Antennas Basic

1
Laboratoire SIGTEL C.Ripoll

ANTENNAS
Christian RIPOLL
Anne 2007-2008
ST4-RF1
2
ANTENNAS
Antenna Basics
Antenna Parameters :
Electrical Parameters
Electromagnetic Parameters
Antenna Types:
Linear
Aperture
Array
3
Antenna Basics
Antenna Parameters
Antenna Types
4
Antenna Basics
Antenna = final element of a Transmit/Receive radio link
A feeder A feeder
5
Antenna Basics : Definitions
An antenna is a passive reciprocal device
It acts as a transducer to convert electrical signals in a transmission line
or waveguide to a propagating wave in free space and vice versa.
It functions as an impedance adapter between a transmission line or
waveguide and free space.
All antennas have a radiation pattern which is a plot of the field strength
or power density at various angular positions relative to the antenna.
6
Antenna Basics
Antenna Parameters
Antenna Types
7
Description by categories (1)
From a few kHz up to several GHz
4 categories
1. Wire Antennas
- Wires
- Group of wires
- patch antennas
Coaxial cable
4
I
I=0
I=Imax
8
2. Aperture Antennas
- Parabolic antennas
- Hyperbolod antennas
- Horns
horn
F
O
Metallic
parabolod
Dielectric
hyperbolod
9
3. Surface Wave Antennas
- Slotted waveguide
- Dielectric surface antennas
0
M
Matched load
10
4. Frequency Independant Antennas
- Equiangular antenna
- Log antenna
@ max
4
F
@ min
4
F
freq
11
5. Smart antennas
- Antenna array
- Active antenna
Configurable from 824 to 1990 MHz
Ethena
12
Electromagnetics : Electric field in far zone
V
( )
, J
r
P
M
u
r
r
Delayed Scalar potential
1
( ) ( )
4
V
jkr
e
V M P dv
r
=

Delayed Vector Potential
( ) ( )
4
V
jkr
e
A M J P dv
r
r r
( )
1
( )
E M grad V j A
H M rot A
r r r
r r
+ conservation law of electricity
0 divJ j + =
r
( )
1
2
( )
1
( )
E M grad divA k A
j
H M rot A
= +
r r r r
r r
Current distribution on antenna is needed
to compute the radiated fields
( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) dv u J
jk
M H
dv u u J k j M E
V
S
V
S
=
=
r
r r
r r
r r
4
30
13
Transformation of fundamental formula (1)
( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) u P O r u P O M O u M P r
ds
r
e
u u J k j M E
r jk
S
S
r
r
r
r r
r
r
r r
r r
= = =
30
( ) ( ) [ ]
( )
ds e u u J e
r
k j
M E
u P O jk
S
S
jkr
r
r
r r
r r
+
=
30
V
( )
, J
r
P
M
u
r
r
r
M
O
PM PO OM OM OP = + =
r r r r r
En amplitude
1 1
' r r
=
Propagation
delay
1/r field
decrease
Extra phase shift
Hyp : currents defined on surface
u P O
r
r
14
Transformation of fundamental formula (2)
( ) ( ) [ ]
( )
ds e u u J u F
u P O jk
S
S
r
r
r r
r
r
+
=
Gives :
Directivity and polarization of the antenna
J
S
r
u
r
0 E =
r
J
S
r
u
r
max E
r
( ) ( ) [ ]
( )
( ) u F
r
e
k j ds e u u J e
r
k j
M E
jkr
u P O jk
S
S
jkr
r r r
r r r
r

+
= =
30
30
15
General Theorems (1)
Linearity
E E
T i
i
=
r r
1
I
r
1
E
r
2
E
r
2
I
r
1
I
r
2
I
r
1
E
r
2
E
r
16
u
r
r

( )
u jk
u jk
jkr
e E E
e E E
u F
r
e
k j E
r
r
r
r
r r
r r
r
r
+
+
=
=
=
2
0 2
0 1
0
30
Translation
P
M(E)
u
r
r
r
M(E)
O
r
1. Same field intensity at M
2. Phase difference between E and E :
0
1
2 3
4
O
r
M M M M M
u
r
r
( )
|
|
\
|
=
+ + + =
+ + + =
+
+
+ +
1
1
1
0
2
0
1 0
u jk
u jnk
T
u k j u jk
T
n T
e
e
E E
e e E E
E E E E
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r r
r r
r r r r

17
Ordinary Symetry
M
1. Currents in same directions
2. E always linearly polarized
I
r
I
r
E
T
r
E
r
E
r
A
B
A
B
Mixte Symetry
M
1. Currents in opposite directions
2. E always linearly polarized
I
r
I
r
E
T
r
E
r
E
r
A
B
A
B
18
Ground effect :
M
Total E must be perpendicular
to ground (perfect conductor)
I
r
I
r
E
T
r
E
r
E
r
A
B
A
B
M
I
r
I
r
E
T
r
E
r
E
r
A
B
A
B
19
Antenna Parameters
Electromagnetic Parameters
Radiation pattern
Radiation resistance
Efficiency
Gain/Directivity
Beamwidth
Polarization
Effective aperture
Effective height
Electrical Parameters
Input impedance
Bandwidth (VSWR)
20
Isotropic Source
i(t)
DEF :
Radiates a Spherical wave
(same intensity in all directions)
Azimuth
Colatitude
21
Radiated Power (1)
Power density : Total radiated power per unit area
Total Radiated power is the integral :
2
/
2
4
) , , ( m Watt in
r
W
r P
=
( ) dS r P W
S
=
, ,
i(t)
dS
) , , ( r P
22
Radiated Power (2)
Radiation Intensity : Total radiated power per unit angle
Total Radiated power is the integral :
( , )
4
/
W
U in Watt st
=
( )
, W U d =

i(t)
dS
) , , ( r P
d
23
Relation between Radiated power and Electrical
field for a point source
Poynting theorem : Total radiated power per unit area
Combining the two equations :
2
/
120
) , , (
2
m Watt in
rms
E
r P
=
m V in W
R
E
rms
/ 30
1
=
E
W
R
24
Radiation Pattern Definition
Diagram representing the variations of the radiated power in the
directions around antenna in the far field zone :
Properties :
Depends on the direction
Normalized to 1 (0 in dB)
Independant of distance r in the far field region
1
) , , (
) , , (
) , (
max
=

r P
r P
f
) , (
( ) ( )
, tel que ,
0 0 0 0 max
U U =
Power Radiation Pattern
25
Relation between Radiation Pattern and
Radiated Power
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
, ,
( , )
2
,
,
0 0
0 0
2
,
( , , )
2
,
2
( , , )
max 0 0 ,
0 0
U R U
f
U
R U
E
P r
f
P r
E

= =
= = =
Power radiation
Pattern
Field Radiation
Pattern
Equations are valid in the Far Field Zone :
2
2
,
2
D
R MAX

(
( >
(

13.56
22
2
2
1
3.5
2
f MHz
m
D
cm
m
=
=
=
900
33
2
2
17
2
5
2
f MHz
cm
D
cm
cm
=
=
= =
=
26
Main lobe axis
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
Beamwidth between
First Nulls (BWFN)
Secondary lobes
Half-Power
Beamwidth (HPBW)
Polar coordinates
Representation of the Radiation Pattern
27
Example : GSM sectorial antenna in horizontal
plane
30
210
60
240
90
270
120
300
150
330
180 0
30
210
60
240
90
270
120
300
150
330
180 0
-200 -100 0 100 200
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
angle ()
G
(
d
B
i
)
Radiation pattern in dBi
-200 -100 0 100 200
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
G
Linear radiation pattern (P/Pmax)
angle ()
28
Example : GSM sectorial antenna
in vertical plane
-200 -100 0 100 200
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
angle ()
G

(
d
B
i
)
Radiation pattern in dBi
G
-200 -100 0 100 200
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
angle ()
Linear radiation pattern (P/Pmax)
30
210
60
240
90
270
120
300
150
330
180 0
30
210
60
240
90
270
120
300
150
330
180 0
29
3 Radiation zones
D is the equivalent diameter of the antenna
r is distance to antenna
Radiating regions
Rayleigh
zone
Fresnel
zone
Fraunhoffer
zone
Nearly
constant
Fluctuating
1/r
2
Law
P
o
w
e
r

D
e
n
s
i
t
y
30
Directivity (1)
Directive gain of an antenna
= power density at some point with a given antenna
= power density at the same point with a reference
antenna (isotropic source)
with same radiated power for both systems
Maximum directive gain is called Directivity
In decibels :
( ) ( )
( )
, , ,
, ,
_
U P r
r
D
U P r
o r iso

= =
D D
dBi
log 10 =
( )
, , P r
r

( )
, ,
_
P r
r iso

31
Directivity (2)
Exercice : Directivity of an Hemispheric source
( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) [ ]
= =
= =
270 , 90 0 ,
90 , 90 ,

si U U
si U U U
m
32
Directivity and Radiation Pattern (1)
related to radiation pattern
av
P
av
P D P =
max
av
P
Considered in direction
of maximum
( )
( )
W
U
D
0 0 max
0 0 max
,
4 ,

=
33
Directivity and Radiation Pattern (2)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )

d f d f
D
f f U U
sin
2
sin 2
4
,
, ,
0 0
0 0 max

= =
= =
x
y
z
O
Revolution diagram on z axis
34
Exercice on Directivity
Exercice : Directivity of a sin
2
radiation pattern
( ) ( )
2
sin ,
m
U U U = =
35
Gain
( )
( )
( )
( )

4 /
,
,
4 /
,
,
0 0 max
max
a
a
W
U
G
W
U
G
=
=
Ratio of Radiation Intensity over Power radiated by Isotropic Source
with same input power for both system
36
Directivity and Gain
All the power supplied to the antenna is not radiated
Antenna efficiency: 100
+
=
d
W W
W
W = total radiated power

W
d
= dissipated power
When antennas efficiency is taken into account
Directivity becomes Gain:
D G =
37
Relation between Radiated power and Electrical
field
m V in G W
R
E
rms
/ 30
1
=
E
W
R
G
For an antenna with Gain G
m V in W
R
E
iso rms
/ 30
1
_
=
iso
E
W
R
dB G 0 =
For an antenna with Gain G
38
Radiation Resistance
Notion defined for wire antennas (voltage and current at input) : Ficticious
resistance that will radiate W
2
i
r
I
W
R =
i
V
i
I
Note : Related to electromagnetic
and electrical parameters
39
Input Impedance (1/2)
i
v
i
i
i
Z
i i
j
i
j
i
i
j
i i
j
i i
jX R
e I
e V
Z
e I i
e V v
+ = =
=
=
Power at antenna
Active Power
2
2
1
i i
I R
Reactive Power
2
2
1
i i
I X
40
Input Impedance (2/2)
Active Power
2
2
1
i i
I R
Radiated Power
2
2
1
i r
I R
Dissipated Power
2
2
1
i j
I R
Radiation resistance radiates power
Ohmic resistance dissipates power
r
R
j
R
41
Relation Efficiency / Input Resistance
Antenna efficiency:
100 100
+
=
+
=
j r
r
j
R R
R
W W
W
: Radiated power
: Dissipated power
: Ohmic antenna resistance
All the power supplied to the antenna
is not radiated
W
d
W
d
R
42
Antenna Matching
Z
A
a
Z
c a
c a
a
Z Z
Z Z
+
=
c
Z
( )
2
1
a g a
W W =
Example :
VSWR=2:1
( ) 89 . 0 33 . 0 1
33 . 0
1 2
1 2
1
1
2
= =
=
+
=
+
=
g
a
a
W
W
VSWR
VSWR
dB 5 . 0 89 . 0 log 10 of loss
a
W
g
W
43
Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
EIRP is the equivalent power that an isotropic antenna
would have to radiate to achieve the same power
density at a given point as another antenna:
Therefore, the power density at a distance d, from an
antenna is:
2
4 d
EIRP
P
D
=
G W D W EIRP
g
= =
: Total radiated power
: Antenna input power
: Antenna directivity
: Antenna gain
W
g
W
D
G
44
Polarization (1/5)
i
1
(t)
Vertical Polarization
Need to match polarization between transmitter and
receiver antennas to maximize the power transfer
X
Y
Z
t E E
X
sin
1
=
45
i
2
(t)
Horizontal Polarization
Polarization (2/5)
X
Y
Z
t E E
Y
sin
2
=
46
Linear Polarization
Polarization (3/5)
( ) ( )
( )
|
|
\
|
=
+ =
+ =
+ =
=
=
1
2
2
2
2
1
max
2
2
2
1
2
1
arctan
sin sin
sin
sin
E
E
E
E E E
t E t E E
E E E
Y t E E
X t E E
T
T
T
Y X T
Y
X
r
r
r
r r r
r r
r r

X
Y
Z
i
2
(t)
i
1
(t)
E
1
(t)
E
2
(t)
47
Circular Polarization
Polarization (4/5)
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) t E
E E
t E t E E
E E E
Y t E E
X t E E
T
T
T
Y X T
Y
X
cotan arctan
cos sin
90 sin
sin
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
=
=
+ =
+ =
+ =
=
r
r
r
r r r
r r
r r
X
Y
Z
i
2
(t)
i
1
(t)
E
1
(t)
E
2
(t)
48
Polarization (5/5)
3 polarization modes
Linear polarization
Vertical (E plane), Horizontal (H plane)
Circular polarization
Right or Left
Elliptic Polarization
Right or Left
Use tilted or circular
when you ignore the
signals polarization
at receiver
49
Effective Aperture
Electric and Electromagnetic parameter
Defined by the ratio : integrated power in the receiver above
power density
Antenna = Aperture able to capture
power from incident plane wave
e r RX
A P W =
r
P
RX
W
Example : P
r
=cst=1W/m
2
If antenna with S=Ae=1m
2
W
RX
=1W
But must determine Ae (sometimes not obvious : wire antenna)
50
Onde plane
RX
Z
RX
Z
A
Z
V
induit Courant : I
vide
antenne l' dans induite tension
rcepteur du Impdance Z
antenne d' Impdance
T
:
:
:
V
Z
A
I
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2
2
: rcepteur au dlivre Puissance
RX A RX p r
RX
RX A RX p r
RX
A RX
X X R R R
V
R W
X X R R R
V
I
I R W
Z Z
V
I
+ + + +
=
+ + + +
=
=
+
=
Ouverture effective :
2
m en
r
e
P
W
A =
2
en W/m
r
P
51
Hypothses : Pas de pertes joules :
Adaptation :
0 =
p
R
RX r
RX A
R R
X X
=
=
Transfert max de puissance de lantenne
vers le rcepteur
( )
r r r
e
r
r
r
P R
V
P
W
A
R
V
R
V
R W
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
=
=
= =
max
Pb : Exprimer en fonction de
et
V
l
Introduction dun nouveau concept :
La hauteur effective dantenne
52
Effective height
Def 1 :
Hauteur fictive de lantenne qui permet de lier tension induite et champ lectrique incident
E h V
eff
=
Def 2 :
Produt de la hauteur relle dantenne par la valeur moyenne du courant sur lantenne
Onde plane
RX
Z
2
en W/m
r
P
r
P
E
r
cte I =
Exemple 1 : Doublet
lE V
l h Cte I z I
eff
=
= = = ) (
53
he of a dipole
Onde plane
RX
Z
2
en W/m
r
P
r
P
E
r
0
I
I
0
l
l
l
I
I
dz z I
I
h
l
eff
= =
0
0
0
1
) (
54
he of a /2 dipole
= = =
(
\
|
=
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=

eff
h E E y E V
dy y E V dl y Edy dV dy
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 antenne l' dans
2
lment dans
4
0
4
0
sin
cos : cos :
RX
Z
0
I
I
0
l
l
|
\
|
= y I z I
2
0
cos ) (
55
Ae of a Doublet
r r r
e
P R
V
P
W
A
4
2
=
=
max
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
119 0
80
120
4
120
80
.
max
max
=
|
\
|

=
=
|
\
|
=
e
e
r
r
A
l E
E l
A
E
P
l
R
56
Ae of a /2 dipole
r r r
e
P R
V
P
W
A
4
2
=
=
max
2
2
2
2
2
13 0
73
120
4
.
max max
=

=
e e
A
E
E
A
Graphical representation
2
57
Relation between effective aperture and gain
Le gain est proportionnel louverture effective
2
1
2
1
max
max
e
e
A
A
G
G
=
Pour 2 antennes
Quelconques :
Si lantenne 1 est lantenne isotrope :
2
2
1 1
1
G
A
A G
e
e
max
max
= =
Et si lantenne 2 est le doublet :
2
2 2
1
2
2
2
079 0
4 5 1 8
3
8
3
5 1
.
.
.
max
max
= =
=
=
e
e
A
A
G
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1 2
4
4
1
max max
max
max e e
e
e
A
G
A
A
A
G G = = =
58
Relation Directivity / Effective Aperture
e
A D =
2
4
The greater the directivity, the greater the effective aperture

2.14 1.64
dipole
1.76 1.5 Hertz
dipole
0 1 isotropic
D in dB Directivity Antenna
e
A
2
079 . 0
2
119 . 0
2
13 . 0
2 /
59
Effective Height
Concept used for wire antenna
Allows user to determine the induced voltage at antenna :
i
V
E
r
e i
H E V =
i
R
Depends on the current distribution on antenna
(see slides on wire antennas)
60
Bandwidth
An antenna is frequency limited
Bandwidth is limited by :
Maximum tolerable VSWR (specifications)
(often VSWR < 2)
Gain variation of antenna
Modification of Radiation pattern
defined in % with respect to the central frequency
61
Antenna Basics
Antenna Parameters
Antenna Types
62
Thorie issue de la thorie des lignes
E
r
Canalis par la ligne E
r
E
r
Courbure de car pas
de champ tangentiel possible
E
r
nest plus retenu par la structure :
Rayonnement
E
r
Hypothses : fil mince conducteur
onde stationnaire (nuds et ventres positions fixes)
rpartition sinusodale
63
Pourquoi y a-t-il rayonnement ?
t=0
t=T/8
t=T/4
t=3T/4
t=T/2
I
64
Comment ltudier ?
dl
l=n /2
DOUBLET ELECTRIQUE
Doublet si dl<< /2
Step 1 : tude du rayonnement de dl
Step 2 : Intgration l
Hypothses :
1. dl<<n /2
2. Variation harmonique du courant:
t j e I t I
0 ) (
r r
=
I=Cte dl
A grande distance, les termes en 1/r2 et 1/r3
sont ngligeables devant le terme en 1/r
120
sin 60
E
H H
e
r
Idl
E E
jkr
= =
= =

E et H sont en phase et perpendiculaire entre eux et la direction
de propagation
Polarisation rectiligne dans le plan
E est proportionnel I
65
Diagramme de rayonnement du doublet
( )
( )
( )

sin
,
,
,
max
= =
E
E
f
dl
- Indpendant de (de rvolution autour de laxe du doublet)

- Champ rayonn nul dans laxe
- Champ rayonn max dans direction perpendiculaire au doublet
66
Directivit du doublet
( )
( )
( ) ( )
5 1
3
8
4
3
8
2
4
2
2
0
3
4
2
4 4
.
sin sin sin
, ,
max
max
max max max
max
max
= =
= = =
= =
=
= = =

U
U
D
U d U d d U W
d f U d U W
W
U
D D

Source isotrope
67
Rsistance de rayonnement du doublet
( )
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
0
0
80
3
240
30
1
60
1
60
120
3
8
efficace courant
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
= =
= =
=
=
dl
R
dl
I W
dl
I U
r
dl
I E
r
dl I
E Avec
r
E
r P U Comme
U W a On
I
I
W
R
r
max
max max
max
max max
max
:
:
A.N :
= =
=
8 01 0 80
1 0
2
0
.
.
R
dl
= =
=
8 0 1 0 80
033 0
2
0
. .
.
R
dl
68
Realization Realization : :
Waveband Waveband : :
Application Application : :
Disadvantage Disadvantage : :
Advantage Advantage : :
Pattern Pattern Diagram Diagram : :
- 10 HZ to 100 KHz
- Vertical antenna
- Loaded by several wire
- Supported by pylons
- Space required - Very weak bandwidth
- Submarine contact
- Radio navigation
- Broadcasting (Km)
I=ct
on antenna
<< << << << L
Summary : Doublet or Hertz Dipole
69
Rayonnement dune antenne filaire quelconque
M
M
M
I(z)
I(-z)
0
z
l
( ) [ ] z l k I z I z I z I = = sin ) ( ) ( ) (
0
- l
( ) ( ) [ ]
jkr
e l a f
r
I
E

=
, ,
0
60
a
l
70
Wire Antennas
Optimal radiation when antenna is resonant :
Radiation pattern depends on current distribution
2
= n l
a
2
=
a
l =
a
l
2
3
=
a
l
78 47
+
+
-
71
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
60
30
0
180
150
120
90
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
30
210
60
240
90
270
120
300
150
330
180 0
E plane
H plane
Omnidirectional
in azimuth
Radiation Pattern of the /2 dipole
( )
r
I
E Pour
r
I
E
0
0
60
2 2
2
60
=
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=

:
sin
cos cos
72
Directivity of the /2 dipole
( )
( )
( )
dB ou
d
d f
W
U
D D
14 2 64 1
2
2
4
4
2
4
2
0
2
2
4
. .
sin
cos cos
,
max
=
|
\
|
=
=
=
= = =
1.22
73
Radiation resistance of the /2 dipole
=
= =
|
\
|
= =
= =
=

2 73
22 1 2
120
60
120
60
60 60
120
max courant
0
2
0
2
2
0
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
0
0
.
.
:
) (
max
max max
max
max max
max
R
R U
r
I
E
r
I
E Avec
r
E
r P U Comme
I
I
d f U
R
r
74
Radiation resistance of the /2 dipole
Input impedance
Behaves like an open
transmission line
= == =
= == =
0
72
a
a
X
R
75
Effect of Ground
I
I
I
I
P
P
P
P
Addition of fields at P : Addition of fields at P :
E
1
E
2
E E E = +
1 2
E
r
E
i
E
1
E
2
2 1
E E E + =
Ground doubles gain
Ground halves radiation resistance
dB ou
d
D
14 5 28 3
5 0
64 1
2
2
4
2
0
2
2
. .
.
.
sin
cos cos
/
max
= =
|
\
|
=
= =
=

6 36
2
22 1
2
120
60
2
0
2
0
0
.
.
) (
max
R
I
d f U
R
76
Effect of Ground : Summary
Ground effect on antenna parameters
If perfect conductor : equivalent to a total reflector
Virtual or image antenna
Principle : multiplication of caracteristic functions (ground x antenna)
Strong influence on gain and input impedance
application : /4 whip antenna
77
Summary : Main figures
Effective height
36.6 73.2
Radiation
resistance
3.28 1.64 Gain
with ground no ground Antenna
2
2
78
Input Impedance
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
= = =
= = = =
= << << <<
+
+
=
1000
1
2
73
2 4
1
2 4
1
high
l th
Z Z l l
l th Z Z l l
jC l
Z
j Z as l l
l tg j l th
l tg l jth
Z Z
c e
c e
c
e
c e
) (
) (

Re
Xe
<< l
4 / = l
2 / = l
79
Influence of an inductive load at the base of a
monopole on the resonant frequency (1)
Za
Ze
On veut Xe = 0
( )

l
x pose On
l jZ jL
c
2
0 cotg
=
= +
2
que tel existe il qu' montrer veut On
1 1
< x x
x v
l
L
Z
l
l
v L
Z
f L
Z
l tg
L
Z
l tg
l tg
Z
L
c c c
c c
1
2
1
2
1
=
= =
= =
80
Influence of an inductive load at the base of a
monopole on the resonant frequency (2)
Za
Ze
2
0
1
x
4
donc
2
que tel bien existe Il
1 1 1

< < l x x
Exercice : Extraire la self ncessaire pour rendre les antennes rsonantes
( )
nH H L
l tg
Z L
c
10 10
1
1
50
10 2
1
1 1
8
9
1
= = =
=
= l
4
= l
81
Waveband Waveband : :
Application : Application :
- Vertical alignment
- Super Turnstile
- 5 MHZ to 1 GHz
- One antenna per frequency
- Modulated antennas
- No radiation in the H plan
- Telecom
- FM and TV
Superturnstile
82
H H- -Plane Plane
http://www.antenna.com
Specifications
Electrical
Power Rating 125 watts
Gain 8 dBd (10 dBi) typical
Frequency Range ASP-998, 806-894 MHz
ASPG998, 890-960 MHz
VSWR 1.5:1
Impedance 50 ohms
Polarization Vertical
Front to Back Ratio ASP-998, >11dB
ASPG998, >10 dB
E-plane Beamwidth ASP-998, 42-51
ASPG998, 44-50
H-plane Beamwidth ASP-998, 53-68
ASPG998, 55-64
Mechanical
Rated Wind Velocity 120 mph (193 km/h)
Length 23.2 inches (58.9 cm)
Radiator Material DURA-COAT aluminum
Reflector Material DURA-COAT aluminum
Mounting Material Zinc-plated steel bracket, U-Bolt
Mounting Length 1.5 inches (3.81 cm)
Mounting Diameter 1 inch (2.54 cm)
Weight 1.2 lb (0.55 kg)
Shipping Weight 2 lb (0.91 kg)
Shipping Dim 26.5 x 8 x 1.5 inches (67.3 x 20.3 x 3.8 cm)
Cable 2.25 ft (0.68 m) PRO-FLEX
ASP ASP- -998 998
E E- -Plane Plane
Yagi antenna
83
Other antenna types
Horn antenna
Slot antenna
Reflector antenna
Patch antenna (printed)
84
Radiating Apertures
Caracterized by an aperture in a surface separating 2 media
Radiation characteristics (pattern, directivity, ) will depend on surface
illumination (amplitude and phase)
z
x
y
85
Horn Antenna
Applications
Medium gain ( around 15-20 dB) (mind the secondary lobes!)
For high power (spatial communications)
wave guide
Radiating aperture
E
r
86
Slot Antenna (1/3)
Slotted waveguide
Radiation due to cuts in the wall
transversal
longitudinal
radian
87
Slot Antenna (2/3)
Principles
Each cut is a source , fed by induced currents on the surface waveguide
Appropriate choice of cuts positions and shapes allow the user to design a
proper radiation pattern with linear or circular polarization
Applications
Very good integration (low profile)
High frequency operation (above 1GHz)
Very interesting for array antenna
88
Wideband Wideband : :
Application : Application :
- Embedded slot
More or less directing
- Alignment of the slot
- Plated antennas
- High gain
- 100 MHZ to 10 GHz
- Mono frequency
- Very narrow Bandwidth
- Electronic pointing
- TV Broadcasting
- Telecom Aeronautical
- Military application
Slot Antenna (3/3)
89
Reflector Antennas (1/4)
Parabolic dish used in telecommunications :
Hertzian link (4 12 GHz)
Terrestrial stations for spatial telecommunications
Satellite antennas
Characteristics
HPBW < 1
Very high gain : 30 to 50 dB
90
Working Principle of a parabolic antenna
Primary source :
Illumination of the parabola
Secondary source :
Reflect the primary
All the rays come out parallel :
narrow radiation pattern, so high gain
91
Effective Aperture
Effect Aperture is equal to Physical Aperture
if illumination law of parabola is uniform (depends
On primary source : dipole, horn or log antenna)
92
Trends in reflector antennas (4/4)
Cassegrain antenna (double reflectors) for low noise spatial application
Periscopic antenna for hertzian link
Multi-band antenna
Multi-beam antenna
Multiple beam (uncoherent sources)
Conformed beam (coherent sources)
93
Printed elements or Patch antenna (1/5)
Description :
Copper deposited on substrate with rear ground plane
Substrate
Patch
Ground Plane
E
L
Input to patch
94
Printed elements or Patch antenna (2/5)
Principle :
Polarization and radiation pattern depends on antenna shape and feed
E
r
E
r
E
r
95
Specifications
Electrical
Gain 8.0 dBi
Frequency Range 2300-2500 MHz
VSWR 1.5:1
Power 10 watts
Impedance 50 ohms
Polarization Vertical
Front to Back Ratio >25dB
E-plane Beamwidth 60+-5
H-plane Beamwidth 80+-5
Mechanical
Depth 1.6 inches (4.1 cm)
Radiator Material Brass
Reflector Material Brass
Mounting Integrated
Windload(fatal) 208kph
Weight 0.145 kg
Cable not supplied
Connector SMAfemale
http://www.antenna.com
Printed element or Patch antenna (3/5)
96
97
Advantages
Low cost (depends on substrate) and low weight
Planar structure (integration)
Very low profile (vehicules or missiles)
Easy integration in array antenna
98
Antenna Array (1/7)
Grouping the antennas
Constructive field superposition
Array factor
Interactions between antennas
Mutual impedances
Smart antennas
principles
99
Antenna Array (2/7)
Wave front
2 2
, A
1 1
, A
100
element 1 array
G N G =
Antenna Array (3/7)
Array factor
For N identical antennas with same amplitude :
101
10
20
30
30
210
60
240
90
270
120
300
150
330
180 0
Antenna Array (4/7)
To increase directivity
sources all for identical
,
i i
A
102
10
20
30
30
210
60
240
90
270
120
300
150
330
180 0
Antenna Array (5/7)
sources all for identical

,
i i
A
103
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
30
210
60
240
90
270
120
300
150
330
180 0
Antenna Array (6/7)
Focusing and scanning antennas
i i
i
A
=
+1
same
104
270
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
30
210
60
240
90
120
300
150
330
180 0
Antenna Array (7/7)
Focusing and scanning antennas
+ =
+
45
same
1 i i
i
A

105
Smart antenna (1/4)
Diversity by switching or combination of antennas
Dynamic focusing
Adaptive antennas at transmission
Adaptive antennas at reception
Powerful signal processing
Decision criteria (good or false target)
Tracking
106
The Base Station Antenna is choosen
according to the terminal position
0.5
1
1.5
2
30
210
60
240
90
270
120
300
150
330
180 0
Smart antenna (2/4)
Switching diversity
107
Smart antenna (3/4)
Interest :
Reception : reduce the strong interferers in one or more directions (null in
radiation pattern)
Transmission : avoid pollution of other systems
Interferences reduction
Inter and intra cell interference reduction
108
Configurable from 824 to 1990 MHz
Smart antenna (4/4)
109
Future
Slot antennas, integration
Wideband antennas (UWB)
Smart antennas
Electrically small antennas

Antennas Basic

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1

Laboratoire SIGTEL C.Ripoll

W = total radiated power

The greater the directivity, the greater the effective aperture

- Indpendant de (de rvolution autour de laxe du doublet)

sources all for identical

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