FLUID MECHANICS REVIEW

CONVERSIONS

1.1

Fluid and Fluid Properties 1.2 Rheology and Classification of Fluids

Fluid-is any substance that deforms continuously when it is subjected to a tangential stress or shear force Stress-force per unit area Types: Normal Stress-acts perpendicular to the surface Shear Stress-acts tangentially to the surface Pressure-normal compressive force per unit area Types: Gauge Pressure-certain pressure exceeds that of the atmosphere Absolute Pressure-gauge plus absolute pressure Velocity-rate of change of the position of a fluid particle with time Mass and Volumetric flow rate is defined as Density-mass per unit volume

Rheology-discipline of fluid mechanics which studies the relationship between fluid deformation and stress TYPES:Purely Viscous (a) Time Independent 1. Newtonian-constant viscosity 2. Non-Newtonian a. Bingham-stress is required before constant viscosity (suspension in water, starch) b. Dilatant-shear thickening (quick sand, KFC gravy) c. Pseudoplastic-shear thinning (mayonnaise) (b) Time dependent 1. Rheopectic-thickening 2. Thixotropic-thinning (paint) 1.3 Fluid Statics and Manometry

difference Manometry-is a common and accurate method of measuring relatively low fluid pressure by causing the pressure to raise a column in a liquid Devices: Piezometer-generic name given to a pressuremeasuring device U-tube manometer-is an extension of the piezometer where a double limb tube is used. Solving Fluid Statics 1. Choose the two reference points. 2. Use equation below (potential head) to solve and equate pressure up to the liquid end or boundary. 3. For sign convention, h must be higher than the point of balance to be positive. 1.4 Classification of fluid flow and the continuity equation Fluid Flow: Uniform-velocity of fluid is the same in magnitude and direction at every point in the fluid Non-uniform-velocities at different point are not the same Steady-may vary from point to point but not with time Unsteady-condition change with time at different points Restraining Effects: Closed-conduit-flow is completely enclosed by solids (pipes) Open-channel-one surface is exposed to atmosphere (flow of river) Free-surface-flow in which does not have any contact with solid (rainfall) Incompressible flow-fluids density is constant Streamlines-imaginary curves drawn through a fluid to indicate the direction of motion in various sections Streamtubes-separates segment of a fluid for fluid flow analysis

Newtons Law of Viscosity-it is given by

2 1

Note: Pt. 1 is positioned where the force is applied Viscosity-ability to resist motion, UNITS Symbol SI 2 F/A N/m kg/ms 2 g 9.8 m/s g/gc 9.8 N/kg

Fluid static-branch of fluid mechanics which studies systems in which fluid is at rest Pascals princliple-for the same fluid, the pressure is the same at the same elevation For incompressible fluid:

Property Pressure Viscosity Gravity MassForce

AES 2 lbf/ft lbm/fts 2 32.2 ft/s 1 lbf/lbm

Compressible fluid: Compressible, but temp changes: Pressure Measurement: Bourdon gauge-gauge pressure in pipelines Barometer-used to measure atmospheric pressure Manometer-used to measure unknown pressure,

Potential flow-occures in a region where influence of solid boundary is small or negligible Ideal fluid-incompressible, inviscid and isothermal Continuity equation-steady state mass balance for fluid flow. It is given by The overall mechanical energy balance is

Friction types: Skin friction-tangential stress or drag on the surface that is oriented on the direction of the flow. Form friction-occurs whenever a fludi changes path to pass around a solid boundary set in flow path Friction factor,f-dimensionless wall stress defined as ratio of wall stress to inertial force per unit area Evaluation of friction factor

Solving complex piping systems 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Use continuity equation. Do mechanical energy balance per branch. Assume f are all equal. Solve for u. Repeat the process. Check your answer if the f from the last iteration is the same.

Bernoullis Equation-simpler form of mechanical energy balance, no shaft work and no frictional dissipation. Solving Energy Balance 1. Assume no fluid pressure difference unless stated, flow from atmosphere to tank, viceversa or without elevation, with pump. No kinetic energy for same end to end diameter. No potential for no height difference. Friction is not neglected for sudden expansion, contraction, fittings, and flowing in long pipe with roughnes. Shaft work is not present for no work is applied to or by the fluid. Fluid flow in pipes or tubings

For laminar flow: For turbulent, smooth: For turbulent, rough: Friction Ks where [ ( and [ ] Note: For Ke and Kc, the higher value of is used in F eqn. Using the equivalent length 1.6 [ ] ) ] ( )

( ) ]

2. 3. 4.

5.

Reynolds number (Re)-dimensionless number defined as the ratio of inertia and viscous forces.

where u is the velocity inside the pipe, with diameter D. While for non-circular conduits, ( )

Cases in solving 1. Case 1: Given Q and D, req, P 2. Case 2: Given P and D, unknown Q 3. Case 3:Given P and Q, unknown D For iterative solution, assume u=1 or D=1. Complex Piping System: Series-connected end to end Parallel-connected in such a way the flow branches will meet up again Pipe junction-consist of one or more pipes that entirely separates into branches

Classification of Re Number Flow Regime Reynolds Number Laminar Re<2100 Turbulent Re>4000