1. HSD using the hydrocyclon to pre-separation of liquid: 2.

Choice least

3. H2S pressure partial Standard on NACE: 0.3 kPaA H2S partial. In TLDD project well 7P, H2S partial = 0.646 kPaA > NACE: 0.3 kPaA So that, they combined well 7 with non-H2S well, H2S total is 0.044 kPa < NACE standard. And they can using Carbon steel (H2S<0.3) for working. 4. H2S in oil must be less than 3 ppmv ( TLDD: 1.5 ppmv) 5. Gaslift: On DD project MOP(maximum operating pressure = 88.61 barg). Design pressure = 88.61 + 88.61*10% = 99 barg. S Set gaslift PZAHH = 94.1 barg. It's pressure to shutdown 6. LSJOC not provided ESD for this WHP because quantity Butane and lighter HC is smaller 4m3. So that criteria of not requir 7. Heat tracing is used on output of pig launcher,because when closed the main flow and increase the launcher's pressure. In So that, need to heat tracing.

8. Technip's experience: Minimum RO temperature is -69.38 in the case gaslift manual the pressurization 9. On flow line at well head should have a evacuted/drained due to when prolonged shutdown (not blowdown at WHP) will W oil in line.

9. Well Unloading Line: to be provide from test header to close drain which can be used during initial start-up 10. TIA must be located Min 2000mm from Choke valve to minimmize temperature efffect 11. Vessel or equipment have minimum temperature so low, it's connect with a short good materia(SS)l by flange. But to fall So that, Good material (SS) must minimum 5m from equipment to other material ( ref to P&ID 1066 of TLDD project) 12. On PSV: Liquid: Velocity Head of downstream PSV must be at 10% Design Pressure or smaller Overpressure. Pressure Drop on Suction Head must be < 3% inlet pressure. 13. Choice the separator depend on mass flow, turndown(Max flow/minimum flow) 14.Min Flow in Pump All of centrifugate pump have the Min Flow system(may be PSV as back flow) or Min flow with RO & Ball valve. Purpose: It's protect the pump that on case the block outlet the discharge pump. RO + Ball valve is the system which choose 15. Explanation the why Crude Heater Outlet isn't using NACE material ( TLDD): Because, Crude Heater is collection all of wellhead production, so that, total H2S vapour pressure composion < 3 kPa, not usin Then, TLDD will be shutdown all of wellhead ( signal is based on AIA on Pig launcher near production pipeline) 16. PSV coefficient of discharge API 526 using factor = 0.7 to 0.75 based on the actual flow area(NB-18) Pilot valve available the factor = 0.95 + range range based on the actual flow area ASME VIII (ASME BPVC) are 90% of the observed values (chapter 3.6.3 "Pressure relief and effluent handling pressure) Noncertified valves design for ASME VIII service can have observice coefficients as high as 0.85. So that, generally availabe in only a few small sizes, with threaded connection. 17. Insulation Kit (piping) It's special Item on P&ID, so using on break material(interface of two different material that can corrosions). example CS & SS. IT's using gasket to avoid direct contact between flanges & sleeve & washer to avoid contact direct bulong to flange.

18. Filter Coalescer Choice the filter coalescer: If an organic dispersed phase 'wets' organic that is plastic or polimeric hydrophilic ( like water) (oil is continoustly phase) Else an aqueous dispersed phase preferably wet inorganic media, such as metal & glass (like oil) Coalescer work better in laminar flow; increse contcting time wire mesh & streamline Velocity so high overcom surface tension forces and strip droplets out of the coalescer medium 19. All of well is order Miocene type have to sand detector. Because, Miocene is lower water deep and contains larger sand 20. PCS will be control the test well flowline (each of well at a time) based on sequence. 21. On bypass PSV always have a lock close (ball valve), to assure that the operator inadvertent opening th bypass( throwi 22. Standard for deflector vessel:

(ref. 236 page-Pressure Vessel Design Manual Book)

23. Follow the Pipieline: DNV F101 cerfify that with all of pipeline >= 8 in, wall thickness minimum = 12 mm. 24. Follow the Pipeline : DNV F101 certify that with all lining(cladding) thickness must be not less 2.5 mm. (C-400 or pagd 51) 25. Follow the Pipeline: DNV F101 certify that "clad" if the bond between base and ladding material is metallurgical & and "lined" if bond is mechanical. ( Page 51) 26. Fracture toughness testing of the Base material(BM) and the Weld Metal(WM) welded linepipe, shall be conducted as part as qualification (Table 6-12, table 6-13). The measured fracture toughness of the BM and the VM shall, as a minimum, Have CTOD value of 20 mm, when tested at the minimum design temperature. The testing shall be performed in according Appendix B A 800. Testing is not required for pipes with tnom <= 13mm. (Page 52) 27. Corrosion CO2: CO2 will be inscrease corrosion as inscrease the temperature but reaches is maximum at 60oC (Flow Assu 28. Depressure on Pipeline usually take several hours to even days (sometime). 29. Process blowdown is usually normally accomplish in a time of the order of 15 - 30 minutes. But blowdown pipeline may b 30. Blowdown, in most case the flow through the orifice is critical, and therefore the pressurizing rate is independent of the d 31. The Joule-Thompson effective is indepentdent time and is only dependent on the expansion of the gas in the system. but heat transfer from surrounding is dependent the time( Note: In depressure process may be heat surrounding effect so mu 32. Depressure (blowdown) for gas is more different than multiphase: Convective of cooled gas low so that the different temp. of fluid & wall so high Convective of cooled fluid (gas & liquid) is higher so that the different temp. of fluid & wall so small, and can assu 33. Note depressure: Depressure on sea environment is more safety in air(platform), because heat transfer of air is so small sao that flu quickly than sea bed. 34. Flow Assurance: When divive the section, should be choose that leng ration beetween neighbord section have to 0.5 rat 35."Bathtub" is curve to explain that the failures of pipeline by age of system. As figure 16-1, the accident is against with age of system. 36. Booster Pump: As below image, It's using to increase NPSHA for main pump. Noted: NPSA of booster pump lower than main pump, so that it can using and discharge pressure of booster pump is being maken riser the suction head(NPSHA) of main pump. 37. How much design temperature: a. Attention to cryogenic temperature, lowest temperature on depressure case( Blowdown 100 psig 5 - 7 barg on 15 minute, PSV 100 psig 5 -7 barg on 30 minute) b. Lowest Temperature much be capacity of withstand of material (lowest temperature of material) c. Simulation by Hysys(depressure Utility) with P2 = 100 psig on 30 minute on two case cool blowdown and adiabitic model) d. Don't care maximum temperature by API 521, max. temperature material is 1200oF so large (fire). 38. How to choose the purge gas ( argon, N2, CO2): Key: Density or SG purge gas should be among the Air(Oxy) and gas ( flame original). Example: Mixed(CH4, C2H2) have density 1.092 (Normal Standard condition) + Air ( 1.205) so that should N2 = 1.165 CH4, C2H2 N2 CO2 Argon Air 1.092 1.165 1.842 1.661 1.205 Good Not Good Not Good LPG C3/C4 (3/7) N2 CO2 Argon Air 2.3062 1.165 1.842 1.661 1.205 Not Good Good Good Raison: When density of purge gas is between two mixed flame original then it separation the

flame mixed. 39. ASME 8 Liquid relief valve: any liquid pressure relief valve shall used at least NPS 1/2 (DN 15)

40. Bypass valve using to : Prevent working at shut-off point: head is maximum and zero flow rate through valve Using in boiler-feed, It can decrease the temperature which raise because friction. Example: When you increase the orifice (control valve), Q will be increase and H is decrease From this formula, H is decrease then delta T is decrease 41. Flare: The LPG or fuel gas shall be used to purge the flare headers during start-up. 42. Flow Assurance (No touch time): No touch time may be smaller the shutdown time Example: When you shutdown pipeline in 6 hr, the 3 hr from initial is not formation the WAT there for, operator can not touch any thing to system (No touch time) but, after 3 hr, WAX is formatiom It's not the no touch time.

43. Corrosion protection: Methanol & MEG can prevent the corrosion, and MeOH will prevent corrosion better MEG but, MeOH shall be using at < 60oC, because above 60oC MeOH is evaporated and is not enough the MeOH liquid to protecting the system 44. Flow Assurance: Type of slug 1) Hydrodynamic: It's slug in horizontal pipeline(not change the elevation), cause of gas velocity much greater tha 2) Terrain Slug: Is slug formation because the changing of elevation or dip 3) Severe Slug (Based of Riser Slug) is slug formation cause of circummulate at based on riser

Riser Slug (P.782)

45. Way to Eliminate severe slug: 1) Pipeline route slopes up to the base on of the riser 2) Gas injection into the base of the riser continually lifts liquid out of the riser, preventing the built-up of liquid an Noted: why increase the gas at base on riser can prevent the slug?

If gas mass flow rate is inscrease then Vsg is inscrease and Vsg/Vsl is insecrease sao that LHS > RHS and decrease o 3) Choking A fourth method is to install a control valve on the top of the riser. On shutting this valve a position is reached whereby the frictional pressure drop across the valve acts to stabilize the gas-liquid flow up the riser. Any acceleration of liquid up the riser due to a decrease in liquid head in the riser (caused, say, by a gas bubble entering the base of the riser), is counteracted by the increase in frictional pressure drop across the valve as the liquid accelerates. The penalty of this way of eliminating severe slugging is that the pressure drop across the valve will be of the order of a riser height of liquid, thus imposing a significant extra back-pressure on the system at all times. 46) Slug Catcher A preliminary design approach was used to estimate the slug catcher size based on the flexible riser volumes. It was assumed the slug catcher was designed to contain 60% of the liquid in both By assuming that 60% of this total liquid will fill up 100% of the slug catcher volume 47) Flow Assurance: Turn-Down Case: The main purpose of this study is to identify the minimum turn down rate required to achieve a minimum fluid arrival temperature higher than the pour point temperature Turdown rate may be take of 30 - 90% normal flow rate (so important with oil fluid) 48) Flow Assurance: Ramp-up Case Purpose of this study was to investigate the liquid surge associate with this operation Ram-up will be simulation were 'restart' from the previous turndown runs of 25% Model: ramup from 25% - 100% in 20s. 49) Insulation Pipeline: why is not use the Poly ethane for pipeline insulation: Polyethylene (PE or HDPE) can handle temperatures up to 80 Celsius and is often used in direct burial and long term submerged applications for industrial and telephone applications. Advantages: Very low water absorption and good resistance to a wide range of chemicals Disadvantages: Very stiff in cold weather and not as resistant to abrasion as polyurethane Recommended use: Permanent installations, unless high temperature or high contamination is involved. 50) Table material properties to choice

51) Flow Asurance: Shutdown Purpose to investigate the time to reach the pourpoint temperature of the fluid Model: Flow rate shall be decreased from 100% to no flow in 20s by using a vlave Noted two case: shutdown for depressure and shutdown for blowdown (refer Bien Dong Flow Assurance) 52) Flow Assurance: Restart Case Purpose to investigate the liquid surge associate with this operation Model: Open valve quikly about 20s Noted: usually initial properties from shutdown case. 53) Flow Assurance: "What's "near horizontal" and near vertical" The term "near horizontal" is used in this guide to denote angles of -10 degrees to + 10 degrees from horizontal. The term "near vertical" is used in this guide to denote upward inclined pipes with angles from 75 to + 90 degrees 54) Flow Assurance: Correct method applicate for FA Model Method Dun & Ros (D-R) Orkiszewski (OR)

Characteristic of M Vertical two phase flow, region low, intermediate and high gas throug Two Phase flow pressure drop in vertical pipe, this method can accura pressure drop in flowing and gas lift

Hagedorn & Brown (H-B) Begg & Brill Original (B-BO) Begg & Brill Revised (B-BR) Mukherjee & Brill (M-B) Govier, Aziz & Fogarasi (G-A)

OLGAS-89,92 (O-89, O-92) Ansari (AN) BJA for Condensate (BJ)

Researching in small diameter vertical conduits, study flow 1", 1.25", 1 flowrate, gas liquid ratio. Study two phase in horizontal and inclined pipe. The model inclines flo of up to +/-90 Extension of Begg & Brill Original with no-slip holdup, the friction facto Well of the method study of pressure drop in two phase inclined flow Developed following a study of pressure drop in wells producing gas a Researching from SINTEF laborary with operation condition is similar f Operating pressure: 20 and 90 barg, gas velocity 13 m/s, liquid velocit were studied in addion upwards and downward a hill section ahead of Develop as part of the Tulsa University Fluid Flow Project(TUFTP), mod partterns for upward two phase flow. Small diameter/ low pressure go Baker Jardine & Associates have developed a correlation for two with a no-slip liquid volume fraction of lower than 0.1. Method is simi

The AGA & Flanigan correlation was developed for horizontal and incli The Taitel Dukler flow regime map is used which considers five flow re intermittent, annular dispersed liquid, and dispersed bubble. AGA & Flanigan (AGA)

Oliemans (OL)

Gray (GR)

The Oliemans correlation was developed following the study of la pipelines. The model was based on a limited amount of data fro operating at pressures of 100 barg or higher. This correlation was developed by H. E. Gray of Shell Oil Company for which are predominantly gas phase. Flow is treated as single phase, an pipe wall. It is considered applicable for vertical flow cases where th 3 , the condensate ratio is below 50 bbl/mmscf, and the water rat

Xiao (XI) Taitel-Dukler Taitel and al (Aviv) Barnea Noted 1. Ussually 2. Normal 3. Not much 55) Flow Assurance: Choice the model

The Xiao comprehensive mechanistic model was developed as pa program. It was developed for gas-liquid two-phase flow in horizo pipelines. The data bank included large diameter field data culled from pipeline data bank, and laboratory data published in literature. Data in and compositional fluid systems. A new correlation was proposed whi friction factor under stratified flow. Small diameter/low pressure data Behavior by experimental, It's good method for near horizontal (only Reasonbly good predictions of the various flow regime transitions, and each revision in near vertical flow

Pressure Drop 1 Near Horizontal Low Gas-Oil Ratio 2 Near Horizontal Gas/condensate

Method Begg & Brill(Moody) is go Eaton-Oileman is good for relative h All of method are poor for low velo

3 Near Vertical gas/condensate 4 Near Vertical Gas/Oil 5 Inclined Up 6 Inclined Down and Vertical Down Liquid Hold-up Near Horizontal Low Gas-Oil Ratio Near Horizontal Gas/Condensate Lines Near Vertical Gas/Condensate Near Vertical Gas/Oil Inclined Up

Both Gray and Hagedorn-Brown are Hagedorn and Brown is good Nothing is good; Beggs and Brill (M Everything is poor. Use Beggs an (Moody), but answers may be suspe

1 2 3 4

Beggs and Brill (Moody) is O.K. All available methods are poor.The correlation is better than the other

5 Inclined Down and Vertical Down 6

The most accurate method is no-sli Hagedorn and Brown is pretty good Beggs and Brill (Moody) is usable fo lines nothing is accurate for gas/con If gas velocities are high, use no-sli use Beggs and Brill (Moody). The us careful because the holdups can be factor of 10 in error in some cases.

1 2

Everything is poor. Use Beggs an (Moody), but answers may be suspe Flow Regime The Taitel-Dukler flow regime map is as good as OLGAS for near horizontal flow with the of the slug-dispersed bubble boundary. This boundary is very poorly predicted. If this method it is recommended that a value of ~10 ft/sec be used as the superficial liquid velocity for the bubble transition rather than the Taitel-Dukler prediction. The Taitel-Dukler-Barnea map for near vertical flow is also as accurate as OLGAS.

56) Flow Assurance standard: Pressure drop: For plant piping: 0.2 - 0.5 / 100 ft For gas/condensate pipeline: 10 - 20 psi / mile Noted: Pipephase 6.02 does not properly account for acceleration losses and is not suitable for use in flare system 57) Flow Assurance: Distinguish the tyype of fluid Wet gas: Gravity: 40 - 60 oAPI, GORs more than 50000 SCF/STB Retrograde Gas: Gravity : 40 - 60 API, GORs 3300 SCF/STB to 150000 SCF/STB Volatile Oils: Gravity: 40 API or higher, GOR = 2000 to 3000 SCF/STB Black Oils: Gravity below 45 API, GOR < 2000 SCF/STB 58) Flow Assurance: Assumed heat transfer cofficient for subsea flowline ( follow chevron) Application Wells Risers Buried Pipelines Concrete Coated Nonburied Pipelines Nonburied Pipeline without concrete U-value BTU/hr/ft2/degF 2 20-40 1-3 3-5 5-10

59) Properties defend the pressure & temperature Gas Temperature

Oil Temperature

60 Flow Assurance: Why dehydrate on platform PQP ??? Notice: HYDRATE FORMATION TEMPERATURE SHALL BE DECREASE (MAY BE NEGATIVE) FOLLOWING THE WATER CONTENT example:

Because this, dependent the lowest temperature pipeline (operating: shutdown, restart, blowdown,depressure), engineer w and request the treatment the dehydrate zone. Reference Bien Dong PQP platform:

61. Sonic velocity in multiphase - Sonic velocity in multiphase always lower than single phase, experimental: Vsonic = 30 - 40 m/s in 0.2 - 0.8 void fr

62. Flow Assurance: Criterion pigging (when we shall be pigging?) When wax thickness = 2 - 3 mm or loss of 4- 6 mm then need to pigging ( NTNU- wax deposition Models - Master thesis) 63. Flow Assurance: Avoid compromising pig selectio and operation 1. Pipe: - Constant bore if can - Maximum diameter pipe deviation and Any internal diameter change should be m

2. Valve: 3.Tee/Offtakes

- Valve always full bore and concentric with pipe - Branch connection > 50% internal pipe should be barred - Branch have to installate above centerline to avoid deposit being pushed in branc - Minimum bend radius

4. Bend

64. Flow Assurance: How is stability flow in flow as, defined in exit of flow line

stability index =

(max liquid flow - min liquid flow) average liquid flow

65 Insulation: SPU properties refer to ASTM C518 66. Corrosion: Rul of Thumb for CO2 corrosion:

C.de Waard and D.E.Milliams give a rule of Thumb, if CO2 pressure partial > 2 bar then CO2 corrosion will be serio CO2 pressure < 0.5 (7 psia) bar, CO2 corrosion can acceptable. 67. Vent Flare system: Probleme, closed drain vessel is handle blowdown and relief flowrate so that gas outlet can carry the l Probleme: How many liquid that permit to drawn-out by gas? (kg/h, m3/s)? PTS 80.45.10.10 only handle dry gas in vent stack. But can permission gas load () is < 0.07.

68. Slope line from drum vessel to flare: PTS 80.45.10.10 page 46 refer slope 1:200 to 1:500 for correct slope in flare. 69. Flow Assurance Liquid hol-up to liquid inventory system 2 IL = 28,58. Hle.d .Lm From GPSA 17 chapter (Eq. 17.57): Lm: Length of line (miles) d: internal diameter of pipe, inch. 70. Flare system: Velocity at vent tips is enough high to jet gas entrain by air (API 521-2007 page 66)

80. Flare system: (Velocity at tips): Max. velocity at the tip should not exceed a Mach 0.5 but velocity existing flare do not exc 81. Flare: Pressure drop: Pressure drop in flare usually = 0.2 bar, minimum pressure at flare not smaller 0.7 bar (minimum). 82. Wax consider: Rule of thumb heavy oil is considered all liquid petroleum which has API gravity between 10 - 21 83. HTGC (High temperature gas chromatography) & SFC (supercritical fluid chromatography): A method in laborary define W carbon atoms. 83. Flow Assurance standard for water contents in pipeline in sale gas: 7 lb H2O/MMscf, refer "said..\Flow handbook/natural Assurance\Hyd gas 84. Important worst-case in flow assurance: Maximum liquid hold-up in pipeline: Higher pressure, lower temperature, low flow. Pigging: Worst-case at high liquid hold-up in pipeline. (MT take of low flow, low temperature (at low and high pres Hydrate: Worst-case at high pressure ( affect much to hydrate form) 85. Flow assurance: Relationship between pressure drop, velocity & flow rate Not correct when thinking that: If you decrease flowrate(or increase size of pipe) then will be decrease velocity an Because: Pressure drop = friction loss (velocity) + Block of liquid hold-up, when decrease flowrate so friction loss d If loss of liquid hold-up > benefit of friction loss then pressure will be decrease. 86. Purge Flare Flare have to continuously by process fluid (may be extract from flare header) to keep always exites gas in flare to A check vale is require when inert gas is used as purge gas

88.61*10% = 99 barg. So, It's boundary of the class 600#.DD choice class 900# for safety.

hat criteria of not requiring the ESD e launcher's pressure. In output(running of pig piping ) is drop pressure and temperature

blowdown at WHP) will WAT formation. Need the evacuated/drain to eliminated the

SS)l by flange. But to fall the cost, It's connect this pipe with other material (CS) of TLDD project)

he system which choose in TLDD project due to cheaper than PSV.

mposion < 3 kPa, not using NACE. But if each of well is failure and H2S greater 3kPa

andling pressure)

osions). example

il is continoustly phase)

and contains larger sand quantity.

ening th bypass( throwing continuose the HC to flare or environment)

sign Manual Book)

mm. (C-400 or pagd 51) s metallurgical &

shall be conducted VM shall, as a minimum, erformed in according

mum at 60oC (Flow Assurance Deepwater 7-15)

blowdown pipeline may be take longer. e is independent of the downstream pressure he gas in the system. surrounding effect so much to heat)

(Flow Assurance Deepwater 8-9)

all so small, and can assume = wall temp.

air is so small sao that fluid temp. is decreased to minimum ambient so section have to 0.5 ratio 2 for exactly simulaion (but not obligate)

ion better MEG MeOH liquid

elocity much greater than liquid and formation slug

g the built-up of liquid and subsequent seal to the gas flow

HS > RHS and decrease or preventing the severe slugging

Flow Assurance)

egrees from horizontal. from 75 to + 90 degrees from horizontal.

Characteristic of Method iate and high gas throughputs respective , this method can accuracy 10% two phase

Sequence for using 3 2

ts, study flow 1", 1.25", 1.5" nominal size with varying liquid, gas 3 1 1 3 3

pe. The model inclines flow both upwards and downwardsat angle

holdup, the friction factor is changed from standard smooth pipe model two phase inclined flow in wells producing gas and condensate, GOR = 3900 - 1170000 scf/bbl tion condition is similar field conditions, test 800 m long pipe and 8" DN city 13 m/s, liquid velocity up to 4 m/s, inclination angle between +-1 rd a hill section ahead of a 50 m high vertical riser. Accuracy is likely Taitel low Project(TUFTP), model of flow characteristics of predicted flow iameter/ low pressure good for near vertical. d a correlation for two phase flow in gas - condensate pipelines than 0.1. Method is similar Oil-man

1 3 3

d for horizontal and inclined two phase flow of gas-condensate systems. ich considers five flow regimes, stratified smooth, stratified wavy, dispersed bubble. 2

ollowing the study of large diameter condensate ed amount of data from a 30", 100 km pipeline 2

of Shell Oil Company for vertical flow in gas and condensate systems eated as single phase, and water or condensate is assumed to adhere to the al flow cases where the velocity is below 50 ft/s, the tube size is below mmscf, and the water ratio is below 5 bbl/mmscf.

l was developed as part of the TUFPP research wo-phase flow in horizontal and near horizontal ter field data culled from the AGA multiphase shed in literature. Data included both black oil lation was proposed which predicts the internal meter/low pressure data for near horizontal (only near horizontal) w regime transitions, and the accuracy of the predictiona has improved with

2 1 1

Method Begg & Brill(Moody) is good) man is good for relative high velocity. od are poor for low velocity

and Hagedorn-Brown are good. and Brown is good good; Beggs and Brill (Moody) is fair. is poor. Use Beggs and Brill ut answers may be suspect at times.

Brill (Moody) is O.K. le methods are poor.The Eaton holdup is better than the other methods.

ccurate method is no-slip. and Brown is pretty good. Brill (Moody) is usable for low GOR ng is accurate for gas/condensate cities are high, use no-slip; otherwise and Brill (Moody). The user must be ause the holdups can be a 0 in error in some cases.

is poor. Use Beggs and Brill ut answers may be suspect.

horizontal flow with the exception predicted. If this method is used al liquid velocity for the slug-dispersed

ccurate as OLGAS.

ble for use in flare system design as a result

0000 SCF/STB

Pressure

Pressure

NG THE WATER CONTENT IN FLUID

depressure), engineer will be analysys water content in fluid flow in pipeline

40 m/s in 0.2 - 0.8 void fraction at 1.4 - 1.6 bar

dels - Master thesis)

meter change should be made within a transition piece of 1:5 slope.

sit being pushed in branch.

O2 corrosion will be serious

gas outlet can carry the liquid to vent amospheric (liquid carry-over)

) is < 0.07.

y existing flare do not exceed a Mach No. 0.7 ler 0.7 bar (minimum). ravity between 10 - 21.9 and extra-heavy oil less than 10oAPI (Berberii, 1998) hod in laborary define WAX contents, It enable identification of wax up to 100 ..\Flow Assurance\Hydrate\Saied-Handbook-of-Natural-Gas-Transmission-Processing.pdf

(page 9)

ure (at low and high pressure)

l be decrease velocity and decrease pressure drop. SO FAULT flowrate so friction loss decrease but pressure loss for liquid-holdup inscrease

ways exites gas in flare to avoid exploration by air enter flare system.

Check P&ID Open drain tank: Heat tracing pipe Electrical heat on bottom open drain tank to prevent WAX Have over flow and vent pipe. Vent pipe ensure that free gas/air into open drain Rodding point to supply to removal of blockages

2. Sand probe

This is equipment to monitor the erosion found in process systems, in oil & gas sand probe using to monitor erodes of sand in

The distance from chocked valve to sand probe is min 2 ft (610 mm

3. Flow straighteners (conditioners)

Flow straighteners eliminate rotation of fluids and steady velocity profile of fluid flow, enable to shorten length of inlet piping standard. Individual types of flow straighteners differs by construction design ( Zanker" perforated tile+bundle of channels square sections, Etoile" 8 radial lamellas arranged in the star-shape) and its use. Use of flow straightener helps to achieve h

LINK: https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:tEngwITn1msJ:www.onicon.com/pdfs/04973_Flow_Straightener_Catalog_Sheet_0112.pdf+flow+straightener&hl=en&gl=vn&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjX2NZgXKbuTkgpSqxf YOQWCaWM82oNJW9yiJfn1gmd_tJLcDGm_yoHBenFbhX-6KxVr9BHHaaVEz3vq7lVo4a5XcBLI&sig=AHIEtbQSMe4WBFi5RkZRa

Rodding (tm che lc cn bn)

using to monitor erodes of sand in oil

o sand probe is min 2 ft (610 mm) (ANZ P&ID note)

le to shorten length of inlet piping in front of primary element, especially behind adapting pipes not stated in the erforated tile+bundle of channels, Sprenkle" 3 perforated tiles, bundle of pipes, AMCA seam of channels of ow straightener helps to achieve higher stability and accuracy of measured flow.

/0497cid=ADGEESjX2NZgXKbuTkgpSqxfz6Xtvx7iRjjXjsyniXU6p7pMptWkkttKNHwGFskwBHLI&sig=AHIEtbQSMe4WBFi5RkZRaJOWVOSTbopOeA

1. Hp th: nh hng dung mi n qu trnh hp th Cng nng cht b hp th yu cu t c, nu lng dung mi tng ln th gim c kch thc thit b Nu gim lng dung mi i hi din tch tip xc hai pha (kh v dung mi) nhiu hn hay kch thc s ln hn C th quan h bi phng trnh sau: G = Ky.F.Ytb (l phng trnh truyn cht c bn) Ytb: l ng lc trung bnh ca qu trnh.

Ky: h s chuyn khi tnh theo pha kh, Ky s khng i nu nhit v p sut khng i, khi ng lc khuy

y = 1/Ry : h s cp khi ca qu trnh, Ry l tr lc trong pha y (pha kh) m: h s phn b nng , m = /P (: l hng s henry) Pi = xi Nu cu t d ha tan th m/x rt nh Ky = y Nu cu t kh ha tan th m/x rt nh Ky = x ng lc trung bnh logarit

Thay i ng lm vic khi thay i ng lc trung bnh ca qu trnh

BA4 di nht nn ng vi ng ng lc cn bng nh nht V G v Ky k i nn F.Ytb khng i, do BA ng vi F nh nht v ng lc trung bnh ln nht BA4 nh nht nn F(din tch tip xc) ln nht M A = Gtr/Gx, B = Yc - (Gx/Gtr).Xd Gtr : lng kh tr khng i Gx: lng dung mi vo thit b hp th Phng trnh ng lm vic hp th: Y = AX + B Do , BA4 nghing nht 9(gc nh nht) nn Gx: lng dung mi nh nht BA c gc nghing ln nht lng dung mi ln nht

Kt lun chn dung mi: Dung mi t thit b ln, dung mi nhiu thit b nh gn 2.Hp th: nh hng ca nhit v p sut n hp th

nhit tng th h s henry tng (phng trnh henry) do cn bng chuyn dch v pha trc tung ng AB s khng i(ng lm vic ph thuc thnh phn kh, lng dung mi v din tch tip xc) ng cn bng ph thuc p sut nhit ) Nu nhit cng tng,ng lc qu trnh cng gim n t3 ct ng lm vic s khng th hp th c (k th t c X Do nhit cao xu cho qu trnh, tuy nhin nhit 1 khong no y li c li v ma st gim nn tng d khuych t

p sut tng lm m gim ( m = /P) ng cn bng di chuyn v pha trc honh hay ng lc qu trnh t Nhng p sut tng s km tng nhit nh hng xu n qu trnh nn p sut cao ch dng h c kh kh ha tan CO2, C Kt lun: Hp th tt p sut cao v nhit thp(cho php), l nguyn nhn ngi ta mong mun lu cht vo thp Qu trnh hp th l s ha tan nn c s sn sinh nhit

c kch thc thit b kch thc s ln hn

khng i, khi ng lc khuych tn, thm thu qua mng tip xc s k i)

Pi = xi

rung bnh ln nht

Tt nht v c th t nng Yc thp hn (hay dng kh tinh khit hn)

tch tip xc)

h hp th c (k th t c Xc) nng cui. a st gim nn tng d khuych tn.

honh hay ng lc qu trnh tng hp th tt dng h c kh kh ha tan CO2, CO ta mong mun lu cht vo thp hp th nhit im sng (dewpoint)

Number

Title 1 Flow assurance

Abbrevation porosity

Flow assurance WAT deposit)

shear rate

Explain The concentration of oil in a wax deposit, oile in 3D-deposit ( Figure 1) The velocity gradient measured across the diameter of a fluid-flow channel, be it a pipe, annulus or other shape. Shear rate is the rate of change of velocity at which one layer of fluid passes over an adjacent layer. As an example, consider that a fluid is placed between two parallel plates that are 1.0 cm apart, the upper plate moving at a velocity of 1.0 cm/sec and the lower plate fixed. The fluid layer at the lower plate is not moving and the layer nearest the top plate is moving at 1.0 cm/sec. Halfway between the plate, a layer is moving at 0.5 cm/sec. The velocity gradient is the rate of change of velocity with distance from the plates. This simple case shows the uniform velocity gradient with shear rate (v1 - v2)/h = shear rate = (cm/sec)/(cm/1) = 1/sec. Hence, shear rate units are reciprocal seconds.

fig.1

2 Flux 3 4 General Corrosion Anodic reaction Cathodic reaction 5 Corrosion It's abbracation to taking that a unit (mass, heat) tranfer a unit area on a unit time, exemple Fick's law: qC = -D.D c/Dx (mol/(m2.s), It's capacity of diffusion of mass tranfer on 1m2 on 1 second. D: diffusion cofficient (m2/s).Dc: concentration mol/m3, Dx as distant m Negative terminal(cc m): where electron flow from, and oxidation (loss of electron) ouccurs.Exam.: Fe - 2e = Fe2+ Position terminal(cc dng): where electron flow to, and reduction (gain of electron) occurs. Exam.: H2O + 4e + O2 = 4OH- (neutral) or O2 + 4H+4e- = 2H2O ( if environment is acide base) The ionic strength of a solution is total of the concentration of ions in that solution. I = 1/2. Ci.zi2, Ci: molar concentration, zi: charge number of ion. Exa.: Ionic strength of a mixed 0.050 mol dm-3 in Na2SO4 and 0.020 mol dm-3 in NaCl solution is: I = 1/2((2 (+1)2 0.050) + (+1)2 0.020 + (2)2 0.050 + (1)2 0.020) = 0.17 moldm-3

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Corrosion

ion strength

2 BASIC THEORY OF GROUNDWATER FLOW

2.1 Introduction and terminology

Flow in subsurface waters can be divided into unsaturated and saturated flow. The unsaturated flow is discussed in Chapter 7 Chapter 2 regional groundwater flow is discussed. Regional implies that we are interested in aquifers or parts of aquifers with much larger than their depth. Moreover, we consider porous aquifers only, as opposed to fracrured-rock or karst aquifers. Three types of aquifers are considered (see Fig. 2-1): - the confined aquifer, confined at top and bottom by impervious layer - the unconfined or phreatic aquifer, which has a free water table, and - the semi-confined or leaky aquifer, which is receiving water from or losing water to overlying or underlying aquifers through a slightly pervious top or bottom boundary The variable to be calculated in the models is the piezometer head in the cases of confined and leaky aquifer and the water table elevation in the case of unconfined aquifer. For both variables the term head (H) or hydraulic head is used throughout the book. Flow is caused by gradients of the head. In confined aquifers we usually utilize the concept of transmissivity which is the product of hydraulic conductivity K and the aquifer thickness b, i.e. T = Kb and its unit is usually m2 d-1. Transmissivity is discussed in detail in Chapter 3.

2.2 Darcy law

By a series of sand column experiments Henry Darcy established in 1850's that, for a given type of sand, the volume of discharge rate Q (m3 s-1)is proportional to the head difference DH and to the cross2 sectional area A (m ) of the column, but is is inversely proportional to the distance DL of the flow path. Discharge Q can be calculated as (2-1)

where the proportionality coefficient K (m s-1) is called the hydraulic conductivity of the soil. The average flux can be obtained by dividing Q with A. This flux is often called Darcy flux qW: (2-2)

The true pore velocity can be obtained by dividing the Darcy flux with the porosity n of the soil medium. (2-3)

Eq. (2-3) implies that the true velocity of the water molecules is larger that the average velocity because only the pore volum

Negative sign in Darcy's law? The reason for the negative sign in Eqs. (2-1) or (2-2) is that water is flowing from higher to lower potential, i.e. the direction

Similarity between Darcy's law and other laws of physics It is important to recognize the similarity between Darcy's law, Fourier's law of heat transfer and Fick's law of diffusion flow. Fourier qH = -KH DT/ Dz
-2 -1 -1 -1 -1

where qH is thermal flux (J m s ) across a plate, KH is thermal conductivity of the plate (J m K s ), DT is temperature differe Fick's law qC = -D DC/ Dx where qC is the diffusive flux (mol m s ), D is diffusion coefficient (m s ), DC is
-2 -1 2 -1

concentration difference (mol m-3) between two points located at a distance Dx (m) from each other. Similarity between Darcy's law and other laws of physics It is important to recognize the similarity between Darcy's law, Fourier's law of heat transfer and Fick's law of diffusion flow. Fourier qH = -KH DT/ Dz
-2 -1 -1 -1 -1

where qH is thermal flux (J m s ) across a plate, KH is thermal conductivity of the plate (J m K s ), DT is temperature differe Fick's law qC = -D DC/ Dx where qC is the diffusive flux (mol m-2 s-1), D is diffusion coefficient (m2 s-1), DC is concentration difference (mol m-3) between two points located at a distance Dx (m) from each other.

2.3 Dupuit-Forcheimer assumption

In the regional groundwater models it is assumed that flow is essentially horizontal which implies that dH/dz = 0. This is called Dupuit or Dupuit-Forcheimer-assumption. This is not true in the vicinity of e.g. pumping wells, in regions with strongly varying aquifer thickness, in the vicinity of infiltrating surface water bodies, and in regions of strong groundwater recharge. These vertical disturbancies, however, will usually become negligible over a horizontal distance of the order of magnitude of the aquifer thickness (Kinzelbach 1984).

ated flow is discussed in Chapter 7 and therefore, in n aquifers or parts of aquifers with horizontal extensions racrured-rock or karst aquifers.

soil medium.

ocity because only the pore volume contributes to flow.

lower potential, i.e. the direction of flow has the opposite sign as compared with the potential gradient.

-1

K s ), DT is temperature difference (K) and Dz is the thickness of the plate (m).

-1 -1

-1

K s ), DT is temperature difference (K) and Dz is the thickness of the plate (m).

-1 -1

mplies that dH/dz = 0. This is called ls, in regions with strongly varying groundwater recharge. These the order of magnitude of the