 0-2015204 0-2013918 0-2012634 0-2011353 0-2010074 0-2008798
0-2007524 0-2006252 0-2004983 0-2003717 0-2002452

761 762 763 764 765


767 768 769 770 77*

19' 59*41 28' 38 -41 37' 17-43

+ 0-7726316 + 07755402 + O7783909


+ 0-7811825 + 0-7839140

45 56-46 54 35*5<>
3'i4''56
11' 53 ''64 20' 32 "73

+ 0-1372099 + 0-1341533
+ 0-1310471 + 0-1278927 + 0-1246913 + + + + + + + + + +
0-1214444 0-1181532 0-1148192 0-1114436 0-1080279

29' 11-84 37' 50-96 46' 30*10 55' 9*25


3' 48 -42 12' 27*61

+ + + + + + + + + +

0-7865845 0-7891929 0-7917383 0-7942197 0-7966362

1572
15-74 15.76 15-78 15-80

0-1598524 0-1621429 0-1643659 0-1665207 0-1686064

772 773 775 776 777

O7989870
O-0OI27I2 0-8034880 0-8056365 0-8077161

21'

6-8i

15-82 15-84 15-86 15-88 15-90


15-92 15-94 15-96 15-98 16-00

0-1045735 0-1010818 0-0975542 0-0939922 0-0903972

0-1706224 0-1725680 0-1744424 0-1762450 0-1779752

0-2001190 0-1999931 0-1998674 0-1997419 0-1996167

778 29' 46 -03 779 38' 25*26 7o 47' 4*50 7i 55 43*76 783 4 23-04

+ + + + +

0-8097259 0-8116653

08135336
0-8153300 0-817054!

23

698

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
e~ x /(*)
II.

Functions of imaginary argument, and


ex

ex

X
o
0-02 0-04 0-06 0-08 O-IO 0-12 0-14 0-16 0-18 0-20 0-22 0-24 0-26 0-28

e-*I x {*)
o-ooooooo
0-0098025 0-0192196 0*0282657 0-0369542 0-0452984
0-0533111 0-0610043 0-0683899 0-0754792 0-0822831

K
00

(x)

e*

K^x)
00
1

gX

-ooooooo

-ooooooo
0-02 0-04 o-66 0-08 O-IO

0-9802967 0-9611738 0-9426123 0-9245939 0-9071009


0-8901162 0-8736233 0-8576062 0-8420496 0-8269386

4-1098376 3-4727083 3-1142387 2-8679911 2-6823261


2-5344522 2-4123173 2-3087874 2-2192980 2-1407573

50-9638701 25-9404241 17-5879738 13-4048206 10-8901827

I -0202013 1-0408108 1-0618365 1-0832871 1-1051709

9-2102792 8-0076794 7-1036124 6-3987260 5-8333860 5-3696274 4-9821285 4-6533504 4-3707591 4-1251578 3-9096449 3-7189398 3-5489328 3-3963772 3-2586739 3-1337176 3-0197845 2-9154495 2-8195242 2-7310097
2-6490599 2-5729537 2-5020724 2-4358821 2-3739200
2-3157825 2-2611160 2-2096099 2-1609894 2-1150113

1-1274969 1-1502738 1-1735109 1-1972174 1-2214028 1-2460767 1-2712492 1-2969301 1-3231298 1-3498588 1-3771278 1-4049476 1-4333294 1-4622846 1-4918247 1-5219616 -5527072 1-5840740 1-6160744 1-6487213
1

0-12 0-14 o-i6 0-18 0-20


0-22 0-24 0-20 0-28 O-30

030
0-32 o-34 0-36 0-38 0-40
0-42 0-44 0-46 0-48 0-50

0-8122587 0-7979961 0-7841375 0-7706698 0-7575806 0-7448578 0-7324896 0-7204648 0-7087725 0-6974022

0-0888122 0-0950766 0-1010861 0-1068501 0-1123776 0-1176774 0-1227579 0-1276272 0-1322931 0-1367632 0-1410447 0-1451446 0-1490697 0-1528263 0-1564208
0-1598592 0-1631473 0-1662906 0-1692946 0-1721644
0-1749051 0-1775214 0-1800181 0-1823995 0-1846700

2-0709767 2-0083522 1-9516748 1-9000114 1-8526273


1-8089345 1-7684552 1-7307961 1-6956301 1-6626821 1-6317188 1-6025406 I-5749758 1-5488754 1-5241094

0-32 o-34 0-36 0-38 0-40


0-42 o-44 0-46 0-48 0-50

0-6863436 0-6755870 0-6651228 0-6549419 0-6450353


0-6353945 0-6260111 0-6168773 0-6079851 0-5993272 0-5908962 0-5826853 0-5746875 0-5668963 0-5593055

0-52 o-54 0-56 0-58 o-6o


0-62 0-64 o-66 o-68 0-70

1-5005638 1-4781381 I-4567432 1-4363000 1-4167376


1-3979927 1-3800080 1-3627320 1-3461180 1-3301237 1-3147102 1-2998425 1-2854881 1-2716174 1-2582031
1-2452202 1-2326455 1-2204575 1-2086362 1-1971634

1-6820276 1-7160069 1-7506725 1-7860384 1-8221188 1-8589280 1-8964809 1-9347923 1 '9738777 2-0137527 2-0544332 2-0959355 2-1382762 2-1814723 2-2255409

0-52 -54 0-56 0-58 o-6o


0-62 0-64 o-66 o-68 0-70

0-72 0-74 0-76 0-78 o-8o


0-82 0-84 o-86 o-88 0-90 0-92 0-94 0-96 0-98 I-OO

0-5519089 0-5447006 0-5376748 0-5308260 0-5241489


0-5176383 0-5112892 0-5050967 0-4990561 o-493 J 630

0-1868337 0-1888946 0-1908567 0-1927235 0-1944987


0-1961857 0-1977879 0-1993083 0-2007502 0-2021165
0-2034101 0-2046336 0-2057898 0-2068813 0-2079104

2-0714590 2-0301393 1-9908791 1-9535227 1-9179303


1-8839752 1-8515429 1-8205294 1-7908399 1-7623882
1

0-72 o-74 0-76 0-78 o-8o 0-82 o-8 4 o-86 o-88 0-90
0-92 0-94 0-96 0-98 I-OO

2-2704998 2-3163670 2-3631607 2-4108997 2-4596031 2-5092904 2-55998I4 2-6116965 2-6644562 2-7182818

0-4874128 0-4818015 0-4763248 0-4709788 o-4657596

1-1860217 I-I75I953 1*1646692 1-1544294 1-1444631

-7350954 1-7088892 1-6837033 1-6594768 J -636i535

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
II.

699
ex

Functions of imaginary argument, and

X
1-02 1-04 i-oo

e~* I

(x)

e-*I x {x)
0-2088796 0-2097912 0-2106473 0-2114501 0-2I220I6
0-2I29039 0-2135587 0-2141680 0-2147335 0-2152569
0-2I57398 0-2161838 0-2165905 0-2169613 0-2172976

e*K

(x)

ex

{x)

e*

X
1-02 1-04 1-06 1-08 I-IO I-I2 1-14 1-16 1-18 1-20 1-22 1-24 1-26 1-28
I

108
I-IO

0-4606636 0-4556871 0-4508266 0-4460788 0-4414404


0-4369082 0-4324792 0-4281504 0-4239190 0-4197821
o-4i5737i 0-4117813 0-4079123 0-4041277 0-4004249

I-I347579 1-1253024
1 -ii 60860

1-1070984 1-0983303 1-0897726 1-0814169 1-0732553 1-0652802 1-0574845


1-0498615 1-0424048 1-0351082 1-0279662 1-0209732

1-6136817 1-5920135 1-5711046 1-5509141 1-5314038 1-5125382 1-4942846 1-4766120 x-4594919 1-4428976 1-4268038 1-4111872 1-3960258 1-3812990 1-3669873
1-3530725 1-3395375 1-3263660 1-3135429 1-3010537

2-7731948 2-8292170 2-8863710 2-9446796 3-0041660


3-0648542 3-1267684 3-I899333 3-2543742 33201 169
3-3871877

112
i-i6 i-i8 1-20
1-22 I-2A 1-26 1-28 i-3

3H556I35
3-5254215 3*5966397 3-6692967

'

30

132
1-34 i- 3 6 1-38 1-40
1-42 1-44 1-46 1-48 1-50
1-52 i'54 l- 5 6 1-58 l-6o 1-62 1-64 1-66 1-68 1-70 1-72 1-74 1-76 1-78 i-8o 1-82 1-84 1-86 1-88 1-90 1-92 1-94 1-96 1-98 2-00

0-3968018 0-3932561 0-3897857 0-3863885 0-3830625


0-3798057 0-3766162 0-3734922 0-37043 !9 0-3674336

0-2176008 0-2178721 0-2IOII29

1-0141239
1 -00741 36

1-0008375

O2183243
0-2185076
0-2186638 0-2187941 0-2188994 0-2189809

09943910
0-9880700
0-9818703 o-975788i 0-9698197 0-9639615 0-9582101
0-9525622 0-9470148 0-9415648 0-9362095 0-9309460 0-9257717 0-9206842 0-9156810 0-9107597 0-9059181
0-9011541 0-8964656 0-8918506 0-8873072

3'74342i4 3-8190435 3-8961933 3-97490I6

40552000
4-1371204 4-2206958 4-3059595 4-3929457 4-4816891
4-5722252 4-6645903 4-7588212 4-8549558 4-9530324 5-0530903 5-1551695 5-2593108 5-365556o 5-4739474
5-5845285 5-6973434 5-8124374 5-9298564 6-0496475

1-32 1-34 1-36 1-38 1-40 1-42 1-44 1-46 1-48 1-50

O2190394
0-2190759 0-2190913 0-2190865 0-2190623 0-2190195 0-2189589 0-2188812 0-2187872 0-2186775 0-2185528
0-2184138 0-2182610 0-2180952 0-2179167 0-2177263

1-2888849 1-2770235 1-2654575 1-2541752 1-2431659

0-3644956 0-3616163 0-3587941 0-3560275 0-353*150


0-3506552 0-3480467 0-3454881 0-3429782 0-3405157 0-3380993 0-3357279 0-3334003

1-2324190 1-2219249 1-2116741 1-2016578 1-1918676


1-1822954 I I 72 9335 1-1637748
'

152
1-54

156
1.58 l-6o
1-62 1-64 1-66 1-68 1-70

11548123
1-1460392 r-1374494 1-1290368 1-1207955 1-1127201 1-1048054
1-0970461 1-0894376 1-0819752 1-0746544 1-0674709

o*33i53
0-3288719
0-3266691

08828335
0-8784278 0-8740882 0-8698132 0-8656012 0-8614506

1-72 1-74 1-76 1-78 i-8o

0-2175244

03245058
0-3223810 0-3202938

02173115
0-2170881 0-2168548
o-2i66iij9

03182432
0-3162282 0-3142481 0-3123020 0-3103890 0-3085083

6-1718584 6-2965383 6-4237368 6-5535049 6-6858944


6-8209585 6-9587510 7-0993271 7-2427430 7-3890561

1-82 1-84 1-86 1-88 1-90


1-92 1-94 1-96 1-98 2-00

0-2163599 0-2160993 0-2158304 0-2155536

02152693

o-8573599 0-8533277 o-8493526 o-8454332 0-8415682

1-0604208
1

0535000

1-0467048 1-0400316 I-0334768

700
Table

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


II.

Functions of imaginary argument, and

ex

X
2-02 2-04 2 OO 2-08 2-IO 2-12 2-14 2-16 2-l8 2-20

e~*h{x)
0-3066592 0-3048408 0-3030525 0-3012935 0-2995631

er*I x (x)
0-2149779 0-2146797 0-2143750 0-2140643 0-2137477

e*

(x)

"x

if,W

ex

X
2-02 2-04 2-00 2-o8 2-IO 2-12 2-14 2-16 2-18 2-20

0-8377564 0-8339966 0-8302875 0-8266281 0-8230172 o-8i94537 0-8159366 0-8124650 0-8090377 0-8056540
0-8023128 0-7990133 o-7957545 o-792535$ 0-7893561

1-0270373 1-0207097 1-0144909 1-0083780 1-0023681

7-5383249 7-6906092 7-8459698 8*0044689 8-1661699

0-2978606 0-2961855 0-2945369 0-2929144 0-2913173


0-2897451 0-2881970 0-2866727 0-2851715 0-2836930

0-2134256 0-2130983 0-2127660 0-2124291 0-2120877


0-2117422 0-2113927 0-2110396 0-2106829 0-2103230

0-9964584 0-9906463 0-9849292 0-9793046 0-9737702 0-9683236 0-9629626 0-957685I 0-9524890 0-9473722
o-94 2 3329

8-33II375 8-4994376 8-6711377 8-8463063

90250135
9-2073308 9-3933313 9-5830892 9-7766804 9-9741825
10-1756743 10-3812366 10-5909515 10-8049029 11-0231764 11-2458593 11-4730407 11-7048115 11-9412644 12-1824940
12-4285967 12-6796710 12-9358173 13-1971382

2-22 2-24 2-26 2-28 2-30

2-22 2-24 2-26 2-28 2-30

2-32 2-34 2-36 2-38 2-40


2-42 2-44 2-46 2-48 2-50

0-2822366 0-2808018 0-2793881 0-2779951 0-2766223


0-2752693 0-2739356 0-2726209 0-2713246 0-2700464

0-2099600 0-2095941 0-2092256 0-2088545 0-2084811


0-2081055 0-2077279 0-2073485 0-2069674 0-2065846 0-2062005 0-2058151 0-2054285 0-2050408 0-2046523
0-2042628 0-2038727 0-2034820 0-2030907 0-2026991
0-2023071 0-2019148 0-2015224 0-2011299 0-2007374

0-7862149 0-7831112 0-7800443 0-7770135 0-7740181


0-7710575 0-7681308 0-7652376 0-7623771 o-7595487

232

0-9373692 0-9324793 0-9276613 0-9229137 0-9182347 0-9136228 0-9090764 0-9045941 0-9001744

2-34 2 "36 2-38 2-40


2-42 2-44 2-46 2-48

250
2-52 2-54 2-56 2-58 2-60 2-62 2-64 2-66 2-68 2-70
2-72 2-74 2-76 2-78 2-80

2-52 2'54 2-56 2-58 2-60


2-62 2-64 2-66 2-68 2-70

0-2687860 0-2675429 0-2663168 0-2651072 0-2639140


0-2627367 0-2615749 0-2604285 0-2592970 0-2581801

o-75675i8 o-7539859 0-7512504 o-7485447 0-7458682


0-7432205 0-7406011 0-7380094 o-7354449 0-7329072

0-8958159 0-8915172 0-8872771 0-8830942 0-8789673


0-8748952 0-8708767 0-8669107 0-8629961 0-8591319 0-8553169 0-8515502 0-8478308 0-8441577 0-8405301

134637380
I3-7357236 14-0132036 14-2962891 14-5850933 14-8797317
15-1803222 15-4869851 15-7998429 16-1190209 16-4446468

2-72 2-74 2-76 2-78 2-80

0-2570776 0-2559892 0-2549146 0-2538534 0-2528055 0-2517706 0-2507484 0-2497387 0-2487412 0-2477557
0-2467820 0-2458198 0-2448690 0-2439292 0-2430004

0-7303957 0-7279102 0-7254500 0-7230148 0-7206041

2-82 2-84 2-86 2-88 2-90 2-92 2-94 2-96 2-98 3-00

0-2003450 0-1999527 0-1995606 0-1991688 0-1987773


0-1983862

0-7182176 0-7158548 o-7i35 r 54 0-7111989 0-7089050


0-7066333 0-7043834

0-8369469 0-8334074 0-8299106 0-8264557 0-8230420

16-7768507

I7-H57655
17-4615269 17-8142732 18-1741454
18-5412875 18-9158463 19-2979718 19-6878167 20-0855369

2-82 2-84 2-86 2-88 2-90


2-92 2-94 2-96 2-98

01979955
0-1976053 0-1972157 0-1968267

07021551
0-6999479 0-6977616

0-8196687 0-8163349 0-8130399 0-8097830 0-8065635

3o

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
II.

701

Functions of imaginary argument, and ex

e~*h(x)
0-2420822 0-2411745 0-2402772 0-2393899 0-2385126
0-2376451 0-2367871 0-2359385 0-2350991 0-2342688

<?-*/,(*)

e*

KQ (x)

ex

{x)

ex

X
3-02 3-04

3.02 3-04 3-06 3-08 3-10 3-12 3-14 3 -i6

o- 1964383

0-1960506 0-1956637 0-1952775 0-1948921

0-6955958 0-6934501 0-6913243 0-6892181 0-6871311


0-6850631 0-6830138 0-6809829 0-6789701 0-6769751

0-8033807 0-8002339 0-7971224

20-491292

20905243
21-327557 21-758402 22-197951 22-646380 23-103867 23-570596 24-046754

306
3-o8 3-10
3-12

07940457
0-7910030 0-7879938 0-7850176 0-7820736 0-7791613 0-7762803 o-7734299 0-7706096 0-7678189 - 765057 3 0-7623243 0-7596194 0-7569422 0-7542922 0-7516690 0-7490721 0-7465010 0-7439555

01945076
0-1941240 0-1937412 0-1933594 0-1929786
0-1925988 0-1922200 0-1918423 0-1914657 0-1910902 0-1907158 0-1903425 0-1899704 0-1895995 0-1892299

314
3-16 3-18

318 320

24532530
25-028120 25-533722 26-049537 2 -575773 27-112639
27-660351 28-219127 28-789191 29-370771 29-964100

320
3*22 3-24 3-26 3-28 3-30

3*22 3*24 3.26 3-28

330
332
3*34 3-36 3-38

0-2334475 0-2326348 0-2318308 0-2310352 0-2302480

0-6749978 0-6730377 0-6710948 0-6691687 0-6672592 0-6653660 0-6634890 0-6616278 0-6597823 0-6579523
0-6561375 0-6543377 0-6525527 0-6507823 0-6490263

3HO
3H2
3-44 3-46 3-48 3-5 3-52 3\54 3-56 3-58 3-60
3-62 3-64 3-66 3-68

0-2294689 0-2286978 0-2279346 0-2271792 0-2264314


0-2256911 0-2249582

332
3-34 3-36 3-38

340
3-42 3*44 3-46 3-48 3-5o
3-52 3\54 3-56

02242325
0-2235140 0-2228024 0-2220978 0-2214000 0-2207089 0-2200243 0-2193462
0-2186745 0-2180091 0-2173498 0-2166966 0-2160494
0-2154081 0-2147726 0-2141429 0*2135187 0-2129001

0-1888614 0-1884941 0-1881282 0-1877634 0-1874000


0-1870378 0-1866770 0-1863174 0-1859592 0-1856022 0-1852467 0-1848924 0-1845396 0-1841880 0-1838379
0-1834891 0-1831416 0-1827956 0-1824509 0-1821076

07414350
o-738939i 0-7364675

30-569415 31-186958 31-816977 32-459722

33115452
33-784428 34-466919 35-163197 35-873541 36-598234 37-337568 38-091837 38-861343 39-646394 40-447304 41-264394 42-097990 42-948426 43-816042 44-701184

0-6472846 -455569 0-6438430 0-6421427 0-6404560


0-6387825 0-6371221 '6354747 0-6338401 0-6322181
0-6306085 0-6290112 0-6274261 0-6258529 0-6242916

07340199
o-73i5957 0-7291947 0-7268165 0-7244607

358 360
3-62 3-64 3-66 3-68 3-7o 3-72 3-74 3-76

370
372 374 376 378 380
3-82 3-84 3-86 3-88

0-7221270 0-7198150 0-7175245 0-7152551 0-7130065


0-7107784 0-7085704 0-7063823 0-7042139 0-7020647

378 380
3-82 3-84 3-86 3-88 3-90 3-92 3-94 7 3-96 3-98 4-00

390
392 394 396
3-98 4-00

0-2122870 0-2116793 0-2110768 0-2104796 0-2098875


0-2093005 0-2087186 0-2081415 0-2075693 0-2070019

0-1817657 0-1814251 0-1810860 0-1807482 0-1804119 0-1800769 o-i797433 0-1794111 0-1790803 0-1787508

0-6227419 0-6212038 0-6196771 0-6181617 0-6166573 0-6151640 0-6136814 0-6122096 0-6107484 0-6092977

06999345
0-6978232 0-6957302 0-6936555 0-6915988

45-604208 46-525474 47-46535I 48-424215 49-402449 50-400445 51-418601 52-457326 53*517034 54-598I50

0-6895598 0-6875382 o-6855339 0-6835466 0-6815759

702
Table

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


II.

Functions of imaginary argument, and e x


ex

e-*I

(x)

e~ x h{x)

(x)

e*K x {x)
0-6796219 0-6776840 0-6757623 0-6738564 0-6719662
0-6700914 0-6682318 0-6663872 0-6645575 0-6627424 0-6609418 o-659i553 0-6573830 0-6556246 0-6538798

ex

x
4-02 4-04 4-06 4-08 4-10
4-12 4-14 4-16 4-18 4-20 4-22 4-24 4-26 4-28

4-02 4-04 4-06 4-08 4-10 4-12 4-14 4-16 4-18 4-20 4-22 4-24 4-26 4-28 4-30
4-32 4-34 4-36 4-38 4-40

0-2064393 0-2058812 0-2053278 0-2047789 0-2042345


0-2036945 0-2031589 0-2026275 0-2021003 0-2015774 0-2010585 0-2005438 0-2000330 0-1995262 0-1990233 0-1985242 0-1980290 o-i975375 0-1970497 0-1965656
0-1960851 0-1956081 0-1951347 0-1946648 0-1941983

0-1784228 0-1780961 0-1777709 0-1774470 0-1771245 0-1768033 0-1764836 0-1761652 0-1758482 o-i755325
0-1752182 0-1749053 o-i745937 0-1742835 o-i739746
0-1736671 0-1733609

0-6078573 0-6064270 0-6050069 0-6035968 0-6021965

55-701106 56-826343 57-974311 59-I45470 60-340288


61-559242 62-802821

0-6008060 0-5994251 0-5980537 0-5966917

64071523
65-365853 66-686331

05953390
Q-5939955 6-5926611 o-59i3357 0-5900192 0-5887114

68-033484 69-407852 70-809983 72-240440 73-699794


75-188628 76-707539 78-257134 79-838033 81-450869 83-096285 84-774942 86-487509 88-234673

430
4-32 4*34 4-36 4-38 4-40 4-42 4*44 4-46 4-48 4-50 4-52 4*54 4-56 4-58 4-60

01 730560
0-1727525 0-1724502

0-5874124 0-5861220 0-5848400 0-5835665 0-5823013


0-5810443 0-5797954 o-5785546 0-5773218 0-5760968 o-5748796 0-5736701 0-5724683 0-5712740 0-5700872 0-5689078 o-5677357 0-5665708 0-5654131 0-5642625 0-5631189 0-5619823 0-5608525 o-5597295 0-5586133 0-5575038 0-5564008 0-5553045 o-5542i45 o-553i3io 0-5520539 0-5509830 0-5499184 0-5488599 0-5478076

0-6521486 0-6504308 0-6487262 0-6470346 0-6453559


0-6436899 0-6420364 0-6403953 0-6387665 0-6371498 0-6355450

4-42 4-44 4-46 4-48 4-50 4-52 4'54 4-56 4-58 4-60 4-62 4-64 4-66 4-68

0-1721493 0-1718497 0-1715515 0-1712545 0-1709588

90017131
9I-835598 93-690800 95-58348o

0-I93735 2 0-1932754 0-1928190 0-1923658 0-1919159

0-1706644 0-1703713 0-1700795 0-1697890 0-1694997

06339521
0-6323708 0-6308010 0-6292426 0-6276955 0-6261595 0-6246345 0-6231203 0-6216169
0-6201241 0-6186418 0-6171699 0-6157082 0-6142566

97-5M394
99-484316
101-494032 103-544348 105-636082 107-770073 109-947172
112-168253 114-434202 116-745926 1 19- 104350 121-510418
123-965091 126-469352 129-024202 131-630664 134-289780

470
4-72 4-74 4-76 4-78 4-80 4-82 4-84 4-86 4-88 4-90
4-92 4-94 4-96 4-98
5

0-1914692 0-1910256 0-1905851 0-1901478 0-1897134


0-1892821 0-1888538 0-1884283 0-1880058 0-1875862

0-1692117 0-1689250 0-1686395 0-1683553 0-1680723


0-1677905 0-1675100 0-1672307 0-1669526 0-1666757

4-62 4-64 4-66 4-68 4-70


4-72 4-74 4-76 4-78 4-80
4-82

0-1871694 0-1867554 0-1863442 0-1859357 0-1855300 0-1851269 0-1847265 0-1843287

0-1664000 0-1661256 0-1658523 0-1655802 0-1653093

0-6128151 0-6113834 0-6099616 0-6085494 0-6071468

4-f4

41^ 4-88
4-90
4-92 4-94 4-96 4-98

0183933s
0-1835408

00

0-1650396 0-1647710 0-1645036 0-1642374 0-1639723

0-6057537 0-6043699 0-6029955 0-6016301 0-6002739

137-002613 139-770250 I42-593796

M5-474382
148-413159

500

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
II.

703

Functions of imaginary argument, and ex

hi*)
5-02 5-04 5-06 5-08 5-10 5-12 5-14

e~ x h(x)

(x)

ex

{x)

0-1831507 0-1827631 0-1823780 o-i8i9953 0-1816151

0-1637083
o- I 634455

0-1631838 0-1629233 0-1626639


0-1624055 0-1621483 0-1618922 0-1616372 0-1613833

0-5467613 0-5457209 0-5446865 0-5436580 0-5426354

0-^989266 o-597588i 0-5962584 o-5949375 0-5936250


0-5923211 0-5910256 0-5897384 0-5884594 0-5871886

151-41130 154-47002 I57-59052 160-77406 164-02191 I67-33537 170-71577 174-16446 177-68281 181-27224
184-93418 188-67010 192-48149 196-36988 200-33681

5-02 5-04 5-06 5-08 5-10


5-12 5-14 5-16 5-i8 S-20

5-i8 5-20
22

0-1812373 0-1808618 0-1804887 0-1801180 -i 797495


0-1793833 0-1790194 0-1786577 0-1782982 0-1779409

0-5416184 0-5406072 0-5396017 0-5386017 0-5376074


0-5366185 0-535635 0-5346570 0-5336843 0-5327170

24 26 28 30
5-32 5'34 5-36 5-38

0-1611304 0-1608787 0-1606280 0-1603784 0-1601298


0-1598823 0-1596358 0-1593904 0-1591460 0-1589026 0-1586603 0-1584189 0-1581786

0-5859258 0-5846710 0-5834241 0-5821850 0-5809536

5-22 5-24 5-26 5-28 5-3o 5-32 5-34

5HO
5-42 5'44 5'46 5-48 5-5
5-52 5'54 5-56 5-58 5-60 5-62 5-64 5-66 5-68

o-i775857 0-1772327 0-1768818 o-i76533i 0-1761863


0-1758417

o-53i7549 0-5307980 0-5298462 0-5288996 0-5279580


0-5270215 0-5260899 0-5251633 0-5242416 0-5233247

0-5797299 0-5785I37 0-5773050 0-5761038 0-5749099


o-5737233 o-5725438 0-57I37I5 0-5702062 0-5690480

204-38388 208-51271 212-72495 217-02228 221-40642


225-87912 230-44218 235-09742 239-84671 244-69193

536
5-38 5-4 5-42 5*44 5-46 5-48 5-50
5-52 5*54 5-56 5-58 5-60 5-62 5-64 5-66 5-68 5-70
5-72 5-74 5-76

01 754991
0-1751585 0-1748199 0-1744833

OT579393
0-1577010
o-i574637 0-1572274 0-1569920 0-1567576 0-1565242 0-1562918 0-1560603 0-1558298 0-1556002 o-i5537i6
0,I 55i439

0-1741486

T738i59
0-1734850 0-1731561 0-1728291
0-1725039 0-1721806 0-1718591 0-I7I5394 0-1712215 0-1709054 0-1705911 0-1702785 0-1699676 0-1696584 0-1693509 0-1690451 0-1687410 0-1684385 0-1681377 0-1678384 0-1675408 0-1672448 0-1669503 0-1666574

0-5224127 0-5215053 0-5206028 0-5197049 0-5188116

0-5078966 0-5667521 0-5656144 0-5644834 0-5633590


0-5622413 0-5611300 0-5600253 0-5589269 o-5578348
o-556749i 0-5556695 o-5545962 o-5535289 0-5524676

249-63504 254-67800 259-82284 265-07161 270-42641

57
572 574 576 578
5-8o
5-82 5-84 5-86 5-88 5-90
5-92

0-5179230 0-5170389 0-5161593 0-5152842 0-5144136


o-5i35474 0-5126855 0-5118280 0-5109748 0-5101258
0-5092811 0-5084406 0-5076042 0-5067719 0-5059438

275-88938 281-46272 287-14864 292-94943 298-86740


304-90492 311-06441 3i7-3433 323-759I9 330-29956 336-97205 343-77934 350-72414 357-80924 365-03747
372-41171

0-1549171 0-1546913 0-1544664 0-1542424

578 580
5-82
5-8 4

0-1540193
- I 53797i

o-i535758 o -I 533554 0-I53I359


0-1529172 0-1526995 0-1524826 0-1522666 0-1520515

0-5514124 0-5503631 o-5493i97 0-5482821 0-5472503


0-5462242 0-5452037 0-5441889 o-543i796 o-542i759

5-86 5-88 5-9o


5 92

594
5-96 5-98 6-oo

0-5051197 0-5042996 0-5034835 0-5026713 0-5018631

37993493
387-61012 395-44037 403-42879

5-94 5-96 5-98 6-oo

704
Table

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


II.

Functions of imaginary argument, and

ex

e-*I

(x)

e-'I^xy
0-1518372 0-1516237 0-1514111 0-1511994 0-1509885

e*

(x)

ex

(x)

ex

x
6-02 6-04 6-o6 6-o8 6-io
6-12 6-14 6-i6 6-i8 6-20

6-02 6-04 6-o6 6-o8 6-io


6-12 6-14 6-16 6-i8 6-20
6-22 6-24 6-26 6-28 6-30

0-1663661 0-1660763 0-1657880 0-1655012 0-1652159 0-1649321 0-1646498 0-1643689 0-1640894 0-1638114

0-5010588 0-5002584 0-4994618 0-4980689 0-4978799

0-5411776 0-5401848 o-539i973 0-5382151 o-537 2 382 0-5362666 0-535300I o-5343387 0-5333825 o-53243i3
0-5314851 0-5305438 0-5296075 0-5286761 o-5277494

411-57860 419-89303 428-37544 437-02919 445-85777 454-86469 464-05357 473-42807 482-99196 492-74904
502-70323 512-85851 523-21894 533-78866 544-57191

0-1507784 0-1505691 0-1503607 0-1501531 0-1499463


0-1497403 0-1495351 0-1493307 0-1491271 0-1489243
0-1487223 0-1485211 0-1483206 0-1481209 0-1479220 0-1477238 0-1475264 0-1473297 0-1471338 0-1469386

0-4970946 04963 1 30
0-495535J 0-4947608 0-4939902 0-4932232 0-4924597 0-4916998 0-4909434 0-4901905
0-4894411 0-4886950 0-4879524 0-4872132 0-4864773

0-1635348 0-1632596 0-1629858 0-1627134 0-1624424

6-22 6-24 6-26 6-28 6-30 6-32 6-34 6-36 y 6-38 6-40 6-42 6-44 6-46 6-48 6-50
6-52 6-54 6-56 6-58 6-6o

6-32 6-34 6-36 6-38 6-40

0-1621727 0-1619044 0-1616374 0-1613717 0-1611073 0-1608443 0-1605825 0-1603220 0-1600628 0-1598048
0-1595481 0-1592927 0-1590385 0-1587855 o-i585337 0-1582831 0-1580336 0-1577854 o-i5753 8 4 0-1572925

0-5268276 0-5259105 0-5249982 0-5240905 0-5231874


0-5222889 0-5213950 0-5205056 0-5196207 0-5187402
0-5178642 0-5169925 0-5161251 0-5152620 0-5144032

555-57299 566-79631 578-24636 589-92771 601-84504


614-00311 626-40680 639-06106 651-97095 665-14163

6-42 6-44 6-46 6-48 6-50 6-52 6'54 6-56 6-58 6-6o 6-62 6-64 6-66 6-68 6-70 6-72

o-4857448 0-4850156 0-4842896 0-4835669 0-4828474


0-4821312 0-4814181 0-4807082 0-4800014 0-4792978 0-4785972 0-4778997 0-4772053 0-4765138 0-4758254

0-1467442 0-1465505 0-1463576 0-1461653 o-i459738

678-57839 692-28658 706-27169 720-53933

73509519
749-945 10 765-09499 780-55094 796-31911 812-40583

0-1457830 0-I455930 0-1454036 0-1452149 0-1450270


0-1448397 0-1446532 0-1444673 0-1442821 0-1440976

0-5135486 0-5126982 0-5118520 0-5110099 0-5101719 0-5093380 0-5085080 0-5076821 0-5068602 0-5060421 0-5052280 0-5044178 0-5036114 0-5028088 0-5020099

6-62 6-64 6-66 6-68 6-70 6-72


7 f' 2 6-76 6-78 6-8o

t%
6-78 6-8o 6-82 6-84 6-86 6-88 6-90

0-1570477 0-1568042 0-1565617

01563204
0-1560802
0-1558411 0-1556031 0-1553662 0-1551304 0-1548956

0-4751400 o-4744575 o-4737779 0-4731013 0-4724276


0-4717567 0-4710887

828-81751 845-56074 862-64220 880-06872 897-84729

0-1439138 0-1437306 0-1435481

04704235
0-4697612 0-4691016

01433663
0-1431852

915-98501 934-489I3 953-36707 972-62636 992-27472

6-82 6-84 6-86 6-88 6-90 6-92 6-94 6-96 6-98 7-00

692
6-94 6-96 6-98 7-00

0-1546619 0-1544293 0-1541978 0-1539672 0-1537377

0-1430047 0-1428248 0-1426457 0-1424671 0-1422892

0-4684449 0-4677908 0-4671395 0-4664910 0-4658451

0-5012149 0-5004235 o-4996359


0-498851.9

0-4980716

1012-31999 1032-77021 1053-63356 1074-91837 1090-63316

TABLES OP BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
e~x h{x)
II.

705
ex

Functions of imaginary argument, and

X
7'02

t-Itix)
0-1421120 0-1419354 0-1417594 0-1415840 0-1414093
0-1412352 0-1410617 0-1408889 0-1407166 0-1405450

e*K

(x)

e*K x {x)
0-4972948 0-4965217 o-49575 21 0-4949860 0-4942235

ex

7o6 7-08 7-10


7'12

o- 1535093 0-1532819 0-I530554 0-1528300 0-1526056

0-4652019 0-4645614 0-4639235 0-4632882 0-4626556


0-4620255 0-4613980 0-4607731 0-4601507 o-45953o8

1118-7866 1141-3876 1164-4452 1187-9685 1211-9671 1236-4504 1261-4284 1286-9109 1312-9083 I339-4308
1366-4891 1394-0940 1422-2565 1450-9880 1480-2999

7-02 7-04 7-06 7-08 7-10

T1 t

7'io 7 -i8 7'20


7"22 7*24 7'2D 7-28 7-30 7*32 7-34 7'30 7'38 7-40
7-42 7'44 7-4 7 48
-

0-1523822 0-1521597 0-1519382 0-1517177 0-1514982

o-4934644 0-4927087 0-4919565 0-4912077 0-4904623


0-4897202 0-4889814 0-4882459 0-4875137 0-4867848 0-4860591 0-4853365 0-4846172 0-4839010 0-4831880

7-12 7-14 7-16


7 -i8

7-20
7-22 7-24 7-26 7-28 7'30

0-1512796 0-1510620 0-1508453 0-1506295 0-1504147


0-1502007 0-1499877 o-i497756 0-1495644 0-1493541 0-1491447 0-1489362 0-1487285 0-1485218 0-1483158 0-1481108 0-1479066 0-1477032 0-1475007 0-1472990
0-1470981 0-1468981 0-1466988 0-1465004 0-1463028

0-1403739 0-1402035 0-1400337 0-1398644 0-1396958


0-1395277 0-1393603 0-1391934 0-1390271 0-1388613
0-1386962 0-1385316 0-1383676 0-1382041 0-1380412

0-4589134 0-4582985 0-4576861 0-4570761 0-4564686


0-4558634 0-4552607 0-4546604 0-4540625 0-4534669

1510-2040 1540-7121 1571-8366 1603-5898 1635-9844


1669-0335 1702-7502 1737-1481 1772-2408 1808-0424 1844-5673 1881-8300 1919-8455 1958-6290 1998-1959 2038-5621 2079-7438 2121-7574 2164-6198 2208-3480

7.32 7-34 7-36 7-38 7-40


7-42 7-44 7-46 7-48 7-50 7-52 7-54 7-50 7-58 7-60 7-62 7-64 7-66 7-68 7-70
7-72 7'74 7.76 7-78 7-80

7SO
7'52 7-54 7'56 7-58 7-60 7-62 7 7 tt 7-68 7 7o
.

0-4528736 0-4522827 0-4516941 0-4511077 0-4505237

0-4824780 0-4817712 0-4810674 0-4803667 0-4796689


0-4789742 0-4782825 o-4775937 0-4769079 0-4762249

0-1378789 0-1377171 Q-I375559 o-i373952 0,I 37 2 350


0-I370754 0-1369164 o-i367579 0-1365999 0-1364424
0-1362855 0-1361291 0-1359732 0-1358179 0-1356630

04499419
0-4493624 0-4487851 0-4482101 0-4476372 0-4470665 0-4464981 o-44593i7 o-4453676 0-4448056 0-4442457 0-4436879 0-4431322 0-4425786 0-4420271 o-44i4776 0-4409302 0-4403848 0-4398414

o-4755449 0-4748678 o-474i935 0-4735220 0-4728534

7-72 7'74 7.76 7-78 7-80 7-82 7-84 7-86 7-88 7.90 7.92 7-94 7.96 7-98 8-oo

0-1461060 0-1459100 0-1457148 0-1455203 0-1453267


0-1451338 0-1449417 0-1447503 o-i445597 0-1443699 0-1441808 o-i439924
.0-1438048

0-4721876 o-47!5245 0-4708642 0-4702066 0-4695518


0-4688997 0-4682502 0-4676034 0-4669593

2252-9596 2298-4724 2344-9046 2392-2748 2440-6020


2489-9054 2540-2048 2591-5204 2643-8726 2697-2823

0-1355087 o-i353549 0-1352016 0-1350488 0-1348965


o-i347447 o-i345934 0-1344426 0-1342923 0-1341425

04393001
0-4387607 0-4382234 0-4376880 o-437i545

04663178
0-4656789 0-4650426 0-4644089 o-4637777 0-4631491

7-82 7-84 7-86 7-88 7.90 7-92 7-94 7-96 7-98 8-oo

0-1436179 0-1434318

04366230

2751-7710 2807-3605 2864-0730 2921-9311 2980-9580

706
Table

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


II.

Functions of imaginary argument, and

ea

X
8-02 8-04 8-o6 8-o8 8-io
8-12 8-14 8-i6 8-i8 8-20 8-22 8-24 8-26 8-28
88-

e~* /(*)

e~* I^x)

e*

(x)

ex

{x)

ex

X
8-02 8-04 8-o6 8-o8

CV1432464 0-1430617 0-1428777 0-1426944 0-1425118

OI 33993 2
0-1338443 0-1336960 0-1335481 o- 1334007
0-1332538 0-1331073 0-1329613 0-1328158 0-1326708 0-1325262 0-1323821 0-1322384 0-1320952 0-1319524
0-1318101 0-1316683 0-1315269 0-1313859 0-1312454

0-4360935 o-4355658

04350401
o-4345i63 o-4339944 o-4334743 0-4329562 o-4324398 0-4319254 0-4314127

0-4625230 0-4618994 0-4612783 0-4606597 0-4600436 o-4594299 0-4588186 0-4582097 0-4576033 o-4569992 o-4563974 o-455798i 0-4552010 0-4546063 0-454 l 39
0-4534238 0-4528359 0-4522504 0-4516670 0-4510859

3041-1773 3102-6132 3165-2901

32292332
3294-4681

810
8-12 8-14 8-i6 8-i8 8-20 8-22 8-24 8-26 8-28 8-30

01423299
0-1421488 0-1419683 0-1417885 0-1416094

3361-0207 3428-9179 3498-1866 3568-8547 3640-9503 3714-5024 3789-5403 3866-0941 3944-1944 4023-8724

3o

-I 4 I 439 0-1412532 0-1410761 0-1408997 0-1407239


0-1405488 0-1403744 0-1402006 0-1400274 0-1398549 0-1396830 0-1395118 0-1393412 0-1391712 0-1390018
0-1388331 0-1386650 0-1384975 0-1383306 0-1381642
o- 1379985

0-4309019 0-4303929 0-4298857 0-4293803 0-4288766


0-4283748 0-4278747 0-4273763 0-4268797 0-4263848

32 34 8-36 8- 8 3 8-40
8-42

4105-1600 4188-0897 4272-6948 4359-oo89 4447-0667


4536-9035 4628-5550 4722-0580 4817-4499 4914-7688 5014-0538 5115-3444 5218-6812

832
8-38 8-40
8-42

l$t
8-48 8-50
8-52 8-54 8-56 8 l"5 8-6o
8-62 8-64 8-66 8-68

0-1311053 0-1309657 0-1308265 0-1306877 0-1305494

0-4258917 0-4254002 0-4249104 0-4244224 0-4239360

0-4505070 o-44993 3 4493559 0-4487835 0-4482134


0-4476454 0-4470795 0-4465158 0-445954 2 0-445394 6 0-4448372 0-4442818 0-4437285 0-4431772 0-4426280

S:
8-48 8-50
8-52
5l f 8-58 8-6o

0-1304114 0-1302740 0-1301369 0-1300003 0-1298641 0-1297283 0-1295929 0-1294579

04234513
0-4229682 0-4224868 0-4220071 0-4215289

53241055
5431-6596
5541-3864,

870
872
8-74

0-I378334 0-1376689 0>I 375050 o-i3734i7


0-1371789 0-1370167 0-1368551 0-1366941 0-1365336

01293234
0-1291892 0-1290555 0-1289222 0-1287892 0-1286567 0-1285246

0-4210524 0-4205776 0-4201043 0-4196326 0-4191625 0-4186940 0-4182270

5653-3298 5767-5347 5884-0466 6002-9122


6124-1791 6247-8957 6374-1116 6502-8772 6634-2440

8-62 8-64 8-66 8-68 8-70


8-72
l' 7 i

0-4420808

876 878
8-8o
8-82 8-84 8-86 8-88 8-90 8-92 8-94 8-96 8-98 9-00

04415356
0-4409923 0-4404511 0-4399119

04177616
0-4172978 0-4168355
0-4163747 0-4159155 -4 I 54578 0-4150016 0-4145468

S"7f 8-78 8-8o


8-82 8-84 8-86 8-88 8-90 8-92 8-94 8-96 8-98 9-00

363737 0-1362144 0-1360556 o-i358974 o-i357397


0-1355826 0-1354260 0-1352700 0-1351145 o-i349595

- I

0-1283929 0-1282615 0-1281306 0-1280001 0-1278699 0-1277402 0-1276108 0-1274818

0-439374 6 0-4388392 0-4383058 o-4377743 0-4372448


0-4367171 0-4361913 0-4356674 o-435i454 0-4346252

6768-2646 6904-9926 7044-4827 7186-7907 7331-9735


7480-0892 7631-1971 7785-3575 7942-6321 8103-0839

01273532
0-1272250

0-4140936 0-4136419 0-4131917 0-4127429 0-4122955

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
II.

707
ea

Functions of imaginary argument, and


ex

e-*I 9 {x)
0-1348051 0-1346512 -i344978 0-1343450 0-1341927

e-*IM
0-1270971 0-1269697 0-1268426 0-1267159 0-1265895

(x)

ex

K,[x)

ex

X
9-02 9-04 9-06 9-08 9-10 9-12 9-14

9-02

904
9-06 9-08 9-10
9-12

0-4118497 0-4114053 0-4109623 0-4105207 0-4100806 0-4096419 0-4092045 0-4087686 0-4083341 0-4079010
0-4074692 0-4070388 0-4066098 0-4061821 0-4057558

0-4341069 0-4335904 0-4330758 0-4325629

04320519
o-43!5427

8266-7771 8433-777I 8604-1507 8777-9660 8955-2927

914
9-16 9-18 9-20
9-22 9-24 9-26 9-28

0-1340409 0-1338896 o-i337388 0-1335885 0-1334388


0-1332895 0-1331408 0-1329925 0-1328447 0-1326975

0-1264636 0-1263380 0-1262127 0-1260879 0-1259634


0-1258392 0-1257154

04310352 04305295 04300256 04295234


0-4290230 0-4285243 0-4280273

9136-2016 9320-7651 9509-0571 9701-1528 9897-1291


10097-0643 10301-0386 10509-1333 10721-4319 10938-0192 11158-9819 11384-4082 11614-3885 11849-0148 12088-3807
12332-5822 12581-7169 12835-8844 13095-1864 x 3359-7268
13629-6112 13904-9476 14185-8462 14472-4193 14764-7816

916
9-18 9-20
9-22 9-24 9-26 9-28 9-30

01255920
0-1254689 0-1253462
0-1252239 0-1251018 0-1249802 0-1248589 0-1247379
0-1246173 0-1244970 0-1243771 0-1242575 0-1241382

04275321
0-4270385

930
932
9-34 9-36 9-38

0*1325507 0-1324044 0-1322580 0-1321133

940
9-42 9'44 9-46 9-48 9-50

01319684
0-1318240 0-1316801 0-1315367 0-1313938

0-4053308 0-4049071 0-4044848 0-4040638 0-403644 0-4032257 0-4028087 0-4023929 0-4019784 0-4015651
0-4011532 0-4007425 0-4003331 0-3999249 0-3995180 0-3991123 0-3987078 0-3983046 0-3979026 o-39750i8 0-3971023 0-3967039 0-3963067 o-3959i67 o-3955!59

0-4265467 0-4260565 0-4255680 0-4250811 0-4245960 0-4241124 0-4236305

932
9-34 9-36 9-38 9-40 9-42

944
9-46 9-48 9-50
9-52

04231502
0-4226716 0-4221945
0-4217191 0-4212452 0-4207730

01312513
0-1311092 0-1309677 0-1308266 0-1306859 0-I305457

952
9*54 9-56 9-58 9-60
9-62 9-64 9-66

0-1240193 0-1239008 0-1237825 0-1236646 0-1235470 0-1234298 0-1233128 0-1231962 0-1230800 0-1229640

954
9-56 9-58 9-60
9-62 9-64 9-66 9-68 9-70

04203023
0-4198332

968
9-70
9.72

0-1304060 0-1302667 0-1301278 0-1299894

01298514
0-1297139 0-1295768 0-1294401 0-1293039 0-1291681
0-1290328 0-1288978 0-1287633 0-1286292 0-1284955
0-1283623 0-1282294 0-1280970 0-1279650 0-1278333

0-4193656 0-4188996 0-4184351 0-4179721 0-4175107 0-4170508 0-4165924 0-4161355 0-4156801 0-4152261
o-4i47737 0-4143227 0-4138731

15063-0499 I5367-3437 15677-7847 I5994-4969 16317-6072


16647-2447

974
9-76

978
9-80
9-82

0-1228484 0-1227331 0-1226181 0-1225034 0-1223891


0-1222751 0-1221613 0-1220479

972
9-74 9-76 9-78 9-80
9-82 9-84 9-86 9-88 9-90 9-92 9-94 9-96 9-98 io-oo

i69354 I 4
17326-6317 17676-6529 18033-7449 18398-0507 18769-7160 19148-8894 I9535-7227 I9930-3704

03951223
o-3947 2 99 o-3943386 o-3939485 o-3935596

9*4
9-86 9-88 9-90

01219348
0-1218220 0-1217096 0.12 15974 0-1214855 0-1213739 0-1212627

04134250 04129784
0-4125332 0-4120894 0-4116471 0-4112061 0-4107666

9 92 9-94 9-96 9-98 io-oo

o-393r7i7 0-3927851 o-3923996 0-3920152 0-3916319

20332-9906 20743-7443 21162-7957 21590-3125 22026-4658

708
Table

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


II.

Functions of imaginary argument, and

ex

X
10-02 IO-04 10-06 10-08 IO-IO IO-I2 10-14 IO-IO 10-18 10-20 IO-22 IO-24 IO-26 IO-28 IO-30

e~*I

(x)

e~*I x {x)
0-1211517 0-1210411 0-1209307 0-1208206 0-1207109 0-1206014 0-1204922 0-1203833 0-1202747 0-1201664 0-1200584 0-1199500 0-1198432 0-1197360 0-1196292 0-1195226 0-1194162 0-1193102 0-1192044 0-1190990
0-1189938 0-1188888 0-1187842 0-1186798 0-1185757 0-1184718 0-1183682 0-1182649 0-1181619 0-1180591

e*

(x)

e'K^x)
0-4103284 0-4098917

ex

X
10-02 IO-04

0-1277021 0-1275713 0-1274409 0-1273109 0-1271813 0-1270521 0-1269233 0-1267948 0-1266608 0-1265392

0-3912498 0-3908688 0-3904889 0-3901101 o-38973 2 4 o-3893558 0-3889803 0-3886059 0-3882325 0-3878603
0-3874891 0-3871189 0-3867498 0-3863818 0-3860149

04094563
0-4090223 0-4085897

22471-430 22925-383 23388-506 23860-986 24343-oo9


24834-771 25336-466 25848-297 26370-467 26903-186

IOO6
10-08 IO-IO IO-I2 10-14 IO-IO 10-18 10-20 IO-22 10-24 IO-26 IO-28 IO-30 IO-32 io-34 10-36 10.38 10-40 10-42 10-44 10-46 10-48 10-50

0-4081584 0-4077285 0-4073000 0-4068727 0-4064468


0-4060223 0-4055990 0-4051771 0-4047565 0-4043372
0-4039191 0-4035024 0-4030869 0-4026728 0-4022598

0-1264119 0-1262850 0-1261585 0-1260324 0-1259067


0-1257813 0-1256563 0-1255317 0-1254075 0-1252836
0-1251601 0-1250369 0-1249141 0-1247917 0-1246697

27446-666 28001-126 28566-786 29143-874 29732-619 30333-258 30946-030 31571-181 32208-961 32859-626 33523-434 34200-652 3489I-55I 35596-4o8 36315-503 37049-124 37797.566 38561-128 39340-114 40134-837
40945-615 41772-771 42616-637 43477-550 44355-855

IO32
10-34 10-36 IO- 3 8 10-40 IO-42 10-44 10-46 10-48 IO-50 IO-52 10-54 10-56 10-58 io-6o
10-62 10-64 IO-66 10-68 10-70 10-72 10-74 10-76 10-78 io-8o

0-3856489 0-3852841 0-3849202 o-3845574 0-3841956


0-3838348 o-383475o 0-3831163 0-3827586 0-3824018
0-3820461 0-3816913 o-38i3375 0-3809848 0-3806330 0-3802821 o-3799323 o-3795834 o-3792354 0-3788884

0-4018482 0-4014378 0-4010286 0-4006207 0-4002140 0-3998085 0-3994043 0-3990013 o-3985995 0-3981989

0-1245480 0-1244266 0-1243056 0-1241850 0-1240647 0-1239448 0-1238252 0-1237059 0-1235870 0-1234685
0-1233503 0-1232324 0-1231149 0-1229977 0-1228808
0-1227642 0-1226480 0-1225322 0-1224166 0-1223014 0-1221865 0-1220719 0-1219577 0-1218438 0-1217302

10-52 IO-54 10-56 10-58 io-6o


10-62 10-64 10-66 io-68 10-70

0-1179566 0-1178544 0-1177524 0-1176507 0-1175492 0-1174480 0-1173471 0-1172464 0-1171459 0-1170458 0-1169458 0-1168462 0-1167467 0-1166476 0-1165487 0-1164500 0-1163516 0-1162534 0-1161554 0-1160570

Q-3977995 0-3974013 0-3970043 0-3966084 0-3962137 0-3958202 o-3954 2 79 0-3950367 0-3946467 o-3942578
0-3938701 o-3934835

0-3785424 0-3781973 o-3778532 o-3775 IO 0-3771677


0-3768264 0-3764860 0-3761465 0-3758079 0-3754702
o-375i335 o-3747976 0-3744627 0-3741287 o-3737955

45251-903 46166-052 47098-668 48050-124 49020-801


50011-087 51021-378 52052-078 53103-600 54176-364

10-72 10-74 10-76 10-78 io-8o


10-82 10-84 10-86 io-88 10-90

10-82 10-84 io-86 io-88 10-90 10-92 10-94 10-96

03930980
0-3927137 0-3923305 0-3919484 0-39I5673 0-3911874 0-3908086 0-3904309

1098
II-OO

55270-799 56387-343 5Z526-443 58688-554 59874-142

10-92 10-94 10-96 10-98 II-OO

1 1

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
II.

709
ex

Functions of imaginary argument, and

"*/,(*)

-"A(*)
0-1159603

e*K

(x)

e*Kt(x)

ex

X
02 04

II-02

0-I2l6l69

OI2I5039

01158631
0-1157662 0-1156694

VSot n-o8
II-IO
11-12 11-14 ii-i6

0-I2I39I2 0-I2I2789 0-I2II669


0-I2I055I 0-1209437 0-1208326 0-1207218 0-1206113

o-3734632 0-373I3I9 0-3728014 0-3724717

0-3900543 0-3896788 0-3893043

03889309
0-3885586
0-3881873 0-3878171 0-3874480 0-3870799 0-3867128

01155730
0-1154767 0-1153807

03721430
03718151
0-3714881 0-3711619 0-3708367 0-3705122

61083-680 62317-652 63576-552 64860-883 66171-160 67507-906 68871-656 70262-956 71682-362 73130-442
74607-775 76114-952 77652-576 79221-262 80821-638

11
1 1

11-06 11-08 II-IO

1112

01152849
0-1151894 01 1 5094

1118
II-20
11-22

A-lt n-i8
II-20
11-22
II-2 4 11-26 11-28

Wit
11-28 11-30

0-1205011 0-1203912 0-1202817 0-1201724 0-1200634


o1

0-1149990 0-1149042 0-1148096 0-1147152

01146211
0-1145272 01 144335 0-1143401 0-1142468 0-1141538

0-3701886 0-3698659 -369544 0-3692229 0-3689027

0-3863468 0-3859818 0-3856178

03852548 03848929

II30
11-32

1132 "34
11-36 11-38

01 198463
0-1197382 0-1196303 0-1195228

199547

03685833
0-3682648

03845320
0-3841721 0-3838132

82454343
84120-031 85819-368 87553-035 89321-723

03679470
0-3676301 0-3673140

z&
1138 1140
1142
11-44 11-46 1 1 48 11-50
-

03834553
0-3830984

1140
11-42

n-44
11.46 11-48

1150
n-52

0-1194156 0-1193086 0-1192020 0-1190956 0-1189895


0-1188837 0-1187782 0-1186729 0-1185680 0-1184633

0-1140610 0-1139685 0-1138762 0-1137841 0-1136922


0-1136005 0-1135090 0-1134178 0-1133268 0-1132360

3669987

03827425
0-3823875 0-3820336 0-3816806 0-3813286 0-3809775 0-3806275

03666843
0-3663706 0-3660578 o-3^57457 o-3654344

91126-142 92967-012 94845-070 96761-068 98715-771


100709-962 102744-438 104820-013 106937-518 109097-799
111301-721 113550-165 115844-030 118184-235 120571-715

"54
11-56 11-58

1152
xx-lo 11-58 11-60
11-62 11-64

03651240
0-3648143 0-3645054 o-364i973

03802783
0-3799302 0-3795830 0-3792367 0-3788914 0-378547

1160
11-62 11-64

n-66 n-68
11-70
11-72

0-1183589 0-1182548 0-1181509

01180473
0-1179440

0-1131454 01 1 3055 0-1129649 0-1128750 0-1127852


0-1126957 0-1126064 0-1125173 01 124284 0-1123398

0-3638900

03635834
0-3632777 0-3629727 0-3626684 0-3623650 0-3620623 0-3617603 o-36i459i 0-3611587

03782035 03778610
o-3775i94 0-3771787 0-3768389

n-66 n-68
11-70

n-74
11-76 11-78 II-OO
11-82

0-1178410 0-1177382 0-1176357 OII 75335 0-1174315

03765001
0-3761621
0-3758251

123007-425 1 25492 340 128027-453 130613-780

1172

W%
11-78 II-OO 11-82 11-84

133252353

01173298
0-1172284 0-1171272 0-1170263 0-1169256 0-1168252 0-1167251 0-1166252

01122513
0-1121630 0-1120750 0-1119871 01 1 18995 0-IIl8l20 0-1117248 0-1116378 0-1115509 0-1114643

'Ait n-88
11

0-3608590 0-3605600 0-3602618

135944229
1 38690-48
<>

03754890
o-375i537 0-3748194 o-3744859
o-374i533 0-3738216 o-37349o8 0-3731608

-90

03599643 03596676
o-35937i6 0-3590763 ' 358 7i 0-3584880 0-3581949

141492-218 I44350-55I 147266-625 150241-608 153276-690 156373-085 159532-031 162754-791

n-86 n-88
11-90

11-92

j;u
ii- 9 8

1192 n-94
1 1

-96

01165256
0-1164262

12-00

03728318

11-98 I2-00

710
Table

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


II.

Functions of imaginary argument, and e*

X
12-02 I2-04 12-00 12-08 I2-IO

e-I

(x)

e-*Ii(x)

e*

(x)

e*K x {x)
0-3725035 0-3721762 0-3718497 0-3715240 0-3711992 o-37o8753 0-3705522 0-3702299 0-3699085 0-3695879
0-3692681 0-3689492 0-3686311 0-3683138 o-3679973

ex

X
12-02 I2-04 I2-00 12-08 I2-IO 12-12 12-14 I2-IO

0-1163271 0-1162283 0-1161296 0-1160313 0-1159332

0-1113779 0-1112916 0-1112056 0-1111197 0-1110341 0-1109487 0-1108634 0-1107783 0-1106935 o- 1 106088
0-1105243 0-1104400 0-1103559 o-i 102720 0-1101883

0357902s
0-3576108 o-3573i99 o-357o 2 96 0-3567401 0-3564513 0-3561631 o-3558757

166042-66 169396-94 172818-99 176310-16 179871-86


183505-51 187212-57 190994-52 194852-86 198789-15

12-12 I2-IA I2-IO 12-18 12-20

o-ii58353

0-H57377
0-1156404 0-1155432 0-1154464

03555890
0-3553029

I2l8
12-20
12-22 12-24 12-26 12-28 1 2 30
12-32

12-22 12-24 12-26 12-28 I2-30 12-32 12-34 12-36 12-38 12-40 12-42 12-44 12-46 12-48 12-50 12-52 12-54 12-56 12-58 12-60

153497 152533 0-1151572 0-1150613 0-1149656


0-1148702 0-1147750 0-1146801 0-1145853 0-1144909

o- 1 o- 1

0-3550176 o-3547329 0-3544489 0-3541656 0-3538830 o-3536oio o-3533i98 0-3530392 o-35 2 7592 0-3524800

202804-96 206901-89 211081-59 2I5345-72 219695-99


224134-14 228661-95 233281-23 237993-82 242801-62 247706-54

0-1101048 0-1100215 0-1099383 0-1098553 0-1097726 0-1096900 0-1096076 0-1095253 0-1094433 0-1093614

0-3676816 0-3673667 0-3670527 0-3667394 0-3664269


0-3661152 0-3658044 o-3654943 0-3651849 0-3648764

1234
12-36 I2- 3 8 12-40
12-42 12-44 12-46 12-48

0-1143966 0-1143026 0-1142088 0-1141153 0-1140219


0-1139288 0-1138360

03522014
o-35!9234 0-3516461 0-35I3695 0-3510935
0-3508182 0-3505435 0-3502694 o-349996o o-3497233 0-3494512 0-349I797 0-3489088 0-3486386 0-3483690

25271054
257815-63 263023-85 268337-29

1250
1252
12-54 12-56 12-58 12-60
12-62 12-64 12-66 12-68 12-70 12-72 12-74 12-76 12-78 I2-80 12-82 12-84 12-86

0-H37433
0-1136509 0-1135587
0-1134668 0-1133750 0-1132835 0-1131922 0-1131011 0-1130103 0-1129196 0-1128292 .0-1127390 0-1126490 0-1125592 0-1124697 0-1123803 0-1122912 0-1122023

0-1092798 0-1091983 0-1091169 01 090358 o- 1089549


0-1088741 0-1087935 0-1087131 0-1086328 0-1085527

0-3645687 0-3642617 o-3639555 0-363650 o-3633453 0-3630414 0-3627383 0-3624359 0-3621342 0-3618333
0'36i5332

273758-o6 279288-34 284930-34 290686-31

29655857
302549-45 308661-35 314896-72 321258-06 327747-90

12-62 12-64 12-66 12-68 12-70 12-72 12-74 12-76 12-78 I2-0O 12-82 12-84 12-86 12-88 12-90 12-92

0-1084728 0-1083931 0-1083136 0-1082342 0-1081550

0-3481000 0-3478317 o-3475639

33436885
341123-55 348014-70 355045-06 362217-45

03612337
0-3609351 0-3606371

03472968
0-3470303

03603399
0-3600434 o-3597477 o-3594527 0-359I584 0-3588648

0-1080760 0-1079971 0-1079184 0-1078399 0-1077616


0-1076834 0-1076054 0-1075276 o- 1074499 0-1073724

0-3467644 0-3464991 0-3462345 0-3459704 0-3457070


o-345444i 0-3451818 0-3449202 o-344659i o-3443986

36953473
376999-82 384615-73 392385-48 400312-19

1288
12-90
12-92 12-94
12 12

1294
12-96 12-98

1300

0-1121136 1120251 0-1119368 0-1118487 0-1117608

0-35857I9 0-3582798 0-3579883 o-3576976 0-3574076

408399-03 416649-24 425066-11

43365302 44241339

96 98

I3-00

1 1

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
II.

711
ex

Functions of imaginary argument, and

X
13-02 13-04

*"*/(*)

e-'I^x)

e*KQ [x)
0-3441388 o-3438795 0-3436208 0-3433626 o-343io5i
0-3428481 0-3425917
o-34 2 3359

*Ki{*)
0-3571182 0-3568296 o-35654!7 o-3562544 o-3559679

ex

X
13-02

1306
13-08 13-10
13-12 13-14 13-16 13-18

0-III6732 0-III5857 0-III4985 0-III4II4 0-III3246

0-1072951 0-1072179 0-1071409 0-1070640 0-1069874

45I350-74 460468-63 469770-71 479260-71 488942-41


498819-71 508896-53 519176-92 529664-99 540364-94

1304
13-06 13-08 13-10
13-12 I3-I4 13-16 13-18 13-20

OIII2379 OIIII5I5
0-III0652 0-II09792 0-II08934

1320
13-22 13-24 13-26 13-28

0-1069109 0-1068345 0-1067583 0-1066823 0-1066064

0-3420807 0*3418260

0-3556820 o-3553968 03551 123 0-3548285 Q-3545454

1330
1332 1334
13-36 I3-38

0-II08077 0-II07223 0-II06370 0-II05520 0-II0467I


0-II03825 0-II02980 0-II02I38 0-IIOI297 0-II00458
0-I09962I 0-I098786 0-1097953 0-1097122 0-1096292

01065307
- io 64552

0-3415719 0-3413184

03542629
o-35398ii o-3537oo

0-1063798 0-1063046 0-1062295

03410654
0-3408130

03534195
o-353i398 0-3528606 0-3525821 0-3523043 0-3520272 0-35I7506
o-35i4748

551281-03 562417-65 573779-24 585370-35

1322
13-24 13-26 13-28 I3-30

0340561
0-3403098

59719561
609259-77 621567-63 634124-13 646934- 29 660003-22

1340
1342
3-44 13-46 I3-48
J

0-1061546 0-1060798 0-1060052 0-1059308 0-1058565

1332
x

03400591
0-3398089 3395593 0-3393 102

3-34

1336 1338 1340


1342
3-44 3-46 I3-48 I3-50
x J

01057824
0-1057084

03390616
0-3388137 0-3385662

Q-35H995
0-3509250

01056346
0-1055609 0-1054874

1350
I3-52 13-54 I3-50 13*58

03383193 03380729
0-3378271 0-3375818 o-337337i 0-3370928

03506510
0-3503777
0-3501051

673336-I7 686938-47 700815-54 714972-96 729416-37


744151-56 759184-42 774520-96 790167-32 806129-76

1360
13-62

0-1095465 0-1094639 0-1093816 0-1092994 0-1092174

0-1054140 0-1053408 0-1052677 0-1051948 0-1051221


0-1050495 0-1049770 0-1049047 0-1048325 0-1047605

x 3-52

03498330
0-3495616 0-3492909

03368491
0-3366060 o-3363633 0-3361212 o-3358796 0*3356385 o-335398o o-335i579

03490207
0-3487512 0-3484823 0-3482140 0-3479463 0-3476793

13-54 I3-56 13-58 13-60


13-62

1364 1366
13-68

I37O
I372
13-74 13.76

0-1091356 0-1090540 0-1089725 0-1088912 0-1088102


0-1087293 0-1086485 0-1085680 0-1084876 0-1084074

822414-66 839028-54 855978-04 873269-94 890911-17

1364
13-66

1368
13-70
13-72 J3-74 13-76

1378 1380
13-82 13-84 13-88 I3-90
13-92 13-94 I3-96 I3-98

0-1046886 0-1046169 0-1045453 0-1044739 0-1044026


0-1043315 0-1042605 0-1041896 0-1041189 0-1040484

0-3474128

03349184
-3346794 0'3344409

0-347H70 03468818
0-3466172

03463532
0-3460897 0-3458269 0-3455647

908908-77 927269-94 946002-04 965112-54 984609-11


1004499-53 1024791-77 1045493-94 1066614-32 1088161-36 1110143-67 1132570-06 II55449-50 1178791-12 1202604-28

1378 1380
13-82

1386 on

0-1083274 0-1082476 0-1081679 0-1080885 0-1080092

03342029
0-33396^4 0-3337285 o-333492o 0-3332560

1384 1386
13-88

03453031
0-3450420

1390 1392
13-94

0-1079300 0-1078511 0-1077723

I400

01076937
0-1076153

0-1039779 0-1039077 0-1038375 0-1037675 0-1036977

03330206
0-3327856

0332551
0-3323171 0-3320836

0-3447816 0-3445217 0-3442624 0-3440037 o-3437456

1396 1398
14-00

712
Table

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


II.

Functions of imaginary argument, and e*

X
14-02 I4-04 14-06 14-08 14-10
14-12 14-14 14-16 14-18 14-20
14-22 14-24 14-26 14-28 14-30

e-*h(x)
0-1075370 0-1074589 0.1073810 0-1073032 0-1072256 0-1071482 0.1070710 0-1069939 0-1069169 0-1068402

e-*Ii(*)

e"

(x)

*!(*)
0-3434881

e*

X
14-02 14-04 14-06 14-08 14-10 14-12 14-14 14-16 14-18 14-20 14-22 14-24 14-26 14-28

0.1036279 0-1035564 0.1034889 0-1034196 0-1033505

0-3318506 0.3316181 0-3313861 0-331 1546 0-3309235

0-34323"
0-3429747 0-3427189 0-3424637 0-3422090 o-34 r 9549 0-3417013 0-3414484

1226898-5 1251683-5 1276969-2 1302765-7 1329083-3 I355932-5 1383324-2 1411269-2 I439778-7 1468864-2
J 498s37-2 1528809-7 I559693-7 1591201-6 1623346-0

0-1032814 0-1032126 0-1031438 0.1030752 0-1030067 0-1029384 0-1028702 0-1028021 0-1027342 o- 1 020663
0-1025987 0-1025311 0-1024637 0-1023965 0-1023293
0-1022623 0-1021954 0-1021287 0-1020621 0-1019956
0-1019292 0-1018630 0-1017969 0-1017309 0-1016650 0-1015993 0-1015337 0-1014682 0-1014029 0-1013377

0-3306930 0-3304629

03302333
0-3300042 o-3297755

o-34"959
0-3409441 0-3406927 0-3404420 0-3401918 o-339942i

0-1067636 0-1066872 0-1066109 0-1065348 0-1064589


0-1063831 0-1063075 0.1062321 0-1061568 0-1060817

o-3295474 0-3293197 0-3290924 0-3288657 0-3286394 0-3284136 0-3281882 0-3279633 0-3277389 0-3275149
0-3272914 0-3270684 0-3268458 0-3266236 0-3264019
0-3261807 o-3259599 o-3257396 0-3255197

1430
1432
14-34 14-36 I4-38 14-40

14-32 14-34 14-36 14-38 14-40 14-42 14.44 14-46 14-48 14-50 14-52 14-54 14-50 14-58 14-60 14-62 14-64 14-66 14-68 14-70 14-72 14-74 14-76 14.78 14.80

0-3396930 0-3394444 0-3391964 0-3389489 0-3387020


o-3384555 0-3382097 o-3379643 0-3377I95 o-3374752 o-33723i5 0-3369883 o-3367455

1656139-7 1609596-0 1723728-1 I758549-7 1794074-8

0-1060067

18303175
1867292-4 1905014-2 I943498-0 1982759-3

1442
14-44 14-46 14.48 14-50 14-52 14-54 i4-5o I4-58 14-60 14-62

01059319
0-1058572 0-1057827 0-1057084

0-1056342 0-1055602 0-1054863 0-1054126 0-1053391

03365034
0-3362617

03253002
0-3250812 0-3248626 0-3246445 0-3244268 0-3242096 0-3239928 0-3237764 0-3235604 o-3233449 0-3231298
0-3229152 0-3227010 0-3224872 0-3222738 0-3220608

2022813-7 2063677-2 2105366-2 2147897.5 2191287.9


2235554-8 2280716-0 2326789-6 2373793-8 2421747-6
2470670-2 2520581-0 2571500-1 2623447-9 2676445-1

0-1052657 0-1051924 0-1051193 0-1050464

01049736
0-1049009 0-1048284

0-3360206 o-3357799 o-3355398 0-3353002 o-335o6i 1 0-3348226 o-3345845 o-3343469 0-3341098 o-3338733
o-3336372 O-33340I7 0-3331666 0-3329320 0-3326979

:&*
14-68 14-70

01047561
0-1046839 0-1046119

0-1012726 0-1012076 0.1011428 0.1010780 0-1010135


o> 1 009490

1472 1474 1476


14-78

1480
14-82

14-82 14-84 14.86 14.88 14.90


14.92 14-94 14.96 14.98 15-00

0-1045400 0-1044682 0-1043966 0-1043252

01042539
0-1041827 0-1041117 0-1040408 0-1039701 01 038995

0.1008846 0-1008204 0-1007563 0-1006923


0-1006284 0-1005647 0-1005011 0-1004376 0-1003742

2730512-8 2785672-8 2841947-2 2899358-3 2957929-2 3017683-4 3078644-6 3140837-4 3204286-5

i 4 -88

1490
1492 1494
14.96 14.98

0-3218483 0-3216362

03214245
0-3212132 0-3210024

0-3324644 0-3322313 0-3319987

03317665
0-33I5349

32690174

1500

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
II.

713

Functions of imaginary argument, and e*

X
1502 1504 1506
15-08 15-10 15-12 15-14 15-10 15-18 15-20

e-*h(x)
0-1038291 ** An 0-1037588 0-1036087 0-1036186 0-1035488

e-'I^x)
0-1003109 0-1002478 0-1001847 0-1001218 0-1000590
0-0999964 0-0999338 0-0998714 0-0998090 0-0997468

e*K

(x)

*K

{x)

e*

03207019
0-3205819

03203723
0-3201631 o-3i99543

0-33I3037 0-33I073I 0-3308429 0-3306I32

03303839
0-330I552 0-3299269 0*3296990 0-3294717 0-3292448

3335055'9 3402428-5 3471162-1 3541284-2 3612822-9


3685806-8 3760265-0 3836227-4 3913724-4 3992786-8 4073446-5 4I55735-6 4239687-0 4325334-3 4412711-9

1502
15-04 15*06 15-08

1510
15-12 15*14 15-10 15*18 15-20

0-1034791 0-1034095 0-1033400 0-1032707 0-1032016

0-3I97459 0-3I95379 0-3193303 0-3191231 0-3189164 0-3187100 0-3185040 0-3182985 '3 l8o ^23 0-3178885
0-3176841 03 1 74801 0-3172766

1522 1524
15-26

1528
15-30

0-1031325 0-1030636 0-1029949 0-1029203 0-1028578 0-1027895 0-1027213 0-1026532 0-1025853 0-1025175

0-0996847 0-0996228 0-0995609 0-0994991 0-0994375 0-0993760

0-3290184 0-3287924 0-3285670

1522
15-24

1526
15-28

O32834I9 O328I I74


O3278933 C3276696
0-3274464 0-3272237 0-3270014 0-3267796 0-3265582 0'3263372 0-326II68 0*3258967
0-325677I 0-3254580

1530
1532
15-34 15-30 I5-38

1532
15-34 i5-3f I5-38 15-40
I5-42
J 5-44

00993146 00992533
0-0991921 009913 10 0-0990701 0-0990092 0-0989485 0-0988879 0-0988274

03170734
0-3168705
0-3166681 0-3164661 0-3162644 0-3160632 0-3158623

4501854-6 4592798-I 4685578-8 4780233-7 4876800-9


4975318-8 5075826-9 5178365-4 5282975-3 5389698-5

1540
1542
15-44 15-40 I5-48 I5-50

15-46 I5-48

1550
I5-52 15-54

0-1024498 0-1023823 0-1023149 0-1022476 0-1021805


0-1021135 0-1020466 0-1019799 0-1019133 0-1018468 0-1017805 0-1017143 0-1016482 1015822 0-1015164

1556 1558
15-60
15-62 5 -66 15-68 15-70
1

0-0987670 0-0987067 0-0986465 0-0985064 0-0985265

0-3156618 0-3154617 0-3152619 0-3150626 0-3148636


0-3146650 0-3144668 0-3142689 0-3140714

O3252392
0-3250210

O324303I
0-3245857 0-3243687 0-3241522 0-323936I

5498577-6 5609656-2 5722978-8 5838590-7 5956538-o


6076868-1 6199628-9 6324869-8 6452640-6 6582992-6

1552
15-54 I5-56 I5-58

1560
15-62 15-64 15-66 15-68 15-70 15-72 15-74 15-76 15-78 i5-8o 15-82 I5 'ii 15-86 15-88 15-90

1564

0-0984666 0-0984069 0-0983472

00982877
0-0982283

03138743
0-3136776 0-3134812

O32372O4
0-3235052 0-3232903 0-3230759 0-3228620 0-3226484

15-72 J5-74 15-76 I5-78

0-1014507 0-1013851

01013197
0-1012544 0-1011892
0-1011241 0-1010592 0-1009944 0-1009297 0-1008651

1580
15-82

0-0981690 0-0981097 0-0980506 0-0979916 0-0979328 0-0978740 0-0978153 0-0977567 0-0976983

03132852 03130896
0-3128943

67I5977-9 6851649-6 6990002-1 7131270-7 7275332-o


7422303-4 7572243-9 7725213-4 7881273-0 8040485-3

0-3126994

O3224353
0-3222226 0-3220I03 0-3217085 0-3215870 0-3213760

03125049
0-3123107 0-3121169 0-3119235

15-86 15-88 15-90

00976399
0-0975816 0-0975235 0-0974654 0-0974075

1592
15-94

1596
15.98 16-00

0-1008007 0-1007363 0-1006722 o- 1 00608 0-1005441

00973496

03 1 1 7304 o-3ii5376 031 13453 031 1 1533 0-3109616

O32I I654
0-3209552 0-3207454 0-3205360

8202913-9 8368623-7 8537681-1 8710153-7 88861 10-5

1592
15-94 15-96 15-98 16-00

714

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
III.

Functions of order one-third

X
o
0-02 0*04 o-oo

/1/3W
O-OOOOOOO
-

*W*)
00

*(*)
00

ZTgH 1/3 {x)

e*K ll3 (x)


00

-90
86 23' 4*72 84 8' 47*63 82 12' 15*40 8o 25' 14*29 78 44' 23*54
77^ 7; 75 34 4 74 72 36 9' 71

OO8
o-io
0-I2 0-14 O-IO

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

0-2412455 0-3038819 0-3477275 0-3825227 0-4117819 0-4372223 0-4598264 0-4802143 0-4988049 0-5158967

- 3-8181573 - 2-9641628 - 2-5398832 - 2-2665744 - 2-0682566 1-9140102 I -7884275 1-6828031 1-5917752 1-5118289

3-8257712 2-9796989 2-5635758 2-2986264 2-1088503


1-9633131 1-8465950 1-7499806 1-0080991 1-5974279

5-8973367 4-5650965 3-9129445 3-4996127 3-2048056

0-02 0-04 o-o6

008
o-io
0-12 0-14 0-16 0-18 0-20 0-22 0-24 0-26 0-28

Ol8
0-20
0-22 0-24 O-20 0-28

" -

57;2i 5i*i6 23*06 3*21 29*88

29795927
2-7996089 2-6511003 2-5256038 2-4175728

030
0-32 o-34 0-36 0-38 0-40
0-42 0-44 0-46 0-48

0-5317088 0-5464087 0-5601271 0*5729677 0-5850148


0*5963375 0-6069935 0-6170312 0-6264920 0-6354112

- 1-4405408 - i-37 6l 797 - 1-3174682


- 1-2634392 - I-2I33449 -

1-5355364 1 -4806867 1-4315952 1-3872889 1-3470145


1-3101777 1-2763020 1-2450002 I,2 Q i5 537 1-1888973
1-1636083 1-1398978 1-1176047 1-0965902 1-0767342

69 44' 26*57 68 20' 40*45


66 58' 1*30 65 36' 20*81 64 15' 32^17

2-3231916 2-2397331 2-1651865 2-0980307 2-0370894

030
0-32 o-34 0-36 0-38 0-40
0-42 0-44 0-46 0-48

1-1665964 1-1227224 1-0813409 1-0421378 1-0048529 0-9692681 0-9351991 0-9024892 0-8710041 0-8406278 0-8112601 0-7828134 0-7552112 0-7283861 0-7022788

62 55' 29*69 6i 36' 8*57 6o 17' 24*70


58 59'
i

4 -57

57 4i 35 T i3

9814363 9303301 1-8831690 1-8394587 1-7987884


1 1

050
0-52 o-54 0-56 0-58 o-6o 0-62 0-64

+ + + + + + + + + +

0-6438195 0-6517435 0-6592067 0-6662297 0-6728308


0-6790265 0-6848313 0-6902585 0-6953202 0-7000271 0-7043893 0-7084159 0-7121152 0-7154951 0-7185627

56 24' 23*72
55 7' 3"oi 53 5i 15*93 52 35' 15*65 5i 19 35*54
5 oo
4'

1-7608136 1-7252429 1-6918274 1-6603536 1-6306366 1-6025156 I-575850I 1-5505163 1-5264049 1-5034188
1-4814718 1-4604863 1 4403931 1-4211296
1

050
0-52 o-54 0-56 0-58 o-6o 0-62 0-64 o-66 o-68 0-70

I-05793I9 1-0400917 1-0231329 1-0069839 0-9915813

48 49 10*14 47 34' 22*35 46 19 49*69 * 45 5' 3 1 20


43 51' 25*98 42 37' 33*23 41 23' 52*19 40 10' 22*19 38 57' 2T60 37 36 35 34 32
43' 52*84

M'M

066
o-68 0-70
0-72

+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

0-6768367 0-6520129 0-6277661 0-6040589 0-5808580 0-5581337 0-5358591 0-5140100 0-4925646 0-4715032

0-9768685 0-9627948 0-9493146 0-9363868 0-9239742


0-9120431 0-9005629 0-8895054 0-8788453 0-8685590

4026393

074
0*76 0-78 o-8o

0-7213248 0-7237876 0-7259570 0-7278387 0-7294377


0-7307591 0-7318076 0-7325877 0-7331037 0-7333598

30 52*38 18' 0*72 5' 17*40 52' 42*00

1-3848710 1-3677782 1-3513186 1-3354533


1

3201469

0-72 o-74 0-76 0-78 o-8o

082
0-84 o-86 o-88 0-90
0-92 0-94 0-96

0-4508080 0-4304628 0-4104530 0-3907653 0-3713877

0-8586249 0-8490233 0-8397359 0-8307458 0-8220374


0-8135962 0-8054086 0-7974623 o-7897454 0-7822472

31 40' 14*12 3o 27' 53*39 29 15' 39*47

28 y 32*02 26 51' 30*76


25 39' 35*39 24 27 45*66 23 16' 1*32 22 4' 22*12 20 52' 47^84

1-3053670 1-2910835 1-2772690 1-2638979 1-2509467

082
0-84 o-86 o-88 0-90
0-92 o-94 0-96

098
I-OO

0-7333600 0-7331080 0-7326077 0-7318627 0-7308764

03523093 03335201
0-3150111 0-2967741 0-2788016

1-2383936 1-2262184 1-2144022 1-2029275 1-1917780

098
I-OO

To compute

functions of order - 1/3, increase the phase

by 6o c

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
III.

715

Functions of order one- third

7i/sW
1-02
I I

Yu*(*)

<(*)
o-7749574 0-7678666 0-7609657 0-7542466 0-7477012 0-7413222 0-7351026 0-7290360 0-7231162 o-7i73372
-

**K lla {x)


19 41' 18*29 18 29' 53*27 17 18' 32*58 7' 16*06 16 14 56' 3'54
13 12 ii io 9 44' 54-86

-OA

+ 0-7296524 + 0-7281940
+ 0-7265045 + 0-7245872 + 0-7224452 + + + + +
0-7200818 0-7175000 0-7147030 0-7116937 0-7084752

I-OO

08

I-IO
I-I2

0-2610869 0-2436239 0-2264069 0-2094308 0-1926912 0-1761839 0-1599051 0-1438514 0-1280198 0-1124076
0-0970123 0-0818317 0-0668639 0-0521072

1-1809384 J 1703945 I-I60I329 I-I50I4II 1-1404073


-

1-02 1-04 I-OO


I

08

I-IO
I-I2

2 I-IO
1-18 1-20
1-22

I-I

33 49*87 22' 48*44 11' 50*43 o' 55*70

1-1309205 1-1216703 1-1126469 1-1038412 1-0952444 1-0868482 1-0786451 1-0706275 1-0627885 I-055I2I5
I -0476204 1-0402790 1-0330918 1-0260535 I-OI9I588

\\l Il8
1-20
1-22 1-2A 1-26 1-28 I-30 1-32 i-34

t 1-20 1-28
I I 1

*' 2

30
32

+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +

0-7050506 0-7014229 0-6975950 0-6935699 0-6893506 0-6849400 0-6803413 0-6755573 0-6705909 0-6654453
0-6601234 0-6546281 0-6409626 0-6431297 0-6371326 0-6309743 0-6246578 0-6181862 0-6115625 0-6047900 0-5978715 0-5908104 0-5836090 0-5762725 0-5688020

00375600

0-7116936 0-7061802 0-7007921 0-6955245 0-6903730


0-6853336 0-6804020 -6755746 0-6708477 0-6662179 0-6616819 0-6572366 0-6528790 0-6486062 0-6444156 0-6403046 0-6362706 0-6323113 0-6284245 0-6246079
0-6208594 0-6171771

7 50' 4*15 6 39' 15-66 5 28' 30*1

4i7'47'4i
3 7

7*45

1-34

36

138
1-40

- 0-0232209 - 0-0090889 + 0-0048372 + 0-0185581 + 0-0320747

i 56' 30*14

0 45' 55*39 o 24' 36*88 i 35' 6*76 2 45' 34*33 3 55' 59-6 7 6' 22*83 5 6 16' 43*91 7 27' 2*94 8 37' 20*02

136
1-38 1-40
1-42 1-44 1-46 1-48 1-50
I

42 44 42 48

50
1 52

+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

0-0453875 0-0584971 0-0714038 0-0841081 0-0906101

1-0124030 1-0057813 0-9992894 0-9929231 0-9866783

i-6o
1-62 1-64 1-66 1-68 1-70

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

0-1089100 0-1210079 0-1329039 0-1445980 0-1500900 0-1673799 0-1784675 0-1893528 0-2000354 0-2105152
0-2207919 0-2308653 0-2407351 0-2504011 0-2598629
0-2691204 0-2781733 0-2870212 0-2956640 0-3041014

9 10 12 13 14

47; 35/18

57 48-50 8' 0-02 18' 9"8i


28' 17*91

0-9805512 0-974538I 0-9686354 0-9628399 0-9571482

52

1-54 1-56 1-58 i-6o

06135590
0-6100034 0-6065083 0-6030722 0-5996933 0-5963702 0-5931013 0-5898852
0-5867204 0-5836056 0-5805395 0-5775209 o-5745485
0-5716212 0-5687379 0-5658974 0-5630987 0-5603409

1 2 4'37 fo 3 ' 16 48 29*23 17 5' 32-56 19 34*38 20 18' 34*74

0-95I5574 0-9460644 0-9406663 0-9353606 0-9301444


0-9250154 0-9199712 0-9150093 0-9101276

1-62 1-64 1-66 1-68 1-70


1-72

72 74
.76

:g
82

0-5612014 0-5534739 0-5456226 0-5376509 0-5295619

21 28' 33*69 22 38' 31*26 23 48' 27*48 24 58' 22*40 26 8' 16*05

09053239
0-9005961

1-70 1-78 i-8o


1-82 1-84

05213588
0-5130449 0-5046236 0-4960979 0-4874713
0-4787471 0-4699285 0-4610189 0-4520215 0-4429398

% 88
90
92
1-96 1-98 2-00

27 28 27' 29 37' 3o 47
31
57'
7'

18'

8*47 59*68 49*72 38-62 26*41


13*12 58*77 43*39 27*01 9'6 5

08959423
0-8913605 0-8868489 0-8824057
0-8780291 0-8737176 0-8694694

186 188
1-90
1-92 1-94 1-96 1-98 2-00

+ + + + +

03123332 03203591
0-3281790 0-3357927 0-3432000

33 34 35 36 37

16
26' 36' 46'

08652832
0-8611573

J-V* (2-00) =0-5603409


Y-Hi (200) =0-5603409

x cos 97 46' 9*65 x sin 97 46' 9*65

= =

- 0-0757500.
+0-5551971.

716

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
III.

Functions of order one-third

X
2-02 2*04 2-06 2-08 2-IO
2*12 2-XA 2-l6 2-l8 2-20

/j/W
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
0-4337771 0-4245367 0-4152219 0-4058363 0-3963830

Vi/sW
+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
0-3504008 o-3573949 0-3641824 0-3707631 0-3771371 0-3833043 0-38926^7 0-3950165 0-4005657 0-4059065
0-4110411 0-4159696 0-4206923 0-4252096 0-4295216

*!>)

arg #1/3 (*)

e*K llz (x)


0-8570902 0-8530808 0-8491275 0-8452290 0-8413842 0-8375917 0-8338505 0-8301592 0-8265169 0-8229225

X
2-02 2-04 2-06 2-08 2-IO 2-12 2-14 2-IO 2-l8 2-20

0-5576229 Q-5549437 0-5523025 0-5496984 0-5471306


0-5445981 0-5421002 0-5396362 0-5372051 0-5348065

38 55' 5**34

40

41 42 24' 50*91 43 34' 2 9 ? oo

5' 32*10 15' 11*95

0-3868655 0-3772872 0-3676514 0-3579615 0-3482210


0-3384331 0-3286012 0-3187288 0-3088193 0-2988759 0-2889021 0-2789012 0-2688766 0-2588316 0-2487696

44 44' 6*25 45 53 42-67 47 3 '18*29 48 12' 53*12 49 22' 27*18

2-22 2'24 2-26 2-28

o-5324394

05301033
o-5277974 0-5255212 0-5232740
0-52IP55 1 0-5188641 0-5167002 0-5145631 0-5124521

230
2-32 2-34 2'36 2-38 2-40
2-42 2-44 2-46 2-48 2-50

50 32' 0*49 51 41' 33*06 525i' 4*91 o' 36*06 54 55 10' 6*52 56 19' 36-32 5'46 2 5Z 9; 5 S 38 33;95 59 48' 1*81 6o 57' 29*06
6' 55*70 62 63 1 6' 21*75 64 25' 47*23 65 35 12*14 66 44' 36*50

0-8193748 0-8158730 0-8124159 0-8090028

08056325
0-8023043 0-7990173 0-7957706 0-7925634 0-7893949 0-7862643 0-7831710 0-7801140 0-7770928 0-7741066 o-77ii547 0-7682366 o-76535i5 0-7624989 0-7596781

2-22 2-24 2-26 2-28 2-30


2-32 2-34 2-36 2-38 2-40
2-42 2-44 2-46 2-48 2-50

+ 0-4336289
+~o-43753i8 + 0-4412307 + 0-4447262 + 0-4480187

+ 0-2386939 + 0-2286079 + 0-2185149


4-

0-2084181

+ 0-1983209 + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
-

+ 0-4511090 + 0-4539975 + 0-4566849 + 0-4591720 + 0-4614595

0-5103666 0-5083063 0-5062705 0-5042589 0-5022709


0-5003061 0-4983640 0-4964442 0-4945462 0-4926698

2-52 2-54 2-56 2-58 2-60


2-62 2-64 2-66 2-68 2-70

0-1882266 0-1781384 0-1680595 0-1579933 0-1479429


0-1379115 0-1279023 0-1179186 0-1079633 0-0980398

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

0-4635482 0-4654389 0-4671325 0-4686300 0-4699324

67 54'

0*31

69

3 23*59 7 l2 ' 46"35 71 22' 8*59 72 31' 30*34

2-52 2-54 2-56 2-58 2-60 2-62 2-64 2-66 2-68 2-70

0-4710406 o-47i9557 0-4726788 0-4732111 0-4735538


0-4737081 0-4736754 0-4734569 0-4730540 0-4724682

0-4908144 0-4889797 0-4871653 0-4853708 o-4835959


0-4818402 0-4801034 0-4783851 0-4766850 0-4750028

73 40' 51*60 74 50 12*38 75 59 32*68 52-52 7Z 5 78 1 8' 11*92


79 80 81 82
27' 30*86 36' 49*37

0-7568886 0-7541297 0-7514009 0-7487017 0-7460315


6-7433898 0-7407762 0-7381900

2-72 2-74 2-76

278
2-80
2-82 2-84 2-86 2-88 2-90 2*92 2-94 2 96 2-98

0-0881509 0-0783000 0-0684899 0-0587238 0-0490046 0-0393353 0-0297189 0-0201583 0-0106564 0-0012161 0-0081598 0-0174085 0-0267073 0-0358733 0-0449638

46 7*45 55 25*11 4' 42*36 84


85 86 87 88 89
-13'

07356309
0-7330983

2-72 2-74 2-76 2-78

280
2-82 2-84 2-86 2-88 2-90 2-92 2-94 2-96 2-98

0-4717009 0-4707537 0-4696281 0-4683256 0-4668480 0-465197 0-463374 1 0-4613813 0-4592203 0-4568930

o-4733382 0-4716909 0-4700605 0-4684469 0-4668496


0-4652685 0-4637033 0-4621537 0-4606194 0-4591002
- 1/3,

59"2i

23' 15*66 32' 31*72 41' 47*39 5i' 2*69


o' 17*63 9' 32*20 18' 46*41

0-7305919 0-7281111

07256555
0-7232247 0-7208183

91 92

93 94 28'

300

0*28 95 37' I3 ? 8l

0-7184359 0-7160770 o-7i374i3 0-7114285 0-7091381

300

To compute

functions of order

increase the phase

by 6o

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table III. Functions of order one-third

717

X
3-02

AaW
- 0-0539763 - 0*0629080 - 0-0717564 - 0-0805188 - 0-0891928
-

Ym(*)
+ 0-4544013 + 0-4517471
+ 0-4489323 + 0-4459590 + 0-4428292

hJJw

a*g #i/3

,/.(*)
0-7068697 0-7046231 0-7023978 0-7001936 0-6980101

X
3-02

304
3'o6 3-08

o-4575959 0-4561061 0-4546308 0-4531696

96 46' 26*99
97 55' 39*85 99 4' 52*38 IOO 14 / il59 101 o 23' 16*49
102 32' 28*08 103 41' 39*37 104 50 50*36 1*05 106 9' 11*46 107

304
3*o6

308
3'io
3'12 3-14

310

04517223
0-4502888 0-4488687 0-4474619 0-4460682 0-4446874 0-4433192

3M 316
3-i8

312

320
3'22 3'24 3-26 3-28 3-30 3'32

0-0977759 0-1062656 01 1 46595 0-1229552 0-1311505 0-1392429 0-1472303 0-1551105 0-1628813 0-1705405
0-1780862 0-1855162 0-1928286 0-2000215 0-2070929
0-2140411 0-2208642 0-2275605 0-2341283 0-2405659

+ + + + + + + + + +

0-439545I

04361086
0-4325221 0-4287877 0-4249076

0-6958470 0-6937040 0-6915807 0-6894769 0-6873922


0-6853264 0-6832792 0-6812503 0-6792394 0-6772463
0-6752708 0-6733124 0-6713711 0-6694465 0-6675385

316
3-i8 3-20
3*22 3-24

0-4208840 0-4167194 0-4124159 0-4079761 0-4034022


0-3986968 0-3938622 0-3889010 0-3838156 0-3786087
0-3732827 0-3678404 0-3622843 0-3566170 0-3508413

04419636
0-4406202 0-4392890 o-4379697
0-4366621 o-435366i 0-4340816 0-4328083 0-4315461

108 18' 21*58 109 27' 31*42 110 36' 40*99 in 45' 50*29 112 54' 59*32
4' 8*09 1 1 115 13' 16*61 22' 116 24*87 117 31' 32*89 118 40' 40*66

326
3-28

330
3'32

334
3-36 3'38

+ + + +

334
3-36 3-38 3-40

340
3-42

+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

0-4302948

344
3-46

04290543
0-4278244 0-4266049 o-4253958 0-4241969 0-4230080 0-4218290 0-4206598 0-4195001 0-4183500 0-4172093 0-4160778 -4 I 49554 0-4138420
0-4127375 0-4116417 0-4105546 0-4094760 0-4084058

3H8 350 352


3*54 3-56 3-58

119 49' 48*19 120 58' 55*48 *22 8' 2*54 123 17' 9*37 124 26' 15*97 125 35' 22*35 1 26 44' 28*51 127 53' 34*46 2 40*19 129 130 ii' 45*72
131 132 133 134 135
20' 51*03 29' 56*15

0-6656467 0-6637710 0-6619111 0-6600668

342
3-44 3-46 3-48 3-50
3-52 3-54 3-56 3-58 3"6o

06582379
0-6564241 0-6540254 0-6528413 0-6510719 0-6493168

360
3*62 3-64 3-66 3-68 3'7

0-2468718 0-2530444 0-2590821 0-2649836 0-2707474 0-2763722 0-2818568 0-2871997 0-2924000 0-2974564

0-3449599 0-3389754 0-3328906 0-3267083 0-3204313


0-3140623 0-3076042 0-3010598 0-2944320 0-2877236

1*06 5-78 57 10*30


39/ 48'

0*6475758 0-6458489 0-6441357 0-6424361 0-6407500


0-6390771 0-6374173 0-6357703 0-6341362 0-6325146

362
3*64 3-66 3-68 3-70

372
3'74

- 0-^023678

370
3-78 3'8o
3-82 3-4 3 -86 3-88 3'90

03071333
0-3117518 0-3162224 0-3205442 0-3247164 0-3207383 0-3326092 0-3363283 0-3398952

+ 0-2809376 + 0-2740767
4 0-2671440

+ 0-2601423 + 0-2530746 + + + +
+ + + +
+-

6' 14*63 137 138 15' 18*78 139 24' 22*73 140 33' 26*51 141 42' 30*10

372 374
3.76 3-78 3-8o 3-82

0-2459438 0-2387529 0-2315048 0-2242025 + 0-2168489


0-2094471 0-2020000 0-1945106 0-1869819 0-1794168

0-4073440 0-4062904 0-4052440 0-4042073 0-4031776 0-4021558 0-4011416 0-4001351

36*76 9 39*83 146 18' 42*72 147 27' 45*45


144 145

M2

51' 33*52

0-6309054 0-6293085 0-6277236 0-6261508 0-6245897

3-86 3-88 3-9o

34

392
3-94 3 96 3-98 4-00

- 0-3433091 - 0-3465698 - 0-3496766 - 0-3526292 - 0-3554274

03991361
0-3981444

148 36' 48*01 149 45' SO'4 1 1 50 54' 52*65 J52 l 3 5 Jl?3 153 12' 56*65

0-6230403 0-6215023 0-6109758 0-6184605 0-6169562

392
3-94
3-96 3'98 4-00

J-vt (4o) =0-3981444 Y_llz (4-00) =0-3981444

x cos 213 12' 56*65 = -0-3330932. x sin 213 12' 56*65 = -o-2i8ioo8.

718

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
III.

Functions of order one-third

/1/3W
4-02 4-04 4-06 4-08 4-10
4-12 4-14 4-16 4-18 4-20

YutW
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
0-1718183 0-1641895

tfSw

arg

H m (x)

e*K ll3 (x)


0-6154630 0-6139805 0-6125087 0-6110475 0-6095967
0-6081563 0-6067260 0-6053058 0-6038956 0-6024952 0-6011045 o-5997234 0-5983518 0-5969897 0-5956368
4-02 4-04 4-06

0-3580707 0-3605591 0-3628923 0-3650702 0-3670927

01565333
0-1488527 0-1411506
0-1334301 0-1256940 0-1179455 0-1101873 0-1024224

0-3971601 0-3961831 0-3952132

03942503
0-3932945 0-3923455 0-3914034 0-3904679 0-3895391 0-3886169 0-3877012 0-3867919 0-3858890

54 21' 58*42 55 3i ;4 56 40 I ? SI 57-49' 2*83 8' 4*00 58 5

408
4-10

0-3689599 0-3706718 0-3722285


3736302

60
61 62 63 64

16'

7,

0-3748770
o-3759693 0-3769073 0-3776914 0-3783220 o-3787997 0-3791248 0-3792981 0-3793201 0-3791916 0-3789I3 1

25 34 43

5*03 5'9i 6*66 7*26 7*73

4-20
4-22 4-24 4-26 4-28 4-3o 4-32 4'34 4-36 4'38 4-40

4-22 4-24

426
4-28 4-30

0-0946539 0-0868845 0-0791172 0-0713550 0-0636006

03849923
0-3841018
0-3832175 0-3823392 0-3814669 0-3806006 0-3797400 0-3788853 0-3780363 -377 I 93 o-3763553 o-375523i

65 1' 6Z 68 10' 69 19' 70 28'


71

8*07 8*27 ? 34 8*28 8*09


7*78 7*34 6*78 6*10 5*29

432
4-34 4'3 4-38 4-40
4-42 4-44 4-46 4-48 4-50

+ + + + +

0-0558570 0-0481270 0-0404134 0-0327191 0-0250469

< K K
46
u

55,

0-5942930 0-5929584 0-5916327

75 u 4 7 13

05903159 05890079
0-5877086 0-5864178 0-5851356 0-5838617

0-3784856 0-3779098 0-3771866 0-3763170 0-37530I9


0-3741423 0-3728394 0-3713941 0-3698078 0-3680815

+ o-oi 73995 + 0-0097798 + 0-0021904


- 0-0053659 - 0-0128864 -

77 22' 4-37 78 31; 3-33 79 40' 2-18 8o 49' o ? 9i 8i 57' 59*52

05825961
0-5813387 0-5800895 0-5788483 0-5776151 0-5763897
0-5751721 0-5739622 0-5727599 0-5715652 0-5703779

4-42 4-44 4-46 4-48 4-50


4-52 4-54 4-56 4-58 4-60 4-62

4-52 4-54 4-56 4-58 4-60


4-62 4-64 4-66 4-68 4-70

0-0203684 0-0278093 0-0352065 0-0425573 0-0498592

0-3746963 o-373875o

03730591 03722485
0-3714431

83 84 85 86 87

6'

15' 24' 33' 42'

58-03 56-43 54*72 52*90 50*97

0-3662167 0-3642144 0-3620762

03598033
0-3573972

- 0-0571096 - 0-0643061 - 0-0714460 - 0-0785270 - 0-0855466 -

0-3706429 0-3698478 0*3690578 0-3682729 0-3674929 0-3667178 0-3659476 0-3651822 0-3644216 0-3636657 0-3629145 0-3621679 0-3614258 0-3606883 0-3599553 0-3592267 0-3585026 0-3577827 0-3570672 o-3563559
-

88 51' 48*94 o' 46*81 9' 44-58 91 92 18' 42*24 93 27' 39 ? 8i

90

J& 4-68
4-70
4-72 4'74 4-76 4-78 4-80 4-82 4-84 4-86 4-88

4-72 4-74 4-76 4-78 4-80 4-82 4-84 4-86 4-88 4-90
4-92 4*94 4-96 4-98 5-00

0-3548595 0-3521915 o- 3493949 0-3464712

03434221
0-3402493

0-0925024 0-0993921 0-1062133 0-1129637 0-1196411


0-1262432 0-1327677 0-1392127 0-1455758 0-1518551 0-1580485 0-1641539 0-1701695 0-1760932 0-1819232

94 36' 37*27 95 45 34*64 96 54' 31*91

0-5691980 0-5680255

05668601
0-5657019 0-5645508

98 99

3'

29*09

12' 26*17

03369544 03335393
0-3300057 0-3263554
-

200 2l' 23*16 201 30' 20*06 202 39' 16*87 20 3 48' I3-58 204 57' IO*2I

05634067
0-5622696 0-5611393 0-5600158 0-5588991

490
4-92 4-94 4-96 4-98 5-00

03225903
0-3187124 0-3147234 0-3106254 0-3064205

206 207 208 209 210

6'

6*75

15' 3*21 23' 59*58 32' 55*86

41' 52*06

0-5577890 0-5566856 o-5555886 o-5544982 o-5534i4i


by 6o

To compute

functions of order

1/3, increase

the phase

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
III.

719

Functions of order one-third

/1/3W
5'02
-

*W*)
- 0-1876576 - 0-1932947
-

*!>>

**S

, /s

(*)

^l/3(*)

504
5-06 5-o8

0-3021105 0-2976976

0-3556489

02931838
0-2885714 0-2838623 0-2790589 0-2741632 0-2691776 0-2641042 0-2589454 0-2537034 0-2483807 0-2429794 0-2375020

510
512 5-M 516
5-18

0-1988326 0-2042696 0-2096041


0-2148343 0-2199588 0-2249760 0-2298843 0-2346822

03549460 03542473
0-3535527 0-3528621

211 50' 48*18 212 59' 44*22 8' 40*17 214 215 17' 36*05 216 26' 31*84
217 35' 27 T 56 218 44' 23*20 219 53' 18*76 221 2' 14-25 222 II' 9*67 223 20'
5*OI 29' 0-27 37' 55 ;46

05523364 05512650
.0-550I998

5-02 5-04 5-06

0-5491408 0-5480878

508 510
5-12

0-3521756 035 1 4930 0-3508144 0-3501397

520
522
5-24 5-26 5-28

03494688
0-3488018

0-5470410 0-5460001 o-544965i o-543936o 0-5429127


-54 I 8952 0-5408834 0-5398773 0-5388767 0-5378818

5-i6 5-i8 5-20


5-22

0-2393685 0-2439417 0-2484004

03481386
o-347479i 0-3468234 0-3461714

"

02527435
0-2569696

530
532
5'34 5-3

02319509
02263285
0-2206371 0-2148793

224 225 226 227 229


230 231 232 233

46 50*59 55' 45 T 6 4
4'

5-24 5-26 5-28 5-30

538
5*40
5-42 5 44

02090575
0-2031741

0-2610776 0-2650664 0-2689349 0-2726820 0-2763068


0-2798083 0-2831855 0-2864378 0-2895642 0-2925640

O-3455230 0-3448782 0-3442370 0-3435994 0-3429653

40-62

13' 35 ? 53

22 30*37 31' 25*14 40' 19*85

0-5368923 o-5359o82 o-5349296 o-5339563 0-5329883

532 534 536 538 540


5-42 5*44 5-46 5-48 5-5o

5H6
5-48 5'50 5-52 5'54 5-56 5-58

0-1972317 0-1912327 0-1851797

o-3423346 0-34I7075 0-3410837

01790751
0-1729216 0-1667216 0-1604777 0-1541924 0-1478684 0-1415082
0-1351143 01 286894 0-1222361

03404634 03398464 03392328


0-3386224 0-3380154 0'3374ii6 0-3368109
0-3362135 o-3356i93 0-3350282 0-3344401 o-3338552 o-3332733 0-3326945 0-3321186 o-33i5457 0-3309758

234 49' 14*49 235 58 9*07 237 7' 3-58 238 15' 58-02

23924'52-40
240 33' 46 : 72 241 42 40*97 242 51' 35*16 o 29*30 244 245 9' 23-37

0-5320256 0-5310681 0-5301157 0-5291685 0-5282263


0-5272892 0*5263570 0-5254298 0-5245074

560
5-62 5*64 5'66 5-68

0-2954366 0-2981813 0-3007974 0-3032845 0-3056420


0-3078695 0-3099667 0-3119330 0-3137683 0-3154723

552
5*54 5-56 5-58 5-60
5-62 5-64 5-66 5-68 5-70
5-72 5-74 5-76

05235899
0-5226772 0-5217693 0-5208661 0-5199676 0-5190737

246 18' 17*38


247 27' 11*33 248 36 5-22 249 44' 59*06 250 53' 52 ? 84

o-"57569
0-1092543
0-1027311 0-0961898 0-0896330 0-0830632 0-0764830 0-0698951 0-0633019 0-0567061 0-0501102

570
5'72 5-74

576
5-78 5-8o
5-82 5-84 5-86 5-88 5*90

0-3170448 0-3184857 0-3197948 0-3209721 0-3220176


0-3229313

252 253 254 255 256

2'

II' 20' 29' 38'

46*56 40-22 33*83 27*38 20*88

0-5181844 0-5172997 0-5164195 0-5155438 0-5146725 0-5138056

V78
5-80
5-82 5-84 5-86 5-88
5

03237134
0-3243639 0-3248832

00435167
0-0369283

03252714
0-3255288
0-3256557-

0-3304088 0-3298446 0-3292834 0-3287250 0-3281694

I4 "33 25 Zo 47 ^ 258 56 7-72

05129432
0-5120850 0-5112312 0-5103816
0-5095362 0-5086951 0-5078581 0-5070252 0-5061964

260

5'

"06

261 13' 54-34 262 22 47*57

90

592
5*94 5-96 5-98 6oo

00303473
0-0237764 0-0172181 0-0106747

0-3256526

03255199 03252580
(6-oo)

0-3276166 0-3270667 0-3265194 o-3259749 o-325433i

263 31' 264 40' 265 49' 266 58' 268


12*96
7'

40*75 33*88 26-96 19*98 12*96

5*92 5-94

5-96 5-98 6-oo

J-v*

=0-3254331 x cos 328

7'

+0-2763441.

y_i/s (6-)

=03254331 xsin 328

7'

12*96= -0-1718736.

720

TABLES OF BBSSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
III.

Functions of order one-third

/1/3W
6-02 6-04 6-o6 6-o8 6-io

*!/(*)

#1/3 (*)

argH, /3 (*)
269 16' 5*89 270 24' 5877 27 l0 33' 5i ? 6o 272 42' 44*39 273 5i 37 1

e*K ll3 (x)


0-50537I7 0-5045509 0-5037342 0-5029215 0-5021126 0-5013077 0-5005066 0-4997094 0-4989160 0-4981263 0-4973404 0-4965582 o-4957796 0-4950048 0-4942335
6-02 6-04 6-06 6-o8 6-io 6-12 6-14 6-16 6-i8 6-20 6-22 6-24 6-26 6-28 6-30
6-32 6-34 6-30 6-38 6-40

+ + + +

0-0041490 0-0023568 0-0080402 0-0152987 0-0217298


0-0281313 0-0345007 0-0408350 0-0471337 0-0533927 0-0596103 0-0657842 0-0719122 0-0779920 0-0840213
0-0899981 0-0959202 0-1017854 0-1075917 0-1133370

0-3248675 0-3243490 0-3237031 0-3229304 0-3220317


0-3210077 0-3198593 0-3185872 0-3171924 0-3156758

0-3248940 0-3243576 0-3238238 0-3232926 0-3227640


0-3222380 0-3217146 0-32II936 0-3206753 0-320I594 0-3196460 0-3I9I350 0-3186265 0-3I8I204 0-3176167
0-3I7II54 0-3166164
0.-3l6lI90

"

6-12 6-14 6-16 6-i8 6-20


6-22 6*24 6-26 6-28 6-30 6-32 6-34 6-36 6-38 6-40 6-42

+ + + + +

6' 29*81 275 276 9' 22*46 277 18' 15*05 278 27' 7*60

2 79 36' 2

O-II

+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +

0-3140384 0-3122813 0-3104053 0-3084118 0-3063018


0-3040764 0-3017371 0-2992849 0-2967212 0-2940474 0-2912648 0-2883748 0-2853790 0-2822787 0-2790756
0-2757711 0-2723669 0-2688647 0-2652659 0-2615725

%l 44' 52*57 281 53 44-99 2 2 37;36 284 11 29-69 2852o' 21*98

0-3I56255 0-3I5I335

286 29' 14*22 287 38' 6*42 288 46' 58*58 289 55' 50*70
291
4 42*77

o-4934659 0-4927018 0-4919413 0-4911843 0-4904308 0-4896807 0-4889341 0-4881909 0-4874510 0-4867145 0-4859814 0-4852510 0-4845250 0-4838017 0-4830817
0-4823648 0-4816511 0-4809406 0-4802333 0-4795290

tit
6-48 6-50
6-52

0-1190192 0-1246363 0-1301863 0-1356673 0-1410775

0-3146438 0-3141564 0-3136712 0-3131883 0-3127076


0-3I2229I 0-3II7527 0-3112786 0-3108066 0-3103367

292 13' 34*80 293 22' 20*80 294 3 1 ' l8 *75 295 40 10*67 29649' 2*54
29 ? 299 300 301 302
57' 54-38

6-42

t
6-48 6-50 6-52 6-54 6-56 6-58 6-6o 6-62 6-64 6-66 6-68 6-70 6-72 6-74

6-56 6-58 6-6o


6-62 6-64 6-66 6-68

+ 0-1464147 + 0-1516774 + 0-1568635 + 0-1619714 + 0-1669992

6 46*18 15' 37*94 24 29*66 33' 21*34


42' 12*98 51' 4-59

670
672

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

0-1719453 0-1768080 0-1815856 0-1862766 0-1908793 0-1953922 0-1998139 0-2041429 0-2083778 0-2125171

0-2577860 0-2539082 0-2499409 0-2458860 0-2417452


0-2375205 0-2332136 0-2288267 0-2243615 0-2198201

0-3098690 0-3094033 0-3089398 0-3084783 0-3080189 0-3075615 0-307I062 0-3066528 0-30620I5 0-3057522 0-3053048 0-3048593 0-3044159 0-3039743 0-3035347

303 304 305 307 308

59 56*16 8 47*70 17' 39*20

*7j 67

309 26' 30*66 310 35' 22*08 3" 44' 13*47 312 53' 4*83 1' 56*15 314
3 1 5*
1 ! 47*44 316 19 38*70 317 28' 29*92 318 37' 21*11 319 46' 12*26

0-4788279 0-4781298 o-4774347 0-4767427 0-4760537


o-4753677 0-4746846 0-4740045 o-4733273 0-4726530
0-4719815 0-4713130 0-4706472 0-4699843 0-4693242

676
6-78 6-8o 6-82 6-84 6-86 6-88 6-90
6-92 6-94 6-96 6-98 7-00

6-82 6-84 6-86 6-88 6-90 6-92 6-94 6-96 6-98 7-00

0-2165596 0-2205041 0-2243491 0-2280935 0-2317362

0-2152044 0-2105105 0-2057584 0-2009321 0-1960398

+ 0-2352760 + 0^2387118 + 0-2420^26 + 0-2452674 + 0-2483853

0-1910836 0-1860655 0-1809877 OI 75524 0-1706616

0-3030969 0-30266IO 0-302227I 0-30I7949 0-3013646

320 322 323 324 325

55'

3*38

3 54*47 12' 45*52

21 36*55
30' 27*54

To compute

functions of order -1/3, increase the phase

by

6o.

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
III.

721

Functions of order one-third


ZJ W H (*)
,
*

X
7-02 7-4 7-06 7 08 7-10

/i/j()

*W*)
-

ff Siw

afg

l, 3

e?K*z(x)

+ + + + +
+ + + + +

0-2513952 0-2542964 0-2570881 0-2597694 0-2623395

0-1654177 0-1601228 0-1547701 01 493888 0-1439541


0-1384774 0-1329609 0-1274068 0-1218174 0-1161950

0-3009362

03005095
0-3000847 0-2996617 0-2992404

326 39' 18*50 3 2 Z48' 9'42 328 57' 0*32 330 5'5i"i9 331 14 42*03
332 333 334" 335 336
23' 32' 41' 50' 58'
7'

0-4686668 0-4680122 0-4673604 0-4667113 0-4660648


0-4654211 0-4647800 0-4641415 0-4635057 0-4628725

7 02

7-04 7-06 7-08 7-10


7-12 7-14 7-16
7 -i8

7-12 7-14 7-16 7-18 7-20 7'22


7-2 4

0-2647979 0-2671439 0-2693769 0-2714962 0-2735015


0-2753921 0-2771678 0-2788281 0-2803727 0-2818013

0-2988209 0-2984032 0-2979872 0-2975730 0-2971604

32*83 23*61 14*36 5*07 55*76

7-20
7-22 7*24 7-26

7-26 7'28 7-30

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

- 0-1105419 - 0-1048604 - 00991527 - 00934213 - 0-0876683

0-2967496

02963405 02959330
0-2955273 0-2951232 0-2947207

338 339 34 341 342

46*42 16 37*05 25 27*65 34 l8'22 43' 8*77

0-4622419 0-4616138 0-4609884

04603654
0-459745
0-4591271 0-4585116 0-4578986

f-28

730
7.32 7-34 7-36 7-38 7-40 7-42 7*44 7-46 7-48

732 734
7'36 7*38 7-40
7-42 7'44 7-46 7-48 7'50

0-2831136 0-2843096 0-2853889 0-2863516 0-2871974


0-2879266 0-2885390 0-2890347 0-2894138
0-2898232 0-2898538 0-2897689 0-2895686 0-2892534 0-2888237 0-2882799 0-2876227

0-0818961 0-0761070

02943199
0-2939207

00703033
0-0644874

- 0-0586615

02935231
0-2931272

343 51' 59*28 345 49*77 346 9 40*23 8' 30*66 347 1 348 27' 21*07
349 36' 11*45 3 5 o 45' 1*80 351 53' 52*12 353 2' 42*42 354 11 32*70

04572881
0-4566801

+ 02896766

0-0528279 0-0469890 0-0411470

00353042
0-0294630

0-2927328 0-2923400 0-2919488 0-2915592 0-2911711 0-2907845

0-4560744 0-45547I2 0-4548703 0-4542718 o-4536757

750
7-52 7*54 7-56 7-58 7-60 7-62 7-64 7-66 7-68 7.70 7-72 7-74 7.76 7-78 7-80 7-82

7*52 7-54 7-56 7-58 7-60 7-62 7

0-0236256

00177943
0-0119713 0-0061589

02903995
0-2900160 0-2896341 0-2892536
0-2888746 0-2884971 0-2881211 0-2877465 0-2873734
0-2870018 0-2866315 0-2862627

00003594
0-0054250 0-0111920 0-0169396 0-0226654 0-0283672

355 356 357 358 359

20' 22*95 29' 13*17 38' 3*37

04530819
0-4524905 0-4519013 0451 3145 0-4507299

46 53*54 55 43 ? 69

rU
7-68 7-70
7'72 7V74 7.76 7-78 7-80 7-82

02868525
0-2859699

+ + + + +

4' 33*81 361 362 13' 23*91 363 22' 13*98 3643i' 4*03 365 39' 54*05

0-4501476 0-4495676

04489898
0-4484142 0-4478408

0-2849756 0-2838702 0-2826545 0-2813292 0-2798952

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

00340430
0-0396905 0-0453076 0-0508922 0-0564422

02858954 02855294
0-2851648 0-2848017 0-2844399 0-2840794 0-2837204 0-2833627 0-2830063 0-2826513 0-2822976

366 48' 44-05 367 57' 34*o3 369 6' 23-98 370 15' 13*91 371 24' 3-82
372 373 374 375 377
32' 53*70 4i 43*56 T 50, 33 40

04472697
0-4467007

04461339
o-4455692

04450067
o-4444463 0-4438880 o-44333i8 0-4427777 0-4422257
o-44i6757 0-4411278 0-4405819 0-4400381 o-4394962

+ 0-2783532
+ 0-2767042 + 0-2749490 + 0-2730886 + 0-2711241

7-86 7-88

790
7.92 7-94 7-96 7-98

0-0619554 0-0674298 0-0728635 0-0782542 0-0836001


0-0888991 0-0941493 0-0993488 0-1044956 0-1095878

59 23-22
8'

13*01
2*7.8

7-86 7-88 7-90


7.92 7 94 7-96 7-98

800

+ + + + +

0-2690564 0-2668867 0-2646159 0-2622454 0-2597762

378i7'

02819453

T 3Z9 2 5 52 53 380 34' 42-25 381 43' 31*96 382 52' 21*64

800

J-ila (8-oo)

y_i/( 8 o)

=0-2819453 x cos 442 52' 21*64 = +0-0349823. =02819453 x sin 442 52' 21*64= +0-2797667.

722

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
III.

Functions of order one-third

X
8-02 8-04 8-o6 8-o8 8-io 8-12 8-14 8-i6 8-i8 8-20 8-22 8-24 8-26 8-28 8-30 8-32 8-34 l % 8.38 8-40

/1/3W
+ + + + +
0-2572095 o- 2 545467 0-2517890 0-2489377 0-2459942

Y V3 (x)
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +
0-1146236 0-1196012 0-1245187 01 293743 0-1341664
0-1388931 0-1435528 0-1481438 0-1526645 0-1571133

!>)

ar g

H m (x)

**i/s(*)

X
8-02 8-04 8-06 8-o8 8-io

0-2815942 0-2812445 0-2808961 0-2805489 0-2802030


0-2798584 0-2795151 0-2791730 0-2788322 0-2784927 0-2781543 0-2778172 0-2774813 0-2771467 0-2768132 0-2764809 0-2761498 0-2758200 0-2754912 0-2751637 0-2748373 0-2745121 0-2741880 0-2738651 o-2735433 0-2732227 0-2729031 0-2725847 0-2722674 0-2719512
0-2716361 0-2713221 0-2710092 0-2706973 0-2703866

1' 11*30 384 385 10' 0*94 386 18' 50-56 387 27' 40*16 388 36' 29*74

o-43 8 9564

0-4384185 0-4378827 o-4373487 0-4368168 0-4362867 o-4357586

+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

0-2429598 0-2398360 0-2366242 0-2333259 0-2299425 0-2264758 0-2229271 0-2192981 0-2155904 0-2118057

389 39o 392 393 394

45' I9 ? 29

8*83 58*35 11' 47*84 20 37*32


5 4'
2'

04352324
0-4347081 0-4341857

8-12 8-14 8-i6 8-i8 8-20 8-22 8-24 8-26 8-28

0-1614886 0-1657888 0-1700125 0-1741581 0-1782243 0-1822096 0-1861127 0-1899322 0-1936668 0-1973152
0-2008763 0-2043488 0-2077315 0-2110234 0-2142234

395 29' 396 38' 39 747' 398 55 400 4

26*78 16*21 5*63 55*03 44*41

0-4336652 0-4331466 0-4326298 0-4321148 0-4316017

830
8-32 8-34 8-36 8-38 8-40 8-42 8-44 8-46 8-48

0-2079456 0-2040118 0-2000061 0-1959301 0-1917857


0-1875747 0-1832989 0-1789600 0-1745601 0-1701008
0-1655842 0-1610121 01 563865 o- 15 17093 0-1469824

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

401 13' 33*76 402 22 23*10 4033i' 12*42 40 4 4o' 1*73 405 48' 51*01

04310905
0-4305810 0-4300733 0-4295675 0-4290634
0-4285611 0-4280605 0-4275617 0-4270646 0-4265693

8-42 8-44 8-46 8-48 8-50

+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

4o6 408 409 4IO' 411

57' 40*27

29*52 15' 18*74 24' 7*95 32' 57*14

6'

850
8-52 8-54 8- 6 5 8-58 8-6o
8-62 8-64 8-66 8-68 8-70

8-52 8-54 ?" 5

I't 8-6o
8-62 8-64 8-66 8-68 8-70
8-72 8-74 8-76

0-2173304 0-2203434 0-2232615 0-2260837 0-2288092 0-2314370 0-2339664 0-2363966 0-2387270 0-2409567
0-2430852 0-2451118 0-2470360 0-2488572 0-2505751

412 41' 46*32 413 5' 35*48 414 59 24*61 4 l6 o 8 ; I 3;73


4 i7i7

0-4260757 0-4255838

04250936
0-4246051 0-4241183 0-4236331 0-4231496 0-4226678 0-4221876 0-4217090
0-4212321 0-4207568 0-4202831 0-4198109

2*83

0-1422079 0-1373878 0-1325240 0-1276185 0-1226734


0-1176907 0-1126725 0-1076208 0-1025377 0-0974252
0-0922855 0-0871206 0-0819327 0-0767237 0-0714958
0-0662512 0-0609918 0-0557199 0-0504375 0-0451467

418 25' 51*92 419 34' 40*99 420 43' 30*04 421 52' 19*08 1' 8*10 423
424 9' 57*10 42 5 18' 46*08 426 27' 35*04 427 36' 23*99 428 45' 12*93
4 2954' 1*85 2' 50*75 431

878
8-8o
8-82 8-84 8-86 8-88 8-90
8-92 8-94 8-96 8-98 9-00

+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +

0-2700768 0-2697682 0-2694606 0-2691541 0-2688486


0-2685441 0-2682407 0-2679383 0-2676369

04193404
0-4188715 0-4184041 o-4i79383 0-4I74740

8-72 8-74 8-76 8-78 8-8o


8-82 8-84 8-86 8-88 8-90 8-92 8-94 8-96

0-2521890 0-2536987

02551038
0-2564039 0-2575988
0-2586882 0-2596720

02673365
0-2670371 0-2667388 0-2664414 0-2661450 0-2658496

432 433 434 29' 17*36


6*20 436 46' 55*03 437 55 43*83 439 4 32-62 440 13' 21*40
435 38'

ii' 39*63 20' 28*50

04170113
0-4165501 0-4160905 0-4156323 o-4i5i757 0-4147206

02605500
0-2613221 0-2619882

898
9-00

To compute

functions of order - 1/3, increase the phase

by 6o

TABLES Or BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
III.

723

Functions of order one- third

X
9-02 9-04 9-06

/1/3M
+ 0-0398497 + 345485 + 0-0292452 + 0-0239420 + 0-0186408
+ 00133439 4- 0-0080532 + 0-0027709 - 0-0025010 - 0-0077604
-

^i/sto

H%{*)
1

*#,(*)

X
9-02

9 08
9-10
9-12

+ + + + +
+

0-2625482 0-2630023

02633504 02635927 02637293


0-2636861

0-2655552 0-2652618 0-2649693 0-2646778 0-2643873 0-2640977 0-2638090

44I 442 443 444 445

22' IO*I7 30' 58*91 39' 47*64

0-4142670 0-4138148

4 # 3&"3& 57 25*06
6' 13*75

04133642 04129150
0-4124673

904 906 908


9-10 9-12

+ 0-2637603 + 0-2635068 + 0-2632227 + 0-2628342 + + + + +


+.

914
9-16 9-18 9-20
9-22 9-24 9-26 9-28

02635213
0-2632346 0-2629487

447 448 449 450 451

15' 2*42 23' 51*08 32' 39*73 41' 28*36

0-4120210 0-4115762 0-4111328 0-4106908

914
9-16 9-18 9-20
9-22 9-24 9-26 9-28

04102503
0-4098112 0-4093735 0-4089372

00130053
0-0182336

00234434
0-0286326

0-2623417 0-2617456 0-2610463 0-2602443

0-2626639 0-2623799 0-2620968 0-2618147

930
9.32

00337991
0-0389411 0-0440566 0049 1 435 0-0541999

02593402
0-2572281

02615334
0-2612531 0-2609737 0-2606951 0-2604175 0-2601407

452 453 455 456 457

50' 59' 7 16' 25'

16*97 5*57 54*i6 42*74


3i*3<>

04085023
0-4080687

93O
9.32 9-34 9-36 9-38

934 936 938 940


9-42

+ 02583346 + 0-2560212 + 0-2547148 + 02533095

00592239
0-0642137 0-0691672 0-0740826 0-0789581 0-0837918

458 34' 19*84 459 43 8*37 460 51' 56*89 462 0' 45*40 463 9' 33*9

0-4076366 0-4072058 0-4067764

04063483
0-4059216

940
942
9*44 9-46

+ 0-2518062
+

0-2598648

944 946
9-48

0-2502055

02595898
0-2593157 o- 2 590424 0-2587700

95
9-52 9*54

+ 02485083 + 0-2467156 + 0-2448282


+ + + + +
0-2428471

464 18' 22*37 465 27' 10*83 466 35' 59*28 4Zl 44' 47*72 468 53' 36*15
24*56 470 471 11 12*96 472 20' 1*35 473 28 49-72 474 37' 38-o8
475 46' 26*43 476 55 14*77 478 4 3*09 479 12' 51*41 480 21' 39*71
2'

04054962
0-4050722

04046495
0-4042281 0-4038080

948
9-50
9-52 9*54

00885819 00933266
0-0980241 0-1026727 0-1072706

02407732
0-2386075

950
9-58 9-60
9-62

02363512 02340052
6-2315707 0-2290489 0-2264409 0-2237479 0-2209712

0-2584984 0-2582277 0-2579579 0-2576889 0-2574207


0-2571534 0-2568869 0-2566212 0-2563563 0-2560923 0-2558290 0-2555666

0-4033893 0-4029718 0-4025557 0-4021408 0-4017272

956 958
9-60
9-62

964 966
9-68 9-70
9.72 9-74 9-76 9-78 9-80

01118161
0-1163076 01 207433 0-1251217 0-1294411

+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +

0-4013149 0-4009038 0-4004940 0-4000855 0-3996782


0-3992721 0-3988673

964
9-66
9-68 -9-70
9.72 9-74 9-76 9-78

01 336999
0-1378966 0-1420297 0-1460977 0-1500990

0-2l8lI20 0-2151716 0-2121514 0-2090527 0-2058768


0-2026253 0-1992996 0-1959010 0-1924311 0-1888915

02553050
0-2550442 0-2547842

48 1 482 4 83 484

30' 28*00 39' 16*27

4 8'

4*53

03984637
0-3980614 0-3976602
0-3972603 0-3968616

56 52*78 486 5 41*02


488 23 17*47 489 32 5'67 49040 53*87 49 1 49' 42*05 4Q2 494 495 406 497
58' 30*22

980
982
9-8 4

9-82 9-84 9-86 9-88

990
992
9*94

0-1540322 0-1578960 0-1616889 0-1654096 - 0-1690567


-

0-2545250 0-2542665 0-2540089 0-2537520 0-2534959


0-2532406 0-2529860

03964641
0-3960677 0-3956726

9-86 9-88

990
9-92

996 998
io-oo

0-1726290 0-1761252 0-1795441 0-1828845 0-1861452

01852836
0-1816090 0-1778693 0-1740662 0-1702011

03952786
0-3948858 0-394494 2 0-3941037 o-3937i44

02527323
0-2524792 0-2522270

i8"37 16' 6*52 24' 54*66 33' 42*78


7'

9 94 9 96

998
io-oo

y-i/a (io-oo) =0-2522270 xsin

J-\\i (1000) =02522270 x cos 557

33' 42*78 557 33' 42*78

= =

-0-2404711.

-00761059.

724

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
III.

Functions of order one-third

X
10-02 10-04 10-06 10-08 IO-IO

Jxnix)
-

*W*)
+ 0-1662759 + 0-1622921
+ 0-1582514 + 0-1541556 + 0-1500064

hSw

arg

H m (x)

etKvzi*)

X
10-02 IO-04 10-06

0-1893250 0-1924230 0-1954380 0-1983690 0-2012150 0-2039750 0-2066482 0-2092336 0-2117305 0-2141379
0-2164551 0-2186814 0-2208160 0-2228584 0-2248078

0-2519755 0-2517247 0-2514747 0-2512254 0-2509769


0-2507291 0-2504820 0-2502357 0-2499901

498 42' 30*90 499 51' 19*00 501 o' 7*09 8' 55*17 502 503 17' 43-24

03933263
o-3929393 o-3925534 0-3921687 0-39I785 1

IO08
IO-IO
IO-I2

IO-I2 10-14 IO-IO 10-18 10-20 IO-22 IO-24 IO-26 IO-28

+ + + + + + + + + +

0-1458056 0-1415548 0-1372559 0-1329107 0-1285209


0-1240885 0-1196151 0-1151028 0-1105533 0-1059685

504 26' 31*30


505 35' 19-35 506 44' 7*39 507 52' 55*4* 1' 43-43 509

0-3914026

03910213
0-3906411 0-3902619 0-3898839

ICI4
IO-IO 10-18 10-20
IO-22 IO-24 IO-26 IO-28 IO-30 IO-32 10-34 10-36

02497452
0-2495010 0-2492576 0-2490148 0-2487728 0-2485314
0-2482908 0-2480509 0-2478116 0-2475731 0-2473352

IO3O
IO-32

510 10' 31*43


511 19' 19*42 5i228' 7*41
5 1 3 36' 55-39

0-3895070

03891311
0-3887564 0-3883827 0-3880101 0-3876386 0-3872681 0-3868987 0-3865304 0-3861631

514 45 43-35
515 54' 3i"3 3' J 9 : 2s 517 518 12' 7?i8 519 20' 55'iii 520 29' 43^03
38' 30*93 522 47' 18-82 56' 6*70 523 525 4 '54 r 58 526 13' 42^44

1034 1036
10-38 10-40 10-42 10-44 10-46 10-48

0-2266637 0-2284255 0-2300928 0-2316649 0-2331416

+ 0-1013503
+ 0-0967006 + 0-0920212 + 0-0873142 + 0-0825814

1038
10-40
10-42

1050
1052
io-54 10-56 10-58 10-60
10-62 10-64

0-2345224 0-2358069 0-2369948 0-2380858 0-2390797

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

0-0778247 0-0730460 0-0682473 0-0634306 0-0585977

0-2470980 0-2468615 0-2466257 0-2463905 0-2461560


0-2459222 0-2456891 0-2454566 0-2452248 0-2449936

52

03857968
0-3854316 0-3850674 0-3847043

1044
10-46

03843422
0383981
0-3836210 0-3832620 0-3829039 0-3825468
0-3821908 0-3818357 0-3814816 0-3811285 0-3807764

1048 1050
1052 1054 1056 1058
10-60
10-62 10-64

- 0-2399763 - 0-2407753 - 0-2414768 - 0-2420805 - 0-2425864

o-o5375o6 0-0488913 0-0440217 0-0391437

527 22' 30*30 528 31' 18*14 529 40' 5*98

00342593
0-0293704 0-0244790 0-0195870 0-0146963 0-0098090

53o48'53 ? 8i 53i57'4i-62
533 6' 29*43 534 15' I7 T2 3 535 24' 5*02 536 32 52 ? 8o 537 41' 40*57

1066
io-68 10-70
10-72 10-74 10-76 10-78 io-8o
10-82 10-84

0-2429945

02447631
0-2445332 0-2443040 0-2440754 0-2438474
0-2436201 0-2433935 0-2431674 0-2429420 0-2427172

02433049
0-2435175 0-2436325 0-2436501 0-2435703 0-2433934 0-2431198 0-2427495 0-2422830 0-2417207 0-2410629 0-2403100 0-2394626 0-2385212

1066
10-68 10-70 10-72 IO-74 10-76 10-78 10-80
10-82

+ 0-0049268 + 0-0000518
- 0-0048141 - 0-0096692 00145113 - 0-0193387 - 0-0241495 - 0-0289417 - 0-0337136 - 00384633 -

538 50' 28*33 541 8' 3-83 542 16' 51*56 543 25' 39-29
544 34' 27*00 545 43 i4 r 7T 2" 4 I 546 52 0' 50*10 548 549 9' 37 ? 7

03804253
0-3800751 o-3797259 o-3793777

539 59 16-08

03790304
0-3786841

1086
to-88 10-90
10-92

0-2424930 0-2422695 0-2420466 0-2418242 0-2416025


0-2413814 0-2411610 0-2409411 0-2407218

03783387
o-3779942 0-3776507 o-3773o82 0-3769665 0-3766258 0-3762860 0-3759472

1084
io-86 10-88 10-90
10-92

1094
10-96

1098
II-OO

- 0-2374863 - 0-2363584 - 0-2351382 - 0-2338264 - 02324236

0-0431888 0-0478886 0-0525606 0-0572030 0-0618143

02405031

550 551 552 553 554

18'

25*46

27' 13*12 36' 0*78

1094
10-96 10-98 II-OO

44 48*43 53 36-07

03756092
by
6o.

To compute

functions of order - 1/3, increase the phase

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
III.

725

Functions of order one-third

X
II-02 II-04
1 1

/1/3W
-

^i/s(*)

<iw

arg

H U3 {x)
n
2*23*69
#

e*K ll3 (x)


0-3752722 -37493 6 0-3746008 0-3742665 0-3739330 0-3736005 0-3732688 0-3729380 0-3726081 0-3722791

-oo

11-08 II-IO

0-2309306 0-2293480 0-2276768 0-2259176 0-2240715


0-222I392 0-220I2I7 0-2I80I99 0-2158348 0-2135675 0-2087902 0-2062824 0-2036967

0-0663924 0-0709358 0-0754426 0-0799111 0-0843397 0-0887266 0-0930702

0-2402850 0-2400675 0-2398506 0-2396342 0-2394185

556

11*31 557 558 19' 58-93 28' 559 46*54 560 37' 34*13

II-02 II-04 ii-o6


1 1

08

II-IO
11-12 11-14 ii-i6 ii-i8 II-20 11-22 11-24 11-26 11-28 II-30 11-32

11-12 11-14

02392033
0-2389887 0-2387747 0-2385613 0-2383484
0-2381361 0-2379244

n-i6
11-18 II-20
11-22 11-24 11-26 11-28 II-30 11-32

00973689
0-1016210 0-1058249 0-1099790 0-1140819 0-1181319 0-1221276 0-1260674

561 562 564 565 56b

46' 21*72 55' 9*31

3-56*88
!2' 44*44 21' 32*00

- 0-2II2I89

O2OIO343
0-1982963 0-1954839 0-1925985 0-1896412 0-1866134

02377132
0-2375026 0-2372926

567 30' 19*55 568 39' 7*09 569 47' 54*62 570 56' 42*15 5' 29*67 572 573 14' 17*18 574 23' 4*68 575 3i' 52*17 5?6 40' 39 T 66 577 49' 27*14 578 580 581 582 583
58' 14*61
7'

03719509
0-3716236 0-3712972 0-3709716 0-3706469
0-3703230 0-3700000 0-3696779 0-3693565 0-3690360

"34

- o- 1 299499 - 0-1337736

02370831
0-2368741 0-2366658 0-2364579 0-2362506

V' 3 * 1138
11-40
11-42
?
1

- OI 375373 - 0-1412393 - 0-1448785


-

"34 II36
II- 3 8

11-40
II-42

'44

11-46 11-48

1150
11-52

0-1835164 0-1803515 0-I77I202 0-1738238 0-1704636

0-1484535 0-1519029 01 554055 0-1587801 0-1620853 0-1653202 0-1684833 0-1715738 0-1745904 0-1775320

0-2360439 0-2358377 0-2356320 0-2354269

2*08

0-3687164 0-3683975

n-44
11-46 11-48

15' 49*53

03680795
0-3677623

02352223
0-2350182 0-2348147 0-2346117 0-2344092 0-2342072

24' 36*98 33' 24*42

03674460
0-3671304 0-3668157 0-3665018 0-3661886 0-3658763
0-3655648 0-3652541 0-3649441 0-3646350 0:3643266 0-3640190 0-3637122

n-50
1152 "54 1156
1 1

"54
11-56
, 1158 n-6o

0-1670413 0-1635582 0-1600158 0-1564157 0-1527593


0*1490482 0-1452839 0-1414681 0-1376024 0-1336883

584 42' 11*86 5 8 5 5' 59-29 586 59' 46*70 8' 34*11 588 589 17' 21*52
590 591 592 593 595 597 598 599 6oo
26' 8*92 34' 56"3i 43' 43*69 52' 1 "7
1'

-58

n-6o
11-62 11-64

1162 1164 n-66 n-68


11-70
11-72

'-

01803977

0-2340058

0-1831865 0-1858973 0-1885292 - 0-1910814


-

02338049
0-2336044

02334046
0-2332052 0-2330063 0-2328070 0-2326101 0-2324127

n-66 n-68
11-70
11-72 11-74 11-76 11-78
1 1

18*44

u-74
11-76 11-78 11-80
11-82

0-1297276 0-1257217 0-I2I0725 0-1175816 OI I34507

OI935528
0-1959428

596io' 5*81 18' 53-16


27' 40*51 36' 27*85 45' 15*18

01982505
0-2004750 0-2026158 0-2046720 0-2066430 0-2085282 0-2103269 0-2120386
0-2136627 0-2151988 0-2166464 0-2180050 0-2192744

03634062 03631009
0-3627964 0-3624927 0-3621897 0-3618875 0-3615861 0-3612854
0-3609854 0-3606862 0-3603878 0-3600901 0-359793I

02322159
0-2320195

-So

1184 n-86 n-88


11-90

- 0-1092815 - 0-1050756 - 0-1008350 - 0-0965611 - 0-0922560


" -

02318237
0-2316283 0-2314335

02312391

6oi 54' 2*51 2' 49*84 603 604 "' 37 -i 605 20' 24*46 606 29' 11*76
'

11-82 11-84

n-86 n-88
1 1

-90

1192 "94
11-96 11-98 I2-00

0-0879212 0-0835585 0-0791698 0-0747568 0-0703214

02310452
0-2308518 0-2306589 0-2304664 0-2302745

607 37' 59*05 608 46'- 46*34 609 55' 33*62


61 1

11-92 11-94 11-96

4*20*90
13'

1198
12-00

612

8*17

J-va (12-00) =0-2302745 x cos 672 ^-i/3( r2 ')=o 23 02 745 xsn 672
-

13' 8*17 +0-1547365. 13' 8*17= -0-1705373.

726

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
III.

Functions of order one-third


(

X
-

/1/3W
0-0658652 0-0613901 0-0568980 0-0523905 0-0478696
-

Vi/sW
0-2204540

H, >)

*Kv{*)
613 21' 55*43 42*69 29*93 17*17 4*41

X
12-02 12-04 I2-O0 12-08 I2-IO
12-12 12-14 12-16

12-02 12-04 I2-06 12-08 I2-IO 12-12 12-14 I2-IO

02215437
0-2225430 0-2234519 0-2242700
0-2256333 0-2261782 0-2266320 0-2269945 0-2272658 0-2274458 0-2275347 0-2275326 0-2274397

0-2300830 0-2298920 0-2297015 0-2295114 0-2293219


0-2291327 0-2289441 0-2287559 0-2285682 0-2283809
0-2281941 0-2280078 0-2278219 0-2276365 0-2274515

o-3594968

614 30 615 39' 6i648' 6i757'


'

03592013 03589065 03586125


0-3583191

I2l8
12-20
12-22 12-24 12-26 12-28 I2-30 12-32 12-34 I2-36
I2- 3 8

- 00433371 - 0-0387947 - 00342443 - 0-0296877 - 0-0251267 -

- 0-2249971

619 5' 620 14' 38*86 621 23 25*08 622 32' 13*29 6234i' 0*50

b^M

03580265
o-3577346 o-3574434 o-357i529

1218
12-20
12-22 I2-24 12-26 12-28 I2-30

03568631
o-356574i 0-3562857 o-355998o 0-3557110 o-3554 2 48

0-0205632 0-0159989 0-0114356 0-0068753 0-0023196

624 49' 47*70 625 58' 34-89 7' 22*08 627 628 16' 9*26 629 -24' 56*43
6 30 33' 43"6o 631 42' 30*76 6325i' 17*92 6 3< 0' 5*07 8' 52*21 635

12-40
I2-42

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

0-0022296 0-0067705 0-0113014 0-0158205 0-0203259


0-0248159 0-0292889 0-0337429 0-0381763 0-0425874

0-2272560 0-2269819 0-2266176 0-2261634 0-2256196

0-2272670 0-2270829 0-2268993 0-2267161 0-2265333


0-2263510 0-2261692 0-2259877 0-2258067 0-2256262 0-2254460 0-2252664 0-2250871 0-2249082 0-2247298
0-2245518 0-2243743 0-2241971 0-2240204 0-2238441
0-2236682 0-2234927

o-355i392 o-3548543 0-3545700 0-3542865

12-32

1234
I2-36 12-38 12-40
I2-42 12-44 12-46 12-48 12-50

03540036
0-35372I5 0-3534400 o-353i59i 0-3528790 o-3525995

1244
12-46 12-48 12-50
12-52 12-54 12-56 12-58 12-60 12-62 12-64 12-66 12-68 12-70

0-2249866 0-2242647

02234544
0-2225562 0-2215705

63 637 638 639

640
642 643 644 645 646

17' 39*35 26' 26*48 35' J 3- 61 44' 0-73 52' 47*84

0-0469744

00513356
0-0556694 0-0599741 0-0642479 0-0684894 0-0726967 0-0768684 0-0810028 0-0850983

0-2204979

i'34 ? 95
10 22*05 19' 9*15 27' 56*24 36' 43*33

02193390
0-2180943 0-2167645 0-2153502

0-3523206 0-3520424 0-3517639 0-3514881 0-3512118

1252
12-54 12-56 12-58 12-60
12-62 12-64 12-66 12-68 12-70 12-72 12-74 12-76 12-78 12-80

0-2138521 0-2122710 0-2106077 0-2088628 - 0-2070373


-

6 4Z 45' 3o-4i

03509363
0-3506614 0-3503871 0-3501135 0-3498405

648 54 I7'49 650 3 4'56 651 11 51*62 652 20' 38*68

12-72 12-74 12-76 12-78 I2-80 12-82 I2-84 12-86 12-88 12-90 12-92

+ 0-0891534 + 0-0931665
+ 0-0971361 + 0-1010607 + 0-1049388

0-2051320 0-2031477 0-2010854 0-1989460

02233176
0-2231429 0-2229687
0-2227948 0-2226214 0-2224484 0-2222757 0-2221035 0-2219317 0-2217602 0-2215892 0-2214186 0-2212483 - 1/3,

01967305
o- 1 944399

653 29' 25*73 6 54 38' I2'7 655 46' 59 ? 82 656 55 46-86 658 4' 33-89
659 66o 661 662 663 664 666 667 668 669
13' 20*92 22' 7*94 30' 54*96

03495681 03492964
0-3490254 0-3487549 0-3484851

+ + + + + + + + + +

0-1087869 0-1125496 0-1162795 0-1199571 0-1235811


0-1271502 0-1306629 0-1341180 0-1375142 0-1408503

0-1920752 0-1896373 0-1871278 0-1845472

39'4 I,r 97
48' 28*97 57' I5 T97
6'

0-3482159 o-3479473 -3476794 0-3474120 0-347I453


0-3468792 0-3466137 0-3463488 0-3460846 0-3458209

1282 1284
12-86 12-88 12-90
12-92

1294
12-96 12-98 13-00

0-1818970 0-1791782 0-1763920 0-1735397 - 0-1706224

2*96

1294
12-96

14' 49*95 23' 36*94 32' 23*92

1298 1300

To compute

functions of order

increase the phase

by 6o

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
III.

727

Functions of order one-third

7i/ 3

^i/.W
- 0-1676415 - 0-1645982 - 0-1614938 - 0-1583297 - 0-1551071
-

"!>)

argH 1/3 (*)


670 41' 10*89 671 49' 57-S6 672 58' 44*82 674 7' 3i*78 675 16' 1874 676 25' 5*69 677 33' 52*63 678 42 39*57 679 51 26*50
68i
o' 13*43
9'

e*K ll3 (x)


o-3455578 o-3452954 0-3450335 0-3447722 o-3445i 15
[3-02 13-04 13-06 [3-08

13-02

1304
13-06 13-08 13-10
13-12 13-14 13-16 13-18 13-20 13-22 13-24 13-26 13-28

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

0-1441250 - I 47337i 0-1504854 0-1535688 0-1565861


o-i595363 0-1624183 0-1652310 0-1679735 0-1706447 0-1732437 0-1757696 0-1782214 0-1805984 0-1828996

0-2210785 0-2209090 0-2207399 0-2205712 0-2204029

[310
[3-12

0-1518276 0-1484923 0-1451029 0-1416606 0-1381670


0-1346234 0-1310315 0-1273926 0-1237083 0-1199802 0-1162097 0-1123985 0-1085481 0-1046601 0-1007361 0-0967777 0-0927866 0-0887643 0-0847125 0-0806329

0-2202350 0-2200675 0-2199003 0-2197335 0-2195671


0-2194011 0-2192355 0-2190702 0-2189053 0-2187408

03442514
o-34399i9 0-3437330 o-3434747 0-3432169 o-3429597 0-3427031 o-342447i 0-3421917 0-3419368 0-3416825 0-3414288 0-3411756 0-3409230 0-3406709 0-3404194 0-3401685 o-3399i8i 0-3396683 0-3394I90
0-3391702 0-3389221 0-3386744 0-3384273 0-3381808 o-3379347 0-3376892 0-3374443 o-337i999 0-3369560 0-3367126 0-3364698 0-3362275 o-3359857 o-3357444

[3-16 t3'i8 [3-20


[3-22 [3-24 13-26 13-28 [3-30

1330
13-32

682 683 684 685 686

0*35

17' 47*27 26' 34*18 35' 21*09 44' 8*00

1334 1336
13-38

0-1851244 0-1872718 0-1893413 0-1913320

1340
13-42

01932433
0-1950745 0-1968252 0-1984946 0-2000822 0-2015875
0-2030101 0-2043496 0-2056054 0-2067772 0-2078647

0-2185766 0-2184128 0-2182494 0-2180864 0-2179237


0-2177613 0-2175994 0-2174378 0-2172765 0-2171157
0-2169551 0-2167949 0-2166351 0-2164757 0-2163160

687 689 690 691 692


693 694 695 697 698

52' 54*90

[332
^3-34 C3-36 [3-38 [3-40
[3-42
[

41*79 io' 28*68 19' 15*57 28' 2*45


i'

1344
13-46 13-48 13-50

36' 49*33 45' 36*20 54' 23*06


3'

3H4

9*92

11' 56*78

'3-46 [3-48 C3-50


[3-52 t3\54 [3-56 ^3-58 [3-60
[3-62 13-64 [3-66 [3-68

1352 1354 1356


13-58 13-60 13-62 13-64 13-66 13-68

+ + + + +

0-0765272 0-0723969 0-0682438 0-0640696 - 0-0598759


- 00556645 - 0-0514370 - 0-0471951 - 0-0429407 - 00386752
-

699 20' 43*63 700 29' 30*48


701 38' 17*33 702 47 4*17 703 55 5i*oo
4' 37*83 706 13 24*65 22' 11*47 707 708 30' 58*29 45*11 709 39'

1370
13-72

+ 0-2088676 + 0-2097855 + 0-2106183 -f 0-2113658 + 0-2120278 + + + + +


0-2126040 0-2130946 0-2134993 0-2138181 0-2140510
0-2141981 0-2142594 0-2142350 0-2141251 0-2139298

0-2161578 0-2159994 0-2158413 0-2156836 0-2155262


0-2153692 0-2152125 0-2150561 0-2149001

705

E370
[3-72 '3-74 [3-76 C3-78

1374 1376
13-78 13-80
13-82 I3-8 13-86 13-88

0-0344006 0-0301184 0-0258305 0-0215384 0-0172440

710 48' 31*92 711 57' 18*72 713 6' 5*52

7M
7X5

02147445
0-2145891 0-2144341 0-2142795 0-2141251 0-2139712

23' 39*10
32' 25*89

52*31

[380
[3-82

1390
1392
13-94 13-96 13-98 14-00

+ + + + + + + + + +

0-0129489 0-0086548 0-0043635 0-0000766 + 0-0042041

716 717 7i8 719 721

0-3355037

41 12*67 49' 59-45 58' 46*22


7'

03352635 03350237
o-3347845 o-3345459 0-3343077 0-3340700

32*99
19*76 6*52 53*28 40*03 26*78

13-84 [3-86 [3-88 13-90


[3-92 [3-94 [3-96 t3-98 [4-00

0-2136494 0-2132840 0-2128339 0-2122994 0-2116809

+ + + + +

0-0084770 0-0127404 0-0169926 0-0212319 0-0254567

0-2138175 0-2136642 0-2135112 0-2133585 0-2132061

722 723 724 725 726

16' 25' 33' 42' 51'

03338329
0-3335962 o-33336oo

y-i/8( I 4') =0-2132061

^-i/s (14-00) =0-2132061 x cos 786 51' 26*78 xsin 786 51' 26*78

= =

+00837943.
+0-1960494.

728

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
III.

Functions of order one- third

X + + + + +

Ju( x)
0-2109787 0-2101933 0-2093250 0-2083743 0-2073417 0-2062277 0-2050330

Y lla (x)
+ + + + + + + + + +
0-0296652 0-0338559 0-0380272 0-0421773 0-0463046

!>)

ars

Hm (*)
o' 13*52

e*K ll3 (x)


0-3331244 0-3328892 0-3326546 0-3324204 0-3321867

X
14-02 14-04 14-06 1 4 08 14-10

14-02 14-04 14-06 14-08 14-10 14-12 14-14 14-16 14-18 14-20 14-22 14-24 14-26 14-28

0-2130541 0-2129024 0-2127510 0-2126000 0-2124493

728

729

0*26

730i7'47"oo
731 26 33*73 732 35 20*46
733 44' 7 ? i8 734 52 53-90 1 40*62 736 737 10' 27*33 19' 14*04 738

+ + + + +
+ + + +

02037580
0-2024034 0-2009699
0-1978687 0-1962026 0-1944604 0-1926429

0-0504076 0-0544847 0-0585342

00625547
0-0665445
0-0705021 0-0744259 0-0783145 0-0821664 0-0859801

0-2122989 0-2121488 0-2119990 0-2118495 0-2117004 0-2115516 0-2114031 0-21 12549 0-2III070 0-2I09594
0-2I08I2I 0-2106652 O-2IO5I05 0-2I0372I 0-2I02261

0-33I9536

03317209
0-3314887 0-3312570 0-3310257

14-12 I4-I4 14-16 14-18 14-20


14-22 14-24 14-26 14-28

+ 0-1994581

1430
14-32 14-34 14-36 14-38 14-40 14-42 14-44 14-46 14-48 14-50 14-52 14-54 14-56 14-58 14-60

+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

739 740 741 742 744 745 746 747 748

0*75 36 47 ? 45 45 34 T i4 54 20*83 ? 3 7 52
11' 54-21 20' 40*89 29' 27*57
r

28'

0-3307950 0-3305648 0-330335

03301057
0-3298769
0-3296485 0-3294206

1430
1432
14-34 14-36 I4-38 14-40
14-42 14-44 14-46 14-48 I4-50

+ + + + + + + + + +

0-1907510 0-1887856 0-1867475 0-1846376 0-1824569


0-1802063 0-1778868
0-175.4995

0-0897541 0-0934869 0-0971773 0-1008236 0-1044246

03291932
0-3289663 0-3287398 0-3285138 0-3282883 0-3280632 0-3278386 0-3276145 0-3273908 0-3271676 0-3269448 0-3267225 0-3265006
0-3262792 0-3260583 0-3258378 0-3256177 0-3253981

38 I4 24 749 47' 0*91

0-1730454 0-1705256

0-1079789 0-1114852 0-1149420 0-1183482 0-1217023

0-2100804 0-2099349 0-2097898 0-2096449 0-2095004


0-2093562 0-2092I22 0-2090686 0-2089252 0-2087822

7555'47 T 58
752 4 34 r 24 753 13 20*90 754 22' 7*55 755 30' 54 -20 756 39' 40*85 757 48 27*49 750 57, I4 ? i3 6 0*77 760 761 14' 47 ? 40 762 763 764 765
23' 34*03 32' 20*65 41' 7*27 49 53" 8 9 58' 40*51
7' 6'

+ + + + +
+ + + + +

0-1679410 0-1652930 0-1625825 0-1598109 0-1569792


0-1540886 0-1511404 0-1481359 0-1450763 0-1419629

+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ 0-1250032 0-1282497 0-1314404


0-1345743 0-1376501

I4-52 14-54 14-50 I4-58 14-60 14-62 14-64 14-66 14-68 14-70
14-72 14-74 14-76 14-78 14-80 14-82 14-84 14-86 14-88

14-62 14-64 14-66 14-68 14-70


14-72

0-1406666 0-1436229 0-1465178 0-1493501 0-1521190


0-1548233 0-1574621 0-1600344 0-1625393 0-1649758
0-1673432 0-1696405 0-1718669 0-1740217 0-1761041

0-2086394 0-2084969 0-2083548 0-2082I29 0-2080713 0-2079300 0-2077889 0-2076482 0-2075077 0-2073676
0-2072277 0-2070881 0-2069488 0-2068097 0-2066710

766
768 769

M-74
14-76 14-78 14-80
14-82 14-84 14-86 14-88 14-90 14-92 14-94 14-96 14-98 15-00

+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

0-1387970 0-1355800 0-1323131 0-1289979 0-1256355


0-1222275 0-1187753 0-1152803 0-1117439 0-1081677

27*12 13*73 0*33 771 33 46 ?93 772 42' 33*53


1

770 25'

0-3251789 0-3249602 0-3247419 0-3245240 0-3243006 0-3240896 0-3238731 0-323657 0-3234413 0-3232261
0-3230112 0-3227969 0-3225829 0-3223694 0-3221562

773 51' 20*12 775 0' -7i 776 8 53*30. 777 17,39*88 778 26 26*46
779 35' 13-04

1490
14-92 14-94 14-96 14-98 15-00

0-1045530 0-1009014 0-0972143 0-0934933 0-0897400

0-1781133 0-1800487 0-1819095 0-1836952 0-1854051

02065325
0-2063943 0-2062564 0-2061187 0-2059813

780 43' 59*61 781 52' 46*18 783 i'32"75 784 io' 19*31
by

To compute

functions of order - 1/3, increase the phase

6o

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table
III.

729

Functions of order one-third

/1/3W
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
0-0859558 0-0821423 0-0783610 0-0744336 0-0705416 0-0666265 0-0626899 0-0587336 0-0547589 0-0507677 0-0467614 0-0427416 0-0387101 0-0346684 0-0306181

>W*)
+ 0-1870386 + 0-1885953 + 0-1900745 + 0-1914758 + 0-1927988

<W

arg
1

H m {x)
5"8 7 27 52*42 36' 38-97 45' 25*52 54 12*07
2'

<?K VZ X
{

1502 1504 1506 1508


15-10
15-12 15-14 15-16 15-18 15-20
15-22

0-2058442 0-2057074 0-2055709 0-2054346 0-2052986

7 8 5 i9'

03219435
0-3217313 0-3215194 0-3213080 0-3210970 0-3208864 0-3206762 0-3204664 0-3202570 0-3200481

786 787 788 789


791 792 793 794 795

15-02 15-04 15-06 15-08 15-10

+ + + + +

0-1940430 0-1952080 0-1962935 0-1972992 0-1982247

0-2051628 0-2050273 0-2048921 0-2047572 0-2046225


0-2044881

58*61

ii' 45*15 20' 31*69

29' 18*22 38' 4*75

15-12 15-14 15 8 I5-I8 I5-20 15-22 I5-24 I5-26 15-28 I5-30

1524
15-26

1528 1530

4 + + + +
+ + + + +

+ 0-1990697 + 0-1998342
+ 0-2005178 + 0-2011203 + 0-2016418

02043540
0-2042201 0-2040865

02039531
0-2038200 0-2036872

796 46' 51*28 797 55' 37"8o 799 4 24-32 8oo 13 10*84 8oi 21' 57*35
802 30' 803 39' 804 48' ^557; 807 5
43*86 30;37 16*87 3*37 49*87

03198395
0-3196314

03194237
0-3192164

03190094
0-3188029 0-3185968 0-3183911 0-3181857 0-3179808
0-3177763 0-3175721 0-3173684 0-3171650 0-3169621 0-3167595 0-3165573

I53 2 1534
I5-36 15-38 15-4

0-0265609 0-0224983 0-0184321 0-0143638 0-0102950

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +
+

0-2020820 0-2024408 0-2027184 0-2029145 0-2030294 0-2030630 0-2030154 0-2028867 0-2026772 0-2023869
0-2020162 0-2015652

1532
15-34 15-36 I5-38 I5 40 15-42 15-44 I5-46 I5-48 I5-50
15-52 15-54 15-56 I5-58 15-60 15-62 15-64 15-66 15-68 15-70 15-72 15-74 15-76 I5-78 15-80
15-82 15-84 15-86 15-88

02035546
0-2034223 0-2032902 0-2031584 0-2030269 0-2028956 0-2027646 0-2026338
0-2025032 0-2023730 0-2022429 0-2021132 0-2019836

1542
15-44
I 5 - 4

+ 0-0062274 + 0-0021626
- 0-0018978 - 0-0059522 - 0-0099990
-

1548
15-50

808 14' 36*36 809 23' 22*85 8io 32' 9*34 81 1 40' 55*83 812 49 42*31 813 815 816 817 818
58' 28*79

1552 1554 1556


15-58 15-60

0-0140366 0-0180634 0-0220777 0-0260781 0-0300630


0-0340307 0-0379798 0-0419086 0-0458157 0-0496995
0-0535585

02010343
0-2004237 0-1997338
0-1989651 0-1981178 0-1971924 0-1961894 0-1951093

15*27 i?74 24' 48*21 33' 34 r 68


7'

16'

03163555
0-3161541 o-3i5953i

1562
15-64 15-66

1568
15-70
15-72 15-74 15-76 15-78 15-80 15-82 15-84

0-2018544 0-2017253 0-2015965 0-2014680

02013397
0-20I2II7 0-20I0839

819 42' 21-15 820 51' 7*61 82i59 , 54 t07 8' 40*52 823 824 17' 26-98
825 26' 13-43 826 34' 59*88 827 43' 46*32 828 52' 32*76 1' 19*20 830

0-3I57524

03155522
o-3i535 2 3 0-3151528 03 ! 49537

01939526
0-1927199 0-1914118 0-1900289 0-1885717
0-1870411 0-1854377 0-1837622 0-1820154 0-1801980

0-3M7549
0-3I45565 o-3i43586 0-3141609 0-3139637 0-3137668
0-31357.03

0057391
0-0611960 0-0649716 0-0687165
0-0724292 0-0761082 0-0797522 0-0833597 0-0869294

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +

O2OO9563
0-2008290 0-20070I9
0-200575I 0-2004485 0-200322i 0-200I960 0-200070I
o- 1999445 0-1998191 0-1996939 0-1995690 0-1994442

1586
15-88 15-00

83iio' 832 18' 833 27' 834 36 835 45'

5*63 52*06 38-49 24*92 ii"34


57*7<">

o-3!3374i 0-3131784 031 29830

1590
15-92 15-94 15-96 15-98 16-00

1592
15-94

1596 1598
16-00

0-0904599

00939498
0-0973977 0-1008025 -1041627

0-1783110 01 763550 0-1743311 0-1722400 0-1700828

836 53' 2' 44*18 838 839 11' 30*60 840 20' 17*01 841 29' 3*42

0-3127879 0-3125932

03123989
0-3122050 0-3120114

Y-va
W.
B. F.

J_ ll3 (16-00) =0-1994442 (16-00) =01994442

x cos 901 x sin 901

29' 3*42 29' 3*42

= =

- 0-1993773. -00051662. 24

730

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table IV. Values of

Jn (x)
/.(*)

/.w
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
0-0012490 0-0049034 0-0111659 0-0197347 0-0306040
0-0436651 0-0587869 0-0758178 0-69^5863 0-1149035

;.w
+ + + + + + + + + +
0-0000208 0-0001663 0-0005593 0-0013201 0-0025637 0-00^3997 0-0009297 0-0102460 0-0144340 0-0195634
0-0256945 0-0328743 0-0411358 0-0504977 0-0609640

/(*)

O-I 0-2 o-3


o- 4

o-5

+ + + + +

0-0000003 0-0000042 0-00002IO 0-000066I 0-OOOI607


0-0003315 0-0006101 0-0010330 0-0016406 0-0024766 0-0035878 0-0050227 0-0068310 0-0090629 0-0117681 0-0149952 0-0187902 0-0231965 0-0282535 0-0339957

o-i

+ + + +

o-ooooooi 0-0000006 0-0000026 0-0000081

0-2

03
0-4

05
o-6

o-6

11 09
I-O
i-i 1-2

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +

0-0000199 0-0000429 0-0000031 0-0001487 0-0002498


0-0003987 o-ooooioi 0-0009008 0-0012901 0-0017994
0-0024524 0-0032746 0-0042936 0-0055385 0-0070396

11 09
I-O
I-I

i-3 i-4 i-5

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

0-1365642 0-1593490 0-1030267 0-2073559 0-2320877

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + +

1-2 i'3 !'4 i-5

i-6

XI
1-9 2-0
2-1

0-2569678 0-2817389 0-3061435 0-3299257 0-3528340

0-0725234 0-0851499 0-0908020 0-1134234 0-1209432

i-6 1-7 I-O 1-9 2-0

2-2

23
2-4 2-5 2-6

0-3746236 0-3950587 0-4139146 0-4309800 0-4460591 0-4589729 0-4695615 0-4776855 0-4832271 0-4860913 0-4862070 0-4835277 0-4780317 0-4697226 0-4586292
0-4448054 0-4283297 0-4093043 0-3878547 0-3641281
0-3382925

0-1452767 0-1623255 0-1799789 0-1981148 0-2166004


0-2352938 0-2540453 0-2726906 0-2910926 0-3090627

0-0404526 0-0476471 0-0555957 0-0643070 0-0737819 0-0840129 0-0949836 0-1066687 0-1190335 0-1320342
0-1456177 0-1597218 0-1742754 0-1891991 0-2044053

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

0-0088284 0-0109369 0-0133973 0-0162417 0-0195016


0-0232073 0-0273876 0-0320690 0-0372756 0-0430204
0-0493448 0-0562380 0-0637169 0-0717854 0-0804420

21
2-2

23 24
2-5

u
2-9

30
3-i

+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +

2-6

n
2-9

30
31 32 33

+ 0-3264428
0-3430664 0-3587689 0-3733889 0-3867701
0-3987627 0-4092251 0-4180256 0-4250437 0-4301715
0-4333147 o-4343943 o-433347o 0-4301265 0-4247040

3-2

33 34
3-5

34 35
3-6 3-8 3'9 4-0
4*1

3-6

37
3-8 3'9 4-o
4'i 4-2

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

0-2197990 0-2352786 0-2507362 0-2660587 0-2811291


0-2958266 0-3100286 0-3236110 0-3364501 0-3484230 0-3594094 0-3692925 0-3779603 0-3853066 0-3912324

0-0896796 0-0994854 0-1098400 0-1207178 0-1320807 0-1439079 0-1561363 0-1687200 0-1816009 0-1947147
0-2079912

37

4'3 4'4 4*5

+ + + + +
+ + + + +

03105347
0-2810592 0-2500861 0-2178490
0-1845931 0-1505730 0-1160504 0-0812915 0-0465651

+ + + + +
+ + + + +

42
4*3

44 45
4-6

4-6

4-9 5-o

0-4170686 0-4072280 0-3952085 0-3810551 0-3648312

02213550
0-2347252 0-2400168 0-2611405

U 49
50

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table IV. Values of

731

Jn (x)
/#(*)

'/,(*)

7iW
+ 0-440051 + 0-576725 + 0339059
- 0-066043 - 0-327579 - 0-276684 - 0-004683

/.(*)

/.(*)

JM
+ + + + +
0-000250 0-007040 0-043028 0-132087 0-261141 + 0-362087

+ 0-765198 + 0-223891
- 0-260052 - 0397150 - 0-177597 + 0-150645

3 4 5

+ + + + +

6
2

0-114903 0-3^2834 0-486091 0-364128 0-046565 - 0-242873

+ + + + + +

0019563
0-128943 0-309063 0-430171 0-364831 0-114768

+ + + + + +
-

0-002477

0033996
0-132034 0-201129

2
H

0391232 0357642

4
>

6
I 9 IO
II

+ 0-300079 + 0-171651
- 009033^ - 0-245936 - 0-171190

+ 0-234636
+ 0-245312 + 0043473
- 0-176785 - 0223447

9
IO
ii

12

+ 0-047689

- 0-301417 - 0-112992 + 0-144847 + 0-254630 + 0-139048 - 0084930

- 0-167556 - 0-291132 - 0-180935 + 0-058379 + 0-227348 + 0-195137

+ 0-157798
0-105357 0-265471 0-219603 0-015040 + 0-182499

+ 0-347896 + 0-185775
- 0-055039 - 0-234062 - 0238286 - 0-073471

12

X + + + +

JM
0-000021 0-OOI202 0-011394 0-049088 + 0-131049

;,w
+ + + + + + + + + + +
0-000002 0-000175 0-002547 0-015176 0-053376 0-129587

,/bW

/.(*)

7ioW

7nW

3 4 5 b

+ 0245837

+ + + + + + + + + + +

0-000022 0-000493 0-004029 0-018405 0-056532


0-127971 0-223455 0-305067 0-317854 0-224972 0-045095

+ + + + +

0-000002 0-000084 0-000939 0-005520 0-02II65


0-058921 0-I2632I 0-214881 0-291856 0-308856 0-230381

+ + + +
0-000013 0-000195 0-001468 0-006964

+ + + +
0-000002 0-000037 0-00035I 0-002048
0-008335 0-025597 0-0622I7 0-I23II7 0-20IOI4 0-270412

2 3

4
S

2 9 10
11

+ 0-339197 + 0-337576
+ 0-204317 - 0-014459 - 0-201584

0233584

12

0243725

0-320589 0-327461 0-216711 0-018376 - 0-170254

+ + + + + +

+ + + + + +

0-023539 0-060767 0-124694 0-207486 0-280428 0-300476

+ + + + + +

I Q IO
11

12

/(*)

/(*)

/(*)

/(*)

/(*)

/(*)

4
5

6
7 8

+ 0-000006 + 0-000076 + 0-000545

+ o-oooooi + 0-000015 + 0-000133 + + + + + +


0-000770 0-003275 0-010830 0-028972 0-064295 0-120148

_
+ 0-000003 + 0-000030 + 0-000205 + 0-OOIOI9
+ + + +
0-003895

+ 0-000006

+ o-oooooi + + + + + +
0-OOOOI2 0-000078 0-000393 0-001567 0-005110 0-013991


+ + + + + +
0-000002 0-000019 0-OOOII2 0-000506 0-001856 0-005698

4
5

6
2 8

9
10
11 12

+ + + + + +

0-002656 0-009624 0-027393 0-063370 0-121600 0-195280

+ 0-000051 + 0-000293 + 0-001286


+ 0-004508 + 0-013009 + 0-031613

0011957
0-030369 0-065040

9 IO
II

12

732

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table IV. Values of

Jn (x) and Yn (x)


/20M
X

/(*)

/(*)

I 9 IO
ii

12

+ + + + + +

o-oooooi 0-000005 0-000030 0-000152 0-000628 0-002152

_
+ + + + +
o-oooooi 0-000007 0-000043 0-000199 0-000759

_
+ + + +
0-000002 0-OOOOI2 0-000059 0-000251

I 9 IO
II

12

nw
- 0-2881947 - 00259497

ViW
- 0-1750103 - 0-3026672 - 0-1580605

2 (x)

nw
+ 0-3282489 + 0-2680006 + 0-0265422
- 0-2050949 - 0-2513627
- 0-0914830

Y*{*)

X
6
I

+ 0-2298579
- 0-0605266 - 0-2630366 - 0-2267557 - 0-0058681

+ 0-2235215
9
IO
II

+ 0-2499367

+ 0-0556712
- 0-1688473 - 0-2252373

+ 0-1043146 + 02490154 + 0-1637055 - 0-0570992

+ + + +

0-0983910 0-2903100 0-2829432 0-0900258 - 0-1449495

9 IO
II

12

+ 0-1986120 + 0-2157208

+ 0-1290061

- 0-2485118 - 0-1512177

12

X
6

VfW
+ + + +
- 0-1970609 0-0637022 0-2564011 0-2851178

(x)

(x)

V.to
1-1052194 0-6114352 0-3876699 0-1999469 + 0-0010755
-

Y
-

(x)

9
IO
II

0-1354030

- 0-4268259 - 0-1993068 + 0-0375581 + 0-2267718 + 0-2803526

- 0-6565908 - 0-4053710 - 0-2000639

2-2906609

6
I 9
10
11

09921953
0-5752760 0-3727057 o- 1992993

+ 0-0172446 + 0-2010200 + 0-2718414 + 0-1895207

12

- 0-0892528 - 0-2298179

+ 0-1673728 - 0-0402973

+ 0-1786071
+ 0-2614047

- 0-0120492

+ 0-1590189

12

X
-

Y 10 (x)
5-7667633 1-9399240 0-9067010 0-5454645

lt (x)

Y lt (x)
- 56-3168097 - 12-3614737 - 3-7448595 - 1-5064942 - 0-7849097 - 0-4987558 - 0-3385583

Y13 (x)
- 208-3353554 - 37-83I7507 - 9-543ioi8 - V1778801 - i-3634543
- 0-7396546 - 0-4799704

X
6 I 9 10
11 12

6 I 9 10
11

03598142

- 16-9318836 - 4-5504447 - 1-6914765 - 0-8394376 - 0-5203290


- 0-3485399 - 0-1971461

12

- 0-1983240 - 0-0228763

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table IV. Values of

733

Yn (x)
Y*(*)

(-x)

YAx)
-

Y2 (*)
- 127-6447832 - 32i57 x 446 - 14-4800940 - 8-2983357 - 5-4413708 3- 8 927946

X
o-i 0-2

OI
0-2

04
o-5

- I-5342387 - 1-0811053 - 0-8072736 - 0-6060246 - 0-4445187


- 0-3085099 - 0-1906649 - 0-0868023

6-458951 3-3238250 2-2931051 1-7808720 I-47I4724

- 5099-3323786 - 639-8190662 - 190-7748150 - 81-2024845 - 42-0594943 - 24-6915728 - 15-8194791 - 10-8146466 - 77753605 - 5-8215176

0-3 0-4 o-5

o-6

11 09
I-O
i-i 1-2

+ 0-0056283 + 0-0882570 + + + + +
0-1621632 0-2280835 0-2865354 0-3378951 0-3824489

1-2603913 1-1032499 0-9781442 0-8731266 0-7812128

o-6

2-9614776 2-3585582 1-9459096 1-6506826


I-43I47I5 1-2633108

SI
0-9
i-o
i-i

i-5

0-6981196 0-6211364 0-5485197 0-4791470 0-4123086

11304119
1-0223908 0-9321938

45072313
3-5898996 2-9296706 2-4419696

20735414
1-7896705 1-5670362
1

1-2 i-3 1-4 i-5

1-6

U
2-0
2-1 2*2

+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +

0-4204269 0-4520270 o-47743i7 0-4968200 0-5103757


0-5182937 0-5207843 0-5180754 0-5104147 0-4980704

0-3475780 0-2847262 0-2236649 0-1644058 0-1070324

0-8548994 0-7869991 0-7259482 0-6698787 0-6174081

i-6

3895534

U
1-9 2-0
2-1 2-2

1-2458651 1-1277838

23
2-4 2-5

- 0-0516786 + 0-0014878 + 0-0522773 + 0-1004889 + 0-1459181

- 0-5675115 - 0-5194317 - 0-4726169

- 0-4266740 - 0-3813358
-

1-0292956 0-9459092 0-8742197 0-8116122 0-7560555

23
2-4 2-5

2-6

n
2-9 3.0

0-4813306 0-4605035 0-4359160 0-4079118 0-3768500

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +

0-1883635 0-2276324 0-2635454 0-2959401 0-3246744

03364356

0-2918869 0-2476693 0-2038152 - 0-1604004

0-7059567 0-6600575 0-6173586

05770644 05385416
0-5012882 0-4649097 0-4291009

2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9

30
31 32

31 32 33

+ 0-3431029

+ 0-3070533 + 0-2690920
+ 0-2296153 + 0-1890219

34 35
3-6

0-3496295 0-3707113 0-3878529 0-4010153 0-4101884 0-4153918 0-4166744 0-4141147 0-4078200 0-3979257

- 01175355 - 0-0753587 - 0-0340296 + 0-0002760 + 0-0453714


+ 0-0830632 + 0-1191551 + 0-1534519 + 0-1857626 + 0-2159036

33
3*4

0393631 03583353

35
3-6

3 9 4-o
4-1 4-2

+ + + +
-

0-1477100 0-1060743 0-0645032 0-0233759 - 0-0169407 0-0560946 0-0937512 o- 1 295959 0-1633365 0-1947050

03230993
0-2878581 0-2525864 0-2172943 0-1820221

13 39 40
4-i 4-2

4-3 4-4

45
4-6

0-3845940 0-3680128 0-3483938 0-3259707 0-3009973

+ + + + +

0-2437015 0-2689954 0-2916395 031 15049 0-3284816

0-1468365 0-1118267 0-0771012 0-0427844 0-0090137


0-0240631 0-0562908 0-0875092 0-1175556 0-1462672

43
4-4 4-5 4-6

4-9 5'0

- 0-2234600 - 0-2493876 - 0-2723038 - 0-2920546 - 0-3085176

+ 0-2737452 + 0-2445013
+ 0-2135652

+ 0-3424796 + 0-3534308
+-

0-3612893

+ 0-1812467 + 0-1478631

+ 0-3660328 + 0-3676629

+ + + + +

4-9

50

734

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table IV. Values of

Yn (z)
Y
7

Y<(x)

Y>{x)

Y*(*)

(x)

X
o-i

o-i

0-2 o-3
o- 4

'5

- 305832-2979 - 19162-4148 - 3801-0162 - 1209-7389 - 499-2726

- 24461484-502 - 765856-775 - 101169-657 - 24113-576 - 7946-301 - 3215-6142 - I499-9983 - 776-6983 - 435-6898 - 2604059 - 163-88133 - 107-65135 - 7332353 - 5I-5I9I3 - 37 I 903i

- 2445842617-9 - 38273676-3 - 33685209 - 601629-7 - 158426-8

- 293476652667 - 2295654722 - 134639666 - 18024776 - 3794296 - 1063795-33 - 363572-8o - 143672-96 - 63445-75 - 3058896 - 15836-229 - 8696-433 - 5018-701 - 3021-772 - 1887-397 - 1217-2798 - 807-6135 - 549-47I7 - 382-366 - 271-5480 - 196-43901 - I44-5I734 - 107-97306 - 81-82481 - 6282986 -

0-2

03
o-4 o-5 o-6

o-6

%l
o-g
I'O
i-i

- 243-02293 - 13263406 - 78-75129 - 49-88983 - 3327842 - 23-153427 - 16-686187 - 12-391145 - 9-443I93 - 7-361972 -

- 53350-547 - 21295-913 - 9629-977 - 4791-108 - 2570-780 - 14666768 - 8804084 - 55 1 -6360 - 358-5506 - 240-5734
- 165-96960 - ii7'35239 - 84-81625 - 62-52037 - 46-91400 -

Zl 09
i-o

11
1-2 i-3 1-4 i-5

1-2

i*5

i-6

5856365
4-7437I7 3-905897

n
i-9

3264432
2-765943
2-3733331 2-0603205 1-8079562 1-6023566 I-433I973
1-2926953 1-1749076 1-0752421 0-9901112 0-9166828

2-0
2-1

- 27-492153 - 20-756338 - 15*969987 - 12-499113 - 9-935989


-

i-6

n 19
2-0
2-1

2-2

8-011973 6-546165

23 24
2-5

5-4M324
4-529576 3-830176

35-77892 27-69498 21-73258 17-27008 13-88751

2-2

23
2-4

25
2-6

2-6

n
2-9 3 -o

- 3-271567 - 2-821150 - 2-454762 - 2-154277 - 1-905946 -

- 11-290256 - 9-273796 - 7-691764 - 6-438430 - 5436470 -

48-8373I 38-39572 30-50994 24-48750 I9-83994

U
2-9

30
31 32 33
3-4

31

32 33
3'4

35
3-6

0-8526997 0-7963470 0-7461539 0-7009203 0-6596606

1-6992271 I-5259577 I-379757I


1

2555924

1-1494603
1-0581497 0-9790651 0-9100926 0-8494985 0-7958514

4-628678 3-972271 3-434928 2-991999 2-624512

- 16-218237 - 13370058 - 11-110890 " '3 34 3 - 7-848866 -

35
3-6

n 39
4-o
4-1 4-2 4*3 4-4 4-5

- 0-6215621 - 0-5859520

- 05522725 - 0-5200615 - 0-4889368


-

2-3177427 2-0601699 1-8427079 1-6581398 1-5006918

6-667659 5-702567 4-908985 4-252470 3-706224


3-249247 2-864972 2-540242 2-264544
2

37

3-8

39
4-o
4-1 4-2

0-4585842 0-4287478 0-3992226 0-3698472

03404998
0-3110929 0-2815701 0-2519027 0-2220872 0-1921423

0-7479619 0-7048359 0-6656385 0-6296652

- 1-365713 - 1-2494327 - 1-1487739

05963194

- 1-0612100 - 0-9846543
-

43 44
4-5

029425

4-6

XI
4-9 5-o

- 05650943 - 0-5355591 - 05073471 - 0-4801469 - 0-4536948

0-9173730 0-8579174 0-8050705 0-7578045 0-7152474

- 1-8280526 - 1-6548682 - 1 5053290 - 1-3757009 - 1 2628988

4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9

50

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table IV. Values of

735

Yn (x)
*\o(*)

Y a (x)
- 410842855308 2 - 1606575569 2 - 62798159 '2 - 6302655 '2 - 1060819 [2] - 24768540-5 - 7250160-1 - 2504646-8 - 982142-7 - 425674-6

Y9 (x)
- 65731922082781:3

X
O-I 0-2

OI
0-2
o- 4

1 2850308895 [3

o-5

- 3347888 75 [3. - 25I92597[3, - 3390825 [3

- n83i335i320 4 5[5; - 11563671430IV - 200810527 5 - H330366[5; - I2i9636[5 - 197581500 2 - 42447194 2 - 11213538 '2] - 3469552 '2 - 1216180 [2] - 47J64393 - 19884570 - 8993478 - 4318759 - 2183993
1

03 04
o-5

o-6

09
i-o
i-i

- 659430617 - 165354373 - 49949263 - 17396869 - 6780205 - 2894495-9 - 13323432 - 653392-5 - 338225-9 - 183447-3 - 103635-01 - 60684-92 - 36684-77 - 22816-93 - I4559-83
-

o-6 0-7 o-8 0-9

10
i-i

1-2 i-3
i-5

- 200085-33 - 100577-97 - 53495'9i - 29859-17 - I7375-I3 - 10485-229 - 6533582 - 4188-852 - 2754-916 - 1853922 - 1273-8144 - 891-9608 - 635-4947 - 460-0405 - 3379597

1-2 i-3 i-4 i-5

i-6

1554086
636012-7 362658-9 213405-5 129184-5

i-6

n
1-9 2-0
2-1 2-2

20
2-1 2-2

XI 19

23 24
2*5

9508-814 6342-471 4312-860 2985-112 2IOO-II2

80230-30 51000-98 33117-32 21928-30 14782-85

23
2-4 2-5 2-6

2-6 2-7 2-8

29
3-o

- 251-67985 - 109-81514 - I44-85794 - 111-77710 - 87-14989


-

- 1499-9618 - 1086-4347 - 797-2497 - 592-2137 - 444-9595


-

- 10132-671 - 7053-083 - 4980-319 - 3564032 - 2582-607


- 1893-5218 - 1403-6955 - 1051-4532 - 795-3720 - 607-2744

n
2-9

30
3-i 3-2

31
3-2

33
3-4

35
3-6

68-61497 54-52I73 43-70218 35-32025 28-77095

33792355
259-23861 200-77848 156-90853

12367548
-

33 34 35
3-6

n
41
4-2

3*9 4-o

23-612043 19-517110 16-243027 13-607138 11-471092


-

98-27476 78-69575 63-48271 51-57168 42-17814


34-71866 28-75588 23-95941 20-07785 16-91853

467-7617

3633271
284-4645 224-4160 178-3306

39 40
41
4-2

43
4'4 4-5

9-729277 8-300474 7-121782

^144157

- 5-329II4

- 142-69412 - II4-93902 - 93-17343 - 75-99248 " 62-34502 -

43
4-4

45
4-6

4-6

49
5-o

- 4-646265 - 4-07I477 - 3-585472 - 3-172769 - 2-820869

- 14-332870 - 12-205480 - 10-446246 - 8-984362 - 7-763883

51-43888 42-67291 35-58795 29-83101 25-12911

Si

49
50

The numbers
points.
first

in

For example, the

are the numbers of digits between the last digits given and the decimal integral part of F10 (o-i) is a number containing 19 digits of which the

14 are given.

736

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table TV. Values of e~x In {x)
X
e~ x h(x)

e~*I z {x)

e-x h{x)

e-*I & {x)

o-i 0-2

03
o- 4

05

0-0011320 0-0041073 0-0083969 0-0135860 0-0193521

0-0000189 0-0001368 0-0004191 0-0009027 0-0016043


0-0025257 0-0036585 0-0049877 0-0064938

0-0000002 0-0000034 0-OOOOI57 0-0000450 o-oooiooo

__ o-ooooooi 0-0000005 o-oooooio 0-0000050


0-0000113 0-0000222 0-0000394 0-0000047 0-0000999

o-i

0-2

03
0-4

05
o-6

o-6 o-7 o-8

00254458
0-0316770 0-0379022 0-0440151 0-0499388

09
I-O
i-i

00081553
0-0099497 0-0118547 0-0138406 0-0159110 0-0180231

0-0001886 0-0003182 0-0004948 0-0007233 0-0010069

11 09
I-O
i-i 1-2

00556193
0-0610206 0-0661209 0-0709088

00013479
0-0017471 0-0022045 0-0027189 0-0032885

1-2 i-3 i-4 i-5

0075381
0-0795406 0-0833947

0-OOOI468 0-0002072 0-0002826 0-0003746 0-0004843 0-0006I29 0-00076I 0-0009298 0-OOIII92 0-0013298
0-0015615 0-OOl8l42 0-0020879 0-00238I9 0-0026960

!'3 i-4 i-5

i-6 1-7 1-8 i-9

0-0201679 0-0223299

0-0039110 0-0045834

i-6

00869539
0-0902306

00244955
0-0266527 0-0287912

00053023
0-0060642 0-0068654

n
1-9 2-0
2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5

2-0
2-1

00932390
00959939 00985103
0-1008034 0-1028881 0-1047787
0-1064892 0-1080327 0-1094217 o- 1 106680 0-1117825

2-2 2-3 2-4

0-0309022 0-0329781

00350127
0-0370010

25
2-6

00389387
0-0408227 0-0426507 0-0444207 0-0461318

0-0077019 0-0085701 0-0094659 0-0103857 O-OI 13259

0-0122829

0-0030293

2-6

n 29
30
31 32 33

00132534
0-0142344 0-0152228 0-0162159
0-OI72II2 0-0182063 O-OigigiO 0-0201876 O-02II70O 0-022I447 0-023II02 0-0240654 0-0250090 0-0259400

OOO33813
0-0037511 0-0041380 0-0045409

U 29
30
3-i

00477833

34
3'5

0-1127758 0-1136572 01 144358 0-1151197 0-1157167

00493750
0-0509071 0-0523802 0-0537949

00551523
00564535
0-0576999 0-0588928 0-0600338 0-0611243
0-0621661 0-0631607 0-0641096 0-0650147 0-0658774

0-0049590 0-0053913 0-0058369 0-0062947 0'Oo6763o


0-0072431 0-0077318 0-0082288 0-0087333

32 33 34 35

36
3 "Z 3-8

39 40
41
4-2

0-1162339 0-1166776 0-1170540 0-1173686 0-1176265

36

n
41
4-2

3-9

00092443
0-0097611 0-0102826 0-0108082 0-0113371 0-0118685

40
43
4*4 4-5

01178323
0-1179905 0-1181048 0-1181791 0-1182166

43
4'4

45
4-6

0-0268576 0-0277610 0-0286495 0-0295227 0-0303800


0-03I22I2 0-0320458 0-0328538

47

4-8

49 50

0-1182204 0-1181933 0-1181380 0-1180568 O- 1 1 795 T 9

0-0666994 0-0674822 0-0682274 0-0689364 06961 07

OO336449
0-0344190

0-0124017 0-0129361 0-0134711 0-0140060

46

XI
4-9

00145403

50

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table IV. Values of

737

K n (x)
K
3 (x)

Ko

(*)

iW
9-8538448 4-7759725 3-0559920 2-1843544 1-6564411
1-3028349 1-0502835 0-8617816 0-7165336 0-6019072

K*(x)

O'l 0-2

o-3
o- 4

o-5

2-4270690 I-7527039 1-3724601 1-1145291 0-9244191


0-7775221 0-6605199 0-565347 1 0-4867303 0-4210244

199-503964 49-5124293 2i-745743 12-0363013 7-5501836


5-1203052 3-6613300 2-7198012 2-0790271 1-6248389
1-2924388 1-0428289 0-8513976 0-7019921 0-5836560 0-4887471 0-4118051 0-3488460 0-2969093 0-2537598

7990-0124305 995-0245583 292-9991958 122-5473670 62-0579095


35-4382031 21-9721690 14-4607876 9-9566542 7-1012628

O-I 0-2 0-3

0-4

05
o-6

o-6

n
0-9
I-O
i-i

SI
0-9 I-O
i-i 1-2

1-2 1-3 1*4 i'5

0-3656024 0-3185082 0-2782476 0-2436551 0-2138056


0-1879548

0-5097600 0-4345924 0-3725475 0-3208359 0-2773878 0-2406339

5-2095375 3-9106886 2-9922325 2-3265275 1-8338037


1-4625018 1-1783157 0-9578363 0-7847324 0-6473854

i-3 i-4 i-5

i-6

i-6

:i
1-9 2-0
2-1

01654963
0-1459314 0-1288460

02093625
0-1826231 0-1596602 0-1398659

XI 19
2-0
2-1

01138939
0-1007837 0-0892690

2-2

23
2'4 2*5 2-6

00791399
0-0702173 0-0623476 0-0553983

0-1227464 0-1078968 0-0949824 0-0837248 0-0738908

0-2176851 0-1873570 0-1617334 0-1399880 0-1214602

o-5373847

04485459
o-3762579 0-3170382 0-2682271 0-2277714 0-1940711 0-1658685 0-1421668 0-1221704
0-1052398 0-0908577 0-0786032 0-0681323 0-0591618
0-0514581 0-0448273 0-0391079 0-0341649 0-0298849

2-2

23
2-4 2-5

n
2-9

00492554
0-0438200 0-0390062 0-0347395 0-0309547 0-0275950 0-0246106 0-0219580

3 -o
3'i

0-0652840 0-0577384 0-0511127 0-0452864 0-0401564

0-1056168 0-0920246 0-0803290 0-0702383 0-0615105 0-0539444 0-0473718 0-0416512 0-0366633

2-6 2 .y 2"8

29 30
31 32

00356341
0-0316429 0-0281169 0-0249990 0-0222394 0-0197950 0-0176280

3*2

33 34
3*5

33
3*4 3'5

00195989
0-0174996 0-0156307

00323071
0-0284968

3-6

P 39
40
4*i 4-2

00251593
0-0222321 0-0196614 0-0174014

00139659
0-0124823 001 1 1597

00157057
0-0139993

3-6 3 '1 3-8

39
4-0
4-1

00124835
0-0111363 0-0099382 0-0088722 0-0079233 0-0070781

43
4*4

45
4-6

0-0099800 0-0089275 0-0079880 0-0071491 0-0063999

0-0154123 0-0136599
0-012,1146

0-0107506 0-0095457 0-0084804

0-0261727 0-0229477 0-0201416 0-0176965 0-0155631

42 43
4'4 4'5

00057304
0-0051321 0-0045972 0-0041189 0-0036911

0-0063250

00136993
0-0120691 0-0106415 0-0093900 0-0082918

4-6

&

00056538
0-0050552 0-0045212 0-0040446

00075380
0-0067036 0-0059643 0-0053089

rl

4*9 5-o

4-8 4.9 5-o

738

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table IV. Values of

K n (x)
K,(x)
X

t (x)

K,{x)

(x)

O-I 0-2

03
o- 4

479600-2498 29900-2492 5881-7297 1850-2468

o-5

7522451
359-502336 191-994207 111-175708 68-456722 44-232416
29-708098 20-596272 14-661702 10-672824 7-918871
5 -973 ! 29 4'5 7 567

38376010-00 1197004-99 157139-12 37127-48 12097-98


4828-8027 2216-1917 1126-2179 618-4609 360-9606
221-26843 141-21917 93-21809 63-31409 44-06778

3838080599-8 59880149-8 5243852-5 930037-3 242711-8


80839-547 3l8 ^'75 14188-899 6940-244 3653-832
2041-2393 1197-4227 73I-7239 462-9164 301 7041 201-77404 138-02271 96-31069 68-40128 49-35ii6
36-113765 26-766271 20-068791 15-206127 11-632743
8-977621 6-984668 5-474694

460608047990 3594005995
20991 1239 27938248

O-I 0-2

03 4
o-5

5837^2
1621619-74 548248-34 2I3959-70

o-6 0-7 o-8 o-9


i-o
I-I 1-2

93I5505
44207-02

o-6 0-7 o-8 0-9


i-o
i-i 1-2
I# 3

i-3 !-4 i-5

22489-333 12115-446 6847-593 4031-169 2457-700


I

1-4 i-5

i-6 1-7 i-8 i-9

2-0
2-1

3-54I634 2-775011 2-195916


1-7530699 1-4106641 1-1432756 0-9325836 0-7652054

31-328146 22-686864 16-698431 12-468991 9-431049


7-215746 5-578234 4-352869 3-425650 2-716884
2-1700581 1-7445711 1-4109012
1 1473430 o-9377736

544'6334 996-9648 658-7697 444*4771 305-5380

i-6

U
1-9 2-0
2-1

2-2

23
2-4 2-5

213-58012 151-57608 109-05961 79-45628 58'55405


43-60523 32 8 75$ 7 24-87388 19-02623 14-66483
11-383660 8-895214 6-993730 5-530512 4-397108

2-2 2-3 2-4 2'5

2-6 2 'Z 2-8 2-g 3*o

0-6312432 0-5232937 o-43576i5 0-3643764 0-3058512 0-2576343 0-2177299 0-1843662 0-1568967 o-i337274

2-6

4320732
3-43I763

n
2-9

30
31
3-2

31
3-2

33 34 35
3-6

0-7701024 0-6351824 0-5260364 0-4373011 0-3648244


0-30537 01 0-2563998 0-2159108 0-1823141 0-1543425

27418356
2-2026750 1-7786158 1 -4430764 1-1760828

33
3-4

35
3-6

40
4-i 4-2

U 39
43
4'4 4'5

0-1142604 0-0978523 0-0839814 0-0722228 0-0622288 0-0537I39 0-0464423 0-0402191 0-0348822 0-0302965
0-0263491

0-9625106 0-7908246 0-6521676 o-5396949 0-4480852


o-373i778 031 17023 0-2610745 0-2192429 0-1845713 o-i55749o

3-513739 2-821236 2-275387 1-842914 1-498598


1-2232080 1-0019872

37
3-8 3-9 4-0
4-1

0-1309802 0-1114092 0-0949678 0-0811187 0-0694236

08235478
0-6790539 0-5616138 0-4658258 0-3874361 0-3230800 2700847 0-2263181

42 43 44 45
4-6 4*7 4-8 4*9

4-6

u 49
50

00229453
0-0200054 0-0174623 0-0152591

0-0595239 0-0511250 0-0439839 0-0378998 0-0327063

01317219
0-1116385 0-0948088 0-0806716

50

2 1

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table IV. Values of

739

Kn (x)
*
10 (*)

iW
644889647992 [2]
25i6402998[2]

9 (x)

o-i 0-2

03
o- 4

98ouoi7[2]
9787687[2] i6 3 68 3 8[2]

io3i869497592o[3] 20i348i7990[3J 522935335C3] 39i78686[3]

18574295846304(5]
1 81 23852594^]

o-i 0-2

3i38 5 92i2[5]
1 7630197(5]

03
0-4 o\5

o*5

5243719^]
1012785182 25 1 904 1 04 75383634 25977933 1 000504
42I5494-70 1912706-01

i889 376[5] 3042i474i[2]

o-6

SI
0-9 i-o
i-i

379I8633-59 10996818-60 3758483-72 1456018-75 622552*12


288269-12

o-6

64885309O]
16998902J2] 52ioi47[2] i8o7i33[2]

S3
0-9
i-o
i-i

1-2

14254429
74475'03 40774-60 23240-24

92346336
470026-62

I "5

25035361
138717-80 79569-40 47059-44 28600-23 17810-48 11337-247 7361-331 4866 694 3270-797 2231-581 1543-7592 1081-6417 766-8400 549-6277 397-9588

69269092 28833134 1 286089 6083974 3027484


1574292-56 850847-84 475814-46 274293-04 162482-40

1-2 i-3 i-4 i-5

i-6
I -7

1-8

13717-316 8348-321 5220-075

1-6 1-7 i-8

1-9 2-0
2*1

3343496
2188-117
1

19
2-0
2-1 2-2

459981
99I-34I3 683-9099 478-7011

2-2

23
2-4 2*5

3395354
243*7750i 1 76994 A 129-84408 96-17151 71-86762
54-I5I9I 41-11923 31-44899 24-21577 18-76452

98636-38 61220-41 38771-08 25009-68 16406-92


10931-338 7387*939

23
2-4

25
2-6 2 '1 2-8 2-9

2-6

3 29
30
3-i

5059530
3507-654 2459-620

30
31
3-2

32 33
3-4

290-87739 214-49139

1743-1174

12476333
901 3053 656-7945 482-5358
357-24I3 266-3991 200-0162 I5I-I457 114-9141 87-87352 67-56482 52-22047 40-56082 31-65296

15947366
119-48709 90-17775

35

33 34 35
3-6

36

U 39
40
4'i

14-627050 II-465773

9035174
7-155283 5-693179

68-52285 52-40296 40-31822 31-19792 24-27131

n 39
40
41 42

42 43 44
4*5

4-549986 3-651659 2-942393 2-379869 1-931814


1-5734796 1-2857868

18-979250 14-913071 11-771986

9333122
7-430286 5-938798 4-764583 3-836264

43 44
4-5

46
49 50
The numbers
points.
first

24-812255 I9-533I25
15 439946

4-6

I0539552
0-8664794 0-7143624

3099405
2-512278

12-252049 9-758563

4-9

50

in [ ] are the numbers of digits between the last digits given and the decimal For example, the integral part of K10 (o-i) is a number containing 19 digits of which the

14 are given.

740

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table V. Values of

n + i) (x)

/*<*>
0-671397 + 0-513016 + 0-065008
-1

J-l(*)
+ 0-431099 - 0-234786 - 0-456049 0-260766 + 0-101218
+ 0-312761 + 0227356 - 0-041045 - 0-242326 - 0-211709

/|

(*>

J -I

(*)

J%

/-*

+ 0-240298 + 0-491294
+ 0-477718 + 0-185286 - 0-169651
- 0-327930
- o- 199052 + 0-075931 + 0-254504 + 0-197983

3 4 5

- 0-301921 - 0-342168 - 0-091016 + 0-198129 + 0-279093 + 0-109608 0-137264


-

- 1-102496 - 0-395623 + 0-087008 + 0-367112 + 0-321925

+ + + + +

0-049497 0-223925 0-412710 0-440885 0-240377

+ 2-876388 + 0-828221 + 0-369041


- 0-014568 - 0-294372

2 3

4
5

6
7 8

+ 0-038889
+

9 IO
ii 12

0-230608 0-273962 0-082683 0-158435

- 0-072950 - 0283437 - 0-250619 - 0-024773

- 0332205 - 0-128524 + 0-143781

6
I

+ 0-196659
+ 0-234314

+ 0269886 9 + 0-164179 10
- 0-066647 11 - 0-22I2I2 12 - 0-175790 13 + 0-016554 14 + 0-l8l2I2 15

0240569 + 0-001064
+ 0-194364 + 0-200012 + 0-029158 - 0-156506
- 0-I9I025 - 0'053240

13 14 15

- 0-123589 + 0-092980 + 0-211241 + 0-133968 - 0-057428 - 0-186045 - 0-141233 + 0-027435 + 0-162881

0-022934 0-204663 0-193660 0-014070 + 0-165437

+ 0-240472
0-107392 - 0-108427 - 0213323 - OI23534
H-

+ 0-072423
- 0-137671 - 0-2I42S6 - o- 100880

16 17 IO 19 20
21

+ 0-124181 + 0-180980 + 0-072807


- 0-095367 - 0-170103 - 0-088648

+ 0-187436 + 0-042305 - 0-132027 - 0-179536


- 0-064663
-!-

+ 0-069367 + 0-189178 + OI34334


- 0-036960 - 0-166521
- 0-141131

+ 0-092573 + 0-I935II + 0-II9229


- 0-055782 - 0-172580
- 0-131058

+ 0-178019 16 + 0-019864 17 - 0-146570 18


- 0-175144 - 0-047829 19

20

22 23 24 25

+ 0-145672 - 0-001506 - 0-140786 - 0-147489 - 0-02II20 + 0-119324

0-102303

+ 0-069085 + 0-158173

+ 0-I70034 + 0-082527 - 0-075230 - 0-159018


- 0-096639

0-009238 + 0-144640 + 0-144611


-f

+ OOI4793
- 0-123217 - 0-145193 - OO35665 + 0-102148 + 0-143181

+ + + +

0-024692 0-151550 0-138086 0-002038

+ 0-115528 21 + 0-168843 22 + 0-069702 23 - 0-087161 24 - 0-159948 25


26 27 28 + 0-100268 29 - 0-036788 30
- 0-136281 - 0-110029 + 0-014465 + 0-122202 + 0-II6630
3i

26

3
29 30
3i 32 33

+ 0-146854
+ 0-040849 - 0-098326 - 0-143930
- 0-057900

+ 0-IOI229 - 0-044859
- 0-145147 - OI I0835

+ 0-022470 + 0-131087 + 0-117665


- 0-001844 - 0-II6II5 - 0-121878

+ 0-050298 + 0-146606 + 0-107444 - 0-027268


- 0-132954 - 0-115235

- 0-130474 - 0-087011 - 0-I4I260 + 0-060991 - 0-025141 '+ 0-148969

+ 0-109441 + 0-I4I203 + 0-045034


- 0-088581 - 0-138331 - 0-061964 + 0-068053

+ 0-053672
- 0-081454 - 0-138826 - 0-068982 + 0-06I230

+ 0-077777 + 0-138882 34 + 0-072398


35
- 0-057748

+ 0-006053 + 0-118244 + 0-I20228 + 0-013353


- 0-102602 - 0-122610 - 0-030910

32 33 34 35

36 - 0-131887 - 0-084414 3Z 38 + 0-038360 39 + 0-123138 40 + 0-094001


4i 42
- 0-019766 - 0-112839 - 0-101207

- 0-017017 + 0-I00400 + 0-123619 + 0-034067 - 0-084139 - 0-123031 - 0-049245

+ 0-132360 + 0-I33000 + 0-005987 36 + 0-081700 + 0-076088 - 0-107025


- 0-041613 - 0-I240I2 - 0-091898 - 0-048040 - 0-I255I6 - 0-087514 - 0-I20334 11 - O-O24520 39 + 0-091031 40

+ 0-086489

43 44 45

+ 0-002129 + 0-101208 + o- 1 06088 + 0-014382 - 0-088476


- 0-108712 - 0-029606

+ 0-067544 + 0-I20267 + 0-062483


- 0-050842 - 0-115491 - 0-073722 + 0-034263 + OI08885

+ 0-122549 + 0-022766 + 0-028733 + 0-046558 + 0-II40II + 0'Il6l64 - 0-009898 + 0-099636 + 0-096331


- 0-120218 - 0-060234 - 0-004863 - 0-102596 - 0-OI0326 - 0-I05223

+ 0-121365 41 + 0-04IIOI 42
- 0-074495 - 0-119958 - 0-055643
4-

43 44 45

46

% 49
50

+ 0-053148 - 0-104983 - 0-I02622 + 0-115797 - 0-011925 - 0-00699I + 0-071879 + 0-0900I2 + 0-092968 - 0-036481 + 0-108013 + 0-106479 - 0-109477 + 0-027428 + 0-023037

0-057689 46

+ 0-II6253 + 0-068096

- 0-040876 49 - 01 10530 50

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table V. Values of

741

J n + ^ {x)
(

AW
+ 0-007186 + 0-068518 + 0-210132
+ 0-365820 + 0-410029 + 0-267139
- 0-003403 - 0-232568 - 0-268267 - 0099653

J -I

/.(*)
2

/-#(*>
+ 90-079718 + 5-034028 + 1-269137 + 0-625147 + 0-332945 + 0-054598
- 0-193887 - 0-304868 - 0-217577 + 0-004188

X
I

2 3

4 5

- 13-279444 - 1-674928 - 0-702076 - 0-348902 - 0-027552

+ 0-000807 + 0-015887

+ 0-077598
+ O-I9930O +' O333663

4 5 6

6
7 8

+ 0-237949 + 0-322411 + 0-184099


- 0-067254 - 0-240524

+ 0-384612 + 0-280034
+ 0-047I22
- 0-183879 - 0-266416 - 0-151943

9 IO
ii 12 13

I 9 10
11 12 13

+ 0-129440 + 0-234840 + 0-140709


- 0-062450 - 0-199063

15

- 0-210178 - 0-015220 + 0-176039 + 0-207411 + 0-063130


- 0-124998 - 0-195020 - 0-093620

+ 0-064567 + 0213437
+ 0-183031 + OOO7984
- 0-l6l920 - 0-187495 - OO55OO5 + 0-II65I9 o-i8oiii
-i

+ 0-200397 + 0-230091 + 0-081000


- 0-120260 - 0-210673 - 0-123323

14 15 16

16
\l 19

20
21 22 23

+ + + +

- 0-158507 0-014610 0-165146 0-164856 0-021518 - 0-133507 - 0-164423 - 0-049581 + 0-103998 + 0-159426

+ 0-083050 + 0-178478 + 0-113625


- 0-047611 - O-T 598IO - 0-126452 + 0-017196

+ 0-060438 + 0-182978 + 0-144546


- 0-014639 - 0153403 - 01 53694 - 0-021144 + 01 24043

\l 19

20
21 22 23

+ 0-086555
- 0-077008 - 0-166640 - 0-107753 + 0-042601

24 25

+ 0-155133
+ 0049333 - 0-095706
- 0-151235 - 0-071438 + 0-068766

24 25

26

+ 0-071548
- 0-076458 - 0-151096 - 0-088575 + 0-050802
4-

3
29 30
3i

+ 0-139950 + 0-133898 + 0-009064


- 0-119436 - 0-137049
- 0-031691

+ 0149737 + 0-121443
- 0-012033 - 0-130821 - 0-129349 - 0013372 + 0-110760 + 0-132602 + 0-035744 - 0090154
- 0-132005 - 0-054717 + 0-069461 4- 0-128176 + 0-070464
-

26
11 29 30
3i

0-140218

32 33 34 35

+ 0-101394
- 0-027012 - 0-127357 - 0-110507

+ 0-098646 + OI 36634 + 0-05IOI2


- 0-077891 - 0-133192 - 0-067238 + 0-057447 + 0-127156 + 0-080519 - 0-037567 - 0-118904 - 0-090974 + 0-018494 + 0-108779

+ 0-088450
- 0-043448 - 0-132704 - 0-101062

32 33 34 35

36

11 39 40
4i

+ + + +

0-005119 0-112964 0-116289 0-014818 - 0-097428

+ 0-019912 + o-i 19745 + 0-109751 + 0-001705


- 0-105122
- 0-114951 - 0-021284

36

11 39 40
4i

42 43 44 45

- 0-119045 - 0-032729 + 0-081099 + 01 19045 + 0-048542 - 0-064303 - 0-116541 - 0-062195 + 0-047346 + 0-111781

0049057

- 0-121619 - 0-083128 + 0-029265 + 0-112774

+ 0089305 + 0-117016 + 0-038744


- 0-072710 - 0-116187 - 0-056004 + 0-055710 + 01 12833

42 43 44 45

46
49 5

+ 0-098712
- 0-000443

+ 0-092836
0-010367 0-102038 0-099715 0-007388

46

- 0-082918 - 0-103842 - OOI6375

%
49 50

742

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table V. Values
X

oiJ (n + ^(x)
hi(*)

7-V

(*)

/-V

W
+ + + + + + + + + +
-

/-vW
+ 8681-738496 + 110-346069 + 10-117087 + 2-283448 + 0-924903

2 3 4 5

+ 0-000074 + 0-002973
+ 0-022661 + 0-082606 + 0-190564 + + + +
0-309779 0-363446 0-285580 0-084388 - 0-140121

- 797-438019 - 20-978200 - 3-10533^ - 1-057678 - 0-571750 - 0-319846 - 0-073127

0-000006 0-000467 0-005493 0-027066

3 4
5

0085579
0-183316 0-291096 0-345551 0-287020 0-112283

6
7 8

9 IO
ii 12

+ 0-158877 + 0-284832 + 0236755 + 0-046217


- 0-157348 - 0-232116 - 0-130102 + 0-063274

+ 0-531787 + 0-308802 + 0-086412 - 01 30550


- 0-264618 - 0-246614 - 0-085855 + 0-115406 + 0-222482 + 0-164272 -

6 I 9 10
11
.

- 0-253757 - 0-186414

13 14 15

+ 0-007055 + 0-180113 + 0-203854

0-101814 0-235447 0-207468 0-041513 + 0-141509

12
J3

14 15 16

16 17 io 19

+ 0-067428
- 0-113872 - 0-192649 - 0-109663

+ o-i94373 + 0-163023 + 0-002131


- 0-151520 - 0-171891 - 0-047880 + 0-110486 + 0-168084 + 0-079936 - 0-073044 - 0-157027 - 0-101996 + 0-039548 + 0-141606 + 0-116419

+ 0-208276 + 0-113813
- 0-062725 - o- 1 80008 - 0-147369

0-010308

0165924
11 19

20
21 22

+ 0-059532
+ 0-170603 + 0-132919 - 0-015626
- 0-144405 - 0-144089

0-184280 0-056824 + 0-109179

20
21 22

23
24

+ 0-002808 + 0-143468 + 0-159167

+ 0-178483 + 0-098451
- 0-059244 - 0-160681 - 0-122994

+ 0041567
o- 106000

25

23 24 25

26

3
29 30
31

- 0-019716 + 0-116939 + 0-147035

+ 0-047975
- 0-089606
- 0-144100 - 0-070242

- 0-158079 - 0-073801 + 0-070397 + 0-149019 + 0-096493


- 0-037760 - 0-134906 - 0-111543 + 0-008521

+ + + +

0-017102 0-137260 0-135698 0-017726 - 0-111453

26
11 29 30
3i

32 33 34 35

+ 0-063176 + 0-136818 + 0-087324


- 0-038120 - 0-126274 - 0-099837 + 0-014761 + 0-113283

0-009951 0-123523 0-124785 0-015884 + 0-103879

+ on 17599
+.

- 0-139905 - 0-045989 + 0-085043 + 0-137843 + 0-068414 - 0-059088 - 0-131075 - 0085598 + 0-034271 + 0-120760

32 33 34 35

36 ii 39 40
4i

+ 0-128214 + 0-038110
- 0-083440 - 0-127550 - 0-056866

0-120357

+ 0-017176
- 0-098362 - 0-124012 - 0-039312

36 11 39 40
41 42 43

42 43 44 45

+ 0-108276 + 0-006668
- 0-098498 - 0-113059 - 0-025987

+ 0-062800 + 0-120424 + 0-072282


- 0-042429 - 0-116528 - 0-084486

+ 0-078107 + 0-123365 + 0-057931 - 0057530


- 0-119127 - 0-073116

+ 0-098102
-

0-010256 0-107796 0-106408 0-010259

44 45

46

%
49 50

+ 0-082467 + 0-114556 + 0-043062


- 0-065662 - 0113110

+ 0-022691 + 0-093419 + 0-093609 - 0003933

+ 0-037178 + 0-111907 + 0-084974


- 0-017490

+ 0-092913 + 0-110876 + 0-034596


- 0-076725 - 0-111958

46

%
49 50

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table V. Values of

743

Jn + ^

(z)

(*)

/*<*>
0-000008 0-000207 0-001974 0-010243

/j/to
+ o-oooooi + 0-000034

;v

7V

/v

(*)

2 3 4 5

+ 0-000063 + + 0-001140 + + 0-007957 + + 0-031941 +

+ 0-000005 + o-oooooi + 0-000434 + 0-000086 + 0-000015 + 0-000002 + 0-002887 + 0-000727 + 0000165 + 0-000034
0-012324 0-037852 0-089213 0-167162 0-252556

4
5

+ 0-087406 + 0-035199 + + 0-177161 + 0-088535 + I + 0-275940 + 0-171837 + 9 + 0-330196 + 0263308 + IO + 0-286089 + 0-316850 +
6
ii 12

+ + + + +

0-003827 0-014205 0-040045 0-089590 0-163007

+ + + + +

0-001069 0-004763 0-015904 0-041882 0-089759

6 + 0-000272 + 0-001446 + 0-005680 I + 0-017442 9 + 0-043438 10

+ 0-133432
- 0-068653 - 0-214523 - 0-218661 - 0-081213

13 14 15

+ 0-283766 + 0-305116 + 0243253 + + 0-149630 + 0-280630 + 0-294700 + - 0-040059 + 0-162139 + 277030 + - 0-192766 - 0-015412 + 0-171849 + - 0-222722 - 0-171205 + 0-005862 +
- 0-112842

0159277 + 0-089780 11 0235095 + 0-155899 12 + 0-227859 13 0273186 + 0-276957 14 0-179412 + 0-269236 15


0-285372

16
17 IO 19

+ 0-101797 + 0-200906 + 0-147348 - 0-013500


-

20

0155322

+ + + +

0-063457 0-185515 0*169350 0-030877

- 0-221691 - 0-137449

+ 0-027861 + 0-165024 + 0181568

- 0-150416 - 0-217076 - 0-156106 - 0-004326 + 0-141612

+ 0-024269 - 01 30704
- 0-209985 - 0-169805 - 0-032875

+ 0-185304 16 + 0-040241 17
-

0-II2207

- 0-20I228

18 19

0-179418 20

/y M
+ 0-000007 + + + + +
0-000063 0-000402 0-001846 0-006568 0-018837 0-089695 0-152818 0-221379 0-269315

7?f

(*)

5 6
7 8

+ o-oooooi

W
4-

/v <*>

J* (*)

/v w

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
O-OOOOOI 0-000005 0-000039 0-000212 0-000898

+ + + +
o-oooooi 0-000009 0-000058 O-OOO20O

9 10
11

+ + + + +

0-000014 0-000103 0-000551 0-002261 0-007421

+ + + + +

0-000003 0-000024 0-000152 0-000718 0-002683 0-008237 0-021263 0-046907 0-089312 0-147378
0-210215 0-255927 0-257478 0-196122 0-076893


+ + + + +
0-000355 0-001288

6
7

+ 0-000002 8 + 0-OOOOI5 9 + 0-000082 10


11 12

+ 0-044768

12 13 14
*5

+ + + +

+ 0-020106 + + 0-045914 + + 0-089532 + + 0-149989 + + 0-215531 + + + + +


0-262335 0-261336 o-i934 J 9 0-066273 - 0-078969

0-003108 0-0090I7 0-022324 0-047774 0-089050 0-144957

+ + + + +

0-001086

0003532
0-009760 0-023297

0003955 13
0-010469 14 0-024193 15
0-049201 16 0-088443 17 o- 140592 18 0-196755 19 0-239451 20

0048533

16 + 0-265267 + 0-189882 \l + 0-054141 19 - 0-094968 20 - 0-191398

+ + + + +

+ 0-088758 + 0205354 + 0-142701 + 0-2500I6 + 0-200884 + 0-253715 + * 2 4454 I + 0-198153 + 0-250059 +

744

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table V. Fresnel's integrals

X
o-5 I-O
i\5

\\]j^{t)dt
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
0-550247 0-721706 0-779084 0-753302 0-670986 0-56I020 0-452047

*/V*w*
+ + + + +
0-092366 0-247558 0-415^48 0-5628^9 0-665787
0-711685 0-700180 0-642119 0-556489 0-465942

*/V 4
+ + + +

(/)<*<

ij'ji
+ + + + +

w*

255
26-0 26-5 27-0 27-5 28-0 28-5 29-0 29*5

2-0 2-5
3-o 3'5

0-526896 0-558628 0-575524 0-573766 + 0-554127


0-521695 0-484566 0-451832 0-431358 0-427908

0-425797 0-448300 0-482927 0-521054 0-553369


0-572142 0-573060 0-556212 0-525995 0-489969

4 -o
4'5 5-o

O368193
0-325249 0-328457
0-372439 0-443274 0-522202

+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +

300
30-5 31-0 3i-5

+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

5S
6-o 6-5 7-o 7-5 8-o 8-5 9-o 9-5 io-o
io- 5

+ + + + +

O59OI 16 0-631845
0-63930I 0-6I2868 0-560804 0-496895 0-436964

0-391834 0-349852 0-347099 0-381195 0-441485


0-512010 o-575457 0-617214 0-628573 0-608436

320
32-5

0-442034 0-470019 0-504844 o-537944 0-561307


0-569407 0-560508 0-537026 0-504881 0-472012 0-446415 0-434212 0-438182 0-457140 0-486272

0-456974 0-434973 0-429129 0-440605 0-466343


0-499873

+ + + + +
+ + + + +

33-o

335
34-o 34-5 35-o

0532930
0-55749 0-567709 0-561313
0-540094 0-509417 0-476871 0-450396 0-436345

0-395087

ii-o
1 1 -5

O38039O
0-395149 -434557 0-488146

12-0 12-5

0-563176 0-504784 0-447809 0-405810 0-388217


0-398268 0-432489 0-481770 0-533736 0-575803
0-598183 0-596126 0-570890 0-529259 0-481750

355
36-0 365^ 37-o

375
38-0 38-5 39-o

I30
I3'5 14-0 14-5

+ 0-542511
+ 0-584583 + 0-604721 + 0-598871 + 0-569335

I50
15-5 16-0

+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

395
40-0

0-518359 0-545560 0-561321 0-561957 0-547503

0437971
0-454670 0-482187

0513690
0-541464

165
17-0 17-5 18-0 18-5 19-0 19*5 20-0 20-5
2 I-O

+ + + + +

0-524009 -4743io 0-432343 0-407985 0-406589

405
41-0 4i'5 42-0 42*5 43-o 43'5 44-0 44'5

+ 0-521665 + 0-490870 + 0-462670

+ 0-443897 + 0-439006
+ + + + +
0-449025 0-471341 0-500382 0-529002

+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +

0-558799 0-561608

0549384 0525282
0-495309 0-466829 0-446755 0-439878 0-427720 0-468209
0-496215

+ 0-427837

+ 0-465971 + 0-511332
+ 552774 + 0-580389
-

0-439989 0-413893 0-409336 0-426853 0-461646


0-504875 0-545885 0-574811 0-584939 0-574246 0'545782 0-506824 0-467029 0-436051 0-421217

45o
45'5 46-0 46-5 47-0 47-5

0550239

+ 0-587849 + 0573842
+ 0-542266 + 0-501167 + 0-460707

21-5 22-0 22-5

+ 0-559004 + o-5533oi
+ 0-534676 + 0-507802 + 0-479313

0524837
0-547099

0557650 0554044
0-537309 0-511657

23O
23-5 24-0 24-5

250

+ + + + +

0-430662 0-418080 0-425635 0-451078 0-487880

48-0 48-5 49-o 49-5 50-0

+ 0-456160 + 0-443930 + 0-445486


.+

0-400311 + 0-484658

+ + + + +

0483428 0459523
0-445722

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table V. Fresnel's integrals

745

*/>-i>
0-02 0-04 o-oo 0-08 o-io

dt

/>i<"
+ + + + +

dt

Maxima and minima


+ + + + +
0-1128334 0-1595514 0-1953707 0-2255314 0-2520611
0-0007522 0-0021274 0-0039078 0-0060153 0-0084044
of Fresnel's integrals

#=(-)1-570796

//-i><"
+ 0-779893
+ + + +
0-321056 0-640807 0-380389 0-605721 0-404260 0*588128 0-417922 0-577121 0-427036
0-569413

0-12 0-14 O-IO 0-18 0-20 0-22 0-24 O-20 0-28 0-30
0-32 o-34 0-36 0-38 0-40

+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +

0-2759976 0-2979565 0-3183378 '3374 I 86 0-3554002 o-3724338 0-3886365 0*4041012 0-4189028 0-4331026
0-4467517 0-4598932

+ 0-0110444 + 0-0139124 + 0-0169904


0-0202639 + 0-0237204
4-

4712389
7-853982 IO-995574 14-137167

+ + + + +
+ + + + +

0-0273496 0-0311421 0-0350898 0-0391853 0-0434218


0-0477932 0-0522937 0-0569181 0-0616612 0-0665185

17*278760 20*420352 23-56I945

26703538
29-845130
32-986723 36-128316 39-269908 42-411501 45 553093

+ + + + + + + + + +

04725635
0-4847941 0-4966121

0433666
0-563631 0-438767 0-559088

0-42 0-44 0-46

048 050
0-52 o-54 0-56 0-58 o-6o
0-62 0-64 o-66 o-68 0-70

0-5080410 0-5191018 0-5298125 0-5401895 0-5502472


0-5599985 0-5694551 0-5786275 0-5875253 0-5961571

+ 0-0714853 + 0*0765575

48-694686

+ 0-442848

+ 0-0817309
+ 0-0870016 + 0*0923658 + + + +
4-

+ + + + + + + + + +

0-0978198 0-1033602 0*1089835 0-1146863 0-1204654

x = n*
3-I4I593 6-283185 9-424778 12-566371 15*707963

*/>!><<
+ + + + +
4-

0-713972 0-3434I5

06045308
0-6126537 0-6205324 0-6281731 0-6355815

+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

0-1263176 0-1322398 o- 1382290 0-1442820

O62894O
0-387969 0-60036l
0-584942

OT503961
0-1565683 0-1627958 0-1690757 o -1 754054 0-1817820

0-72 0-74 0-76

+ 0*6427627 + 0-6497217 + 0-6564631 + 0-6629910 + 0-6693095

18-849556 21*991149 25-132741

+ 0-408301
+ 0-420516 + o-574957 + 0-428877

28274334
31*415927
34-557519 37*699112 40-840704 43*982297 47-123890
50*265482

0-82 0-84 o-86 o-88 0-90

+ + + + +

0-6754224 0-6813330 0-6870448 0-6925609 0-6978843 0-7030179

0-1882030 0-1946656 0-2011673 0-2077055 0-2142775 0-2208809 0-2275131 0-2341717 0*2408543 0*2475583

+ + + + +

0-567822 0-435059 0-562398 0-439868

0558096

+ 0-443747

0-92 o-94 0-96 0-98 I-OO

+ + + + +

07079643
0*7127261

07173059
0*7217059

'

'

746

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table VI. Functions of equal order and argument

Jn(n)

* /

()

/' (n)

Jn' (n)

0-4400506 0-3528340 0-3090627 0-2811291 0-2611405


0-2458369

0-4400506 0-444543 0-4457456 0-4462646 0-4465441


0-4467152 0-4468293 0-4469100 0-4469696 0-4470153

0-3251471 0-2238908 0-1770285


0-149042,1

0-3251471

03554045
0-3682342 0-3755633

0-1300918 0-1162502 0-1056130 0-0971341 0-0901865 0-0843696


0-0794142 0-0751323 0-0713880 0-0680806

03803908
0-3838497 0-3864704 0-3885364 0-3902143 0-3916089 0-3927897 0-3938047 0-3946882

02335836
9 10
ii 12

0-2234550 0-2148806 0-2074861 0-2010140 0-1952802 0-1901489 0-1855174 0-1813063


0-1774532 0-1739079 0-1706299 0-1675857 0-1647478
0-1620927 0-1596009 ' I 572555 0-1550422 o- 1529484 0-1509633 0-1490774 0-1472823 0-1455706 -i439359
0-1423721 0-1408742 Q-I394373 0-1380567 0-1367305
o-i35453i 0-1342222 0-1330349 0-1318885 0-1307805

9 10
11

13 14 15

0-4470512 0-4470800 0-4471036 0-4471233 0-4471399


-447 I 540

03954655
0-3961557 0-3967734 0*3973300 0-3978347 0-3982948

00651336
0-0624879 0-0600969 0-0579234 0-0559374

12 13 14 15

16
II 19

16

20
21

0-4471662 0-4471768 0-4471861 0-4471943 0-4472015 0-4472080 0-4472138 0-4472191 0-4472239

\l 19

00541 141
0-0524332 0-0508777 0-0494332 0-0480874 0-0468301 0-0456522 0-0445460 0-0435048 0-0425226

03987163
0-3991041

20
21 22

22 23 24 25

03994624
0-3997946 0-4001035 0-4003917
0-4006614 0-4009143 0-4011521 0-4013762 0-4015877

23 24 25

26

3
29 30
31 32 33

0-4472282 0-4472321 o-4472358 0-4472391 0-4472422

00415942
0-0407151 0-0398812 0-0390889 0-0383350

26 27 28 29 30
3i

34 35

0-4472450 0-4472476 0-4472500 0-4472523 o-4472544 0-4472564 0-4472583 0-4472600 0-4472616 0-4472632

0-4017879

04019775
0-4021576 0-4023288 0-4024918
0-4026472 0-4027956

00376165
0-0369309 0-0362758 0-0356491 0-0350489 0-0344734

32 33 34 35

36 3Z 38 39 40
41

36
38 39 40
4i

04029374
0-4030732

04032033
0-4033281 0-4034479

42 43 44 45

0-1297089 0-1286716 0-1276667 0-1266925 0-1257473 0-1248297

0-4472646 0-4472660 0-4472673 0-4472685 0-4472697


0-4472708 0-4472718 0-4472728 0-4472738 0-4472747

0-0339210 0-0333904 0-0328800 0-0323888

0403563
0-4036738 0-4037805

00319156
0-0314594 0-0310192 0-0305941 0-0301833 0-0297861

42 43 44 45

46
42 48 49 50

04038833
0-4039824 0-4040781 0-4041705 0-4042599

01239383
0-1230719 0-1222291 0-1214090

46 47
48 49 50

For values of n exceeding 50, the following approximations may be used with seven-figure accuracy: ~\ 1 000586 92885 r 1213 -| 0-44730 73184 F

J,,' (w)

L 0-41085 01939 r L

225 2J
23 1 3i5onaJ

"'

"

L
r

i4625n 2 J
947
"I

0-08946 14637

Hi

L "69300aJ

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table VI. Functions of equal order and argument

747

n
i

-V-W
07812128
0-6174081 0-5385416 0-4889368 '453&948

-n*Yn

(n)

Y'

()

*f

YH

'

()

n
1

2 3 4 5

0-7812128 0-7778855 0-7767114 0-7761387 0-7758072


0-775594 1 0-7754409 o-7753399 o-775259o 0-7751961

0-8694698 0-5103757 0-3781412 0-3069147

02615525
0-2297650 0-2060642 o- 1 876060 0-1727588 0-1605149

0-8694698 0-8101709 0-7865654 o-7733765 0-7647843


0-7586672 0-7540520 0-7504241 0-7474840 0-7450441

2 3

4
5

6 I 9
IO
II

0-4268259 0-4053710 0-3876699

6 I 9 10
II 12 I3

03727057 03598 142


*34 8 5399

12 13

03385583
0-3296303 0'32i5755 0-3142546

M 15
16
!S 19

0-7751458 0-7751049 0-7750711 0-7750426 0-7750184 0-7749976 0-7749796 o-7749638 o-7749499 0-7749374

01502159
0-1414121 0-1337852 0-1271029 0-1211915

0-7429809 0-7412092

07396683 07383135
0-7371112

!4 15 16 11

0-3075580

03013982
20
21

0-2957040 0-2904173 0-2854894 0-2808800 0-2765546 0-2724839 0-2686456

0-1159184 0-1111803 0-1068955 0-1029987 0-0994367


0-0961658 0-0931499 0-0903586 0-0877663 0-0853514
0-0830953 0-0809819 0-0789973 0-0771295 0-0753678

0-7360358 0-7350670

07341890
0-7333887 0-7326559 0-7319817

19
20
21

22 23 24 25

02650095
0-2615652 0-2582933 o-255i79i 0-2522100 0-2493744 0-2466622 0-2440643

0-7749266 0-7749168 0-7749079 o-7748999 0-7748925


0-7748859 0-7748798 o-7748742 0-7748690 0-7748642 0-7748598 o-7748557 0-7748519 0-7748483 0-7748450

07313591 07307820
0-7302453

07297446
0-7292763

22 23 24 25

26

26

3
29 30
31

07288371 07284242 07280352 07276680


0-7273206

11 29 30
31

32 33 34 35

02415724
0-2391794 0-2368784
0-2346635 0-2325292 0-2304705 0-2284828 0-2265620
0-2247042 0-2229059 0-2211637 0-2194748 0-2178364

0-0737029 0-0721267 0-0706318 0-0692116 0-0678605


0-0665732

07269914 07266790 07263820 07260991


0-7258295

32 33 34 35

36

U
39 40
4i 42 43 44 45

0-7748419 0-7748389 0-7748362 o-7748336 0-7748312

36

00653451
0-0641718 0-0630496 0-0619751

07255720
0-7253259 0-7250904

$ 39
40
41 42 43 44 45

07248647
0-7246483 0-7244405

0-7748289 0-7748267 0-7748246 0-7748227 0-7748208


0-7748191 o-7748i74 0-7748158 0-7748143 0-7748128

0-0609450 0-0599565 0-0590071 0-0580942

00572157
0-0563695 0-0555539 0-0547671 0-0540074

07242407 07240486 07238636


0-7236853 o-7235i34

46

49 50
For values of accuracy.

0-2162458 0-2147007 0-2131988

46

02117381
0-2103166

07233475
0-7231873 0-7230324

H 49
50
"1

00532735

n exceeding

50, the following approximations


1
~[
,

may

be used with seven-figure


1213

YM '(n).
The

077475 90021 [~ L ni 071 161 34100 r

225*J

001016 59059 f_ +
_*

l4625^_r
947 "| 6930on8J

23
[

0-15495 18004

rt

coefficients are numerically equal to

V3

times the corresponding coefficients in

Jn

(n)

and

748

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table VII. Zeros, jQt
n

,y

h,

Vi, n,

of

0*0,

(x),

J1

(x),

Y x (x)
n

Jo,n

yo,n

JUH
3-83I7060 7-OI55867 IO-I73468I I3-32369I9 I6-470630I
I9-6I58S85 22-7600844 25-903672I 29-0468285 32-I896799

yi,n

3 4 5

2-4048256 5-5200781 8-6537279 II-79I5344 14-9309177

0-8935770 3-9576784 7-0860511 10-2223450

133610975
16-5009224 19-6413097 22-7820280 25-9229577 29-0640303
32-2052041 35-3464523 38-4877567 41-6291045 44-7704866

2-1971413 5-4296811 8-5960059 11-7491548 14-8974421

3 4 5

6
2 8

18-0710640 2I-2II6366 24'35247 I 5

9
IO
ii 12

27H93479I
30-6346065

18-0434023 21-1880689 24-3319426 27-4752950 30-6182865

6 I 9 10
II 12

13 J4 15

33-7758202 36-9170984 40-0584258 43-I9979I7 46-3411884 49-4826099 52-6240518 55-7655 Io8 58-9069839 62-0484692 65-1899648 68-3314693 71-4729816 74-6145006 77-7560256

35-3323076 38-4747662 4I-6I70942

447593I9O
47-90I4609
5I-0435352 54-I855536

33-7610178 36-9035553 40-0459446 43-1882181 46-3303993 49-4725057

13 14 15

16 \l 19 20
21

47-9118963 51-0533286 54-1947794 57-3362457 60-4777252

16 \l 19 20
21 22

526145508
55-7565449 58-8984962 62-0404111
65-1822951 68-3241522 71-4659861 74-6077996 77-7495953

573275254
60-4694578 63-6II3567
66-7532267 69-89507I8 73 0368952 76-I786996 79-3204872

22 23 24 25

63-6192158 66-7607160 69-9022246 73-0437403 76-1852624


79-3267901 82-4683228 85-6098598 80-7514008 91-8929453

23 24 25 26 11 29 30
3i 32

26 11 29 3
3?

80-8975559 84-0390908 87-1806298 90-3221726 93-4637188

82-4622599 85-6040I94 88-745767I 9I-8875042 95-02923I8

80-8913753 84-0331412 87-1748947 90-3166370

934583692
96-6000923 99-7418072 102-8835147 106-0252153 109-1669097
112-3085985 115-4503820 118-5919607 121-7336349 124-8753051

96-6052680

32 33 34 35

997468199
102-8883743 106-0299309 109-1714896 112-3130503 115-4546127 118-5961766 121-7377421 124-8793089

95-0344930 98-1760436 101-3175968 104-4591523 107-6007100


110-7422697 113-8838313 117-0253944 120-1669592 123-3085253

98-I709507 IOI-3I266l8 I04-4543658 I07-5960633 IIO-7377548


II3-8794408 II7-02II2I9 I20-I627983

33 34 35

36

36

11
39 40

I233O447O5
I26-446I387

11 39 4

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table VII. Zeros, j lt n ,y2 n j3 n ,yz n ,oi
,

749

J 2 (x), Yt (x), Jz (x), Ys (x)


y*,n

Ji.n

y,

Ja n

VI356223
8-4I7244I 11-6198412

3 4 5

I479595I8
17-9598195
21-1169971 24-2701123 27-4205736 30-5692045 33-7165195

3-3842418 6-7938074 10-0234780 13-2099868 16-3789666


19-5390400 22-6939559 25-8456137 28-9950804 32-1430023

6-3801619 9-7610231 13-0152007 16-2234640 19-4094148

4-5270247 8-0975538 1 1 3964667 14-6230726 17-8184543

4 5 6

6 i 9 IO
ii

22-5827295 25-7481667 28-9082508 32-0648524 35-2186707

20-9972845 24-1662357 27-3287998 30-4869896 33-6420494

1 9 10
11 12 13
J4 15

12 13 14 15

36-8628565 40-0084467 43-I534538 46-2979967 49-4421641 52-5860235 55-7296271 58-8730158 62-0162224 65-1592732

35-2897939 38-4357335 41-5810149 44-7257771 47-8701227 51-0141287 54-1578545 57-3013461 60-4446401 63-5877658
66-7307471 69-8736034 73-0163509 76- 1 59003 79\30i57 I 3
82-4440651 85-5864927 88-7288612 91-8711766 95-OI3444I

38-3704724 41-5207197 44-6697431 47-8177857 50-9650299

36-7947910 39-9457672 43-0953675

462438744
49-39I4980

16 11 19 20
21

54-1116156

525383976
55*6846964 58-8304911 6I-9758587 65-I2086l2
68-2655491 71-4099642 74-554I409 77-6981084 80-8418910

16
11 19

572576516
60-4032241 63-5484022 66-6932417

20
2r 22 23 24 25

22 23 24 25

68-3021898 71-4449899 74-5^76882 77-7302971 80*8728269 84-0152867 87-1576839 90-3000252 93-4423160 96-5845614

69-8377884 72-9820804 76-1261492 79-2700214 82-4137195 85-5572629 88-7006678 91-8439487 94-9871177 98-1301857
101-2731621 104-4160552 107-5588722 110-7016197
1

26 11 29 30
31

83-9855095 87-1289817 90-2723230 93-4I55465 96-5586637

26 27 28 29 30
3i 32 33 34 35

997267657
102-8689327 106-0110655 109-1531673 112-2952406
1

32 33 34 35

98-1556685 101-2978536 104-4400031 107-5821201 110-7242073


113-8662672 117-0083021 120-1503138 123-2923041 126-4342746

99-7016848 102-8446186
105-98^74728

IO9I302542
II2-272969I

138443033

36

15-4372877 118-5793107
I2I-72I3II<;

11 39 40

12^-8632917 128-0052530

116-9869284 120-1294994 123-2720205 126-4144954 129-5569276

115-4156229 118-5582204 I2I-7007659 124-8432635 I27-9857I67

36 3Z 38 39 40

750

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table VII. Zeros, j4
,

y* n j5
,

n,

y6, of
,

J4 (*), F4 (*),

J,

(a;),

F5 (*)

J4.H

y*,*

H,n

.Vs,

7-5883427 11-0647095 I4-3725367 17-6159660 20-8269330

5-6451479 9-3616206 12-7301445 15-9996271 19-2244290

877M838
12-3386042 15-7001741 18-9801339 22-2177999

6-7471838 10-5971767 14-0338041 17-3470864 20-6028990

9 10
ii

24-0190195 27-1990878 30-3710077 33-537I377 36-6990011

22-4248106 25-0102671

2V43034II
28-6266f83 3I-8lI7l67 3^-98878l3 38-I598686

287858937
31-9546867 35-1185295
38-2786681 41-4359606 44-5910182 47-7442881 50-8961052

23-8265360 27-0301349 30-2203357 33-4011056 36-5749725

9 10
11

12 13 14 15

39-8576273 43'Oi37377 46-1678535

493203607
52-4715514

41-3263833 44-4893191 47-6493998 50-8071652

397436277
42-9082482 46-0696791 49-2285437 52-3853121

539630266
57-II73028 60-2702451 63-4220540 66-5728919 69-7228912
72-8721613 76-0207934 79-1688641

12 13 14 15

16 17 ie 19

20
21

55-6216509 58-7708357 61-9192462 65-0669953 68-2141749


71-3608607 74-507II55 77-6529918 80-7985341 83*9437799 87-0887615 90-2335065 93-3780390 96-5223797 99-6665468
102-8105563 105-9544223 109-0981571 112-2417718 115-3852762 118-5286792 121-6719886 124-8152114 127-9583541 131-1014225

54-0467255 57-1963482 60-3451302 63-4931972 66-6406512

55-5403458

16

586939271
61-8462803 64-9975855 68-1479890
71-2976113 74-4465520 77-5948946 80-7427095 83-8900562

\l
19

20
21 22

22 23 24 25

697875753 729340384
76-0800980 79-2258022 82-3711919

82316438O
85-4635703 88-6I03082 91-7566925

23 24 25 26 27 20 29 30
31 32

26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33

85-5163019 80-6611620 91-8057980 94-9502321 98-0944839


101-2385704 104-3825064 107-5263053 110-6699788 113-8135372

87-0369859

901835423
93-3297633 96-4756819 99-0213268
102-7667232 105-9118934 109-0568569 112-2016312 115-3462317 118-4906725 121-6349657 124-7791228 127-9231536 131-0670674

949027585
98-0485369 101-1940546

I043393353
107-4843998 IIO-6292667 II3-7739523 II6-9I847I3

34 35

33 34 35

36
3Z

38 39 40

116-9569899 120-1003451 123-2436104 126-3867924

1295298972

120-0628368 123-2070606 I26-35II534 129-4951246 132-6389830

36
37.

3 39 40

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table VII. Zeros, jv 3
8n ,dn , of
[Note. The
v'3respectively.]
last
,

751
;

y ly 3 n of
,

Jv 3

(x),

J_ ll3

{x)

+ J vz
to
},

(z),

J_ 1/3

(a;)

Y v 3 (x) with - / 1/3 x


( )

zeros,

two functions are equal

{JWa;)cos30 - ri/3 (a;)sin3o

^3.

;J 1/8 (a;)cos 120 -

ri/3 (x)sin

120

J 11*,'

ym
13530196
4-4657883 7-6012412 10-7402128 13-8803575

SH

2-9025862 6-0327471 9-1705067 12-3101938


I 5*45 o6 490

2-3834466 5-5IOI956 8-6473577 11-7868429 14-9272068


18-0679953 2I-20902IO

0-8477186

39441020
7-0782997 10-2169407 J3-3569532

9 10
11

18-5914863 21-7325412 24-87373I4 28-0150117 31-1563549

17-0210330 20-1619929 23-3031228 26-4443623 29-5856767

24350I925
27-4914601

30632794I

16-4975630 19-0384856 22-7795923 25-9208165 29-0621201


32-2034801 35-3448813 38-4863138 41-6277704 44-7692461 47-9107371 51-0522406 54-1937545 57-3352769 60-4768067

9
10
11

34'2977437

12 13 14 15

374391666
40-5806158 43-7220857 46-8635719
50-0050715 53-1465821 56-2881019 59-4296294 62-5711634

32-7270444 35-8684514 39-0098884

337741762
36-9I5594I 40-0570394 43-1985061 46-3399899

421513485
45-2928269
48-4343202 51-5758256 54-7I734 10 57-8588648 61-0003956 64-1419325 67-2834747 70-4250213 73-5665718 76-7081259 79-8496829 82-9912426 86-1328048 89-2743691 92-4I59353 95-5575032 98-6990728 101-8406437 104-9822160 108-1237894
111-2653639 114-4069394 117-5485159 120-6900931 123-8316712

12 13 14 15

16 \l 19 20
21 22 23

49-4814874

16

526229964
55-7645I47 58-9060410 62-0475740

\l 19 20
21 22

65-7127030 68-8542475
-9957961 75-I373484 78-2789040
71

24 25

65-1891127 68-3306564 7I-47220^4 74-6I37562

77-7553U2
80-8968692 84-0384298 87- 1 799926 90-3215576 93-463I244

63-6183427 66-7598840 69-9014299 73-0429798 76-1845333


79-3260899 82-4676492 85-6092109 88-7507749 91 8923408

23 24 25

26
29 30
31

81-4204625 84-5620234

26 II 29 30
3i 32 33

877035867
90-8451519 93-9867191 97-1282878 100-2698581 103-4114297 106-5530025 109-6945765
112-8361516

32 33 34 35

96-6046929 99-7462629

IO28878343
106-0294070 109-1709808
112-3125557
II 5454i3i5

95-0339085 98-1754777 101-3170485 104-4586205 107-6001938


110-7417681 II3-8833435 117-0249197 120-1664969 123-3080748

34 35

36
11 39 40

"5-9777275
119-1193044 122-2608821 125-4024605

36

118-5957082 121-7372858 124-8788641

11 39 40

752

TABLES OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Table VIII. Integrals of functions of order zero

Maxima and minima


X
ij" Jo (*)dt

of
(t)dt

lf'Y
J

(t)dt

lj o

(t)dt

and

hjj

0-02 0-04 O'OO 0-08 O-IO 0-12 0-14 O-IO 0-18 0-20 0-22 0-24 O-20 0-28

+ + + + +

0-0099997 0-0199973 0-0299910 0-0399787 0-0499583

- 0-0320078 - 0-0551846 - 0-0750205 - 0-0926801 - 0-1087153


-

Jo.

i/VoO
+ + + +

at

+ + + + +

0-0599280

01234500
0-1370979 0-1498103 0-1617001 0-1728544

00698858
0-0798295

00897573
0-0996672

2-4048256 5-5200781 8-6537279 11-7915344 I4-9309I77

+ -735 22 8
0-3344230 0-6340842 0-3845594 0-6028269
0-4064156 0-5864441 0-4192836 0-575991 0-4279931

030
032
o-34 0-36 0-38 0-40
0-42 0-44 0-46 0-48

+ 0-1095571 + 0-1194252 + 0-1292695 + 0-1390880 + 0-1488788

- 01833430 - 0-1932224 - 02025397 - 0-2113348

I8-07I0640 2I-2II6366 24-35247I5 27-493479I 30-6346065

+ + + + +

- 0-2196416
- 0-2274894
-

+ + + + +
-h

0-1586399 0-1683694 0-1780654 0-1877260 o- 1973493

0-2349040

- 0-2419080 - 0-2485215 - 0-2547624

33-7758202 36-9I70984 40-0584258 43-I9979I7 46-34II884

+ 0-5685888 + 04343856
!

05629957

+ 0-4393331 + 0-5585784 + O4433085

49-4826099
- 0-2606471 - 0-2661901
- 0-2714049 - 0-2763037 - 0-2808977

02069333

050
0-52 o-54 0-56 0-58 o-6o

0-2164763 0-2259764 + 0-2354316 + 0-2448403


4
-r

+ + + + + + + + + +

0-2542004

O2635IO3
0-2727682 0-28I9722 0-29II206

0-2851974 0-2892124 0-2929516 0-2964234

% = yro,n

*/l

y W

(It

0893577O
3-9576784 7-0860511 IO-2223450 I3-36I0975
16-5009224 19-6413097 22-7820280 25-9229577 29-0640303
32-2052041 35-3464523 38-4877567 41-6291045 44-7704866

- 0-320929I

02996358
0-3025960 0-3053111 0-3077877 0-3100319 0-3120498
0-3138471 0-3154290 0-3168010 0-3179678 0-3189344

+ 0-I920I49
- 0-1474447
-;-

0-62 0*64 o-66 o-68 0-70 0-72 0-74 0-76

0-3002II7 0-3092437 0-3182150 0-3271238 0-3359684


0-3447472 0-3534586 0-362I0I0 0-3706727 0-379I722

0-1237411

01 085949

078
o-8o
0-82 0-84 o-86 o-88 0-90

+ + + + +

+ 0-0978827 - 0-0898033 + 0-0834339 - 0-0782474 + 0-0739188


- 0-0702357 + 0-0670523 - 0-0642652 + 0-0617985 - 0-0595953

+ 0-3875979 + 0-3959484 + 0-4042220 + 0-4124174 + 0-4205330

- 03197054 - 0-3202852 - 0-3206781 - 03208884

47-9118963

+ 0-0576118

- 0-3209201 - 0-3207771 - 0-3204634 - 0-3199827 - 03193386 - 0-3185347


16, the integrals

0-92

094
0-96 0-98 I-OO

+ 0-4285674 + C4365I92 + 0-4443870


+ 0-452I694 + 0-4598652

For values of x between o and from the formulae (cf. 10-74)


X

may
Y

be calculated with the help of Table I

i
j

J (t)dt=lwx\J {x)Ua '(c)+Jx(x)iI (xy(

if

(t)dt

= inx{Y (x)U

'(x)+

Y^H,^)}.

BIBLIOGRAPHY*
ADAMOFF, A. the asymptotic representation of the cylinder functions Jv (2) and /' (2) for large values of the modulus of z. Petersburg, Ann. Inst, polyt. 1906, pp. 239265. [JahrbuZh itber die Fortschritte der Math. 1907, pp. 492493.]
On
Note on the Function Phys. Math. Soc. of Japan,

Km (x),
(3)

AICHI, K.
the Solution of the Modified Bessel's Equation.
Proc.

n. (1920), pp. 819.

The Roots of the Neumann and


(1911), pp.

AIREY, J. R. Bessel Functions (Dec. 29, 1910). Proc. Phys. Soc.

xxm.

219 224.

The Vibrations of Circular Plates and their Relation to Bessel Functions (Feb. 15, 1911). Proc. Phys. Soc. xxm. (1911), pp. 225232. The Oscillations of Chains and their Relation to Bessel and Neumann Functions. Phil. Mag. (6) xxi. (1911), pp. 736742. Tables of Neumann Functions G n (x) and n (x). Phil. Mag. (6) xxu. (1911), pp. 658 663. The Asymptotic expansions of Bessel and other functions. Archiv der Math, und Phys. (3) xx. (1913), pp. 240244. The Vibrations of Cylinders and Cylindrical Shells. Archiv der Math, und Phys. (3) xx. (1913), pp. 289294. Tables of the Neumann functions or Bessel functions of the second kind. Archiv der Math, und Phys. (3) xxn. (1914), pp. 3043. Bessel and Neumann Functions of Equal Order and Argument. Phil. Mag. (6) xxxi. (1916), pp. 520528. The Roots of Bessel and Neumann Functions of High Order. Phil. Mag. (6) xxxil.

(1916), pp.

714.

Bessel Functions of Equal Order and Argument. Phil. Mag. (6) xxxn. (1916), pp. 237 238. The Numerical Calculation of the Roots of the Bessel Function n (x) and its first derivative Jn (x). Phil. Mag. (6) xxxiv. (1917), pp. 189195. The Addition Theorem of the Bessel Functions of Zero and Unit Orders. Phil. Mag. (6) xxxvi. (1918), pp. 234242. The Lommel- Weber 12 Function and its Application to the Problem of Electric Waves on a Thin Anchor Ring (Dec. 7, 1917). Proc. Royal Soc. xciv. (1918), pp. 307314. Bessel Functions of small Fractional Order and their application to problems of Elastic Stability. Phil. Mag. (6) xli. (1921), pp. 200205.

'

AIRY, SIR

GEORGE

B.

On

the Diffraction of an Object-glass with Circular Aperture (Nov. 24, 1834).


;

Trans.

Soc. v. (1835), pp. 283291. On the Intensity of Light in the neighbourhood of a Caustic (May 2, 1836 March 26, 1838). Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. vi. (1838), pp. 379402. On the Diffraction of an Annular Aperture (Dec. 4, 1840). Phil. Mag. (3) xvur. (1841),

Camb. Phil.

pp.

110. Supplement to a Paper, On the Intensity of Light in the neighbourhood of a Caustic (March 24, 1848). Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. vin. (1849), pp. 595599.

AKIMOFF,

M.
:

Transcendantes de Fourier-Bessel a plusieurs variables (July 10, 1916 June 25, 1917 Dec. 24, 1917). Comptes Rendus, clxiii. (1916), pp. 2629; clxv. (1917), pp. 2325, 11001103.
;

iiber

In the case of a few inaccessible memoirs, references are given to abstracts in the Juhrbuch die Fortschritte der Math, or elsewhere.

754

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


ALDIS, W.
S.

Tables for the Solution of the Equation

d2 u
(June
16, 1898).

dy

/,

n2 \

Proc. Royal Soc. lxiv. (1899), pp.

203223.

On
1899).

the numerical computation of the functions G^^x), Gi(x) and


Proc. Royal Soc. lxvi. (1900), pp.

JH (x Kfi)

(June

15,

3243.
P.

ALEXANDER,
ANDING,
Sechsstellige Tafeln der Besselscken

Expansion of Functions in terms of Linear, Cylindric, Spherical and Allied Functions (Dec. 20, 1886). Trans. Edinburgh Royal Soc. xxxin. (1888), pp. 313320.
E.

Funktionen imaginaren Arguments (Leipzig, 1911).


C.

ANGER,
Untersuchungen
iiber die

T.*

Function Ikh mit Anwendungen auf das Kepler'sche Problem. Neueste Schriften der Naturforschenden der Ges. in Danzig, v. (1855), pp. 1 29.

ANISIMOV,
The
pp.
1

33.

generalised form of Riccati's equation. Warsaw University, 1896, [Jahrbuch iiber die Fortschritte der Math. 1896, p. 256.]

V. A. Proceedings of

Sur
de
pp.

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* This work contains a number of letters from Nicholas Bernoulli (the younger) to Goldbach, which Bernoulli's solution of Biccati's equation is to be found. The reader should notice that in Daniel Bernoulli's letters to Goldbach (ibid. pp. 254, 256, 259), the equation described in the table of contents as Riccati's equation is really the linear equation; Biccati's equation is mentioned on p. 260.

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Ordnung. Abh. bbhm.

Wiss.

vm. (187576), Math. Mem.

1.

WHEWELL,
Of the
Intrinsic Equation of

W.

a Curve and its Application (Feb. 12, 1849). Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. vijr. (1849), pp. 659671. Second Memoir on the Intrinsic Equation of a Curve and its Application (April 15, 1850). Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. IX. (1856), pp. 150156.

.WHIPPLE, F. J. W. Diffraction by a wedge and kindred problems (Nov. 8, 1915). (2) xvi. (1917), pp. 94111.
The

Proc.

London Math.

Soc.

WHITE, F. P. Diffraction of Plane Electromagnetic Waves by a Perfectly Reflecting Sphere (June 9, 1921). Proc. Royal Soc. C. (1922), pp. 505525.

WHITEHEAD,
On
On
the functions ber x, bei x, ker x, kei x.

C. S.

Quarterly Journal, xlii. (1911), pp. 316

342.

WHITTAKER, E. T. the General Solution of Laplace's Equation and the Equation of Wave Motions and on an undulatory explanation of Gravity. Monthly Notices of the R. A. S. lxii. (1902),
pp.

617620.

On
Proc.

the partial differential equations of mathematical physics. Math. Ann. lvii. (1903),

pp. 333

355.

On a new Connexion
London Math.
Soc.

of Bessel Functions with Legendre Functions (Nov. xxxv. (1903), pp. 198206.

13, 1902).

WIGERT,

S.

Sur quelques fonctious arithm&iques (March, 113140.

1913).

Acta Math, xxxvn. (1914), pp.

WILLIAMSON,
On
(1856), pp.

B.
5, 1856).

the Solution of certain Differential Equations (March

Phil.

Mag.

364371.

(4) xi

WILLSON, R. W. PEIRCE, B. O. forty roots of the Bessel equation (x)=*0 with the corresponding values of J\{x). Bulletin American Math. Soc. in. (1897), pp. 153 155.
Table of the
first

AND

WILTON, J. R. continued fraction solution of the linear differential equation of the second order. Quarterly Journal, xlvi. (1915), pp. 318334,

788

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


WIRTINGER, W.
Berichte des natur.-med.

Zwei Bemerkungen zu Airy's Theorie des Regenbogens.


Vereins in Innsbruck, xxni. (1897), pp. 7

15.

WORMS DE ROMILLY,
Note sur
l'integration

P.

de

l'e'quation

+ e! + r-a *J ax* x ax
Journal de Math.
(3) iv. (1878), pp.

177186.

On
1911).

infinite integrals involving

YOUNG, W. H. a generalisation of the sine and cosine functions (Oct.

On
pp.

Quarterly Journal, xliii. (1911), pp. 161 177. series of Bessel functions (Dec. 6, 1917). Proc.

6,

London Math.

Soc. (2) xviii. (1920)

163200.

ZELINSKIJ,
On

I.

I.

the integration of Riccati's equation (Jan. 27, 1890). Proc. Phys. Math. Section, Naturalist^ Soc. Imp. Univ. Kazan, vm. (1890), pp. 337 342.

INDEX OF SYMBOLS
[The numbers refer
to the

pages on which

the symbols are defined.]

Aw

243, 244, 263


6;

pFq (i, 2,

ay

Pi

>

P*>

>

J,

(*),

308

An

584

...,/>,;*),

100

3.(*),61
j,

A n>y (0,283
#,(,*); 598 #,,(*), 529 #,,(*). 571
a,

P F

(a;),
k

(a),

639 646
1>l'\ >^)>37i

507

jm, 576
j**j,',j.",
j,,,

A*.P\

485

/(*), 55 /(*), 483

479

/<*)*, 526

if,

559
78 [see also
p.

Bn 6
,

/(*)*, 536

^n CO,

65]

(*), 247

(z\ 78 [see also p. 65]

n;M> , (0,293
#,(*), 597
#,,(*),

529
bei (x), 81

ber

(#),
(a;),

bei (#), 81

232 Gn (*),64; 65 (a, a), 640 0(a:, o), 648


G, 211
;

Ktli (z), 46
iT(20n 288
,

K(s), 78

ker

(e),

kei

(*),

81

ber

(0,276
,(0 284 5rm ,,(z),303
(*), 71
I- r

554 C(*), 658 C/,, (a), 320 Cn "(*), 50 r<), 82 (*[?), 129 c, 508
C,

I, l r ,

(*),329 111

H, 577
fr, (*),#.(#), 73

M, 6

505

H,(*),328
herj, hei(*), 81
her(s), hei(.z), 81

if (a;), 661

iW,

471, 475, 514

N-n m
,i,

Dn

598 (*), 74
,

h\

13

JV,
0,197

324 661
,

h(z)> 77
J",(5), 10,

#,6

16
14,

0(0, 271, 272

E
e,

n (z),

56

Jn (z),Q,
./-(*),

19

0- n (0,276
< (0, 569

Ein (a), 320


E(*), 308
er ,

16

^,, 10

111

P(0), 258 F(a, 0, 90 P(0, a), 253 P(<r), 77

J8 (*),30 ./,(*), 38 */"(/!., a?), 49

J^ip). 129 Jn,k(z )> 326 it), 327 /(*;


i/,

P, 547 P 227 P(#),156 m-*(*), 295


P-^(#),-51

P(cos<p), 129

790

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


a lt
a.,..
,

Pn (r;
(a,

o),

420

2U(jr),343
7/n

*,

22

P(r;a 1 ,a.2 ,...,t 'n|p),421


P(x,v),205
b,
c,
"J

(*,a),320

k<*),56
B, 112

?;,(*,*),

582

P{, fry, s\, 158

rw (,;; #), 602 rn (, |i2),606


0,(#), 71,340 0L,(jr),343
tfn (w, z),
tf (/, z),

@, 27; 291

0,112
*, 19; 112
Ajn,
fi,

k^,7.
Q 227
Q"(*),156
Q(*),46 Q(x,v), 205
i2,

26 38

577 38
;

537

/*i, A*2, /*3, ,


i>,

488

537

<r r

w 502
,

606

Fn (w, *), Vv (w, z),


W (z),
88ft,
/,

537 538

HI Tn (s),64
5, *r,

294 _,,,(*), 299


i2 TO> ,.(*),
r,

<M)>49
339

% 514
i/r,

42 552

*(*), 56

^n ** Sn (0,285 Sn (*), 591 A.W, 658 46 Sp,.(s), 347


*^n>
>

Yn (z), 64 F(s),64

F (*),
F<">(*),

67

^(4

70

505 60 i/rn (s), 55 ^, 280 fl n (<), 290 v, 51 83

^ (*),

(*),

59

(*,#;#), 598 n (a;|i2), 610 i(*), 152 &' (a), 320

Y(*),58
Y-(*), 59
Y(s), 63
y*. y/, y*",

100 (j, w), 198 01 43


(),

485

S^(z),S^(z), 263

a)*"*
* (s), 204

Sn (s),353
*,

67

**,*(*).

34 5

(*),204 7,60 7 (i/, a?), 204

,20
51
'

//

^, 33 Tn (s),340

V39
e,6

n, 1,103

LIST OF
[The numbers refer
to the pages.

AUTHOES QUOTED
References are not given to entries in the bibliography,

pp. 753- -788.]


Abel, N. H., 68, 616, 621
Borel, E., 8, 281, 536

Adamoff, A., 196


Aichi,

Bourget,

J., 6,

324, 325, 326, 484, 485, 517,

K 60
R,
65, 142, 214, 247, 319, 502, 505,

659, 660

Airey, J.

Brajtzew, J. R., 169

516, 659, 660

Brassinne, E., 91

Airy, Sir George B., 188, 189, 229, 249, 320,


321, 322. 654, 659
Aldis,

Brenke, W. C, 23 Bridgeman, P. W., 597

W.

S., 65,

655, 656, 657, 658, 662, 663,

Bromwich, T.

J. 1'a., 8, 11, 44, 68, 156, 187,

664
Alexander,
P.. 579 Anding, E., 313, 657 Anger, C. T., 21, 22, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312 Anisimov* V. A., 92 Appell, P. E., 146, 371 Autonne, L., 94

189, 191, 202, 203, 214, 230, 231, 234, 279,

302, 349, 360, 385, 391, 393, 399, 574, 575,

601 Bruns, H., 327 Bryan, G. H., 127, 480 Burkhardt, H. F. K. I/., 236, 280 Burnside, W. S., 305
Cailler,

Bach, D., 96, 102, 110 Bachmann, P., 197


Baehr, G. F. W., 479 Ball, L. de, 157 Barnes, E. W., 83, 100, 102, 104, 105, 156,
190, 192, 196, 196, 220, 221, 340, 351, 357,

C,

44, 149, 386, 395, 415, 437, 455,

536, 537

Callandreau, O., 196, 208, 387

Cantor, G. F. L.
268, 572

P.,

637

Carlini, F., 6, 7, 194, 225, 226, 227, 249, 255,

367, 383, 387, 402, 409 Basset, A. B., 76, 77, 78, 80, 172, 173, 180,

Carslaw, H.
509, 583

S.,

177, 366, 395, 499, 500, 507,


21, 22, 27, 96, 173, 188

385, 388, 395, 425, 426, 454 Bateman, H., 130, 131, 367, 370, 372, 373,
376, 379, 380, 389, 406, 417, 437, 456, 530, 533, 535

Catalan, E.

C,

Cauchy, (Baron)

L., 7,

15, 16, 21, 150,

183, 230, 231, 232, 233, 247, 249, 259, 309,

Bauer, G., 50, 128, 368, 370 Beltrami, E., 51, 358, 361, 374, 386, 389, 390, 391, 500, 579, 621 Bernoulli, Daniel (1700-1782), 2, 3, 4, 9, 85,
86, 87, 88, 111, 123, 478,

319, 324, 449, 545, 554, 557, 579 Cayley, A., 88, 90, 96, 102, 103, 109, 188,

502
H. W., 91 S., 621 Chessin, A. S., 135, 175, 325, 346, 382 Chree, C, 6, 597 Christoffel, E. B., 154 Chrystal, G., 102, 288, 295
Challis,

Chapman,

576
1, 2, 3,

Bernoulli,

James (1654-1705),

88, 90,

92
Bernoulli, John (1667-1748), 1, 2, 3 Bernoulli, Nicholas, (1687-1759), 2 Bernoulli, Nicholas, (1695-1726), 2
Bessel, F. W.,
1, 3, 4, 5, 9,

Cinelli, M.,

633

Clebsch, R. F.
Clifford,

A,

359, 363

13, 14, 15, 18, 19,

W.

K., 90, 91

21, 24, 25, 38, 84, 140, 148, 153, 160, 295,

Coates, C. V., 173, 180, 313, 622


Cotter, J. R., 41

308, 478, 551, 554, 654

Binet, J. P. M., 183

Crawford,

L.,

27

Bocher, M., 46, 57, 64, 376, 494, 495, 517 Bohmer, P. E., 142
Boole, G., 27, 47, 110,627

Crelier, L., 286, 287, 288, 295, 300, 301,

302

Curtis, A. H., 96, 110

Curzon, H. E.

J.,

395

792

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Gegenbauer, L. von, 50, 51, 129, 138, 151,
274, 283, 284, 290, 293, 351, 362, 363, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 373, 378, 379, 384, 385, 386, 389, 390, 391, 393, 395, 398, 406, 407, 413, 414, 415, 418, 426,

D'Alembert, J. le Rond, 3 Dandelin, G. P., 503 Darboux, J. G, 233 Darwin, C. G., 437 Debye, P., 225, 235, 237, 240, 241, 247, 249, 250, 251, 255, 262, 263, 268, 513, 516 De la Vallee Poussin, Ch. J., 53, 160, 189 De Morgan, A., 188, 190 Dendy, A., 107 Dini, U., 10, 577, 578, 597, 600, 616, 651 Dinnik, A., 579, 659, 660
Dirichlet, P. G. Lejeune, 157, 230, 406, 581,

365,
383,

396,

430, 438, 439, 480, 508, 517, 522, 524, 525, 579

Genocchi, A, 119 Gibson, G. A., 197


Gifford, E.,

662

B23
Dixon, A. C, 35, 480, 481, 482 Donkin, W. F., 109
Dougall,
J., 65,

Gilbert, L. P., 545, 548, 549 Giuliani, G., 155, 156, 324, 326, 327 Glaisher, J. W. L., 89, 96, 102, 103, 108, 109, 140, 171, 173, 183, 664

Gordan, P. A., 55
Goursat, Edouard
J. B.,

120

411
P. D. G., 183, 455,

Graeffe, C. H., 502,

503

Du Bois Reymond, Duhamel, J. M. C,


Eamshaw,
Ellis,
S.,

470

38, 49, 59, 68, 227

108

Graf, J. H., 32, 64, 75, 145, 153, 160, 165, 175, 197, 215, 227, 286, 287, 290, 295, 296, 299, 301, 302, 303, 341, 344, 345, 359, 360, 362, 398, 498, 502, 583

R. L., 95, 109, 110, 173


F.,

248 Encke, J. F., 342 Enestrom, G, 92 Enneper, A., 173


Epstein, S.
S.,

Emde,

Gray, A., 64, 65, 78, 194, 206, 454, 480, 655 656, 657, 658, 660 Green, G, 124
Greenhill, Sir A. George, 91, 96

145, 290

Ermakoff, W., 455 Escherich, G. von, 165


Euler, L.,
3, 4, 5, 6, 24,

Gregory, Duncan Farquharson, 391 Gregory, Walter, 224 Grunert, J. A., 27


49, 53, 60, 62, 87, 88,

Gubler, E., 32, 64, 145, 160, 165, 177, 197, 215, 227, 286, 287, 301, 329, 341, 351, 398,
408, 410, 426, 498, 502, 583

92, 93, 123, 133, 183, 410, 498, 500, 501,

503, 576, 659


J. H. M., 94 610 Feldblum, M., 92

Gunther, S., 153 Gwyther, R. F., 621, 636

Falkenhagen,
Fejer, L.,

Hadamard,

J.,

204, 205, 527

Fields, J.

G, 110

Haentzschel, E., 71, 96, 159 Hafen, M., 389

Filon, L. N.

G,

51, 578, 622, 623, 625,

629

Hague,
Hall,

B.,

656

Ford,

W.

B., 578,

605

A,

15

Forsyth, A. R., 42, 57, 107, 109, 117, 346,


358, 400, 499

Hamilton, Sir William Rowan, 12, 195, 655 Hankel, H, 10, 38, 57, 58, 61, 62, 63, 65, 73,
75, 76, 77, 160, 163, 164, 165, 167, 175,

Fourier, (Baron) J. B. Joseph, 4,


482, 483, 501, 576, 577, 578, 616

9, 10, 13,

22, 84, 135, 449, 450, 454, 455, 456, 478,

Freeman, A., 501


Frenet, F., 27
Fresnel, A. J., 544, 545

195, 196, 203, 206, 208, 211,' 384, 386, 390, 393, 395, 424, 427, 428, 429, 430, 434, 453, 454, 456, 457, 458, 459, 462, 464, 465, 471, 488, 513, 514, 577, 579, 581, 582, 633 Hansen, P. A., 14, 20, 30, 31, 37, 152, 154, 155, 158, 195, 292, 406, 655,

Frobenius, F.
Frullani,

G,

57

656

G,

14, 19

Hanumanta Rao,
Hardy, G. H.,

C. V., 437

Gallop, E.

G,

405, 421, 422

Gaskin, T., 109


Gasser, A., 509, 517

8, 111, 180, 183, 188, 189, 200, 309, 320, 321, 322, 324, 373, 382, 386, 395, 406, 421, 422, 437, 441, 442, 463, 464, 542, 546, 547, 573, 575, 579, 606, 615, 621
J., 88,

Gauss,

C F.

Johann Friedrich Carl), .191, 506

Hargreave, C.

170, 171

LIST OF
Hargreaves, R., 538 Harnack, A., 577 Hams, R. A., 15

AUTHORS QUOTED
Lacroix, S. F., 27

793

Lagrange,

J. L. de, 6, 27, 28,

551

Lamb,

H., 56> 96, 385, 416, 475, 502


J. H.,

Havelock, T. H., 125, 171 Hayashi, T., 165


Heaviside, O., 64, 65, 203, 367, 385, 387, 388,
393, 395, 410, 426

Lambert,

Lame\ G,
Landau,

96,

485 159
6, 7, 8, 9, 53,

E. G. H., 197

Laplace, P. S. de,

280, 395, 421,

Heine, H. E.,

4, 56, 65, 66, 84, 154, 155, 156,

450
Largeteau, C. L., 501 Laurent, Paul Mathieu Hermann, 157

157, 181, 358, 363, 365

Hermite, C, 55, 477


Hertz, H., 80, 81

Laurent, Pierre Alphonse, 100


Lebedeff,

Herz, N., 554, 555


Hill, C. J. D.,

Wera

Myller-, 99

94 Hobson, E. W., 10,

33, 5458, 125, 128, 129,

149, 172, 174, 280, 353, 363, 369, 385, 386,

387, 480, 485, 578, 586, 591, 602

Hopf,

L., 178,
J.,

406

Lebesgue, Henri, 457 Lebesgue, Victor AmeMee, 110, 123 Lefort, F., 6 Legendre, A. M., 52, 90, 183, 204, 485, 557 l'Hospital, G. F. A. (Marquis de St Mesme),

Horn,

225, 526

134
Leibniz, G. W.,
1, 2,

Hurwitz, A., 9, 297, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 483, 484
Ignatowsky, W. von, 365 Isherwood, J. G., 657, 658, 664
Jackson, Dunham, 343 Jackson, Frank Hilton, 43, 44 Jackson, William Hartas, 177
Jacobi, C. G.
J., 6, 8, 14,

Le

Paige,

C, 96

Lerch, M., 382, 393, 433, 434, 617 Lindner, P., 484
Lindstedt, A., 545, 661
Liouville, J., 27, 28, 87, 111, 112, 116, 117,

119, 120, 123

Lipschitz, R. O.

S., 11, 12,

195, 200, 206, 331,

339, 384, 386, 390, 633

21, 22, 25, 26, 27,

Lobatschevsky, N., 503


Lobatto, R., 49, 90

28, 29, 84, 195, 379, 555,

572

Jamet, E. V., 94 Johnson, W. W., 92 Jolliffe, A. E., 528, 529 Julius, V. A., 65, 200
Kalahne, A., 505, 507, 660 Kapteyn, W., 35, 183, 200, 268, 279, 281,
282, 292, 351, 370, 373, 376, 380, 386, 404,

Lodge, A., 224, 229

Lommel,

E. C, J. von, 13, 21, 23, 25, 30, 34,

38, 43, 45, 46, 47, 49, 53, 59, 62, 65, 66,
71, 73, 76, 77, 96, 97, 98, 99, 106, 107, 132,

133, 135, 136, 140, 142, 143, 145, 148, 151,

152, 154, 196, 200, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 303, 308, 315, 328, 341, 345, 348,

413, 498, 499, 531, 532, 533, 535, 536, 538, 551, 559, 560, 562, 565, 566, 568, 569,

350, 364, 374, 406, 478, 479, 482, 529, 531, 537, 538, 539, 540, 542, 543, 544, 545, 546, 548, 549, 550, 576, 654, 655, 656, 658, 660,

570 Kelvin (Sir William Thomson), Lord, 81,


124, 203, 225, 229, 230, 233, 248, 654,

661, 664

Lorenz,

L., 57, 96, 224, 229,

500

Love, A. E. H., 56, 226, 417, 449, 654, 662

658
Kepinski,
Kepler,
S.,

99
552
367, 419, 420

Macdonald, H. M., 78,

79, 80, 158, 170, 171,

J., 551,

225, 229, 233, 365, 377, 385, 386, 389, 395, 396, 412, 413, 439, 440, 482, 509, 511

Kirchhoff, G., 107, 196, 203, 389, 578, 616

Kluyver,

J.

C,

Maclean, M., 658

Kneser, J. C. C. A., 499, 578, 583 Knockenhauer, K. W., 545

McMahon,

J., 64,

195, 200, 505, 507, 581

Konig, J., 354, 523 Koppe, M., 247

Kummer,

E. E., 49, 90, 101, 102, 104, 105,

MacRobert, T. M., 197 Maggi, G. A., 13 Malmsten, C. J., 99, 173, 185, 187, 188, 196, 203
Manfredius, G., 92

148, 185, 190, 191 r 196, 203, 394, 409

794

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


Pearson, Karl, 98, 99, 419, 421
Peirce, B. 0., 501, 660,

March, H. W., 56, 225, 449 Marcolongo, R., 135 Marshall, W., 505, 506 Mathews, G. B., 64, 65, 78, 194, 206, 454, 480, 655, 656, 657, 658, 660
Maxwell,
J.

664

P^res, J., 44

Perron, O., 154


Petzval,
J.,

49
E.,

Clerk, 125

Phragmen,

358

Mayall, R. H. D., 550

Picard, C. E., 93, 94


Pincherle,S., 190, 196, 271, 274, 386, 526, 528 Plana, G. A. A., 10, 38, 42, 45, 49, 53, 95, 96,
99, 195,

Mehler, F. G., 65, 155, 157, 169, 170, 180,


183, 425, 431, 455, 475, 476

Meissel, D. F. E., 7, 145, 204, 226, 227, 229,


232, 233, 234, 247, 391, 521, 557, 558, 561, 564, 572, 655, 656, 658, 660, 662

554

Mellin, R. Hj., 190, 196


Mittag-Leffler,

Plummer, H. C, 270, 552, 555 Pochhammer, L., 100, 101, 297, 346, 410 Pocklington, H. C, 537
Poincare\ J. Henri, 236
Poisson, S. D.,
6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 24, 25, 38,

M.

G., 83,

497

Molins, H., 106

Moore, C. N., 479, 578, 579, 597, 649 Morton, W. B., 65, 66

47, 49, 52, 67, 68, 69, 73, 95, 96, 160, 173,

183, 185, 186, 187, 194, 195, 308, 369, 477,

Murphy,

R., 91, 156, 157

501
Lebedeff)
Porter,

Myller-Lebedeff,

W.

(see

M.

B., 299, 477, 480, 485, 515,

517

Preece, C. T., 27

Nagaeka, H., 340, 633, 634

Puiseux, V., 559


Raffy, L., 94

Neumann, Carl

Gottfried, 16, 19, 22, 23, 30,

31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 46, 59, 60, 65, 66, 67,

68, 69, 70, 71; 73, 128, 143, 150, 151, 155,

271, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278, 280, 281, 284, 286, 290, 291, 292, 346, 358, 359, 361, 363, 365, 386, 418, 424, 440, 441, 453, 455, 456,

Ramanujan, S., 382, 449 Rawson, R., 91


Rayleigh
(J.

W.

Strutt), Lord, 50, 55, 56, 74,

95, 137, 155, 157, 189, 230, 231, 233, 331,

470, 471, 473, 474, 475, 476, 522, 523, 524,

333, 374, 389, 395, 419, 421, 477, 502, 510,


511, 616, 618, 660
Riccati, (Count) J. F.,
1, 2, 3, 85, 86, 87, 88, 94 F. B., 80, 158, 172, 203, 229,

525

Neumann, Friedrich E., 154 Newman, F. W., 663, 664


Newton, Sir
Nicholson,
Isaac, 120
J.

Riemann, G.

235, 427, 457, 486, 623, 637, 649


Riesz, M., 606, 614

W., 107, 108, 145, 146, 149,

150, 189, 226, 229, 231, 247, 248, 249, 260, 252, 262, 329, 332, 413, 415, 425, 426, 431, 440, 441, 446, 448, 505, 656

Rodrigues, O., 27 ROhrs, J. H., 10 Rudski, P., 477, 508


Russell, A., 81, 82, 204

Nicolas,

J., 77,

84

Nielsen, N., 24, 44, 49, 64, 73, 74, 77, 82, 83, 132, 142, 145, 148, 149, 154, 169, 224, 297, 298, 299, 315, 350, 355, 357, 359, 392, 405,
455, 465, 522, 523, 525, 526, 527, 528, 571, 572, 574, 597, 622, 629, 636

Rutgers,

J. G., 373, 374,

Rybczyriski,

W.

375, 376, 380, 579 von, 56, 225, 449

Sasaki, S., 507

Savidge, H.

G,

82, 204,

658

NiemOller, F., 57, 68, 195


Olbricht, R., 158, 481

Schafheitlin, P., 64, 137, 142, 168, 169, 207, 215, 373, 391, 392, 398, 401, 402, 406, 408, 421, 447, 477, 479, 482, 485, 487, 489, 490,

Oltramare, G.,
Orr, W.

73
146, 206, 224, 454,455,

McF, 145,

579

491, 492, 493, 494, 508, 510, 543 Scheibner, W., 6


Schlafli, L., 10, 14, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 63, 64,

Otti, H., 71, 274, 286, 341

65, 67, 72, 79, 90, 91, 143, 145, 151, 160,

Panton, A. W., 305


Paoli, P., 53, 95,

171, 174, 175, 176, 178, 179, 181, 185, 195,

186
9, 21, 24, 68,

196, 215, 216, 228, 253, 274, 276, 278, 284, 105, 229, 358, 285, 286, 288, 289, 290, 341, 342, 344, 345,

Parseval, M. A.,
359, 384

508, 577, 579, 581, 582, 583, 585

LIST OF

AUTHORS QUOTED
Thomson, Sir Joseph John, 65, 173 Thomson, Sir William (see Kelvin)
Tisserand, F., 371

795

Schlomilch, O. X., 14, 18, 33, 34, 35, 36, 153,

173,183,617,618,619,621,622,628,655,666 Schonholzer, J. J., 145 Schott, G. A., 551, 556, 572, 573

Todhunter,

I.,

27, 157, 199

Schwarz, K. H. A, 358, 643 Schwarzschild, K., 361 Schwerd, F. M., 477, 654 Searle, J. H. C, 199 Segar, H. W., 483 Serret, J. A, 171, 173, 188 Sharpe, H. J., 105, 157

Turriere, E., 15

Unferdinger, F., 310

Valewink, G. C. A., 196

Vandermonde, A., 102 van Vleck, E. B., 480


Verdet, E., 477
Vessiot, E., 94

Sheppard,
Siacci, F.,

W.
92

F., 199, 454,

579, 595, 615

Siegel, C. L.,

485

Volterra, V., 579, 621

Siemon, P., 328, 398 Smith, Bernard A., 655 Smith, Clara E., 621 Smith, Otto Andreas, 50 Sommerfeld, A. J. W., 56, 57, 178, 361, 389, 395, 406, 417, 464, 499 Sonine, N. J., 82, 83, 132, 137, 139, 143, 169,
170, 171, 175, 176, 177, 180, 279, 280, 281,

Voronoi, G., 200 Voss, A., 406

Wagner, C,

290, 353, 354, 362, 363, 367, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 383, 386, 391, 394, 395, 398, 401, 411, 415, 417, 418, 431, 432, 433, 434, 439, 454
Spitzer, S., 68, 71, 153

13, 142 Walker, Gilbert Thomas, 360, 361 Walker, James, 328, 331, 333, 537, 544 Wallenburg, G., 94 Waring, E, 503 Watson, G. N., 11, 105, 125, 158, 226, 231,

249, 268, 355, 444, 483, 485, 513, 519, 566,

575

Webb, H. A,

351, 523, 533, 536


67, 75, 165, 167, 195,

Weber, Heinrich, 63, 64,

Stearn, H., 482, 621


Steiner, L., 655, 661

196, 210, 211, 212, 386, 391, 392, 393, 394,

395, 396, 398, 402, 405, 406, 408, 421, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 468, 469, 470, 495 Weber, Heinrich Friedrich, 308, 309, 310,311, 312, 315, 320 Weierstrass, C. T. W., 358 Wendt, Cacilie, 363 Weyl, H., 189, 454 Weyr, E, 93, 94 Whewell, W., 479 Whipple, F. J. W., 177, 313, 387 Whitehead, C. S., 81, 82, 132, 148, 203

Steinthal, A. E., 171, 387

Stephenson, A., 579


Stern,

M.

A.,

500

Stieltjes, T. J., 195, 196, 207, 208, 209, 213,

214, 464
Stirling,

James,

7, 8,

214

Stokes, Sir George Gabriel, 8, 12, 53, 55, 68,


69, 70, 80, 95, 97, 188, 189, 195, 201, 202,

225, 229, 238, 320, 324, 336, 391, 405, 503,


505, 507, 605, 659
Strutt, J.

W.

(see

Rayleigh)

Whittaker, E.

T., 44, 50, 124, 125, 173, 197,

Struve, H., 328, 329, 333, 337, 392, 396, 397,


417, 661

339, 503, 632, 633

Sturm,

J. C. F., 304, 477, 479, 517, 518,

521

Wigert, C. S., 200 Williamson, B., 110


Willson, R. W., 501, 660, 664

Suchar, P. J., 90 Svanberg, A. F., 173

Wilton,

J. R.,

154

Wirtinger, W., 189, 190


Takeuchi, T., 313 Tannery, J., 11, 156, 302
Theisinger, L., 184, 185, 338

Young, W. H.,

10, 351, 406, 578, 579, 580,

582, 586, 596, 616, 617

GENERAL INDEX
[The numbers refer
;

to the pages.]

Addition theorems, 358-372 (Chapter xi) for Bessel coefficients of order zero, 128, 359; for Bessel coefficients of order n, 29; for Bessel functions of the first kind (Gegenbauer's type), 362, 367; for Bessel functions of the first kind (Graf's type), 130, 143, 359 ; for Bessel functions or cylinder functions of any kind (Gegenbauer's type), 363 for Bessel functions or cylinder functions of any kind (Graf's type), 143, 361 for hemi-cylindrical functions, 354; for Lommel's functions of two variables, 543; for Schlafli's function fn (z), 344; for Schlafli's polynomial, 289; integrals derived from, 367 ; physical significance of, 128, 130, 361, 363, 366; special and degenerate forms of, 366, 368 Airy's integral, 188 expressed in terms of Bessel functions of order one-third, 192 generalised by Hardy, 320; Hardy's expressions for the generalised integral in terms of the functions of Bessel, Anger and Weber, 321 references to tables of, 659 Analytic theory of numbers associated with asymptotic expansions of Bessel functions, 200 Anger's function 3 v {z), 308; connexion with Weber's function, 310; differential equation satisfied by, 312; integrals expressed in terms of, 312; recurrence formulae for, 311; representation of Airy's integral (generalised) by, 321 with large argument, asymptotic expansion of, 313 with large argument and order, asymptotic expansion of, 316 Approximations to Bessel coefficients of order zero with large argument, 10, 12 to Bessel functions of large order (Carlini), 6, 7 (extensions due to Meissel), 226, 227, 232, 247, 521 (in transitional regions), 248; to functions of large numbers (Darboux), 233; (Laplace), 421 to Legendre functions of large degree, 65, 155, 157, 158 to remainders in asymptotic expansions, 213; to the sum of a series of positive terms, 8. See also Asymptotic expansions, Method of stationary phase and Method of steepest descents Arbitrary functions, expansions of, see Neumann series and Kapteyn Beries (for complex variables); Dini series, Fourier-Bessel series, Neumann series and Schlbmilch series (for real variables) Argument of a Bessel function defined, 40 Asymptotic expansions, approximations to remainders in, 213; conversion into convergent series, 204; for Bessel coefficients of order zero with large argument, 10, 12, 194; for Bessel functions of arbitrary order with large argument, 194-224 (Chapter vn) (functions of the first and second kinds), 199 (functions of the third kind), 196; (functions of the third kind by Barnes' methods), 220; (functions of the third kind by Schlafli's methods), 215; (functions with imaginary argument), 202; for Bessel functions with order and argument both large, 225-270 (Chapter vni); (order greater than argument), 241 (order less than argument), 244 (order nearly equal to argument), 245 (order not nearly equal to argument, both being complex), 262; for combinations of squares and products of Bessel functions of large argument, 221, 448; for Fresnel's integrals, 545 for functions of Anger and Weber (of arbitrary order with large argument), 313 (with order and argument both large), 316; for Lommel's functions, 351; for Lommel's functions of two variables, 549; for Struve's function (of arbitrary order with large argument), 332; (with order and argument both large), 333 for Thomson's functions, ber (z) and bei (z), 203; for Whittaker's function, 340; magnitude of remainders in, 206, 211, 213, 236, 314, 332, 352, 449; sign of remainders in, 206, 207, 209, 215, 315, 333, 449. See also Approximations
; ;
;

Basic numbers applied to Bessel functions, 43 Bateman's type of definite integral, 379, 382 Bei (z), Ber (z). See Thomson's functions

Bernoullian polynomials associated with Poisson's integral, 49 Bernoulli's (Daniel) solution of Biccati's equation, 85, 89, 123 Bessel coefficient of order zero, J (z), 3, 4; differential equation satisfied by, 4, 5 (general solution of), 5, 12, 59, 60; expressed as limit of a Legendre function, 65, 155, 157; oscillations of a uniform heavy chain and, 3, 4 Parseval's integral representing, 9 with large argument, asymptotic expansion of, 10, 12, 194; zeros of, 4, 5. See also Bessel coefficients, Bessel functions and Bessel's differential equation Bessel coefficients J (z), 5, 6, 13, 14-37 (Chapter n); addition theorem for, 29; Bessel's integral for, 19; expansion in power series of, 15; generating function of, 14, 22, 23; inequalities satisfied by, 16, 31, 268; notations for, 13, 14; order of, 14; (negative), 16; recurrence formulae for, 17; square of, 32; tables of (of orders and 1), 662, 666-697; (of order i), 664, 730-732; (with equal order and argument), 664, 746; tables of (references to), 654, 655, 656, 658. See also Bessel coefficient of order zero, Bessel'B differential equation and Bessel functions Bessel functions, 38-84 (Chapter m) argument of, defined, 40 differential equations of order higher than the second satisfied by, 106 expressed as limits of Lame functions, 159 expressed as limits of P-functions, 158 history of, 1-13 (Chapter i) (compiled by Maggi and by Wagner), 13 indefinite integrals containing, 132-138 ; order of, defined, 38, 58, 63, 67, 70 rank of, defined, 129 relations between the various kinds of, 74 representation of cylinder functions in terms of, 82; solutions of difference equations in terms of, 83, 355; solutions of Laplace's
; ; ; ;
;

;; ;

GENERAL INDEX

797

threeequation containing, 83, 124 ; solutions of the equation of wave motions containing, 125 ; and ten term relations connecting, 300 ; with negative argument, 75. See also the two preceding following entries, and Cylinder functions 367, 368 Bessel functions of the first kind, JV (*), 38 ; addition theorems for, 143, 359, 362, 363, cut in Barnes' type of integral representing, 190 ; Bessel's type of integral representing, 176 ; expansion of, plane to render uniform, 45 differential equation (Bessel's) satisfied by, 38 expressed ascending series, 40 ; expansion of, in descending series, see Asymptotic expansions limit of a hypergeometnc as a generalised hypergeometric function, 100, 101 ; expressed as the significance of), 155; function, 154 ; expressed as the limit of a Legendre function, 156; (physical generalisations expressed as the limit of a Lommel polynomial, 302 functional properties of, 45 infinite integrals containing, of, 43, 44, 308-357 ; inequalities satisfied by, 49, 255, 259, 270, 406 ; Chapter xm, passim ; of complex order, 46 of order n + *, 41 (expressed in finite terms), 52,
; ;

55

(notations for), 55, 80 ; Poisson's integral representing, 47, 48 ; (modifications of), 161, 163, of two, expressed as a 164, 169, 170 ; products of, see Products of Bessel functions ; quotient Lommel s continued fraction, 153, 154, 303 ; recurrence formulae for, 45, 294 ; relations with polynomial, 297; represented by integrals containing Legendre functions, 173, 174; symbolic formulae for, 170; tables of (of orders and 1), 662, 666-697 ; (of order n), 664, 730-732 ; (of order n+4), 664, 740-745; (of order $), 664, 714-729; (of order - *, method of computing), 664; to), (with equal order and argument), 664, 746 ; (zeros of), 664, 748-751 ; tables of (references with large argument, see 654, 655, 656, 658, 659, 660 ; Weierstrassian product representing, 497 Asymptotic expansions ; zeros of, see Zeros of Bessel functions
;
;

Bessel functions of the second


(after Neumann), 67; for, 144, 361, 365, 368

Hud, Y (z)

Yv (z)
;

(z) (after Hankel), 57, 63; n (z) (after Heine), 65 ; F<> (after Weber-Schlafli, the canonical form), 63; addition theorems
;

Bessel's type of integral representing, 177 component parts of, 71, 72, 340; continuity of (qua function of their order), 63; differential equation (Bessel's) satisfied by, descending series, 59, 63 expansion of, in ascending series, 59, 60, 61, 69, 72 expansion of, in the first kind, 5, see Asymptotic expansions ; expressed as an integral containing functions of 133, 382, 433 infinite integrals containing, 385, 387, 393, 394, 424, 425, 426, 428, 429, 430, 433; of), 169, 170; products of, Poisson's type of integral representing, 68, 73, 165; (modifications 149; (represented by infinite integrals), 221, 441,' 446 ; (asymptotic expansions of), 221, 448; recurrence formulae for, 66, 71 represented by integrals containing Legendre functions, 174 symbolic formulae for, 170 tables of (of orders and 1), 662, 666-697 (of order n), 664, 732735 ; (of order J), 664, 714-729; (of order -J, method of computing), 664; (with equal order and argument), 664, 747 (zeros of), 748-751 tables of, references to, 655, 656, 658 ; with large zeros of, set. Zeros of argument, see Asymptotic expansions ; with negative argument, 75 Bessel functions. See also Neumann's polynomial w (z), v (z), 73; Barnes' integrals representing, 192 v Bessel functions of the third kind, Bessel's type of integral representing, 178 ; Poisson's type of integral representing, 166 (modifications of), 168, 169, 170; represented by integrals containing Legendre functions, 174; symbolic formulae for, 170 ; tables of (of orders O'and 1), 662, 666-697 ; (of order ), 664, 714729 ; tables of (references to), 657 with large argument, asymptotic expansions of, 199, 210, 215 with large argument and order, asymptotic expansions of, 244, 245, 262 ; with negative
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

H
;

argument, 75
Bessel functions whose order and argument are equal, approximations to, 229, 231, 232, 259, 260, 448, 515 ; asymptotic expansions of, 245 ; integrals representing, 258 ; tables of, 658, 664, 746,

747

tables of (references to),

658

Bessel functions
stability of

whose order is (n + ) Bessel functions whose order is large, 225-270 (Chapter vm) asymptotic expansions of, 241, 244, 245, 262 Carlini's approximation to, 6, 7 ; (extended by Meissel), 226, 227 ; Horn's (elementary) approximation to, 225 ; Laplace's approximation to, 7, 8, 9 ; method of stationary phase applied to, 232 ; method of steepest descents applied to, 237 ; miscellaneous properties of, 252-261 tables of (reference to), 658 ; transitional formulae for, 248 ; zeros of, 513, 516, 517, 518. See
; ;

751. Of 659. Of funetions

fraction. Of orders J (and Airy's integral), 190; (and the tables of, 664, 714-729 ; tables of (references to), 659 ; zeros of, orders |, tables of (references to), 659. Of orders J, j . tables of (references to), small fractional orders, tables of zeros of (references to), 502, 660. See also Bessel

whose order

is

a vertical pole), 96

also Bessel functions whose order and argument are equal Bessel functions whose order is =(n t J), 10, 52, 80 ; expressible in finite terms, 52 ; notations for, 55, 80 ; tables of, 664, 740-745 ; tables of (references to), 658, 659 Bessel functions with Imaginary argument, I{z), K (z), K v (z), 77, 78; differential equation integrals representing (of Bessel's type), 181 ; (of Poisson's* type), 79, 171, 172; satisfied by, 77 (proof of equivalence of various types), 185-188 monotonic property of, 446 ; of order (, + 1), 80 ; recurrence formulae, 79 tables of (of orders and 1), 663, 698-713 ; (of order J), 664, 714729 ; (of various integral orders), 664, 736, 737-739 ; tables of (references to), 657, 658; with large argument, asymptotic expansions of, 202 ; zeros of, 511 ; (computation of), 512 ; (references to),

660
Bessel's differential equation, 1, 19 ; (generalised), 38 ; for functions of order zero, 5, 12, 59, 60; for functions with imaginary argument, 77 ; fundamental system of solutions of, 42, 75 ; has no

798

THEORY OP BESSEL FUNCTIONS

algebraic integral, 117 ; soluble in finite terms when and only when the functions satisfying it are of order n + %, 52, 119; solution of, in ascending series, 39, 40, 57, 59-61 ; solution of, in descending series, see Asymptotic expansions ; symbolic solution of, 41 ; transformations of, 94, 97. See also Bessel coefficients and Bessel functions
Bessel's integral representing Bessel coefficients, 19, 21; generalisations

and extensions

of, see

Anger's function, Bourget's function, Brans' function and Weber's function ; modifications of, to represent Bessel functions of arbitrary order, 175, 176, 177, 178, 181 ; Theisinger's transformation of, 184 ; used in theory of diffraction, 177 ; used to obtain asymptotic expansions, 215. See
also Parseval's integral

Bounds, upper,

see Inequalities'
</,* (z),

Bourget's function

326
327

differential equation satisfied by,

327

recurrence formulae for,

326 Brans' function J(z;v,


Carlini's

k),

approximation for Bessel functions of large order, 6, 7 324 ; recurrence formulae for, 325 OT Cayley's solution of Biccati's equation, 88 Chain, oscillations of a uniform heavy, 3, 4, 576 Cognate Riccati equations, 91
Cauchy's numbers i^_ n i
,
,

extended by Meissel, 226, 227

Complex variables, expansions of arbitrary functions of, see Kapteyn series and Neumann series Complex zeros of Bessel functions, 483 of Bessel functions with imaginary argument, 511 of Lommel's polynomials, 306
; ;

Composition of Bessel functions of the second kind of integral order, 340 Computation of zeros of Bessel functions by various methods (Oraeffe's), 500, 502; (Stokes'), 503; (Sturm's, for the smallest zero), 516. See also Zeros of Bessel functions Constant phase, Schlafli's method of, 216 Constants, discontinuity of arbitrary (Stokes' phenomenon), 201, 203, 238, 336 Continuants, connected with Schlafli's polynomial, 288 Continued fractions representing quotients of Bessel functions, 153 convergence of, 154, 303 Convergent series, Hadamard's conversion of asymptotic expansions into, 204 Crelier's integral for Schlafli's polynomial, 288. See also Neumann's integral for Neumann's polynomial
;

Cross-ratio of solutions of Biccati's equation, 94

Cube of a Bessel function, expansion of, 149 Cat necessary for definition of Bessel functions, 45, 77 Cylinder (circular), motion of heat in, 9, 10, 576, 577 Cylinder functions, 9v {z), 4, 82, 480; addition theorems, 143, 361, 365; connexion with Bessel functions, 83 origin of the name, 83 rank of, 129; solutions of differential equations of order
;

higher than the second by, 106 three-term relations connecting, 300. See also Bessel functions and Hemi-cylindrical functions
;

Darboux' method of approximating to functions of large numbers, 233


Definite integrals, containing Bessel functions under the integral sign, 373-382 (Chapter xu); evaluated by geometrical methods, 374, 376, 378 ; the Ramanujan-Hardy method of evaluation, 382. See also Infinite integrals
Definite integrals representing special functions, see Bessel functions and Integrals Determinants, representing Lommel's polynomials, 294 ; Wronskian, 42, 76, 77 Difference equations (linear with linear coefficients) solved by means of Bessel functions, 83. See also Functional equations and Recurrence formulae Differentiability of Fourier-Bessel expansions, 605 ; of special Schlomilch series, 635 Differential coefficients, fractional, 107, 125 Differential equations (ordinary), linear of the second order, equivalent to the generalised Riccati equation, 92 of order higher than the second solved by Bessel functions, 106 oscillation of solutions of, 518 satisfied by the product of two Bessel functions, 145, 146 solved by elementary transcendants, 112; symbolic solutions of, 41, 108. See also under the names of special equations, such as Bessel's differential equation, and under the names of various functions and polynomials satisfying differential equations, such as Anger's function Differential equations (partial), solution of by an integral containing Bessel functions, 99 see also Laplace's equation and Wave-motions, equation of Diffraction, theory of, connected with Airy's integral, 188 with Bessel's type of integral, 177 with Schlomilch series, 633 ; with Struve's functions, 417 Diffusion of salts in a liquid, and infinite integrals containing Bessel functions, 437
; ; ; ; ; ; ;

Dini expansion, 580.

See also Dini series

;;

GENERAL INDEX

799

Dlni series, 577, 580, 596-605, 615-617 (Chapter xvra), 651-653 ; expansion of an arbitrary function of a real variable into, 580, 600 ; methods of theory of functions of complex variables applied of, to, 596, 602 ; Riemann-Lebesgue lemma, analogue of, 599 ; Riemann's theorem, analogue 649; summability of, 601, 615 ; uniformity of convergence of, 601, 604 ; uniqueness of, 616, 651
value at end of range, 602
Dirichlet's discontinuous factor, 406

Discontinuity of arbitrary constants (Stokes' phenomenon), 201, 203, 238, 336 Discontinuous factor (Dirichlet's), 406; (Weber's), 405 Discontinuous integrals, 398, 402, 406, 408, 411, 415, 421

Domain

K (Kapteyn's),

559

diagram

of,

270
Bessel functions, 183

Du Bois Reymond's integrals with oscillatory integrands expressed in terms of

Electric waves, 56, 226, 449 Electromagnetic radiation, 551, 556 Elementary transcendants, definition of, 111 order of, 111 ; solution of differential equations by, 112 Equal order and argument, Bessel functions with, 231, 232, 258, 260 ; tables of, 746, 747 ; tables of (references to), 658, 664 Buler's solution of Riccati's equation, 87 Exponential function, tables of, 698-713 tables referred to, 663, 664
; ;

Factors, discontinuous (Dirichlet's), 406 ; (Weber's), 405 ; Neumann's en of Bessel functions as products of Weierstrassian, 497 Fejer's theorem, analogue of, for Fourier-Bessel expansions, 610

(=1 or 2), 22

expression

Finite terms, Bessel functions of order Ht (n+i) expressed in, 52 ; Bessel functions of other orders not so expressible, 119 ; solutions of Riccati's equation in, 85, 86, 89 ; the solution of Riccati's equation in, not possible except in Daniel Bernoulli's cases and their limit, 123
Flights, problem of

random, 419
See also Fourier-Bessel series
4,

Fourier-Bessel expansion, 580. Fourier-Bessel functions,

84

Fourier-Bessel integrals, see Multiple infinite integrals Fourier-Bessel series, 576-617 (Chapter xvm), 649-651 ; expansion of an arbitrary function of a real variable into, 576, 580 ; Fejer's theorem, analogue of, 610 ; Kneser-Sommerfeld expansion of a combination of Bessel functions into, 499 ; methods of theory of functions of complex variables applied to, 582, 607 ; order of magnitude of terms in (Sheppard's theorem), 595 ; RiemannLebesgue lemma, analogue of, 589 ; Riemann's theorem, analogue of, 649 ; summability of, 578, 606, 613 ; term-by-term differentiation of, 578, 605 ; uniformity of convergence of, 593, 594 (near origin), 615 ; uniformity of summability of, 612 ; uniqueness of, 616, 649 ; value at end of
range, 594, 603 Fractional differential coefficients, 107, 125 Fresnel's integrals, 544 ; asymptotic expansion of, 545 ; tables of, 744, 745 ; tables of maxima and minima of, 745 ; tables of (references to), 660, 661, 664 Functional equations denning cylinder functions, 82 ; generalised by Nielsen, 355 Functions of large numbers, approximations due to Darboux, 233 ; approximations due to Laplace, 8, 421 . See also Approximations, Asymptotic expansions, Method of stationary phase and Method of steepest descents Fundamental system of solutions of Bessel's differential equation, 42, 75, 78
Gallop's discontinuous infinite Integrals, 421 Gamma functions, representation of Bessel functions by integrals containing, 190, 192, 221 ; applications to determination of asymptotic expansions, 220, 223 ; applications to evaluation of infinite integrals, 383, 434, 436 Gamma functions, representation of Lommel's functions by integrals containing, 351 ; applications
to determination of asymptotic expansions, 352 Gegenhauer's addition theorem for Bessel functions, 362, 363, 367 Gegenbauer's discontinuous infinite integrals, 415, 418 Gegenbauer's function Cn " (z), 50, 129, 363, 365, 367, 368, 369, 378, 407 Gegenbauer's polynomial A nyV (t), 283 ; contour integrals containing, 284, 524 ; differential equation satisfied by, 283 equivalence with special" forms of Lommel's function, 351 ; recurrence formulae for, 283 Gegenhauer's polynomial B n>lkiV [t), 293, 525 Gegenbauer's- representation of Jv \z) by a double integral resembling Poisson's integral, 51
;

Gegenhauer's type of definite integral, 378 Generalised'hypergeometric functions, see Hypergeometric functions (generalised)

; ;;

800

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS

Generalised Integrals (with implied exponential factor), 188, 441, 463, 464 Generating function of Bessel coefficients, 14, 22, 23 ; of Neumann's polynomials, 281, 282 Gilbert's integrals, 548, 549 Giuliani's function, see Bourget's funotion Graeffe's method of calculating zeros, 500, 502 Grafs addition theorem for Bessel functions, 359, 361 Group velocity, 229 Growth of zeros of Bessel functions, 485

Hankel's infinite integrals, 384, 386, 389, 390, 393, 395, 424, 427, 428, 434 Hansen's upper bound for Jn (x), 31 generalised, 406 Hardy's functions Ci n (a), Si n (a), Ein (a), (generalisations of Airy's integral), 320; expressed in terms of functions of Bessel, Anger and Weber, 321, 322 Hardy's integrals representing Lommel's functions of two variables, 546 Hardy's method of evaluating definite integrals, 382 Heat, conduction of, 9, 10, 450, 576, 577, 616
;

Hemi-cylindrical functions S w (z), defined, 353 353 addition theorem for, 354
;

expressed in terms of the function of order zero,

Hypergeometric functions, limiting forms expressed as Bessel functions, 154 Hypergeometric functions (generalised), 90, 100 Bessel functions expressed in terms of, 100, 101 notations for, 100 relations between (Rummer's formulae), 101, 102 Sharpe's differential equation solved by, 105
; ; ;

gee Bessel functions with imaginary argument; Struve's functions with, 329, 332 Indefinite integrals containing Bessel functions under the integral sign, 132-138, 350, 581 ; tables of, 744, 745, 752 ; tables of (references to), 660, 661, 664 Inequalities satisfied by Bessel functions, 16, 31, 49, 255, 259, 268, 406; by Neumann's polynomial, 273, 282 ; by Struve's function, 328, 337, 417 ; by zeros of Bessel functions, 485, 489, 490, 492, 494, 515, 516, 521

Imaginary argument, Bessel functions with,

under the integral sign, 383-449 (Chapter xm) ; discontinuous, 398, 402, 406, 408, 411, 415, 421 ; generalised, 441 ; methods of evaluating, described, 383 ; Bamanujan's type (integrals of Bessel functions with respect to their order), 449. See also under the names of various integrals, e.g. Lipschitz-Hankel infinite integral Infinity of the number of zeros of Bessel functions and cylinder functions, 4, 478, 481, 494, 495 Integrals, expressed in terms of Lommel's functions of two variables, 540 ; expressed in terms of the functions of Anger and Weber, 312 ; Fresnel's, 544, 545, 660, 661, 664, 744, 745 ; Gilbert's, 548, 549 values of, deduced from addition theorems, 367 ; with oscillatory integrands, 183 with the polynomials of Neumann and Gegenbauer under the integral sign, 277, 285. See also Definite integrals and Infinite integrals Interference, 229
Infinite Integrals containing Bessel functions
;

Interlacing of zeros of Bessel functions and of cylinder functions, 479, 480, 481 Irrationality of *-, 90, 485
Jacobl's transformation connecting sinnl with the (n - l)th differential coefficient of sin 2B_1 respect to cos d, 26 ; erroneously attributed to Bodrigues, 27 ; various proofs of, 27, 28
;

with

Kapteyn's domain K, 559 diagram of, 270 Kapteyn series, 6, 13, 551-575 (Chapter xvn) ; connexion with Kepler's problem, 551 ; expansions into, derived from Kepler's problem, 554, 555 expansion of an arbitrary analytic function into, 570; fundamental expansions into, 557, 559, 561, 564, 566, 568, 571 ; Kapteyn's domain K, of convergence of, 559 (diagram of), 270 nature of convergence outside and on the boundary of K, 574 ; second kind of, 572 Kapteyn's polynomial % (t), 568 ; expressed in terms of Neumann's polynomial, 569 Kapteyn's type of definite integral, 380 Kepler's problem, 6, 551, 554 ; Bessel's solution of, 13 ; Lagrange's solution of, 6 Kinds of Bessel functions, (first) 40 ; (second) 58, 63, 64, 65, 67 ; (third) 73 Kneser-Bonunerfeld expansion of a combination of Bessel functions as a Fourier-Bessel series, 499 Hummer's formulae connecting generalised hypergeometric functions, 101, 102
;
;

Lame functions, limiting forms expressed as Bessel functions, 159 Laplace's equation, general solution due to Parse val, 9 ; general solution due to Whittaker, 124 solutions involving Bessel functions, 83, 124 ; used to obtain addition theorems for Bessel functions,

127

GENERAL INDEX
Laplace's methods of approximating to functions of large numbers, 8, 421 Laplace's transformation, 280, 395 Large numbers, methods of approximation to functions of (Darboux), 233 ; (Laplace), 8, 421.
also

801

Sec

Approximations and Asymptotic expansions

Large order, see Anger's function, Bessel functions whose order is large, Struve's function and Weber's function Lebesgue's lemma, see Riemann-Lebesgue lemma Legendre functions, Barnes' notation for, 156; integrals containing, 50, 173, 174, 339, 475; limits
(physical significance of), 155 of large degree, expressed as Bessel functions, 65, 155, 157 approximations to, 158 relation between two kinds of, 174 Whipple's transformation of, 387. See also Oegenbauer*s function Cn v (z) Lipschltz-Hankel infinite integral, 384 ; generalised, 389 Lommel's functions 8 Ml (z), p,i> (z), 345, 347 ; cases of expression in finite terms, 350 integrals special cases expressible by the polynomials representing, 346, 350 recurrence formulae, 348 of Gegenbauer, Neumann and Schlfifli, 350; special cases with /jlv an odd negative integer, 348 with large argument, asymptotic expansion of, 351 Lommel's functions of two variables, Uv (w, z), Vv (w, z), 537, 538 addition formulae for, 543 integrals representing, 540, 546 reciprocation formulae, 542 recurrence formulae, 539 special case of, 581, 752 ; tables of, 752 ; tables referred to, 660 with large argument, asymptotic expansions of, 549 Lommel's polynomial J?wt , (z), 294, 295 differential equation satisfied by, 297 ; Hurwitz' notation 9m, v (z), 303 limit of, expressed as a Bessel function, 302 of negative order, R^ m v (z), 299 recurrence formulae, 298 recurrence formulae in Hurwitz' notation, 303 ; relations with Bessel functions, 295, 297, 302 ; three-term relations connecting, 300, 301 zeros of, 304, 305, 306
of,
; ; ; ;
i;

Magnitudes of remainders in asymptotic expansions, 206, 211, 213, 236, 314, 332, 352, 449 MaTJitia of Bessel functions, 488; of FresnePs integrals, table of, 745 of integrals of Bessel func;

752 Mean anomaly, expansions of elements of an orbit in trigonometrical series of, 6, 13, 552, 554, 556 Mehler-Dirichlet integral representing Legendre functions, limiting form expressed as Poisson's integral, 157 Mehler-Sonine integrals representing Bessel functions, 169, 170 Meissel's approximations to Bessel functions of large order, 226, 227, 232, 247, 521 ; types of Kapteyn series, 557, 561, 564, 566 Membrane, vibrations of a circular, 5, 576, 618 ; vibrations of a sectorial, 510 Method of constant phase (Schlafli's), 216 Method of stationary phase, 225, 229 applied to Bessel functions, 231, 233
tions, table of,
;

Method of steepest descents, 235 applied to Bessel functions, 237, 241, 244, 245, 262 applied to functions of Anger and Weber, 316; applied to Struve's function, 333; connexion with Laplace's method of approximation, 421 Minima of Bessel functions, 488 of Fresnel's integrals, table of, 745 of integrals of Bessel func; ; ; ;

tions, 752

Monotonic properties of

Jv (vx)jjv (*),

257; of

Jv (v) and

,TV

'

(v),

260

of

(.r),

446
;

Multiple infinite Integrals, 450-476 (Chapter xrv) ; investigated by Neumann, 453, 470 (generalised by Hankel), 453, 456, 465; (generalised by Orr), 455; (modified by Weber), 468; RiemannLebesgue lemmas, analogues of, 457, 471 Weber's type of, 450
;

Neumann

series, 522-537 (Chapter xvi); expansion of an arbitrary analytic function into, 523; generalised, 525 ; (special series), 30, 31, 36, 69, 71, 151 Laurent's expansion, analogue of, 524; Pincherle's theorem on the singularities of, 526; special series, 18, 23, 25, 33, 34, 35, 128, 130, 138, 139, 140, 527, 581 ; Webb-Kapteyn (real variable) theory of, 533. See also Addition theorems
;

and Lommel's functions of two variables Neumann's factor eB (=1 or 2), 22 Neumann's Integral for <7m2 (z), 32 for Neumann's polynomial, 278, 280 Neumann's polynomial On (t), 271, 272, 273 connected with Kapteyn's polynomial, 569 connected with Neumann's polynomial O n [t), 292 connected with Schlafli's polynomial, 285, 286 contour integrals containing, 277 differential equation satisfied by, 276 expressed in terms of Lommel's
; ;

formerly called a Bessel function of the second kind, 67, 273 generalised by ; Gegenbauer, see Gegenbauer*s polynomial A n<v (t) generating function of, 281, 282 inequaliinfinite integrals containing, 433 Neumann's integral representing, ties satisfied by, 273, 282 278, 280; of negative order defined, 276; recurrence formulae for, 274 Neumann's polynomial On (t), 290, 291 ; expressed as integral containing Neumann's polynomial On (t), 292 Gegenbauer's generalisation of, see Oegenbauer's polynomial B n p, v (t) recurrence formula for, 292 Nicholson's infinite integrals, 431, 441
functions, 350
; ; ; ; ; ;
, ;

; ;

802

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


see Bessel

Nielsen-Hankel functions,

functions of the third kind


;

Null-functions, Lerch's theorem on integrals representing, 882 634, 636, 642, 647

represented by Schloniilch series,


of Bessel functions,

Numbers, analytic theory of, associated with asymptotic expansions Numbers, Cauchy's, 324 recurrence formulae for, 325
; ;

200

Order of a Bessel function denned, 38, 58, 63, 67, 70 integrals with regard to, 449 Ordinary differential equations, see Differential equations Oscillation of solutions of linear differential equations, 518 Oscillations of membranes, 5, 510, 576, 618 of uniform heavy chains, 3, 4, 576 Oscillatory integrands, Du Bois Beymond's integrals with, expressed in terms of Bessel functions, 183
;

P-functions, limiting forms expressed as Bessel functions, 158 Parseval'8 integral representing J (z), 9, 21 ; modifications of, 21

Partial differential equations, see Differential equations Phase, method of stationary, general principles of 225, 229; applied to Bessel functions, 231, 233 Phase, Schlafli's method of constant, 216
,

Pincherle's

theorem on

singularities of functions defined by

Neumann

series,

526

Poisson's integral for Bessel coefficients, 12, 24, 25 ; for Bessel functions, 47, 48, 49 ; (generalised by Gegenbauer), 50 ; (symbolic form of), 50 ; for Bessel functions of imaginary argument, 80 ; for Bessel functions of the second kind, 68, 73 ; limit of the Mehler-Dirichlet integral for Legendre functions as, 157 ; transformation into contour integrals to represent Bessel functions of any order (of the first kind), 161, 163, 164 ; (of the second kind), 165 ; (of the third kind), 166, 167; (with imaginary argument), 171, 172; transformations of the contour integrals, 168, 169, 170. See also Parseval's integral and Struve's function

Polar coordinates, change of axes of, used to obtain transformations of integrals, 51, 374, 376, 378 used to express Bessel functions as limits of Legendre functions, 155

Probleme de moments of Stieltjes, 464 Products of Bessel functions, 30, 31, 32, 82, 146, 147, 148, 149; Bateman's expansion of, 130, 370 expansions of arbitrary functions into series of, 525, 572 integrals representing, 31 150, 221 438, 439, 440, 441, 445, 446, 448 ; series of, 30, 151, 152 with large argument, asymptotic expansions of, 221, 448 Products of Weierstrassian factors, Bessel functions expressed as, 497
; ,

Quotient of Bessel functions expressed as a continued fraction, 153, 154, 303

Radius vector of an orbit, expansion as trigonometrical series of the mean anomaly, 6, 13,552,553,554 Ramanujan's integrals of Bessel functions with respect to their order, 449 Bamanujan's method of evaluating definite integrals, 382 Random flights, problem of, 419 Rank of Bessel functions and cylinder functions, 129 Real variables, expansions of arbitrary functions of, see Dini series, Fourier-Bessel series, Neumann series (Webb-Kapteyn theory), and 8chl6mllch series Reality of zeros of Bessel functions, 482, 483, 511 Reciprocation formulae for Lommel's functions of two variables, 542 Recurrence formulae for Anger's functions, 311 ; for Bessel coefficients, 17 for Bessel functions of the first kind, 45 ; for Bessel functions of the second kind, 66, 71 for Bessel functions of the third kind, 74 for Bessel functions with imaginary argument, 79 for Bourget's functions, 326 for Cauchy's numbers, 325 ; for cylinder functions, 82 for Gegenbauer's polynomials, 283 for
; ; ; ;
;

tions, 329 ; for Weber's functions, 311 ; for Whittaker's functions, 339. equations, Heml-cylindrlcal functions and Three-term relations Reduced functions, Cailler's, 536

See also Functional

Remainders in asymptotic expansions, magnitudes


207, 209, 215, 315, 333
;

of,

206, 211, 236, 314, 332, 352

signs of, 206,

Stieltjes'

approximations

to,

213
of,

Repetition of zeros of Bessel functions and cylinder functions, impossibility

479

Riccati's differential equation, 1, 2, 85-94; connexion with Bessel's equation, 1, 90} equation cognate to, 91; limiting form of, 86; soluble cases .of (D. Bernoulli's), 85; soluble cases of, exhausted by D. Bernoulli's formula and its limit, 123 ; solutions by various mathematicians (D. Bernoulli), 2, 85, 89 ; (Cayley), 88 ; (Euler), 87 ; (Schlafli), 90 ; solved by means of infinite series by James Bernoulli, 1 ; transformations of, 86

Riccati's differential equation generalised, 3, 92, 94

cross -ratio of solutions. 94

equivalence

GENERAL INDEX
with the linear equation of the second order, 92 ; singularities bers (two, one or none) of quadratures, 3, 93 Riemann-Lebesgue lemma, analogues of the, 457, 471, 589, 599
of,

803
94
;

soluble by various

num-

Riemann's theorem on trigonometrical series, analogues for Schlomilch for series of Fouricr-Bcsscl and Dini, 649
Rodrigues' transformation, see Jacobl's transformation

series, 642,

647

analogues

Schafheitlln's discontinuous Infinite integral, 398, 402, 405, 406, 408, 411

Bcbafheitlln's integrals representing Bessel functions


Bchlafli's functions

and cylinder functions, 168, 169, 490, 491, 493

71, 340, 343; addition theorems for, 344, 345; differential equations satisfied by, 342, 343; of negative order, 343 ; recurrence formulae for, 71, 342, 343

Tn (z)

and

Vn (z),

hypergeometric function, 90 polynomial .S' (t), 284, 286 addition theorem for, 289 connexion with Neumann's polynomial On (t), 285, 286; Crelier's integral representation of, 288; differential equation satisfied by, 285 expression by means of Bessel functions, 287; expression in terms of Lommel's function, 350 integrals evaluated in terms of, 350 recurrence formulae for, 285 Schlafli's solution of Riccati's equation, 90 Schlomilch series, 618-649 (Chapter xix) definition of, 621 ; definition of generalised, 623 expansion of an arbitrary function of a real variable into, 619, 623, 629 ; nature of convergence of, 637, 645 null-functions expressed by, 634 Riemann's theorem on trigonometrical series (analogue of), 642, 647; special cases of, 632; symbolic operators in the theory of, 626, 627; theory of functions of complex variables connected with, 623 uniqueness of, 643, 647
8chlafli's Schlafli's
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

Series containing Bessel functions, see Dini series, Fourier-Bessel series, series and Schlomilch series

Kapteyn series, Neumann

Series of Bessel functions, definition of, 580

sum of (greatest term method), 8 Sharpe's differential equation, 105 solution by generalised hypergeometric functions, 105 Sign of remainders in asymptotic expansions, 206, 207, 209, 215, 315, 333, 449 ; of Struve's function, 337, 417 Sine-Integral expressed as a series of squares of Bessel coefficients, 152 Singularities of functions defined by Neumann series (Pincherle's theorem), 526 of the generalised Riceati equation, 94 Smallest zeros of Bessel functions, 5, 500, 516 Sommerfeld's expansion, see Kneser-Sommerfeld expansion Sonine-Mehler integrals representing Bessel functions, 169, 170
Series of positive terms, approximation to the
; ;

Bonlne's definite integral, 373

generalised, 382

Bonlne's discontinuous Infinite Integrals, 415

Bonlne's infinite integrals, 432 Spherical geometry used to obtain transformations of integrals, 51, 374, 376, 378 ; used to express Bessel functions as limits of Legendre functions, 155 Sound, Sharpe's differential equation in the theory of, 105 Squares of Bessel functions, see Products of Bessel functions Stability of a vertical pole associated with Bessel functions of order one-third, 96

Stationary phase, method of, 225, 229 ; applied to Bessel functions, 231, 233 Steepest descents, method of, 235 ; applied to Bessel functions, 237, 241, 244, 245, 262 ; applied to functions of Anger and Weber, 316 ; applied to Struve's function, 333 connexion with Laplace's method of approximation, 421 Stokes' method of computing zeros of Bessel functions and cylinder functions, 503, 505, 507
;

Stokes'

phenomenon

of the discontinuity of arbitrary constants, 201, 203, 238, 336

Struve's function H (z), 328 ; connexion with Weber's function, 336 ; differential equation satisfied by, 329 ; inequalities connected with, 328 ; infinite integrals containing, 392, 397, 417, 425, 436; integral representations of, 328, 330 ; occurrence in generalised Schlomilch series, 622, 623, 631, 645, 646, 647 ; of order (n -( $), 333 ; recurrence formulae for, 329 ; sign of, 337, 417 ; tables of, 663, 666-697; Theisinger's integral for, 338; with imaginary argument, 329, 332 ; with large

argument, asymptotic expansions sions of, 333 ; zeros of, 479

of,

332

with large argument and order, asymptotic expan-

Struve's infinite integrals, 396, 397, 421 Sturm's methods applied to determine the reality of zeros of Bessel functions, 483 ; of Lommel's polynomials, 304, 305, 306 ; applied to estimate the value of the smallest zero of Bessel functions and cylinder functions, 517, 518 Symbolic operators in expressions representing Bessel functions, 50, 170 ; in expressions representing solutions of various differential equations, 41, 51, 108; in the theory of Schlomilch
series,

627

804

THEORY OF BESSEL FUNCTIONS


i

Tables of Bessel coefficients (of orders and 1), 662, 666-697; (of order n), 664, 730-732 (with - n - ), equal 1 order and argument), 664, 746 of Bessel functions of the first kind (of orders n + J, and 664, 740-741 (of order i), 604, 714-729 of Bessel functions of the second kind (of orders (of order ^), 664, 714-729 ; (with equal order and (of order n), 664, 732-735 1), 662, 666-697 and 1), 662, 666-697 (of argument), 664, 747 ; of Bessel functions of the third kind (of orders "' "" ** " " order.Jj), 698-7i3;

.-,...
; '

"

integrals, and 1), 663, 666-697 tions (of orders order n and of order $, 664, 748-751

of zeros of Bessel coefficients

and functions

of integral

Tables (references to) of Airy's integral, 659 of Bessel coefficients and iunctions derivable from them, 654, 655, 656, 658 of Bessel functions (of orders n + , - n - h), 658, 659 (of orders I, 3), 659; (of orders J, ), 659; of Bessel functions of the second kind, 655, 656, 658; of Bessel functions of the third kind, 657 ; of Bessel functions with imaginary argument, 657, 658; of
; ; ;
;

Fresnel's integrals, 661 of integrals of Bessel functions and Struve's functions, 661 ; of LommePs functions of two variables, 660 ; of Thomson's functions ber r and bei x, etc., 658 ; of zeros of Bessel coefficients, functions and associated functions, 659, 660 Theisinger's integral representation of Bessel functions, 184 ; of Struve's and Weber's functions,

338

Thomson's

(Sir
;

sations, 81

William) functions, ber 2, beiz, 81 ; connexion with Bessel functions, 81 ; generalireferences to tables of, 658 ; squares and products of, 82, 148 ; with large argument,

asymptotic expansions of, 203 Three-term relations connecting Bessel functions, cylinder functions and Lommel's polynomials, 300, 301 Transcendants, elementary, definition of, 111 order of, 111 ; solutions of differential equations by, 112 Transitional regions associated with Bessel functions of large order, 248
;

Uniformity of convergence of Dini series, 601 of Fourier-Bessel series, 593, 594 of Kapteyn series, 575 ; of Schlomilch series, 632 Uniqueness of Fourier-Bessel and Dini series, 616, 649, 651 of Schlomilch series, 643, 647 Upper bounds, see Inequalities
; ;
;

Viscous

fluid,

motion

of, associated

with Airy's integral, 189


;

Wave-motions, equation of, general solutions, 125 generalised to p dimensions, 128 ; used to obtain addition theorems for Bessel functions, 129 Waves, electric, 56, 226, 446 ; on water, and the method of stationary phase, 229 Weber's (H.) discontinuous factor, 405 Weber's (H.) infinite integrals, 391, 393, 395, 396; (discontinuous types of), 398, 402, 405, 406, 408, 411 Weber's (H. F.) function E (z), 308 connexion with Anger's function, 310 connexion with Struve's function, 336 ; differential equation satisfied by, 312 integrals expressed in terms of, 312 recurrence formulae for, 311 representation of Airy's integral (generalised) by, 321 tables of, see Struve's function Theisinger's integral for, 338 with large argument, asymptotic expansion of, 313 ; with large argument and order, asymptotic expansion of, 316 Weierstrassian products, expression for Bessel functions as, 497 Whipple's transformation of Legendre functions, 387 recurrence formulae for, differential equation satisfied by, 339 Whittaker's function v (z), 339 339 ; with large argument, asymptotic expansion of, 340
; ; ;
;

Wronskian determinant,

42, 76,

77
;

Zeros of Bessel functions, 477-521 (Chapter xv) computation of (various methods of), 142, 500, 502, 503, 516 inequalities connected with, limits of, rates of growth of, 485, 489, 490, 491, 494, 507, 513, 516, 518 infinity of, 4, 478 interlacing of, 479, 480, 481 ; non-coincidenee of (Bourget's hypothesis), 484 non-repetition of, 479 ; number of, in a strip of arbitrary width, 495 reality of, 482, 483; tables of, 664, 748-751 tables of (references to), 659 ; values of, 4, 5, 512, 516 with imaginary argument, 511 with unrestrictedly large order, 513, 516 Zeros of Lommel's polynomials (reality of), 304, 305, 306
;
;

Zeros of Struve's function, 479

Generalized

Hypergeometric
Functions

LUCY JOAN SLATER


of generalized hypergeometric functions is fundamental in the field of mathematical physics, since all the commonly used functions of analysis (Bessel Functions, Legendre Functions, etc.) are special cases of the general functions. The unified theory provides a means for the analysis of the simpler functions and can be used to solve the more complicated equations in physics. The generalized Gauss

The theory

function
field of

mathematical statistics and the basic analogues of the Gauss functions have applications in the
is

also used in

number

theory.

treatment leads on from a discussion of the Gauss functions to the basic hypergeometric functions, the

Dr

Slater's

hypergeometric integrals, bilateral series and Appel series. This book was planned jointly with the late Professor

an extended revision of his Cambridge Mathematical Tract (1985) on the subject and Dr Slater has

W. N. Bailey
continued
it

as

single-handed since Professor Bailey's death,


it

incorporating in

the results of

many

of her

own

researches.

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS


Bentley House, 200 Euston Road, London, N.W.I American Branch: 82 East 57th Street, New York, N.Y. 10022 West African Office: P.M.B. 5181, Ibadan, Nigeria

Printed in Great Britain

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