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) Resistance Work Hardening of Stainless Steel Hot Strength Ductility of Stainless Steel High Strength Magnetic Response of Stainless Steel Stainless Steel Families Austenitic Stainless Steels Austenitic Stainless Applications Ferritic Stainless Steels Ferritic Stainless Applications Martensitic Stainless Steels Martensitic Stainless Applications Duplex Stainless Steels Duplex Stainless Applications Precipitation Hardening Grades Precipitation Hardening Applications Standard Classifications of Stainless Steel Grade Selection of Stainless Steel
Background
Stainless steel is not a single material but the name for a family of corrosion resistant steels. Like many scientific discoveries the origins of stainless steel lies in a serendipitous accident. In 1913 Sheffield, England, Harry Brearley was investigating the development of new steel alloys for use in gun barrels. He noticed that some of his samples didnt rust and were di fficult to etch. These alloys contained around 13% chromium. The first application of these steels was in cutlery for which Sheffield subsequently became world famous. Simultaneous work in France led to the development of the first austenitic stainless steels.
Higher cryogenic toughness Higher work hardening rate Higher hot strength Higher ductility Higher strength and hardness A more attractive appearance Lower maintenance
Hot Strength
Austenitic grades retain high strength at elevated temperatures. This is particularly so with grades containing high levels of chromium and/or high silicon, nitrogen and rare earth elements (e.g. grade 310 and S30815). High chromium ferritic grades like 446 can also show high hot strength. The high chromium content of stainless steel also helps to resist scaling at elevated temperatures.
High Strength
When compared with mild steels, stainless steel tend to have higher tensile strength. The duplex stainless steel have higher tensile strengths than austenitic steels. The highest tensile strengths are seen in the martensitic (431) and precipitation hardening grades (17-4 PH). These grades can have strengths double that of 304 and 316, the most commonly used stainless steel.
Austenitic stainless steel are generally non-magnetic. They are not able to be hardened by heat treatment. Austenitic stainless steel rapidly work-harden with cold working. Although they work harden, they are the most readily formed of the stainless steel. The principal alloying elements are sometimes reflected in the name of the steel. As an a common name for 304 stainless steel is 18/8, for 18% chromium and 8% nickel.
Vehicle exhausts Fuel lines Cooking utensils Architectural trim Domestic appliances
chloride attack. Duplex grades are readily welded. They also have high tensile strengths.
The old AISI three digit stainless steel numbering system (e.g. 304 and 316) is still commonly used. New grades are defined under the SAE and ASTM system that uses a 1-letter + 5-digit UNS number. An example of this is the new term for 304, which is S30400. Other designations include old BS and EN numbers like 304S31 and 58E. Some grades are not covered by standard numbers and could be proprietary grades or be named using standards for specialist products like welding wire.