Chapter 9 Employee Attitudes and their Effects

Job involvement- is the degree to which employees immerse themselves in their jobs, invest time and energy in them and view work as a central part of their overall lives Organizational Identification- employees blend in so well and fit the organizations ethics and expectations that they experience a sense of openness with the firm Organizational Commitment- is the degree to which an employee identifies with the organization and wants to continue actively participating in it Affective Commitment- positive emotional state in which employees want to exert effort and choose to remain with the organization Normative Commitment- is the choice to stay attached because of strong cultural or familial ethics that drive them to do so Continuance Commitment- encourages employees to stay because of their high investments in the organization and the economic and social losses they would incur if they left

Entitlement-a belief that they deserve things because society owes it to them Attitudes- are the feelings and beliefs that largely determine how employees will perceive their environment, commit themselves to intended actions and ultimately behave Personal Dispositions Positive affectivity- some people are optimistic, upbeat, cheerful and courteous Negative affectivity-pessimistic, downbeat, irritable and abrasive Job Satisfaction- a set of favorable or unfavorable feelings and emotions with which employees view their work Feelings Objective thoughts Behavioral intentions Morale- the general term used to describe overall group satisfaction Aspects of job satisfaction Pay Supervisor Nature of tasks performed Co-workers Immediate working conditions Job content- nature of the job Job context- supervisor, co-workers and organizations Some related elements of life satisfaction Family Religion Job Leisure Politics

Work Moods- variable attitudes toward their jobs Key employee attitudes Job Satisfaction Job involvement Organizational commitment Work moods Dissatisfied employee may engage in: Psychological withdrawal Physical withdrawal Aggression

Four simplified characterization of employee responses Exit-Active, Destructive Voice- Active, Constructive Loyalty- Passive, Constructive Neglect-Passive, Destructive *Nature of Responses (Passive, Active) *Direction of Response (Destructive, Constructive) Effects of Employee Attitudes Turnover- which is the proportion of employees leaving an organization during a given time period Absences and Tardiness- tardy employee is one who comes to work but arrives beyond the designated starting time Presenteeism- occurs when employees come to work despite troublesome physical and emotional health conditions that substantially affect their work performance Theft- unauthorized use or removal of company resources Violence- various forms of verbal or physical aggression at work

Survey Design and Follow-up Identify reason for survey Obtain management commitment Develop and pretest survey instrument Administer survey Tabulate results Analyze results Provide feedback to participants Implement action plan Monitor Results

Types of survey questions Closed end questions-present a choice of answers in such a way that employees simply select and mark the answers that best represent their own feeling Open end questions- seek responses from employees in their own words Directed questions- focus employee attention on specific parts of the job and ask questions about those aspects Undirected questions- ask ask for general comments about the job Critical Issues Reliability- is the capacity of a survey instrument to produce consistent results, regardless of who administers it or when someone responded to it Validity- capacity to measure what they claim to measure

Organizational citizenship behaviorsdiscretionary and helpful actions above and beyond the call of duty that promote the organizations success Studying Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction survey- is a procedure by which employees report their feelings toward their jobs and work environment

Intranets- in house versions of the internet