Seventh Edition

CHAPTER

VECTOR MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS:

19

DYNAMICS
Ferdinand P. Beer E. Russell Johnston, Jr. Lecture Notes: J. Walt Oler Texas Tech University

Mechanical Vibrations

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Seventh Edition

Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Contents
Introduction Free Vibrations of Particles. Simple Harmonic Motion Simple Pendulum (Approximate Solution) Simple Pendulum (Exact Solution) Sample Problem 19.1 Free Vibrations of Rigid Bodies Sample Problem 19.2 Sample Problem 19.3 Principle of Conservation of Energy Sample Problem 19.4 Forced Vibrations Sample Problem 19.5 Damped Free Vibrations Damped Forced Vibrations Electrical Analogues

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Introduction
Mechanical vibration is the motion of a particle or body which oscillates about a position of equilibrium. Most vibrations in machines and structures are undesirable due to increased stresses and energy losses. Time interval required for a system to complete a full cycle of the motion is the period of the vibration. Number of cycles per unit time defines the frequency of the vibrations. Maximum displacement of the system from the equilibrium position is the amplitude of the vibration. When the motion is maintained by the restoring forces only, the vibration is described as free vibration. When a periodic force is applied to the system, the motion is described as forced vibration. When the frictional dissipation of energy is neglected, the motion is said to be undamped. Actually, all vibrations are damped to some degree.
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Free Vibrations of Particles. Simple Harmonic Motion
If a particle is displaced through a distance xm from its equilibrium position and released with no velocity, the particle will undergo simple harmonic motion, ma = F = W k ( st + x ) = kx

m x + kx = 0
General solution is the sum of two particular solutions, k k x = C1 sin m t + C 2 cos m t

= C1 sin ( n t ) + C 2 cos ( n t )
x is a periodic function and n is the natural circular frequency of the motion. C1 and C2 are determined by the initial conditions:

x = C1 sin ( n t ) + C 2 cos ( n t ) v = x = C1 n cos ( n t ) C 2 n sin ( n t )

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C 2 = x0 C1 = v 0 n
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Free Vibrations of Particles. Simple Harmonic Motion
C1 = v0

C 2 = x0

Displacement is equivalent to the x component of the sum of two vectors which rotate with constant angular velocity n.

C1 + C 2

x = xm sin ( n t + )

xm =

2 (v0 n )2 + x0 = amplitude

= tan 1 (v 0 x 0 n ) = phase angle

n =
fn =

n
1

= period
=

n = natural frequency 2
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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Free Vibrations of Particles. Simple Harmonic Motion
Velocity-time and acceleration-time curves can be represented by sine curves of the same period as the displacement-time curve but different phase angles.

x = x m sin ( n t + )
v=x = xm n cos( n t + ) = xm n sin ( n t + + 2)
a=x
2 = xm n sin ( n t + ) 2 = xm n sin ( n t + + )

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Simple Pendulum (Approximate Solution)
Results obtained for the spring-mass system can be applied whenever the resultant force on a particle is proportional to the displacement and directed towards the equilibrium position. Consider tangential components of acceleration and force for a simple pendulum, Ft = ma t : W sin = ml g + sin = 0 l for small angles,

g + =0 l = m sin ( n t + )

n =
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= 2

l g
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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Simple Pendulum (Exact Solution)
An exact solution for leads to

g + sin = 0 l

l 2 d n = 4 g 0 1 sin 2 ( 2 ) sin 2 m

which requires numerical solution.

2K n = 2

l g

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Sample Problem 19.1
SOLUTION: For each spring arrangement, determine the spring constant for a single equivalent spring. Apply the approximate relations for the harmonic motion of a spring-mass system.

A 50-kg block moves between vertical guides as shown. The block is pulled 40mm down from its equilibrium position and released. For each spring arrangement, determine a) the period of the vibration, b) the maximum velocity of the block, and c) the maximum acceleration of the block.
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Sample Problem 19.1
k1 = 4 kN m k2 = 6 kN m
SOLUTION: Springs in parallel: - determine the spring constant for equivalent spring
- apply the approximate relations for the harmonic motion of a spring-mass system

n = n =
P = k1 + k2 k= P

k 10 4 N/m = = 14 .14 rad s m 20 kg 2

n = 0 .444 s

vm = x m n = (0 .040 m )(1 4.14 rad s )

4

= k1 + k2

vm = 0.566 m s

= 10 kN m = 10 N m

2 am = x m an

= (0.040 m )(1 4.14 rad s )2

am = 8.00 m s 2

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Sample Problem 19.1
k1 = 4 kN m k2 = 6 kN m
Springs in series: - determine the spring constant for equivalent spring - apply the approximate relations for the harmonic motion of a spring-mass system

n = n =

k = m 2

2 400N/m = 6.93 rad s 20 kg

n = 0 .907 s

vm = x m n

P = k1 + k2 k= P

= (0 .040 m )(6.93 rad s )

2 am = x m an

vm = 0.277 m s

= k1 + k2

= 10 kN m = 104 N m

= (0 .040 m )(6 .93 rad s )2

am = 1.920 m s 2

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Free Vibrations of Rigid Bodies
If an equation of motion takes the form
2 2 x +n x = 0 or + n =0 the corresponding motion may be considered as simple harmonic motion.

Analysis objective is to determine n. Consider the oscillations of a square plate W (b sin ) = (mb ) + I
1 m (2b )2 + (2b )2 = 2 mb 2 , W = mg but I = 12 3

3g 3g + sin + =0 5b 5b 3g 2 5b then n = , n = = 2 5b 3g n
For an equivalent simple pendulum, l = 5b 3
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Sample Problem 19.2
SOLUTION: k From the kinematics of the system, relate the linear displacement and acceleration to the rotation of the cylinder. Based on a free-body-diagram equation for the equivalence of the external and effective forces, write the equation of motion. A cylinder of weight W is suspended as shown. Determine the period and natural frequency of vibrations of the cylinder. Substitute the kinematic relations to arrive at an equation involving only the angular displacement and acceleration.

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Sample Problem 19.2
SOLUTION: From the kinematics of the system, relate the linear displacement and acceleration to the rotation of the cylinder. x = r = 2 x = 2 r

a = r = r

a = r

Based on a free-body-diagram equation for the equivalence of the external and effective forces, write the equation of motion. M A = (M A )eff : Wr T2 (2 r ) = m a r + I
but T2 = T0 + k = 1 W + k (2 r ) 2

Substitute the kinematic relations to arrive at an equation involving only the angular displacement and acceleration.

Wr

1 mr 2 (1 ) ( ) ( ) + = + W 2 kr 2 r m r r 2 2

8k =0 3m
3m n = = 2 n 8k 2

8k n = 3m
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fn =

n 1 8k = 2 2 3m
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Sample Problem 19.3
SOLUTION: Using the free-body-diagram equation for the equivalence of the external and effective moments, write the equation of motion for the disk/gear and wire.
W = 20 lb

n = 1.13 s

n = 1.93 s

The disk and gear undergo torsional vibration with the periods shown. Assume With natural frequency and spring constant that the moment exerted by the wire is known, calculate the moment of inertia for proportional to the twist angle. the gear. Determine a) the wire torsional spring constant, b) the centroidal moment of inertia of the gear, and c) the maximum angular velocity of the gear if rotated through 90o and released.
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With the natural frequency and moment of inertia for the disk known, calculate the torsional spring constant.

Apply the relations for simple harmonic motion to calculate the maximum gear velocity.

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Sample Problem 19.3
SOLUTION: Using the free-body-diagram equation for the equivalence of the external and effective moments, write the equation of motion for the disk/gear and wire. + K = I M O = (M O )eff : K + =0 I

W = 20 lb

n = 1.13 s

n = 1.93 s
n =

K I

n =

= 2

I K

With the natural frequency and moment of inertia for the disk known, calculate the torsional spring constant.

1 20 8 2 2 I =1 mr = = 0 . 138 lb ft s 2 2 32 .2 12

1.13 = 2
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0.138 K

K = 4.27 lb ft rad
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Sample Problem 19.3
With natural frequency and spring constant known, calculate the moment of inertia for the gear. 1.93 = 2 I 4.27 I = 0.403 lb ft s 2

W = 20 lb

n = 1.13 s

n = 1.93 s

Apply the relations for simple harmonic motion to calculate the maximum gear velocity.

= m sin n t

= m n sin n t

m = m n

m = 90 = 1 .571 rad
m = m
2 2 ( ) = 1 . 571 rad 1.93 s n

n =

K I

n =

= 2

I K

m = 5.11rad s

K = 4.27 lb ft rad

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Principle of Conservation of Energy
Resultant force on a mass in simple harmonic motion is conservative - total energy is conserved. 1 mx 2 + 1 kx 2 = constant T + V = constant 2 2
2 2 x2 + n x = Consider simple harmonic motion of the square plate, T1 = 0 V1 = Wb(1 cos ) = Wb 2 sin 2 ( m 2 )

2 1 Wb m 2

2 1 2 T2 = 1 m v I + m 2 m 2 1 ( ) =1 m b + m 2 2 2 2 2 (2 ) m mb 3

V2 = 0

=1 2

2 2 (5 ) m mb 3

T1 + V1 = T2 + V2

2 1 5 mb 2 2 2 + 0 0+ 1 Wb = m m n 2 2 3
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n = 3 g 5b
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Sample Problem 19.4
SOLUTION: Apply the principle of conservation of energy between the positions of maximum and minimum potential energy. Solve the energy equation for the natural frequency of the oscillations.

Determine the period of small oscillations of a cylinder which rolls without slipping inside a curved surface.

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Sample Problem 19.4
SOLUTION: Apply the principle of conservation of energy between the positions of maximum and minimum potential energy.

T1 + V1 = T2 + V 2
T1 = 0

V1 = Wh = W ( R r )(1 cos )
2 W (R r ) m 2

2 1 I 2 T2 = 1 m v + m 2 m 2 2 1 1 mr 2 R r 2 ( ) =1 + m R r m m 2 2 2 r

V2 = 0

2 2 ( ) =3 m R r m 4

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Sample Problem 19.4
Solve the energy equation for the natural frequency of the oscillations.

T1 = 0
2 2 ( ) T2 = 3 m R r m 4

2 V1 W ( R r ) m 2

V2 = 0

T1 + V1 = T2 + V2

0 + W (R r )

2 m

2
2 m

2 2 ( ) =3 m R r m + 0 4 2 2 ( ) ( ) =3 m R r m n m 4

(mg )(R r )

2 n
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2 g = 3 Rr

3 Rr = 2 n = 2 g n
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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Forced Vibrations
Forced vibrations - Occur when a system is subjected to a periodic force or a periodic displacement of a support. f = forced frequency

F = ma :
Pm sin f t + W k ( st + x ) = mx mx + kx = Pm sin f t
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W k st + x m sin f t = mx mx + kx = k m sin f t
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Forced Vibrations
x = xcomplementary + x particular = [C1 sin n t + C 2 cos n t ] + xm sin f t
Substituting particular solution into governing equation,

m 2 f x m sin f t + kx m sin f t = Pm sin f t Pm Pm k m = = xm = 2 2 k m 2 ( ) ( ) 1 1 f f n f n

m x + kx = Pm sin f t m x + kx = k m sin f t
At f = n, forcing input is in resonance with the system.
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Sample Problem 19.5
SOLUTION: The resonant frequency is equal to the natural frequency of the system. Evaluate the magnitude of the periodic force due to the motor unbalance. Determine the vibration amplitude from the frequency ratio at 1200 rpm. A motor weighing 350 lb is supported by four springs, each having a constant 750 lb/in. The unbalance of the motor is equivalent to a weight of 1 oz located 6 in. from the axis of rotation. Determine a) speed in rpm at which resonance will occur, and b) amplitude of the vibration at 1200 rpm.
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Sample Problem 19.5
SOLUTION: The resonant frequency is equal to the natural frequency of the system.
m= 350 = 10.87 lb s 2 ft 32.2

W = 350 lb k = 4(350 lb/in)

k = 4(750) = 3000 lb in = 36,000 lb ft

n =

k 36,000 = m 10.87 = 57.5 rad/s = 549 rpm

Resonance speed = 549 rpm

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Sample Problem 19.5
Evaluate the magnitude of the periodic force due to the motor unbalance. Determine the vibration amplitude from the frequency ratio at 1200 rpm.

f = = 1200 rpm = 125.7 rad/s

1 1 lb = 0.001941 lb s 2 ft m = (1 oz ) 16 oz 32.2 ft s 2

W = 350 lb k = 4(350 lb/in)

Pm = man = mr 2
6 (125.7 )2 = 15.33 lb = (0.001941) 12

n = 57.5 rad/s

( )
)2

xm =

1 f n

Pm k

15.33 3000 1 (125.7 57.5)2

= 0.001352 in
xm = 0.001352 in. (out of phase)

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Damped Free Vibrations
All vibrations are damped to some degree by forces due to dry friction, fluid friction, or internal friction.

With viscous damping due to fluid friction,

F = ma :

W k ( st + x ) cx = m x m x + cx + kx = 0

Substituting x = et and dividing through by et yields the characteristic equation,

m 2 + c + k = 0

c k c = 2m m 2m

Define the critical damping coefficient such that

k cc =0 m 2m
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k cc = 2 m = 2m n m
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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Damped Free Vibrations
Characteristic equation,

m 2 + c + k = 0

c k c = 2m m 2m

cc = 2m n = critical damping coefficient

Heavy damping: c > cc

x = C1e 1t + C 2 e 2t
Critical damping: c = cc

- negative roots - nonvibratory motion - double roots - nonvibratory motion

x = (C1 + C 2 t ) e n t

Light damping: c < cc x = e (c 2 m )t (C1 sin d t + C 2 cos d t )

d = n 1 c = damped frequency c
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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Damped Forced Vibrations

m x + cx + kx = Pm sin f t xm x = m = Pm k tan =

x = x complement ary + x particular 1 = magnification factor

[1 (
( )
2

n )

2 2

] + [2(c c )(
c

n )]2

2(c c c ) f n 1 f n

= phase difference between forcing and steady state response

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Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics

Electrical Analogues
Consider an electrical circuit consisting of an inductor, resistor and capacitor with a source of alternating voltage di q E m sin f t L Ri = 0 dt C 1 Lq + Rq + q = Em sin f t C Oscillations of the electrical system are analogous to damped forced vibrations of a mechanical system.

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Electrical Analogues
The analogy between electrical and mechanical systems also applies to transient as well as steady-state oscillations. With a charge q = q0 on the capacitor, closing the switch is analogous to releasing the mass of the mechanical system with no initial velocity at x = x0. If the circuit includes a battery with constant voltage E, closing the switch is analogous to suddenly applying a force of constant magnitude P to the mass of the mechanical system.

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Electrical Analogues
The electrical system analogy provides a means of experimentally determining the characteristics of a given mechanical system. For the mechanical system, m1 x1 + c1 x1 + c 2 ( x1 x 2 ) + k1 x1 + k 2 ( x1 x 2 ) = 0

m2 x2 + c2 ( x2 x1 ) + k 2 ( x2 x1 ) = Pm sin f t
For the electrical system, q1 q1 q 2 L1q1 + R1 (q1 q 2 ) + + =0 C1 C2 q q L2 q2 + R2 (q2 q1 ) + 2 1 = Em sin f t C2 The governing equations are equivalent. The characteristics of the vibrations of the mechanical system may be inferred from the oscillations of the electrical system.
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