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EEET2334/35 Renewable Electrical Energy Systems - Mid-semester Test 2013 (Answer all six questions on this question paper) Total Time: 45 Minutes Total Marks: 100 Question 1: 12 Marks Consider a 100-cm2 photovoltaic cell with reverse saturation current I0 = 1012 A/cm2. In full sun, it produces a short-circuit current of 40 mA/cm2 at 25C. a. Find the open-circuit voltage at full sun [3 Marks] b. And again for 50% sunlight. [3 Marks] c. Plot the results. [3 Marks]

Question 2: 11 Marks A PV module is made up of 36 identical cells, all wired in series. With 1-sun insolation (1 kW/m2), each cell has short-circuit current ISC = 3.4 A and at 25C its reverse saturation current is I0 = 6 1010 A. Parallel resistance RP = 6.6 and series resistance RS = 0.005 . In full sun and at current I = 2.14 A the output voltage was found there to be V = 19.41 V. If one cell is shaded and this current somehow stays the same, then: a. What would be the new module output voltage and power? [4 Marks] b. What would be the voltage drop across the shaded cell? [4 Marks] c. How much power would be dissipated in the shaded cell? [3 Marks]

Question 3: 27 Marks An energy efficient house in Tucson, Arizona (latitude 32.1) is to be fitted with a rooftop PV array that will annually displace all of the 3600 kWh/yr of electricity that the home uses. Assume 5.7 kWh/m2-day annual insolation a. Estimate the optimum tilt angle at solar noon on March 1considering the array will be south facing [2 Marks] b. What should be the AC rated power of the PV inverter system [5 Marks] c. Assume 25% de-rating and find how many kW (dc, STC) of panels will be required and what area will be needed? [5 Marks] d. Choose your PV module and inverter form the tables and find how many modules will be needed and suggest the array design [5 Marks] e. What minimum current rating should fuses have in the combiner, the array disconnect switch, and the utility breaker from the inverter? [5 Marks] f. Draw the final system design [5 Marks]

Question 4: 10 Marks Compare the energy at 15C, 1 atm pressure, contained in 1 m2 of the following wind regimes: a. 100 hours of 6-m/s winds [5 Marks] b. 50 hours at 3 m/s plus 50 hours at 9 m/s (i.e., an average wind speed of 6 m/s) [5 Marks]

Question 5: 12 Marks A 40-m, three bladed wind turbine produces 600 kW at a wind speed of 14 m/s. Air density is the standard 1.225 kg/m3. Under these conditions, a. At what rpm does the rotor turn when it operates with a TSR of 4.0? [3 Marks] b. What is the tip speed of the rotor? [3 Marks] c. If the generator needs to turn at 1800 rpm, what gear ratio is needed to match the rotor speed to the generator speed? [3 Marks] d. What is the efficiency of the complete wind turbine (blades, gear box, generator) under these conditions? [3 Marks]

Question 6: 28 Marks A 3 6-pole DFIG has a rating of 800kW. The stator is connected to a 60Hz line and the rotor winding is connected to a variable frequency converter that produces a frequency of 24Hz. The machine operates at sub-synchronous speed and the wind turbine develops 373kW. The wind turbine is connected to the rotor shaft via a gearbox. The following information is given: Gearbox and other friction losses: Pv = 11 kW; Rotor I2R losses: Pjr = 3 kW; Stator I2R losses: Pjs = 12 kW; Stator iron losses: Pf = 7 kW; Converter losses: Pc = 2 kW

a. Show the power flow direction on the above diagram [4 Marks] b. Calculate the subsynchronous speed of the rotor [rpm] [3 Marks]

c. d. e. f. g.

Calculate the mechanical power Pm delivered to the rotor [kW] [3 Marks] Calculate the electromagnetic power Pr transferred from rotor to the stator [kW] [3 Marks] Calculate the mechanical torque Tm at the input to the rotor [Nm] [3 Marks] Calculate the electric power Per delivered to the rotor winding [kW] [3 Marks] Calculate the electric power P2 absorbed by the converter from the 60Hz power line [kW] [3 Marks] h. Calculate the electric power Pe delivered by the stator to the 60Hz power line [kW] [3 Marks] i. Calculate the efficiency P1=PL of the wind turbine assembly [%] [3 Marks]

Formulas: Wind

Formulas: PV