Natural frequency of laminated orthotropic shells with different boundary

conditions and resting on the Pasternak type elastic foundation

A.H. Soyev
a,
, N. Kuruoglu
b
a
Department of Civil Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
b
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 7 December 2010
Received in revised form 17 February 2011
Accepted 14 April 2011
Available online 22 April 2011
Keywords:
A. Layered structures
A. Laminates
B. Vibration
C. Analytical modeling
a b s t r a c t
This paper deals with the vibration analysis of laminated orthotropic shells with different boundary
conditions and resting on elastic foundations. Boundary conditions are clampedclamped (CC) and
slidingsliding (SLSL). A two-parameter foundation model (Pasternak type) is used to describe the
shellfoundation interaction, from which Winkler foundation model can be easily obtained as a limiting
case. The modied Donnell type dynamic stability and compatibility equations have been obtained for
laminated orthotropic truncated conical shells resting on elastic foundations. Applying Galerkin methods,
the natural frequency of the laminated orthotropic truncated conical shell for different boundary condi-
tions, are obtained. The appropriate formulas for laminated cylindrical and complete conical shells are
found as special cases. Finally, inuences of the elastic foundations, the boundary conditions, the number
and stacking sequence, and the variations of shell characteristics on the natural frequency are investi-
gated. The results are compared with their counterparts in the literature.
2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Composite laminated shells are one of the necessary structural
components and commonly found in a variety of engineering
applications, such as the military, aerospace, turbo-machinery
and ship building industries; these great applications impel
researchers to study the dynamic performance of shells with dif-
ferent shapes and boundary conditions. Therefore the study of
the vibrations of laminated composite conical shells assumes
importance. The corresponding researches for the vibration of lam-
inated composite conical shells without an elastic foundation were
reviewed by [1,2] and some recent work on the laminated compos-
ite conical shells without an elastic foundation was done by [318].
Furthermore, recently, the comprehensive monograph on the lam-
inated plates and shells is published by Reddy [19].
Laminated composite thin shells on elastic foundations have
found wide applications as structural component in practical engi-
neering structures particularly in aerospace as operational activi-
ties of large transportation aircraft runways, nuclear reactors,
biomechanics, petrochemical, marine industry, civil engineering
and mechanical engineering. From this point of view the study of
laminated thin cylindrical and conical shells assumes added
importance. Such thin shell structures are often subjected to differ-
ent dynamic loads. For example, vibrations of pipelines are gener-
ally caused by external driving agencies such as earthquakes,
nuclear and other explosions, wave-loadings, super-fast trains
and supersonic jets. Thin-walled structures are very prone to reso-
nant vibrations because their eigen-frequencies lie in a very nar-
row band. So it is essential for the designer to know the
distribution of eigen-frequencies of the proposed structure before-
hand; if this is the case and if the designer feels that trouble lies
ahead for the proposed structure, the design can be altered in such
a manner that the natural frequencies of vibrations differ consider-
ably from the frequencies of the exciting forces. In particular there
is a great interest in solutions for the vibration problem of the lam-
inated thin shells on elastic foundations. To describe the interac-
tions of the shell and foundation there are various kinds of
foundation models. The simplest model for the elastic foundation
is Winkler or one-parameter model, which regards the foundation
as a series of separated springs without coupling effects between
each other [20]. Pasternak [21] improved this model by adding a
shear layer to Winkler model. Pasternak or two-parameter model
is widely used to describe the mechanical behavior of structure
foundation interactions. Most of the studies on the vibration
behavior have been restricted to the singlelayer cylindrical shells
resting on elastic foundations [2230]. However, a few literatures
are available for the mechanical behaviors of laminated composite
shells on elastic foundations [3134].
1359-8368/$ - see front matter 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.04.015

Corresponding author. Address: Department of Civil Engineering, Suleyman

Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey. Tel.: +90 246 211 11 95; fax: +90 246
237 08 59.
E-mail address: asoyev@mmf.sdu.edu.tr (A.H. Soyev).
Composites: Part B 42 (2011) 15621570
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Composites: Part B
j our nal homepage: www. el sevi er . com/ l ocat e/ composi t esb
Very little work has been done to consider the mechanical
behaviors of single-layer conical shells resting on the elastic foun-
dations. Sun and Huang [35] investigated the exact solution for the
general bending problems of conical shells on a Pasternak type
elastic foundation. Soyev [36,37] presented the buckling analyses
of functionally graded truncated conical shells under the axial load
and combined loads and resting on the two-parameter elastic
foundation.
In addition, there are some studies on the free vibration of the
single-layer shells for different boundary conditions without elas-
tic foundations [3842].
However, there is no study about the vibration of the laminated
orthotropic truncated and complete conical shells resting on the
Pasternak type elastic foundation.
In this paper, the free vibration of the laminated shells with dif-
ferent boundary conditions and resting on the PasternakWinkler
type elastic foundation is studied. In order to study inuences of
the elastic foundations and boundary conditions on the frequency
characteristics of laminated circular shells, the present paper pre-
sents an approach based on the Galerkin method and Love rst
approximation theory. Two boundary conditions, clamped
clamped both ends (CC) and slidingsliding both ends (SLSL)
are considered. Inuences of elastic foundations and boundary
conditions on the values of the frequency characteristics are stud-
ied in detail. Variations of the natural frequency of laminated trun-
cated and complete conical shells are also discussed for different
cone angles, length to radius ratio, and radius to thickness ratio
and foundation stiffness. To examine the accuracy of the present
analysis, comparisons are made with the results available in the
open literature for the layered and single-layer cylindrical and con-
ical shells with or without an elastic foundation for CC and SLSL
boundary conditions, respectively.
2. Governing equations
Fig. 1a shows a thin truncated circular cross-ply laminated con-
ical shell, having N layers of equal thickness made of orthotropic
composite materials. In gure, L is the length, c is the semi-vertex
angle, d = 2h/N is the thickness of the layers and 2h is the total
thickness of the laminated conical shell. R
1
and R
2
are the mean ra-
dii at both ends. S
1
and S
2
are the distances from the vertex to the
small and large bases, respectively. The reference surface of the
composite conical shell is taken to be at its reference surface where
an orthogonal coordinate system (z, h, S) is xed. Deformations of
the composite conical shell are dened by u, v and w, variables
relative to the ground-based coordinate system, respectively in
the meridional S, circumferential h and normal z directions.
Fig. 1b shows a cross sectional conguration of the laminated com-
posite conical shell in the thickness direction. The reference surface
z = 0 is located at a layer interface for even values of N, whereas for
odd values of N the reference surface is located at the center of the
middle layer. The layers are assumed to be perfectly bonded at
their interfaces. The axes of orthotropy in all layers are parallel
to the S and h axes.
Two end edges of the conical shell are assumed to be clamped
clamped or slidingsliding
w
@w
@S
0; T
S
0; T
Sh
0 at S S
1
and
S S
2
clampedclamped 1
v w M
S
T
S
0 at S S
1
and at S S
2
slidingsliding
2
where w is the displacement of the middle surface in the normal
direction, positive towards the axis of the cone and assumed to be
much smaller than the thickness, M
S
, M
h
, M
Sh
and T
S
, T
h
, T
Sh
are the
moment and force resultants.
The laminated orthotropic truncated conical shell is resting on
an elastic foundation (Fig. 2). For the elastic foundation, it is
assumed the two-parameter elastic foundation model proposed
by Pasternak [21]. The foundation medium is assumed to be linear,
homogenous and isotropic. The bonding between the truncated
conical shell and the foundation is perfect and frictionless. The
foundation interface pressure N may be expressed as
NS; u K
w
wK
p
@
2
w
@S
2

1
S
@w
@S

1
S
2
@
2
w
@u
2
_ _
3
where u = h sinc; K
w
(N/m
3
) is the modulus of subgrade reaction for
the foundation, K
p
(N/m) is the shear modulus of the subgrade. The
stiffness is characterized by (K
w
, K
p
) for the Pasternak type elastic
foundation model, by (K
w
, 0) for a Winkler elastic foundation model,
and by (K
w
, K
p
) = (0, 0) for an unconstrained laminated orthotropic
conical shell [20,21,35,37].
The modied Donnell type dynamic stability and strain compat-
ibility equations of the laminated orthotropic truncated conical
shell resting on the Pasternak type elastic foundation are given
by [35]:
@
2
M
S
@S
2

2
S
@M
S
@S

2
S
@
2
M
Sh
@S@u

1
S
@M
h
@S

2
S
2
@M
Sh
@u

1
S
2
@
2
M
h
@u
2

T
h
S
cot c
K
w
wK
p
@
2
w
@S
2

1
S
@w
@S

1
S
2
@
2
w
@u
2
_ _
q
1
@
2
w
@t
2
0 4
Fig. 1. (a) Geometry of a cross-ply laminated truncated conical shell, (b) Cross-sectional view of thickness of laminated conical shell.
A.H. Soyev, N. Kuruoglu/ Composites: Part B 42 (2011) 15621570 1563
cot c
S
@
2
w
@S
2

2
S
@
2
e
Sh
@S@u

2
S
2
@e
Sh
@u

@
2
e
h
@S
2

1
S
2
@
2
e
S
@u
2

2
S
@e
h
@S

1
S
@e
S
@S
0
5
where e
S
, e
h
, e
Sh
are strain components on the reference surface, t is
time and q
1
2h

N
k1
q
k
, q
(k)
is density of the layers (k).
The force and moment resultants are obtained by
T
S
; T
h
; T
Sh
; M
S
; M
h
; M
Sh

N
k1
_
hkd
hk1d
1; z r
k
S
; r
k
h
; r
k
Sh
_ _
dz
6
The relations between the forces and the stress function are
given by
T
S
; T
h
; T
Sh

1
S
2
@
2
W
@u
2

1
S
@W
@S
;
@
2
W
@S
2
;
1
S
@
2
W
@S@u

1
S
2
@W
@u
_ _
7
For the kth layer of a laminated orthotropic truncated conical
shell, the relations between the stress and strain components are
written as [11,14]:
r
k
S
r
k
h
r
k
Sh
_

_
_

_
E
k
S
1m
k
Sh
m
k
hS
m
k
hS
E
k
S
1m
k
Sh
m
k
hS
0
m
k
hS
E
k
S
1m
k
Sh
m
k
hS
E
k
h
1m
k
Sh
m
k
hS
0
0 0

E
k
S
E
k
h
_
1

m
k
Sh
m
k
hS
_
_

_
_

_
e
S
z
@
2
w
@S
2
e
h
z
1
S
2
@
2
w
@u
2

1
S
@w
@S
_ _
e
Sh
z
1
S
@
2
w
@S@u

1
S
2
@w
@u
_ _
_

_
_

_
8
where r
k
S
; r
k
h
; r
k
Sh
, k = 1, 2, ... , N are the stresses in the layers,
m
k
hS
E
k
S
m
k
Sh
E
k
h
and E
k
S
; E
k
h
and m
k
Sh
; m
k
hS
are the Youngs moduli
and Poissons ratios of the layers, (k), respectively.
Substituting expressions (8) into Eq. (6) after some rearrange-
ments, the relations found for moments and strains, being substi-
tuted into Eqs. (4) and (5) together with relation (6), then
considering the new variable S = S
2
e
x
, after lengthy computations,
these equations can be written in the following form based on
Loves rst approximation theory, namely,
S
2
e
3x
cot c
@
2
W
@x
2

@W
@x
_ _
d
1
e
4x
@
4
w
@u
4
d
2
e
4x
@
4
w
@x
2
@u
2
2d
2
e
4x
@
3
w
@x@u
2
d
2
2d
1
e
4x
@
2
w
@u
2
d
3
e
4x
@
4
w
@x
4
4d
3
e
4x
@
3
w
@x
3
d
1
5d
3
e
4x
@
2
w
@x
2
2d
3
d
1
e
4x
@w
@x
S
4
2
K
w
wK
P
S
2
2
e
2x
@
2
w
@x
2

@
2
w
@u
2
_ _
q
1
S
4
2
@
2
w
@t
2
0 9
d
4
e
4x
@
4
W
@u
4
d
5
e
4x
@
4
W
@x
2
@u
2
2d
5
e
4x
@
3
W
@x@u
2
d
5
2d
4
e
4x
@
2
W
@u
2
d
6
e
4x
@
4
W
@x
4
4d
6
e
4x
@
3
W
@x
3
5d
6
d
4
e
4x
@
2
W
@x
2
2d
4
d
6
e
4x
@W
@x
S
2
e
3x
cot c
@
2
w
@x
2

@w
@x
_ _
0 10
where the following denitions apply:
d
1
h
3

N
k1
1 2k=N
3
1 2k 1=N
3
3
E
k
h
1 m
k
Sh
m
k
hS
d
2
2h
3

N
k1
1 2k=N
3
1 2k 1=N
3
3
m
k
hS
E
k
h
1 m
k
Sh
m
k
hS

E
k
S
E
k
h
_
1

m
k
Sh
m
k
hS
_
_

_
_

_
d
3
h
3

N
k1
1 2k=N
3
1 2k 1=N
3
3
E
k
S
1 m
k
Sh
m
k
hS
d
4

1
2h

N
k1
1
N
E
k
h
1 m
k
Sh
m
k
hS
_ _

N
k1
1
N
E
k
S
1 m
k
Sh
m
k
hS

N
k1
1
N
E
k
h
1 m
k
Sh
m
k
hS
_

N
k1
1
N
m
k
hS
E
k
S
1 m
k
Sh
m
k
hS
_ _
2
_
_
_
1
d
5

1
h

N
k1
1
N

E
k
S
E
k
h
_
1

m
k
Sh
m
k
hS
_
_

_
_

_
1

1
h

N
k1
1
N
m
k
hS
E
k
h
1 m
k
Sh
m
k
hS
_ _

N
k1
1
N
E
k
S
1 m
k
Sh
m
k
hS

N
k1
1
N
E
k
h
1 m
k
Sh
m
k
hS

N
k1
1
N
m
k
hS
E
k
S
1 m
k
Sh
m
k
hS
_ _
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
d
6

1
2h

N
k1
1
N
E
k
S
1 m
k
Sh
m
k
hS
_ _

N
k1
1
N
E
k
S
1 m
k
Sh
m
k
hS

N
k1
1
N
E
k
h
1 m
k
Sh
m
k
hS
_

N
k1
1
N
m
k
hS
E
k
S
1 m
k
Sh
m
k
hS
_ _
2
_
_
_
1
11
Eqs. (9) and (10) are basic equations for the free vibration of
laminated orthotropic conical shells resting on the Pasternak type
elastic foundation.
3. Solution of the eigenvalue problem
The solution of the problem is simplied somewhat by the
introduction of the following transformations due to [17,39]
w e
kx
w
1
x; t cosb
2
u 12
W S
2
e
k1x
W
1
x; t cosb
2
u 13
where b
2
= n/ sin c, n is circumferential wave number, W
1
(x, t) and
w
1
(x, t) are functions of the x and t, and k is a parameter which is
found from the minimum condition of frequency.
Substituting (12) and (13) into Eqs. (9) and (10), then multiply-
ing the equations that obtained after transformations from (9) and
(10) by wS
2
2
e
2x
dudx and WS
2
2
e
2x
dudx, respectively, for x
0
6 x 6 0
(x
0
= ln S
2
/S
1
) and 0 6 u6 2p sin c, applying Galerkins method to
Eqs. (9) and (10), after integrating with coordinate u, the following
equations are obtained:
Fig. 2. The laminated truncated conical shell on the two-parameter elastic
foundation.
1564 A.H. Soyev, N. Kuruoglu / Composites: Part B 42 (2011) 15621570
_
0
x
0
S
2
2
e
k1x
cot cw
1
@
2
e
k1x
W
1

@x
2
S
2
2
e
k1x
cot cw
1
@e
k1x
W
1

@x
_
d
1
b
4
2
e
2k2x
w
2
1
d
2
b
2
2
e
k2x
w
1
@
2
e
kx
w
1

@x
2
2d
2
b
2
2
e
k2x
w
1
@e
kx
w
1

@x
d
2
2d
1
b
2
2
e
2k2x
w
2
1
d
3
e
k2x
w
1
@
4
e
kx
w
1

@x
4
4d
3
e
k2x
w
1
@
3
e
kx
w
1

@x
3
d
1
5d
3
e
k2x
w
1
@
2
e
kx
w
1

@x
2
2d
3
d
1
e
k2x
w
1
@e
kx
w
1

@x
K
P
S
2
2
e
kx
w
1
@
2
e
kx
w
1

@x
2
K
P
S
2
2
b
2
2
e
2kx
w
2
1
S
4
2
e
2k2x
w
2
1
K
w
q
1
S
4
2
e
2k2x
w
1
@
2
w
1
@t
2
_
dx 0 14
_
0
x
0
d
4
b
4
2
S
2
e
2kx
W
2
1
d
5
b
2
2
S
2
e
k1x
W
1
@
2
e
k1x
W
1
@x
2
2d
5
b
2
2
S
2
e
k1x
W
1
@ e
k1x
W
1
@x
d
5
2d
4
b
2
2
S
2
e
2kx
W
2
1
d
6
S
2
e
k1x
W
1
@
4
e
k1x
W
1
@x
4
4d
6
S
2
e
k1x
W
1
@
3
e
k1x
W
1
@x
3
5d
6
d
4
S
2
e
k1x
W
1
@
2
e
k1x
W
1
@x
2
2d
4
d
6
S
2
e
k1x
W
1
@ e
k1x
W
1
@x
S
2
e
kx
W
1
@
2
e
kx
w
1
@x
2

@ e
kx
w
1
@x
_ _
cotc
_

_
_

_
dx 0
15
The approximate solution for Eqs. (14) and (15), satisfying the
clampedclamped and slidingsliding boundary conditions,
respectively, may be assumed as
fw
1
ntsin
2
b
1
x; W
1
ftsin
2
b
1
x clampedclamped
16
w
1
ntsinb
1
x; W
1
ftsinb
1
x slidingsliding 17
where b
1
= mp/x
0
, m is wave number in the meridional direction,
n(t) and f(t) are the time dependent amplitudes.
Substituting Eqs. (16), (17) separately into Eqs. (14) and (15),
after integration according to x, two equations depending on n(t)
and f(t) are obtained. After integrating Eq. (15), from the resulting
equations the variable f(t) is expressed by n(t). Then substituting
the variable f(t) into the resulting Eq. (14), the following differen-
tial equations for the clampedclamped or slidingsliding lami-
nated orthotropic truncated conical shells resting on the
Pasternak type elastic foundation, respectively, are obtained:
d
2
nt
dt
2

1
Q
3
h
2
Q
2
1
h
0
Q
4
Q
2
h
2
Q
w
h
2
Q
P
h
0
_ _
nt 0;
Q
i
$Q
i
; h
j
$

h
j
18
where the following denitions apply:
Q
1
8k
2
32b
2
1
S
2
cot c;
Q
2
24d
1
b
4
2
24d
2
d
2
A
1
48d
1
b
2
2
d
3
A
2
4d
3
A
3
5d
3
d
1
A
1
48d
1
d
3
;
Q
3
24q
1
S
4
2
; Q
w
24S
4
2
K
w
; Q
p
8S
2
2
K
p
k
2
4b
2
1
3b
2
2
;
Q
4
24d
4
b
4
2
24d
5
d
5
B
1
48d
4
b
2
2
d
6
B
2
4d
6
B
3
5d
6
d
4
B
1
48d
4
d
6
;
h
i

b
4
1
1 e
2kix
0
_
2k i2k i
2
4b
2
1
2k i
2
16b
2
1

; i 2; 0; 2
19
in which
A
1
8k
2
16k 16 32b
2
1
; A
2
128b
4
1
128k
2
256k 64b
2
1
24k
4
96k
3
96k
2
;
A
3
96b
2
1
24k
2
48k; B
1
8k
2
24 32b
2
1
;
B
2
128b
4
1
128k
2
192b
2
1
24k
4
48k
2
24;
B
3
96b
2
1
24k
2
24;
20
As Q
i
$Q
i
, h
j
$

h
j
are substituted in Eq. (18), the equation of
the slidingsliding laminated orthotropic truncated conical shells
resting on the Pasternak type elastic foundation are obtained. Here
Q
i
and

h
j
are given below:
Q
1
2k
2
b
2
1
S
2
cot c; Q
3
2q
1
S
4
2
; Q
w
2S
4
2
K
w
;
Q
p
2S
2
2
K
p
k
2
b
2
1
b
2
2
;
Q
2
2d
1
b
4
2
2d
2
4d
1
d
2
A
1
b
2
2
d
3
A
2
4d
3
A
3
5d
3
d
1
A
1
4d
1
d
3
;
Q
4
2d
4
b
4
2
2d
5
4d
4
d
5
B
1
b
2
2
d
6
B
2
4d
6
B
3
5d
6
d
4
B
1
4d
4
d
6

h
i

b
2
1
1 e
2kix
0

2k i
2
4b
2
1
2k i
; i 2; 0; 2:
21
in which
A
1
2k 2k b
2
1
; A
2
2k
3
3k 4 2b
2
1
kk 2 b
4
1
;
A
3
b
2
1
4k 2 k
2
4k 6; B
1
2k 1k 1 b
2
1
;
B
2
2k 1
3
3k 1 2b
2
1
k 1k 3 b
4
1
;
B
3
b
2
1
4k 6 k 1
2
4k 2
_ _
;
22
From Eq. (18) for the natural frequencies (1/s) of the free vibra-
tion of laminated orthotropic truncated conical shells with the
clampedclamped and slidingsliding edges and resting on the
Pasternak type elastic foundation, respectively, the following
expressions are obtained:
x
wp
TC

CC

1
Q
3
h
2
Q
2
1
h
0
Q
4
Q
2
h
2
Q
w
h
2
Q
p
h
0
_ _

_
23
x
wp
TC

SLSL

1
Q
3

h
2
Q
2
1

h
0
Q
4
Q
2

h
2
Q
w

h
2
Q
p

h
0
_ _

_
24
When K
p
= 0, from Eqs. (23) and (24), the expressions x
w
TC

CC
and x
w
TC

SLSL
for the laminated orthotropic truncated conical
shells with the clampedclamped and slidingsliding edges and
resting on a Winkler foundation are obtained.
When K
p
= K
w
= 0, from Eqs. (23) and (24), the expressions
(x
TC
)
CC
and (x
TC
)
SLSL
for the laminated orthotropic truncated con-
ical shells without an elastic foundation are obtained.
If c = p/180,000 ?0, S
1
?1, S
1
sin c = R, b
1
sinc
mpR
L
m
2
,
S
2
= S
1
+ L, x
0
ln
S
2
S
1
ln 1
L
S
1
_ _

L
S
1
, e
ax
0
1 a
L
S
1
, a > 0 are
substituted in Eqs. (23) and (24), corresponding formulas for the
clampedclamped and slidingsliding laminated cylindrical shells
with and without elastic foundations are obtained [39].
As x
0
?1, b
1
?0; e
ax
0
!0 are substituted in Eqs. (23) and
(24), corresponding formula for complete conical shells are ob-
tained. In this case, x
wp
TC

CC
; x
w
TC

CC
; (x
TC
)
CC
and x
wp
TC

SLSL
;
x
w
TC

SLSL
; (x
TC
)
SLSL
in Eqs. (23) and (24), are transformed into
x
wp
CC

CC
; x
w
CC

CC
; (x
CC
)
CC
and x
wp
CC

SLSL
; x
w
CC

SLSL
; (x
CC
)
SLSL
,
respectively.
A.H. Soyev, N. Kuruoglu/ Composites: Part B 42 (2011) 15621570 1565
The minimum values of natural frequencies of the laminated
cylindrical, truncated and complete conical shells with and with-
out elastic foundations are obtained by minimizing Eqs. (23) and
(24) with respect to m, n and k. After the various numerical compu-
tations and analyses for frequencies of laminated cylindrical, trun-
cated and complete conical shells with and without elastic
foundations, the following generalized values are obtained for
the parameter k:
(a) The minimum values of natural frequency of clamped
clamped (CC) laminated truncated conical shells with and
without elastic foundations are obtained approximately at
k = 2.4 for x
0
< 1.6; at k = 2.8 for 1.6 6 x
0
6 2.5; at k = 3.2 for
x
0
> 2.5.
(b) The minimum values of the natural frequency of CC lami-
nated complete conical shells with and without elastic foun-
dations are obtained approximately at k = 3.68.
(c) The minimum values of natural frequencies of sliding
sliding (SLSL) laminated truncated conical shells with and
without elastic foundations are obtained approximately at
k = 1.2 for x
0
< 2.7; at k = 1.6 for 2.7 6 x
0
6 3.5; at k = 2.0
for x
0
> 3.5.
(d) The minimum values of the natural frequency of SLSL lam-
inated complete conical shells with and without elastic
foundations are obtained approximately at k = 2.4.
(e) The minimum values of natural frequencies of CC and SLSL
laminated cylindrical shells are obtained, at k = 0.
4. Numerical computations and results
4.1. Comparative studies
To check the accuracy of the present analysis, the obtained re-
sults are compared with those in the literature. The corresponding
numerical results are tabulated in Tables 14. If c ?0,
R
1
= R
2
= R; L = L
1
; k = 1; E
k
S
E
k
h
E; m
k
Sh
m
k
hS
m, q
(k)
= q are
substituted in Eqs. (23) and (24), corresponding formula for the
single-layer isotropic cylindrical shells are obtained.
Table 1 shows the comparison of the dimensionless fundamen-
tal frequency parameter, x
1cyl
x
cyl
R
2
=h

1 m
2
q=E
_
, for the
clampedclamped single-layer isotropic cylindrical shells without
an elastic foundation with results presented by Weingarten [38]
and Koga [40]. The present results have in good agreement with
above mentioned results.
In additionally, to verify the present analysis, our results for the
fundamental frequency (Hz) are compared with those presented
by Lam and Loy [5] for the three layered cylindrical shell with
slidingsliding (SLSL) boundary conditions (see, Table 2). The lay-
ered cylindrical shell is constructed of three homogeneous isotro-
pic layers of which the outer and inner layer are of the same
material and the middle layer is of a different material. The layer
dimensions and material properties for the layered cylindrical shell
are as follows (here h
i
(i = 1, 2, 3) denotes the layers thickness in
mm, E the Youngs modulus in N/m
2
, the Poisson ratio m and q
the mass density in kg/m
3
). For both the inner and outer layers
h
1
= h
3
= 0.8; E
1
= E
3
= 4.8265 10
9
; m
1
= m
3
= 0.3 and q
1
= q
3
=
1314 for the middle layer h
2
= 0.4; E
2
= 2.0685 10
11
; m
2
= 0.3
and q
2
= 8053. The comparison show that the present results, agree
well with results of Lam and Loy [5].
Table 3 shows the comparison of the dimensionless frequency
parameters (x
1TC
)
CC
, (x
1TC
)
SLSL
, (x
1CC
)
CC
, (x
1CC
)
SLSL
for the
clampedclamped and slidingsliding, isotropic, circular, single-
layer, truncated and complete conical shells without an elastic
foundation with results presented by Aganesov and Sachenkov
[39]. It can be seen that an excellent agreement between the pres-
ent and the reference results is observed.
In additionally, values of the dimensionless frequency parame-
ter, x
w
1cyl
, for the SLSL single-layer isotropic cylindrical shell rest-
ing on the Winkler elastic foundation are compared in Table 4 with
the solutions of Paliwal et al. [23] and Ng and Lam [25]. In the
study of Paliwal et al. [23] the dimensionless frequency parameter
for the homogenous isotropic (simply supported) cylindrical shell
on a Winkler foundation is dened as
x
w
1cyl

H
1
H
2
H
3
0:25n
2
k
2
0
1m
2
H
3
k
2
0
m
2
H
2
n
2
H
2
n
2
k
2
0
m1mH
3
H
1
H
2
0:25n
2
k
2
0
1m
2
_ _
0:5
25
Table 1
Comparison of values of (x
1cyl
)
CC
for CC single-layer cylindrical shells (L
1
/R = 2).
R/h Weingarten [38] Koga [40] Present study
200 19.6931(7) 19.7827(7) 19.3016(7)
500 33.7373(9) 33.7373(9) 30.3337(8)
Table 2
Comparisons of the fundamental frequency, f = x/(2p) (Hz), for three layered
cylindrical shell with slidingsliding (SLSL) boundary conditions (R/(2h) = 500;
m = 1; R = 1 m).
L
1
/R f(Hz) (k = 0)
Lam and Loy [5] Present study
0.5 87.986(19) 87.967(19)
1.0 43.830(14) 43.956(14)
2.0 21.812(10) 21.974(10)
5.0 8.7522(6) 8.9402(6)
Table 3
Comparisons of dimensionless frequency parameter, x1 xR2

1 mhSmShq=ESEh
0:5
_
,
for the single-layer truncated and complete conical shells with CC and SLSL edges
without an elastic foundation (E
0
= 1.93 10
11
Pa; m
0
= 0.3; q
0
= 8000 kg/m
3
;
2h = 0.001 m; R
1
= 0.1 m, R
2
= 0.175 m; L = 0.6 m).
n (x
1TC
)
CC
(k = 2.4) (x
1TC
)
SLSL
(k = 1.2)
Aganesov and
Sachenkov [39]
Present
study
Aganesov and
Sachenkov [39]
Present
study
1 0.4199 0.4199 0.4168 0.4168
2 0.1737 0.1737 0.1390 0.1390
3 0.0892 0.0892 0.0706 0.0706
4 0.0673 0.0673 0.0590 0.0590
5 0.0769 0.0769 0.0742 0.0742
6 0.1023 0.1023 0.1018 0.1018
(x
1CC
)
CC
(k = 3.68) (x
1CC
)
SLSL
(k = 2.4)
n Aganesov and
Sachenkov [39]
Present
study
Aganesov and
Sachenkov [39]
Present
study
1 0.3693 0.3693 0.6940 0.6940
2 0.1463 0.1463 1.7666 1.7666
3 0.0914 0.0913 0.0985 0.0985
4 0.1141 0.1141 0.1104 0.1104
5 0.1689 0.1689 0.1593 0.1593
6 0.2407 0.2407 0.2261 0.2261
Table 4
Comparison of the dimensionless frequency parameter for a single-layer cylindrical
shell resting on an elastic foundation (R/(2h) = 100; L
1
/R = 2; K
w
= 10
4
N/m
3
).
x
w
1cyl
(m, n) Paliwal et al. [23] Ng and Lam [25] Present study
(1,1) 0.6788 0.5729 0.6789
(1,2) 0.3639 0.3277 0.3645
(1,3) 0.2053 0.1965 0.2080
1566 A.H. Soyev, N. Kuruoglu / Composites: Part B 42 (2011) 15621570
Here k
0
mpR=L
1
; k
0
is an axial wave parameter and expres-
sions for the H
i
(i = 1, 2, 3) including to Eq. (25) are given by Paliwal
et al. [23]. See, the expression (19) in the study of Paliwal et al.
[23]. This comparison is to ensure that the elastic foundation effect
have been correctly integrated into the present study.
4.2. Vibration analysis
A number of examples were solved to illustrate their applica-
tion to the performance of the cross-ply laminated cylindrical,
truncated and complete conical shells resting on the Winkler or
Pasternak type elastic foundations for the clampedclamped and
slidingsliding boundary conditions. For all of the examples, all
plies were of equal thickness and the following previously used
material properties were adopted [19]: E
k
S
1:724 10
11
Pa;
E
k
h
7:79 10
9
Pa; m
k
hS
0:35; q
k
1530 kg=m
3
; k = 1, 2, . . . , 8.
The following sets of elastic foundation stiffnesses are consid-
ered; (K
w
, K
p
) = (0, 0); (K
w
, K
p
) = (2 10
6
N/m
3
, 0); (K
w
, K
p
) =
(2 10
6
N/m
3
; 2 10
4
N/m) in Table 5, and in Figs. 35. In numer-
ical computations part, by taking into account these values for the
parameter k and for the longitudinal wave number m = 1, parame-
ters are minimized only according to n.
Table 5 shows, effects of the boundary conditions, and the Win-
kler and Pasternak type elastic foundations on the values of natural
frequencies (in 1/s) and corresponding circumferential wave num-
bers of the symmetrically laminated cross-ply orthotropic trun-
cated and complete conical shells. The following conical shell
characteristics are considered: R
1
= 1 m or R
1
= 10
50
m; R
2
= 2 m;
h = 0.005 m; c = 30; k = 6,8. It is clear that the values of x
CC
, x
w
CC
,
x
wp
CC
for the complete conical shell are lower than the values of
x
TC
, x
w
TC
, x
wp
TC
for the truncated conical shell, respectively, and val-
ues of x
w
CC
and x
w
TC
are lower than the values of x
wp
CC
and x
wp
TC
,
respectively, for the all number and stacking sequence, at both
edge conditions.
The values of natural frequencies of the laminated conical shell
with slidingsliding edges are lower than those for the laminated
conical shell with clampedclamped edges with and without elas-
tic foundations. It is observed that the difference between the nat-
ural frequencies for CC and SLSL boundary conditions changed
depending on the number and stacking sequence. In additionally,
the difference between values of natural frequencies for CC and
SLSL boundary conditions reduces as taking into account the ef-
fect of elastic foundations. For example, the difference between
values of (x
TC
)
CC
and (x
TC
)
SLSL
are 13.53% and 15.91% for lamina-
tions (0/90)
2S
and (0/90)
2S
, respectively, whereas the difference be-
tween values of x
wp
TC

CC
and x
wp
TC

SLSL
are 9.50% and 11.15% for
laminations (0/90)
2S
and (0/90)
2S
, respectively. Moreover, the dif-
ference between values of natural frequencies for CC complete
conical shells and SLSL complete conical shells is little. The follow-
ing expression is used for percents:
x
CC
x
SLSL
=x
SLSL
100%
It is evident that the effect of elastic foundations on the values
of natural frequencies of the laminated truncated conical shell with
CC boundary conditions is lower than those for the SLSL bound-
ary conditions, whereas, this effect is higher than that for the com-
plete conical shell. Moreover, the effect of elastic foundations on
the values of natural frequencies of the truncated conical shell is
lower than the complete conical shell, for both boundary condi-
tions. For example; the effect of elastic foundations on the
x
w
TC

CC
, x
wp
TC

CC
; x
w
TC

SLSL
, x
wp
TC

SLSL
are 19.34%, 25.73%,
26.12%, 33.24%, respectively, and the effect on the x
w
CC

CC
,
x
wp
CC

CC
; x
w
CC

SLSL
, x
wp
CC

SLSL
are 41.46%, 48.95%, 37.79%,
Table 5
The effect of boundary conditions and WinklerPasternak foundations on the values of natural frequencies of symmetrically laminated cross-ply orthotropic truncated and
complete conical shells.
Stacking sequence k = 2.4 k = 3.68
(x
TC
)
CC
x
w
TC

CC
x
wp
TC

CC
x
CC

CC
x
w
CC

CC
x
wp
CC

CC
(0/90)
S
603.259(8) 703.307(8) 731.191(8) 401.138(5) 540.028(5) 563.818(5)
(90/0/)
S
794.568(6) 872.959(6) 886.871(6) 574.638(4) 678.916(4) 691.530(4)
(0
2
/90)
S
555.053(9) 662.422(9) 697.888(8) 361.348(5) 511.167(5) 538.231(5)
(0/90/0)
S
676.706(7) 767.235(7) 788.452(7) 481.288(4) 601.961(4) 617.232(4)
(0/90
2
)
S
632.921(7) 728.908(7) 751.208(7) 431.580(4) 563.010(4) 579.309(4)
(90/0
2
)
S
786.239(6) 865.385(6) 879.931(6) 575.476(4) 679.626(4) 693.188(4)
(90/0/90)
S
732.894(6) 817.222(6) 832.611(6) 534.599(4) 645.379(4) 659.646(4)
(90
2
/0)
S
764.245(6) 845.452(6) 860.336(6) 579.278(4) 682.848(4) 696.348(4)
(0
2
/90
2
)
S
596.183(8) 697.247(8) 726.600(8) 407.879(5) 545.054(5) 570.514(5)
(0/90)
2S
671.811(7) 762.921(7) 784.254(7) 469.406(4) 592.504(4) 608.013(4)
(0/90
2
/0)
S
700.349(7) 788.167(7) 808.834(7) 491.261(4) 609.964(4) 625.040(4)
(90/0
2
/90)
S
750.734(6) 833.259(6) 848.357(6) 532.286(4) 643.465(4) 657.774(4)
(90/0)
2S
763.808(6) 845.057(6) 859.948(6) 551.656(4) 659.578(4) 673.544(4)
(90
2
/0
2
)
S
789.307(6) 868.173(6) 882.674(6) 588.486(4) 690.677(4) 704.026(4)
k = 1.2 k = 2.4
(x
TC
)
SLSL
x
w
TC

SLSL
x
wp
TC

SLSL
x
CC

SLSL
x
w
CC

SLSL
x
wp
CC

SLSL
(0/90)
S
526.415(8) 638.617(8) 668.302(8) 413.908(5) 549.580(5) 571.492(5)
(90/0)
S
730.736(6) 815.288(6) 829.517(6) 606.125(4) 705.766(4) 717.154(4)
(0
2
/90)
S
470.482(8) 593.357(8) 626.880(8) 381.392(6) 525.527(6) 549.097(5)
(0/90/0)
S
593.540(7) 694.988(7) 717.694(7) 506.148(5) 622.016(5) 641.459(5)
(0/90
2
)
S
555.898(7) 663.130(7) 684.867(6) 457.609(4) 583.202(4) 596.932(4)
(90/0
2
)
S
706.140(6) 793.318(6) 808.565(6) 607.511(4) 706.957(4) 718.326(4)
(90/0/90)
S
649.610(6) 743.446(6) 759.695(6) 546.461(4) 655.239(4) 667.489(4)
(90
2
/0)
S
689.956(6) 778.947(6) 794.470(6) 585.855(4) 688.436(4) 700.106(4)
(0
2
/90
2
)
S
514.340(7) 628.700(7) 653.713(7) 413.908(5) 549.580(5) 571.492(5)
(0/90)
2S
591.747(7) 693.457(7) 716.212(7) 504.457(4) 620.641(4) 633.561(4)
(0/90
2
/0)
S
624.446(6) 721.562(6) 738.293(6) 522.776(4) 635.621(4) 648.242(4)
(90/0
2
/90)
S
659.950(6) 752.498(6) 768.556(6) 557.613(4) 664.568(4) 676.649(4)
(90/0)
2S
677.004(6) 767.499(6) 783.249(6) 574.239(4) 678.579(4) 690.415(4)
(90
2
/0
2
)
S
709.885(6) 796.653(6) 811.838(6) 606.125(4) 705.766(4) 717.154(4)
A.H. Soyev, N. Kuruoglu/ Composites: Part B 42 (2011) 15621570 1567
43.97%, respectively, for the lamination (0
2
/90)
S
. The following
expression is used for percents:
x
wp
x=x 100%
The effect of variations of the semi-vertex angle, c, on the values
of the natural frequency (in 1/s) of symmetrically cross-ply lami-
nated orthotropic truncated conical shells with or without a Pas-
ternak type elastic foundation for two boundary conditions are
examined and presented in Fig. 3. The truncated conical shells
made of six or eight layers with laminations (0
2
/90)
S
; (0/90
2
/0)
S
and (90
2
/0
2
)
S
, are considered. It is clear that the values of natural
frequencies of symmetrically laminated truncated conical shells
with and without a Pasternak type elastic foundation are rstly
increase, then decrease as the semi-vertex angle, c, increase. The
values of the semi-vertex angle, c, versus the maximum point of
curves are changed depending on the number and stacking se-
quence and values of the foundation stiffness. The effect of the Pas-
ternak type elastic foundation on the natural frequencies of
laminated orthotropic truncated conical shells decrease, as the
semi-vertex angle, c, increase for both edge conditions. For exam-
ple; for c = 20, the effect of a Pasternak type elastic foundation on
x
wp
TC

CC
and x
wp
TC

1SLSL
are 65.11% and 82.94%, respectively and
for c = 70, the effect on x
wp
TC

CC
and x
wp
TC

SLSL
are 11.84%, and
17.29%, respectively for the lamination (0/90
2
/0)
S
. The following
expression is used for percents:
x
wp
TC
x
TC
=x
TC
100%:
100
200
300
400
500
N
a
t
u
r
a
l

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
i
e
s

(
1
/
s
)
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
(0/0/90)s (TC)C-C (0/0/90)s (TCwp)C-C
(0/0/90)s (TC)SL-SL (0/0/90)s (TCwp)SL-SL
(0/90/90/0)s (TC)C-C (0/90/90/0)s (TCwp)C-C
(0/90/90/0)s (TC)SL-SL (0/90/90/0)s (TCwp)SL-SL
(90/90/0/0)s (TC)C-C (90/90/0/0)s (TCwp)C-C
(90/90/0/0)s (TC)SL-SL (90/90/0/0)s (TCwp)SL-SL
(angle)
Fig. 3. Variations of the natural frequencies of laminated orthotropic conical shells with clampedclamped and slidingsliding edges with and without a Pasternak type
elastic foundation versus the semi-vertex angle, c (R
1
/(2h) = 100; R
2
/(2h) = 200, h = 0.005 m).
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
150 200 250 300
( TC)C-C ( TCwp)C-C
( TC)SL-SL ( TCwp)SL-SL
( CC)C-C ( CCwp)C-C
( CC)SL-SL ( CCwp)SL-SL
N
a
t
u
r
a
l

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
i
e
s

(
1
/
s
)
R
2
/2h
(0/90/0)s
Fig. 4. Variations of the natural frequencies of symmetrically laminated orthotropic conical shells with clampedclamped and slidingsliding edges with and without a
Pasternak type elastic foundation versus R
2
/(2h) (h = 0.005 m; R
1
= 1 m or R
1
= 10
50
m; c = 30).
1568 A.H. Soyev, N. Kuruoglu / Composites: Part B 42 (2011) 15621570
The effect of the variation of the ratio, R
2
/(2h), on the natural
frequencies of symmetrically laminated orthotropic truncated
and complete conical shells with clampedclamped and sliding
sliding edges with and without a Pasternak type elastic foundation
is illustrated in Fig. 4. Symmetrically laminated truncated conical
shells made of six layers with laminations (0/90/0)
S
are considered.
The values of natural frequencies of symmetrically laminated trun-
cated and complete conical shells with and without a Pasternak
type elastic foundation are decrease, as the ratio, R
2
/(2h), increase.
But, the effect of foundation stiffness on the natural frequencies of
symmetrically laminated orthotropic conical shells increases, as
the ratio, R
2
/(2h), increase. Furthermore, the effect of a Pasternak
type elastic foundation on the natural frequencies changed
depending on the boundary conditions and the form of conical
shells (truncated or complete). For example, as the ratio, R
2
/(2h),
increases from 150 to 300, the effect of the Pasternak type elastic
foundation on x
wp
TC

CC
and x
wp
TC

SLSL
for the truncated conical
shell are increased from 4.78% to 59.84% and from 6.42% to
70.15%, respectively, whereas the effect on x
wp
CC

CC
and
x
wp
CC

SLSL
for the complete conical shell are increased from
14.76% to 75.82% and from 12.80% to 69.63%, respectively, for the
lamination (0/90/0)
S
.
Fig. 5 shows variations of natural frequencies of the laminated
orthotropic cylindrical and truncated conical shells with clamped
clamped and slidingsliding edges with and without a Pasternak
type elastic foundation, versus L/R
1
. Cross-ply laminated cylindrical
and truncated conical shells made of three layers with the lamina-
tion (0/90/0) are considered. The values of natural frequencies of
the cross-plylaminatedcylindrical andtruncatedconical shells with
and without a Pasternak type elastic foundation are decrease as the
ratio, L/R
1
, increase. The inuence of the foundation stiffness on the
natural frequencies of the laminated orthotropic cylindrical and
truncated conical shells increases, as the ratio, L/R
1
, increase. For
example, comparing values of natural frequencies of the laminated
orthotropic cylindrical and truncated conical shells on a Pasternak
type elastic foundation with the unconstrained laminated orthotro-
pic cylindrical and truncated conical shells; as the ratio, L/R
1
, in-
creases from 1 to 3, the effect of the Pasternak type elastic
foundationon x
wp
TC

CC
and x
wp
TC

SLSL
for the truncated conical shell
are increased from 6.19% to 54.79% and from 9.42% to 67.79%,
respectively, whereas the effect x
wp
cyl

CC
andx
wp
cyl

SLSL
for the cylin-
drical shell are increased from 5.37% to 34.19% and from 7.31% to
39.63%, respectively, with the lamination (0/90/0). Consequently,
laminated truncated conical shells are more sensitive to the effect
of the Pasternak type elastic foundationthanthe laminatedcylindri-
cal shells.
5. Conclusions
This paper deals with the vibration analysis of the laminated
orthotropic shells with different boundary conditions and resting
on elastic foundations. Boundary conditions are clampedclamped
(CC) and slidingsliding (SLSL). A two-parameter foundation
model (Pasternak type) is used to describe the shellfoundation
interaction, from which a Winkler foundation model can be easily
obtained as a limiting case. The modied Donnell type dynamic
stability and compatibility equations have been obtained for the
laminated orthotropic truncated conical shells resting on elastic
foundations. Applying Galerkin methods, the natural frequency of
the laminated orthotropic truncated conical shell for different
boundary conditions, are obtained. The appropriate formulas for
the laminated cylindrical and complete conical shells are found
as special cases. Finally, inuences of the elastic foundations, the
boundary conditions, the number and stacking sequence, and the
variations of shell characteristics on the natural frequency are
investigated. The results are compared with their counterparts in
the literature.
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