LTE Overview

Course Objectives:
Understand the development of mobile communications, and Long Term Evolution (LTE position and net!or" architecture# Understand the protocol architecture and basic technologies of E$ UT%&'# Understand "e( LTE technologies#

Contents

1 Overview.......................................................................................................................................................1 )#) *ac"ground############################################################################################################################################) )#)#) )#)#, +obile Communications Evolution########################################################################################) Comparison &mong -C.+&, T.$/C.+&, and C.+&,000###########################################,

)#)#1 -C.+& Evolution###############################################################################################################, )#)#2 T.$/C.+& Evolution##########################################################################################################1 )#)#3 )#, C.+&,00 Evolution#############################################################################################################2

LTE Overvie! and /tandards .evelopment##########################################################################################2

2 LTE Indexes and Requirements..................................................................................................................7 ,#) ,#, ,#1 ,#2 ,#3 ,#: ,#4 ,#7 ,#9 ,#)0 ,#)) ,#), Overvie!###############################################################################################################################################4 5re6uenc( *and .ivision######################################################################################################################7 8ea" .ata %ate######################################################################################################################################7 Control 8lane .ela(##############################################################################################################################9 User 8lane .ela(###################################################################################################################################9 User Throughput####################################################################################################################################9 /pectrum Efficienc(#############################################################################################################################)0 +obilit(###############################################################################################################################################)0 Coverage##############################################################################################################################################)) /pectrum 5le;ibilit(##########################################################################################################################)) Coe;istence and <nteroperabilit( !ith E;isting 1=88 /(stems#########################################################)) %educing C&8E> and O8E>###########################################################################################################),

3 LTE Architecture.......................................................................................................................................13 1#) /(stem &rchitecture#############################################################################################################################)1

i

1#,

%adio 8rotocol &rchitecture################################################################################################################)4 1#,#) 1#,#, Control 8lane 8rotocol &rchitecture####################################################################################)4 User 8lane 8rotocol &rchitecture#########################################################################################)7

1#1

/) <nterface and >, <nterface##############################################################################################################)7 1#1#) 1#1#, /) <nterface##########################################################################################################################)9 >, <nterface#########################################################################################################################,1

4 Ph sica! La er............................................................................................................................................27 2#) 2#, 2#1 5rame /tructure###################################################################################################################################,4 8h(sical %esources##############################################################################################################################,4 8h(sical Channels################################################################################################################################,9

2#2 Transport Channels##############################################################################################################################1) 2#3 2#: 2#4 2#7 +apping *et!een Transport Channels and 8h(sical Channels###########################################################1, 8h(sical /ignals###################################################################################################################################11 8h(sical La(er +odel##########################################################################################################################12 8h(sical La(er 8rocedures##################################################################################################################14 2#7#) 2#7#, 2#7#1 /(nchroni?ation 8rocedures#################################################################################################14 8o!er Control######################################################################################################################14 %andom &ccess 8rocedures#################################################################################################17

" La er 2........................................................................................................................................................41 3#) +&C /ubla(er#####################################################################################################################################2, 3#)#) 3#)#, 3#)#1 3#, +&C 5unctions####################################################################################################################2, Logical Channels#################################################################################################################21 +apping *et!een Logical Channels and Transport Channels#############################################22

%LC /ubla(er######################################################################################################################################23 3#,#) 3#,#, %LC 5unctions#####################################################################################################################23 8.U /tructure######################################################################################################################2:

3#1

8.C8 /ubla(er####################################################################################################################################2:
ii

3#1#) 3#1#,

8.C8 5unctions###################################################################################################################2: 8.U /tructure######################################################################################################################24

# RR$.............................................................................................................................................................4% :#) :#, :#1 :#2 %%C 5unctions####################################################################################################################################29 %%C /tate############################################################################################################################################30 '&/ /tate and the %elationship -ith the %%C state##########################################################################3) %%C 8rocedure####################################################################################################################################3, :#2#) :#2#, /(stem <nformation##############################################################################################################3, Connection Control##############################################################################################################31

7 $&re LTE Techn&!&'ies.............................................................................................................................."" 4#) 4#, 4#1 4#2 4#3 .uple; +ode#######################################################################################################################################33 +ulti$access +ode##############################################################################################################################33 +ulti$antenna Technologies#################################################################################################################3: Lin" &daptation###################################################################################################################################3: @&%A and &%A#################################################################################################################################34 4#3#) @&%A##################################################################################################################################34

4#3#, &%A#####################################################################################################################################37 4#3#1 @&%AB&%A <nteractions#####################################################################################################37

iii

1 Overview

Knowledge points +obile communications development -C.+& evolution T.$/C.+& evolution C.+&,000 evolution

1.1 Background
1.1.1 Mobile Communications Evolution
The development histor( from ,= and 1= to 1#9 = is the development histor( from lo!$ speed voice services to high$speed multimedia services of mobile communications# 1=88 has been progressivel( perfecting LTE %7 standard: )# ,# 1# LTE %7 %&') !as fro?en in .ecember ,007# LTE %7 %&',, %&'1, and %&'2 !ere fro?en in .ecember ,007## LTE %7 standard !as complete b( +arch ,009, implementing basic LTE functions at the first commercial use of LTE s(stems# 5igure )#) $) sho!s the development and evolution of !ireless communication

technologies#

5igure )#)$) .evelopment and evolution of !ireless communication technologies

1.1.2 Comparison mong !C"M # T"$%C"M # and C"M 2&&&

Table )#)$)Comparison among -C.+&, T.$/C.+&, and C.+&,000 /tandard <nheritance basis /(nchronous mode Chip rate /(stem band!idth Core net!or" Coice coding mode -C.+& =/+ &s(nchronous 1#72 +cps 3 +@? =/+ +&8 &+% C.+&,000 'arro!band C.+& /(nchronous )#,,77 +cps )#,3 +@? &'/<$2) ACEL8, EC%C, and C+%$-* T.$/C.+& =/+ /(nchronous )#,7 +cps )#: +@? =/+ +&8 &+%

1.1.' !C"M Evolution

5igure )#) $, sho!s the -C.+& technolog( roadmap#

Chapter 4 Core LTE Technologies

5igure )#)$, -C.+& technolog( roadmap

1.1.( T"$%C"M Evolution

DTE !ireless net!or" e6uipment supports smooth evolution of recent T. evolution soft!are# T. evolution can be divided into t!o stages: standard stage of C.+& technologies and that of O5.+& technologies# The standard stage of C.+& technologies can smoothl( evolve to @/8&E !ith spectrum efficienc( close to that of LTE#

Long-term evolution version (4G) Mid-term evolution version Short-term evolution version Basic version

:MT$ dv

'*++ ,-(.
/oice0"ata 1 2re3uenc4 point

'*++ ,-50607. 8%+ 08%+ 9 MBM%0Multi$Carrier

'*++ LTE O)"M M:MO

Phase I

Phase II

Phase III

C"M standard

O)"M standard

5igure )#)$1 T.$/C.+& evolution

LTEF5..Fe'*FEF)0 LTE Overvie!

1.1.5 C"M 2&& Evolution

C.+& One is a collection of all </$93$based C.+& products# +ore specificall(, </$93 is used as a standard for "e( technologies of all C.+& One$based products# -hen C.+&,000 ); emplo(s )#,3 +@? band!idth, the highest rate of single$carriers reaches 104#, "bitBs, the pea" rate of );EC$.O %ev#0 reaches ,#2 +bitBs in the do!nlin", and the pea" rate of %ev#& reaches 1#) +bitBs in the do!nlin"#

5igure )#)$2 C.+&,00 evolution

1.2 LTE Overview and %tandards "evelopment

1=88 !or"ing groups started LTE standardi?ation in .ecember ,002# LTE focuses on the enhancement of UT%&' and UT%&# The establishment of 1=88 standards can be divided into four stages including re6uirements proposal, architecture establishment, detailed specifications, and testing and verification# 1=88 !or"s in !or"group mode and %&')B,B1B2B3 !or"groups are directl( related to LTE#

Chapter 4 Core LTE Technologies

5igure )#,$3 Organi?ation and establishment stages of 1=88 standards

2 LTE :nde;es and -e3uirements

2.1 Overview
Knowledge points /pectrum division LTE s(stem re6uirements Others 8h(sical channels and mapping relationship 5igure ,#) $: sho!s the LTE inde;es and re6uirements prescribed b( 1=88#

5igure ,#)$: LTE inde;es and re6uirements 7

2.2 )re3uenc4 Band "ivision

Table ,#, $, lists the E$UT%& fre6uenc( bands#

Table ,#,$, E$UT%& fre6uenc( bands E$UT%& Operating *and ( )L*!&w + ( )L*hi'h ( ,L*!&w + (,L*hi'h ) , 1 2 3 : 4 7 9 )0 )) ), )1 )2 H )4 ### 11 12 13 1: 14 17 19 20 )900 +@? ,0)0 +@? )730 +@? )910 +@? )9)0 +@? ,340 +@? )770 +@? ,100 +@? G G G G G G G G )9,0 +@? ,0,3 +@? )9)0 +@? )990 +@? )910 +@? ,:,0 +@? )9,0 +@? ,200 +@? )900 +@? ,0)0 +@? )730 +@? )910 +@? )9)0 +@? ,340 +@? )770 +@? ,100 +@? G G G G G G G G )9,0 +@? ,0,3 +@? )9)0 +@? )990 +@? )910 +@? ,:,0 +@? )9,0 +@? ,200 +@? T.. T.. T.. T.. T.. T.. T.. T.. 402 +@? G 4): +@? 412 +@? G 42: +@? 5.. )9,0 +@? )730 +@? )4)0 +@? )4)0 +@? 7,2 +@? 710 +@? ,300 +@? 770 +@? )429#9 +@? )4)0 +@? )2,4#9 +@? :97 +@? 444 +@? 477 +@? G G G G G G G G G G G G G G )970 +@? )9)0 +@? )473 +@? )433 +@? 729 +@? 720 +@? ,340 +@? 9)3 +@? )472#9 +@? )440 +@? )23,#9 +@? 4): +@? 474 +@? 497 +@? ,))0 +@? )910 +@? )703 +@? ,))0 +@? 7:9 +@? 743 +@? ,:,0 +@? 9,3 +@? )722#9 +@? ,))0 +@? )243#9 +@? 4,7 +@? 42: +@? 437 +@? G G G G G G G G G G G G G G ,)40 +@? )990 +@? )770 +@? ,)33 +@? 792+@? 773 +@? ,:90 +@? 9:0 +@? )749#9 +@? ,)40 +@? )300#9 +@? 42: +@? 43: +@? 4:7 +@? 5.. 5.. 5.. 5.. 5.. 5.. 5.. 5.. 5.. 5.. 5.. 5.. 5.. 5.. Uplin" (UL operating band */ receive UE transmit .o!nlin" (.L operating band */ transmit UE receive .uple; +ode

2.' +eak "ata -ate

The instantaneous do!nlin" pea" rate reaches )00 +bitBs (3 bitBsB@? at ,0 +@?
8

Chapter 4 Core LTE Technologies

do!nlin" spectrum band (t!o transmit antennas on the net!or" side and t!o receive antennas on the UE side # The instantaneous uplin" pea" rate reaches 30 +bitBs (,#3 bitBsB@? at ,0 +@? uplin" spectrum band (one receive antenna on the UE side # -idebands, +<+Os, and advanced modulation technologies are the "e( to increasing pea" data rates#

2.( Control +lane "ela4

5rom residence to activation, similarl(, from the idle mode to CELLF.C@ state of %elease :, the transmission dela( time of the control plane is shorter than )00 ms and does not include paging dela( time or '&/ dela( time# 5rom sleep to activation, similarl(, from the CELLF8C@ state to CELLF.C@ state of %elease :, the transmission dela( time of the control plane is shorter than 30 ms and does not include the .%> interval# &dditionall(, if the control plane operates at 3 +@? spectrum band, each cell is e;pected to support ,00 activated users# <n the case of higher spectrum bands, each cell is e;pected to support 200 activated users#

2.5 <ser +lane "ela4

User plane dela( is the unidirectional transmission time that a pac"et is transmitted from the <8 la(er of a UEB%&' edge node to the <8 la(er of a %&' edge nodeBUE# The %&' edge node indicates the interface nodes of the %&' and core net!or"# <n the case of I?ero loadsI (a single user and a single data flo! and Ismall <8 pac"etsI (onl( one <8 header and no effective load , the user plane dela( is e;pected to be no longer than 3 ms#

2.6 <ser T=roug=put

.o!nlin":
9

LTEF5..Fe'*FEF)0 LTE Overvie!

)#

The user throughput per +@? at the 3J Cumulative .istribution 5unction (C.5 must reach t!o to three times the throughput of %: @/.8&#

,#

The average user throughput per +@? must reach three to four times the throughput of %: @/.8&#

%: @/.8& uses one transmitter one receiver ()T)% !hile LTE uses t!o transmitterBt!o receiver (,T,% # Uplin": )# The user throughput per +@? at the 3J C.5 must reach t!o to three times the throughput of %: @/U8&# ,# The user throughput per +@? must reach t!o to three times the throughput of %: @/U8&# %: @/U8& uses )T,%, and so does LTE#

2.7 %pectrum E22icienc4

.o!nlin": On a net!or" !ith effective load, the target LTE spectrum efficienc( (measured b( the bit 6uantit( per site, per @?, and per second is three to four times more efficient than %: @/U8&# %: @/.8& uses )T)% !hile LTE uses ,T,%# Uplin": On a net!or" !ith effective load, the target LTE spectrum efficienc( (measured b( the bit 6uantit( per site, per @?, and per second is t!o to three times more efficient than %: @/U8&# %: @/U8& uses )T,%, and so does LTE#

2.> Mobilit4
E$UT%&' can provide optimum net!or" performance for mobile users at the speed of 0)3 "mBh, high performance services at the speed of )3 ),0 "mBh, and cell net!or" services at the speed of ),0130 "mBh (the speed even reaches 300 "mBh at specified bands # Coice services and other realtime services provided in the %: C/ domain are supported b( 8/ domain on the E$UT%&' and all these services can reach or e;ceed the 6ualit( of UT%&' services# The interrupt time caused b( handovers !ithin the E$UT%& s(stem
10

Chapter 4 Core LTE Technologies

must be shorter than or e6ual to the handover time of the =E%&' C/ domain# <n a special case !here the moving speed e;ceeds ,30 "mBh (in a high$speed train , the ph(sical la(er parameters of E$UT%&' must be set to be capable of protecting the connections bet!een users and net!or"s at the highest speed of 130 "mBh (the speed even reaches 300 "mBh at specified bands #

2.? Coverage
The E$UT%& s(stem must fle;ibl( support all coverage scenarios on the basis of reusing the current UT%&' sites and fre6uencies to meet the preceding performance inde;es such as the user throughput, spectrum efficienc(, and mobilit(# The performance re6uirements of the E$UT%& s(stem !ithin different coverage scope are listed as follo!s: )# Coverage radius !ithin 3 "m: The preceding performance inde;es such as the user throughput, spectrum efficienc(, and mobilit( must be full( satisfied# ,# Coverage radius !ithin 10 "m: The throughput and spectrum efficienc( are allo!ed to slightl( drop but !ithin an acceptable range, and the mobilit( inde; must be full( satisfied# 1# +a;imum coverage radius: )00 "m#

2.1& %pectrum )le;ibilit4

On the one hand, the spectrum fle;ibilit( allo!s deplo(ment of E$UT%& at varied bands including )#2 +@?, 1 +@?, 3 +@?, )0 +@?, )3 +@?, and ,0 +@?# The E$UT%& supports paired and unpaired spectrums# On the other hand, the spectrum fle;ibilit( allo!s consolidation of spectrum bands#

2.11 Coe;istence and :nteroperabilit4 wit= E;isting '*++ %4stems

<nteroperabilit( re6uirements of the E$UT%& and 1=88 s(stems include but not limited to:
11

LTEF5..Fe'*FEF)0 LTE Overvie!

)#

E$UT%&'

and

UT%&'B=E%&'

multi$mode

terminals

support

UT%&'B=E%&' measurement and handover bet!een E$UT%&' s(stems and UT%&'B=E%&' s(stems# ,# 1# The E$UT%&' s(stem supports inter$s(stem measurement# The handover interrupt time bet!een %$UT%&' and UT%&' must be shorter than 100 ms for realtime services# 2# The handover interrupt time bet!een E$UT%&' and UT%&' must be shorter than 300 ms for non$realtime services# 3# The handover interrupt time bet!een E$UT%&' and =E%&' must be shorter than 100 ms for realtime services# :# The handover interrupt time bet!een E$UT%&' and =E%&' must be shorter than 300 ms for non$realtime services# 4# 8aging information of onl( one of the =E%&', UT%&, or E$UT%& s(stems needs to be monitored for multi$mode terminals in non$active state (similar to %: <dle mode or CellF8C@ state #

2.12 -educing C +E@ and O+E@

The flattening of the s(stem architecture and the decrease in intermediate nodes dramaticall( reduces the e6uipment costs and maintenance costs#

12

' LTE rc=itecture

Knowledge points %adio protocol structure /) interface >, interface

'.1 %4stem rc=itecture

LTE adopts an O5.+$based air interface technolog( !hich is different from those of ,= and 1=# LTE adopts a flat net!or" architecture !ithin !hich E$UT%&' contains onl( e'ode*s instead of %'C, so as to optimi?e the traditional 1= net!or" architecture# LTE supports functions of 8.C8B%LCB+&CBph(sical la(er protocols on the E$UT%& user plane and functions of the %%C protocol on the control plane# 5igure 1#) $4 sho!s the E$UT%&' s(stem architecture#

5igure 1#)$4 E$UT%&' architecture 13

e'ode*s are connected over an ;, interface and ever( e'ode* is connected to the Evolved 8ac"et Core (E8C net!or" over an /) interface# The user plane of /) interfaces terminates on the /erving$=ate!a( (/$=- and the control plane of /) interfaces terminates on the +obile +anagement Entit( (++E # The other end of the control plane and user plane terminates on the e'ode*# 5unctions of all 'Es in the preceding figure are listed as follo!s: e'ode* *esides the original e'ode* functions, e'ode* of LTE underta"es most of original %'C functions such as ph(sical la(er, +&C (including @&%A , %LC la(er (including &%A functions , 8.C8, %%C, scheduling, radio access control, access mobilit( management, and radio resource management among different cells# LTE e'ode*s have the follo!ing functions: +anage radio resources: %adio bearer control, radio access control, connection mobilit( control, and d(namic resource assignment of uplin" and do!nlin" (scheduling # Compress <8 headers and encr(pt user data streams# Choose the UE$attached ++E !hen the ++E routing information cannot be "no!n from the information provided for the UE# Transmit routing data of user planes to the /$=-# /chedule and transmit the paging information initiated b( the ++E# /chedule and transmit the broadcast information initiated b( the ++E or OK+# +easure the mobilit( and scheduling information and perform measurement reporting configuration# /chedule and transmit the Earth6ua"e and Tsunami -arning /(stem (ET-/ information initiated b( the ++E# ++E
14

Chapter 4 Core LTE Technologies

&s the control core of the /&E, ++E implements such functions as user access control, service bearer control, paging, and handover control# The function of the ++E is separated from that of the gate!a(# The control planeBuser plane separated structure facilitates net!or" deplo(ment, single technolog( evolution, and fle;ible capacit( e;pansion# '&/ signaling '&/ signaling securit( &/ securit( control +obile signaling among 1=88 radio net!or"s The reachabilit( of an UE in the idle state (including the control and implementation of paging signal re$transmission Trac"ing area list management 8$=- or /$=- selection ++E selection at the time of handover /=/' selection at handover to ,= or 1=88 net!or" %oaming &uthentication *earer management, including dedicated bearer establishment ET-/ signal transmission /$=&s the anchor point at local e'ode* handover, /$=- implements the follo!ing functions: data transfer bet!een the e'ode* and the public data gate!a(, do!nlin" pac"et buffer, and user$based billing# Local mobile anchor points at e'ode* handover
15

LTEF5..Fe'*FEF)0 LTE Overvie!

+obile anchor points among 1=88 s(stems# .o!nlin" pac"et buffering and initiali?ation of net!or"$triggered service re6uest procedure in the E$UT%&' idle mode La!ful interception 8ac"et routing and for!arding Transport$la(er pac"et mar"ing (uplin"Bdo!nlin" &ccounting on user and AC< granularit( for inter$operator charging# Uplin"Bdo!nlin" charging per UE, 8.', or AC< 8.' gate!a( (8$=&s the designated anchor point of the data bearer, the 8ublic .ata 'et!or" =ate!a( (8$=has the follo!ing functions: 8ac"et for!arding, pac"et resolving, la!ful interception, service$based billing, Ao/ control, and interconnection !ith non$1=88 net!or"s# 8er$user pac"et filtering (for e;ample, utili?e deep pac"et inspection La!ful interception <8 address assignment of the UE Transport$la(er pac"et mar"ing (do!nlin" Uplin"Bdo!nlin" service level charging, gating, and rate enforcement &ggregate +a;imum *it %ate (&+*% $based do!nlin" rate control &s sho!n in the preceding figure, the original lu interface, lub interface, and lur interface are replaced !ith the /) interface and >, interface in the ne! LTE architecture# 5igure 1#) $7 sho!s the functional split bet!een E$UT%&' and E8C# Lello! bo;es depict the logical nodes, !hite bo;es the functional entities of the control plane, and blue bo;es the radio protocol la(ers#
16

Chapter 4 Core LTE Technologies

5igure 1#)$7 5unctional split bet!een E$UT%&' and E8C

'.2 -adio +rotocol rc=itecture

'.2.1 Control +lane +rotocol rc=itecture
5igure 1#, $9 sho!s the control plane protocol architecture#

5igure 1#,$9 Control plane protocol stac"

17

LTEF5..Fe'*FEF)0 LTE Overvie!

The 8.C8 terminates at e'ode* and implements functions such as control plane encr(ption and integrit( protection# The %LC and +&C terminate at e'ode* on the net!or" side and implement identical functions of the user plane and control plane# The %%C terminates at e'ode* and implements such functions as broadcast, paging, %%C connection management, %* control, mobilit(, and UE measurement reporting and control# The '&/ terminates at ++E and implements such functions as E8/ bearer management, authentication, idle$mode E8/ Connection +anagement (EC+ , idle$mode EC+ paging, and securit( control#

'.2.2 <ser +lane +rotocol rc=itecture

5igure 1#, $)0 sho!s the user plane protocol architecture#

5igure 1#,$)0 User plane protocol stac"

The user plane 8.C8, %LC, and +&C terminate at e'ode* and implements such functions as header compression, encr(ption, scheduling, &%A, and @&%A#

'.' %1 :nter2ace and @2 :nter2ace

.ifferent from those in ,= and 1= s(stems, /) interface and >, interface are ne!l( added in the LTE s(stem#

18

Chapter 4 Core LTE Technologies

'.'.1 %1 :nter2ace
The /) interface is defined as the interface bet!een the E$UT%&' and E8C# The /) interface contains t!o parts: the control plane /)$++E interface and user plane /)$U interface# The /)$++E interface is defined as the interface bet!een the e'ode* and ++EM the /)$UE interface is defined as the interface bet!een the e'ode* and /$=-# 5igure 1#1 $)) and 5igure 1#1 $), respectivel( sho! the protocol stac" architecture of the /)$++E interface and /)$U interface#

/)$&8

/CT8 <8 .ata lin" la(er 8h(sical la(er

5igure 1#1$)) /) interface control plane (e'ode*$++E

User plane 8.Us

=T8$U U.8 <8 .ata lin" la(er 8h(sical la(er

5igure 1#1$), /) interface user plane (e'ode* /$=-

19

LTEF5..Fe'*FEF)0 LTE Overvie!

The /) interface has the follo!ing ac"no!ledged functions: E$%&* service management Establishment, modification, and release UE mobilit( in the EC+$CO''ECTE. state @andover !ithin the LTE s(stem @andover bet!een the LTE s(stem and the 1=88 s(stem /) paging '&/ signaling transmission /) interface management Error indication %eset 'et!or" sharing %oaming and area restriction '&/ node selection <nitial conte;t establishment UE conte;t modification ++E load balance Location report ET-/ message transmission Overload %&' information management

20

Chapter 4 Core LTE Technologies

The /) interface has the follo!ing ac"no!ledged signaling procedures: E$%&* signaling procedure E$%&* establishment E$%&* modification ++E$initiated E$%&* release e'ode*$initiated E$%&* release

@andover signaling procedure @andover preparation %esource assignment @andover termination @andover cancellation

8aging '&/ transmission procedure .irect uplin" transmission (initial UE message .irect uplin" transmission (uplin" '&/ transmission .irect do!nlin" transmission (do!nlin" '&/ transmission

Error indication procedure e'ode*$initiated error indication ++E$initiated error indication

%eset e'ode*$initiated reset

21

LTEF5..Fe'*FEF)0 LTE Overvie!

++E$initiated reset <nitial conte;t establishment UE conte;t modification /) establishment e'ode* configuration update ++E configuration update Location report Location report control Location report Location report failure indication Overload startup Overload stop -rite replacement alarm .irectl( transmitted information transfer

5igure 1#1 $)1 sho!s the /) interface signaling procedure#

22

Chapter 4 Core LTE Technologies

5igure 1#1$)1 <nitial conte;t establishment (blue parts in <dle$to$&ctive procedure

The similarities bet!een /) interface and >, interface lie in the fact that /)$U and >,$ U adopt the same user plane protocol to reduce protocol processing at e'ode* data for!ard#

'.'.2 @2 :nter2ace
The >, interface is defined as the interface bet!een e'ode*s# The >, interface contains t!o parts: the >,$C8 and >,$U, !here the >,$C8 is the control plane interface bet!een e'ode*s and the >,$U is the user plane interface bet!een e'ode*s# 5igure 1#1 $)2 and 5igure 1#1 $)3 respectivel( sho! the protocol stac" architecture of the >,$C8 interface and >,$U interface#

23

LTEF5..Fe'*FEF)0 LTE Overvie!

>,$&8

/CT8 <8 .ata lin" la(er 8h(sical la(er

5igure 1#1$)2 >, interface control plane

User plane 8.Us

=T8$U U.8 <8 .ata lin" la(er 8h(sical la(er

5igure 1#1$)3 >, interface user plane

The >,$C8 has the follo!ing functions: UE mobilit( in the EC+$CO''ECTE. state !ithin the LTE s(stem Conte;t transfer from the source e'ode* to the target e'ode* User plane channel control bet!een the source e'ode* and the target e'ode* @andover cancellation

24

Chapter 4 Core LTE Technologies

Uplin" load management =eneral >, interface management and error processing Error indication

The >,$C8 interface has the follo!ing ac"no!ledged signaling procedures: @andover preparation @andover cancellation UE conte;t release Error indication Load management

The management of load among cells is implemented over the >, interface# 5igure 1#1 $): sho!s that the LO&. <'.<C&TO% message is used for load state communication among e'ode*s#

e'* N>, &8O LO&. <'.<C&TO%

e'*

5igure 1#1$): >, interface LO&. <'.<C&T<O' message

25

( +=4sical La4er

(.1 )rame %tructure

The LTE s(stem supports the follo!ing t!o radio frame structures: /tructure ): &pplicable to the 5.. mode# /tructure ,: &pplicable to the T.. mode#

5igure 2#) $)4 sho!s the frame structure )# Ever( )0 ms radio frame is divided into ten sub$frames of fi;ed length# Each sub$frame contains t!o time slots each of !hich is 0#3 ms long#

5igure 2#)$)4 5rame structure )

5or 5.., at ever( )0 ms, ten sub$frames can be used for do!nlin" transmission and another ten sub$frames can be used for uplin" transmission# The uplin" transmission and do!nlin" transmission are separated on the fre6uenc( domain#

(.2 +=4sical -esources

The minimum resource unit for uplin"Bdo!nlin" transmission in the LTE s(stem is called the %esource Element (%E # &t the time of data transmission, the LTE s(stem consolidates uplin" and do!nlin" time$ fre6uenc( domain ph(sical resources into %esource *loc"s (%*s for scheduling and allocation#
27

/everal %Es constitute an %*# There are ), consecutive sub$carriers on the fre6uenc( domain and seven consecutive O5.+ s(mbols (si; mar"s !ith the E;tended C8 # That is, the fre6uenc( domain !idth is )70 "@? and the time length is 0#3 ms# 5igure 2#, $)7 and 5igure 2#, $)9 respectivel( sho! the ph(sical resource structures of do!nlin" and uplin" slots#

5igure 2#,$)7 8h(sical resource structure of do!nlin" slot

28

Chapter 4 Core LTE Technologies

5igure 2#,$)9 8h(sical resource structure of uplin" slot

(.' +=4sical C=annels

The do!nlin" ph(sical channels contain the follo!ing channels: )# 8h(sical *roadcast Channel (8*C@ The coded *C@ transmission bloc" maps to four sub$frames !ithin an 20 ms interval# The 20 ms timing is obtained b( blind tests, namel(, no specified signaling
29

LTEF5..Fe'*FEF)0 LTE Overvie!

indicates the 20 ms timing# -ith e;cellent$enough channels, ever( sub$frame that the 8*C@ located can separatel( decode signals# ,# 8h(sical Control 5ormat <ndicator Channel (8C5<C@ 'otif( the number of 8.CC@$occupied O5.+ mar" to the UE# Transmit the information in ever( sub$frame# 1# 8h(sical .o!nlin" Control Channel (8.CC@ 'otif( the resource assignment information of the 8C@ and .L$/C@ and .L$ /C@$related @&%A information to the UE# Carr( the uplin" scheduling information# 2# 8h(sical @&%A <ndicator Channel (8@<C@ Carr( the @&%A &CPB'&CPs for uplin" data transfer# 3# 8h(sical .o!nlin" /haring Channel (8./C@ Carr( the .L$/C@ and 8C@ information# :# 8h(sical +ulticast Channel (8+C@ Carr( the +C@ information# The uplin" ph(sical channels contain the follo!ing channels: )# 8h(sical Uplin" Control Channel (8UCC@ Carr( @&%A &CPB'&CPs for do!nlin" data transfer# Carr( the scheduling re6uest information# Carr( the CA< report information# ,# 8h(sical Uplin" /haring Channel (8U/C@

30

Chapter 4 Core LTE Technologies

Carr( the UL$/C@ information# 1# 8h(sical %andom &ccess Channel (8%&C@ Carr( the random access preamble#

(.( Transport C=annels

The do!nlin" transport channels contain the follo!ing channels: )# *roadcast Channel (*C@ 5i;ed predefined transport format *roadcast in the entire coverage area of the cell ,# .o!nlin" /haring Channel (.L$/C@ /upport @&%A# <mplement d(namic lin" adaptation b( var(ing the demodulation, coding mode, and transmit po!er# /upport broadcast in the entire cell# /upport beamforming# /upport d(namic or semi$static resource allocation# /upport the UE .iscontinuous %eception (.%> to enable UE po!er saving# /upport the +*+/ transmission# 1# 8aging Channel (8C@ /upport the UE .%> to save po!er# (The net!or" notifies the .%> period to the UE# *roadcast in the entire coverage area of the cell +ap to ph(sical resources !hich can be used d(namicall( also for traffic or other
31

LTEF5..Fe'*FEF)0 LTE Overvie!

control channels# 2# +ulticast Channel (+C@ *roadcast in the entire coverage area of the cell /upport +ulticastB*roadcast over /ingle 5re6uenc( 'et!or" (+*/5' combing of +*+/ transmission on multiple cells# /upport semi$static resource allocation# The uplin" transport channels contain the follo!ing channels: )# Uplin" /haring Channel (UL$/C@ /upport beamforming# <mplement d(namic lin" adaptation b( var(ing the transmit po!er, potential demodulation, and coding mode# /upport @&%A# /upport d(namic or semi$static resource allocation# ,# %andom &ccess Channel (%&C@ Carr( limited control information# @ave collision ris"s#

(.5 Mapping Between Transport C=annels and +=4sical C=annels

5igure 2#3 $,0 and 5igure 2#3 $,) respectivel( sho! the mapping relationships bet!een do!nlin"Buplin" transport channels and do!nlin"Buplin" ph(sical channels#

32

Chapter 4 Core LTE Technologies

5igure 2#3$,0 +apping bet!een do!nlin" transport channels and do!nlin" ph(sical channels

5igure 2#3$,) +apping bet!een uplin" transport channels and uplin" ph(sical channels

(.6 +=4sical %ignals

8h(sical signals correspond to several ph(sical la(er %Es, but do not carr( an( information that comes from higher la(ers# The do!nlin" ph(sical signals include the reference signal and the s(nchroni?ation signal# %eference signal The do!nlin" reference signals include the follo!ing three t(pes of reference signals: Cell$specific reference signals, associated !ith non$+*/5' transmission +*/5' reference signals, associated !ith +*/5' transmission
33

LTEF5..Fe'*FEF)0 LTE Overvie!

UE$specific reference signals /(nchroni?ation signals The s(nchroni?ation signals include the follo!ing t!o t(pes of signals: 8rimar( s(nchroni?ation signal /econdar( s(nchroni?ation signal 5or 5.., the primar( s(nchroni?ation signal maps to the last O5.+ s(mbol of the time slot 0 and time slot )0# The secondar( s(nchroni?ation signal maps to the second last O5.+ s(mbol of the time slot 0 and time slot )0# The uplin" ph(sical signals include the reference signals# %eference signals The uplin" reference signals include the follo!ing t!o t(pes of signals: .emodulation reference signals, associated !ith 8U/C@ or 8UCC@ transmission /ounding reference signals, not associated !ith 8U/C@ or 8UCC@ transmission The demodulation reference signals and the sounding reference signals use the same base se6uence set#

(.7 +=4sical La4er Model

The follo!ing figures sho! the ph(sical la(er models of various t(pes of channels# 'ode *s in all of the follo!ing figures are called e'ode*s or e'ode* in LTE#

34

Chapter 4 Core LTE Technologies

Node B
,)annel%state in$ormation, etc
N Transport blocks (dynamic size S1 , SN!
A,K'NA,K A,K'NA,K +A"Q in$o

UE

Error indications

8 -A

+A"Q in$o

8 -A

C-C C-C
Coding 9 -M Coding 9 -M

"ed#ndancy $or error detection

C-C C-C
Coding 9 -M "ecoding 9 -M

M C sc=eduler

"ed#ndancy *ersion

"ed#ndancy $or data detection

:nterleaving
Mod#lation sc)eme "eso#rce'po(er assi&nment Antenna mappin&

:nterl.

"einterleaving
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

:nterl.

"ata modulation

"ata modulation

"ata modulation
-B mapping

"ata demodulation

-B mapping -esource mapping

M#lti%antenna processin&

-esource demapping

ntenna mapping

ntenna demapping

5igure 2#4$,, ph(sical la(er model for .L$/C@ transmission

Node B
Sin&le Transport blocks ($i-ed size S!

UE

Error indication

C-C
Coding 9 -M

C-C
"ecoding 9 -M

:nterleaving

"einterleaving

"ata modulation

QPSK only

"ata demodulation

-esource mapping

-esource demapping

ntenna mapping

ntenna demapping

5igure 2#4$,1 8h(sical la(er model for *C@ transmission

35

LTEF5..Fe'*FEF)0 LTE Overvie!

Node B
Sin&le Transport blocks (dynamic size S!

UE

Error indication

C-C
Coding 9 -M

C-C
"ecoding 9 -M

M C sc=eduler

:nterleaving
Mod#lation sc)eme "eso#rce'po(er assi&nment Antenna mappin&

"einterleaving

"ata modulation

"ata demodulation

-esource mapping

-esource demapping

ntenna mapping

ntenna demapping

5igure 2#4$,2 8h(sical la(er model for 8C@ transmission

Node B
N Transport blocks (dynamic size S1 , SN!

UE

Error indications

C-C C-C
Coding 9 -M Coding 9 -M

C-C C-C
Coding 9 -M "ecoding 9 -M

M C sc=eduler

:nterleaving
Mod#lation sc)eme "eso#rce'po(er assi&nment Antenna mappin&

:nterl.

"einterleaving

:nterl.

"ata modulation

"ata modulation

"ata modulation
-B mapping

"ata demodulation

-B mapping -esource mapping

-esource demapping

ntenna mapping

ntenna demapping

Semi-static con iguration

5igure 2#4$,3 8h(sical la(er model for +C@ transmission

36

Chapter 4 Core LTE Technologies

Node BError
,)annel %state in$ormation, etc indications
A,K'NA,K

UE

8 -A

+A"Q in$o

A,K'NA,K

8 -A

C-C C-C M C sc=eduler

Coding 9 "ecoding 9 -M -M

C-C C-C
Coding 9 -M Coding 9 -M

<plink transmission c

:nterl. "einterleaving
Mod#lation sc)eme "eso#rce assi&nment Antenna mappin&

:nterl. :nterleaving
"ata modulation "ata modulation
-B mapping -esource mapping
Mod#lation sc)eme "eso#rce'po(er assi&nment

"ata demodulation -B mapping

"ata modulation

-esource demapping

ntenna demapping

5igure 2#4$,: 8h(sical la(er model for UL$/C@ transmission

(.> +=4sical La4er +rocedures

(.>.1 %4nc=roniBation +rocedures
Cell search Cell search is the procedure b( !hich a UE ac6uires time and fre6uenc( s(nchroni?ation !ith a cell and detects that cellQs ph(sical la(er cell <.# E$UT%& cell search is based on various signals transmitted in the do!nlin" such as primar( and secondar( s(nchroni?ation signals, and do!nlin" reference signals# Timing s(nchroni?ation Timing s(nchroni?ation procedures include radio lin" monitoring, inter$cell s(nchroni?ation, and transmission timing adjustments#

(.>.2 +ower Control

8o!er control determines the energ( per resource element (E8%E # E8%E denotes the energ( prior to C8 insertion# E8%E also denotes the average energ( ta"en over all constellation points for the modulation scheme applied# Uplin" po!er control determines
37

LTEF5..Fe'*FEF)0 LTE Overvie!

the average po!er of one .5T$/O5.+ s(mbol on a ph(sical channel# Uplin" po!er control Uplin" po!er control procedure controls the transmit po!er of different uplin" ph(sical channels# .o!nlin" po!er allocation e'ode* determines the do!nlin" transmit energ( per resource element#

(.>.' -andom ccess +rocedures

8rior to initiation of the non$s(nchroni?ed ph(sical random access procedure, ph(sical la(er shall receive the follo!ing information from the higher la(ers: )# %andom access channel parameters (8%&C@ configuration, fre6uenc( position, and preamble format # ,# 8arameters for determining the root se6uences and their c(clic shifts in the preamble se6uence set for the cell (inde; to root se6uence table, c(clic shift ('cs , and set t(pe (normal or high$speed set # 5rom the ph(sical la(er perspective, the ph(sical random access procedure encompasses the transmission of random access preamble and random access response# The remaining messages are scheduled for transmission b( the higher la(er on the shared data channel and are not considered part of the L) random access procedure# The follo!ing steps are re6uired for the ph(sical random access procedure: )# 8h(sical la(er procedure is triggered upon re6uest of a preamble transmission b( higher la(ers# ,# & preamble inde;, preamble transmission po!er

(8%E&+*LEFT%&'/+<//<O'F8O-E% , associated %&$%'T<, and 8%&C@ resource are indicated b( higher la(ers as part of the re6uest# 1# .etermine preamble transmit po!er: 88%&C@ R minS8ma;,

8%E&+*LEF%ECE<CE.FT&%=ETF8O-E% E 8LTM !here, 8ma; indicates the

38

Chapter 4 Core LTE Technologies

ma;imum allo!ed po!er configured at higher la(ers, and 8L indicates UE$ calculated do!nlin" path loss# 2# & preamble se6uence is then selected from the preamble se6uence set using the preamble inde;# 3# & single preamble transmission then occurs using the selected preamble se6uence !ith transmission po!er 8%E&+*LEFT%&'/+<//<O'F8O-E% on the indicated 8%&C@ resource# :# The associated 8.CC@ !ith %&$%'T< is detected in the random access response !indo! controlled b( higher la(ers# <f an associated 8.CC@ !ith %&$%'T< is detected then the corresponding 8./C@ transport bloc" is passed to the higher la(ers# @igher la(ers resolve the transport bloc" and indicate the ,0$bit UL$/C@ grant to the ph(sical la(er#

39

5 La4er 2
La(er , consists of three subla(ers 8.C8, %LC, and +&C# 5igure ,7 and 5igure ,9 respectivel( sho! La(er , do!nlin" and uplin" structures#

5igure 2#7$,4 La(er , do!nlin" structure

41

5igure 2#7$,7 La(er , uplin" structure

The connection points among subla(ers are "no!n as the /ervice &ccess 8oints (/&8 # The service provided b( 8.C8 is referred to as the radio bearer# The 8.C8 provides the %obust @eader Compression (%O@C and securit( protection# The /&8 bet!een ph(sical la(er and +&C la(er provides transport channels and that bet!een +&C la(er and %LC la(er provides logical channels# The +&C la(er provides multiple;ing and mapping of logical channels (radio bearer to transport channels (transport bloc" # Onl( one transport bloc" is generated at each TT< () ms in the uplin" or do!nlin" in the case of non$+<+O#

5.1 M C %ubla4er
5.1.1 M C )unctions
The +&C subla(er provides the follo!ing functions:

42

Chapter 4 Core LTE Technologies

+apping bet!een logical channels and transport channels# +&C /ervice .ata Unit (/.U multiple;ingBdemultiple;ing# /cheduling information report# Error correction through @&%A Logical channel prioriti?ation of the same UE# UE prioriti?ation through d(namic scheduling# /election of transmission formats# 8adding#

5.1.2 Logical C=annels

+&C provides different t(pes of data transmission services# The t(pe of each logical channel is defined based on the t(pe of transmitted data# Logical channels are categori?ed into: Control channels: used to transfer data on the control plane# Traffic channels: used to transfer data on the user plane#

Control channels include: *roadcast Control Channel (*CC@ # The *CC@ is a do!nlin" channel used to broadcast s(stem control messages# 8aging Control Channel (8CC@ # The 8CC@ is a do!nlin" channel used to transfer paging messages and s(stem information change notifications# The 8CC@ is used to page a UE !hen the UE cell location is un"no!n to the net!or"# Common Control Channel (CCC@ #

43

LTEF5..Fe'*FEF)0 LTE Overvie!

The CCC@ is used to transfer control messages bet!een UEs and net!or" !hen there is no %%C connection bet!een them# +ulticast Control Channel (+CC@ # & point$to$multipoint do!nlin" channel used for transmitting +*+/ control information from the net!or" to the UE, for one or several +TC@s# This channel is onl( used to UEs that receive +*+/# .edicated Control Channel (.CC@ # & point$to$point bi$directional channel that transmits dedicated control information bet!een a UE and the net!or"# This channel is used b( UEs having an %%C connection# Traffic channels include: .edicated Traffic Channel (.TC@ # The .TC@ is a point$to$point channel, dedicated to one UE, for the transfer of user information# +ulticast Traffic Channel (+TC@ # & point$to$multipoint do!nlin" channel for transmitting traffic data from the net!or" to the UE# This channel is onl( used to UEs that receive +*+/#

5.1.' Mapping Between Logical C=annels and Transport C=annels

5igure 3#) $,9 and 5igure 3#) $10 respectivel( sho! the mapping bet!een do!nlin" and uplin" logical channels and transport channels#

44

Chapter 4 Core LTE Technologies

5igure 3#)$,9 +apping bet!een do!nlin" logical channels and transport channels

5igure 3#)$10 +apping bet!een uplin" logical channels and transport channels

5.2 -LC %ubla4er

5.2.1 -LC )unctions
The %LC subla(er provides the follo!ing functions: Transfer of upper la(er 8.Us# Error Correction through &%A (onl( for &+ data transfer # Concatenation, segmentation and reassembl( of %LC /.Us (onl( for U+ and &+ data transfer # %e$segmentation of %LC data 8.Us (onl( for &+ data transfer #
45

LTEF5..Fe'*FEF)0 LTE Overvie!

<n se6uence deliver( of upper la(er 8.Us (onl( for U+ and &+ data transfer # .uplicate detection (onl( for U+ and &+ data transfer # 8rotocol error detection and recover(# %LC /.U discard (onl( for U+ and &+ data transfer # %LC re$establishment#

5.2.2 +"< %tructure

5igure 3#, $1) sho!s the %LC 8.U structure# The 8.U se6uence number carried b( the %LC header is independent of the /.U se6uence number (that is, the 8.C8 se6uence number # The red dotted lines in 5igure 1, indicate segmentation positions#

5igure 3#,$1) %LC 8.U structure

5.' +"C+ %ubla4er

5.'.1 +"C+ )unctions
The main services and functions of the 8.C8 subla(er for the user plane include: @eader compression and decompression: %O@C onl(#
46

Chapter 4 Core LTE Technologies

Transfer of user data# <n$se6uence deliver( of upper la(er 8.Us at 8.C8 re$establishment procedure for %LC &+#

.uplicate detection of lo!er la(er /.Us at 8.C8 re$establishment procedure for %LC &+#

%etransmission of 8.C8 /.Us at handover for %LC &+# Ciphering and deciphering# Timer$based /.U discard in uplin"# The main services and functions of the 8.C8 subla(er for the control plane include:

Ciphering and <ntegrit( 8rotection# Transfer of control plane data#

5.'.2 +"< %tructure

5igure 3#1 $1, sho!s the 8.C8 8.U structure# 8.C8 8.U and 8.C8 header are octet$aligned# 8.C8 header can be either ) or , b(tes long#

5igure 3#1$1, 8.C8 8.U structure

47

6 --C

6.1 --C )unctions

+ain 5unctions of %%C include: *roadcast of s(stem information related to the '&/s *roadcast of s(stem information related to the &/s 8aging Establishment, retention, and release of %%C connection bet!een UEs and E$ UT%&'s, including: &llocation of temporar( identifiers bet!een UEs and E$UT%&'s Configuration of the /ignaling %adio *earers (/%*s for %%C connection Lo! priorit( and high priorit( /%*s /ecurit( management including "e( management Establishment, configuration, retention, and release point$to$point %*s +obilit( management, including: +easurement report and reporting control of the mobile UEs bet!een cells and bet!een %&Ts# @andover UE cell selection and reselectionM cell selection and reselection control Conte;t for!arding during handover +*+/ notification
49

Establishment, configuration, retention, and release of %*s for the +*+/ Ao/ management UE measurement report and reporting control '&/ direct transfer

6.2 --C %tate

%%C state includes %%CF<.LE and %%CFCO''ECTE. %%C idle state (%%CF<.LE 8L+' selection .%> configured b( '&/ /(stem information broadcast 8aging Cell reselection mobilit( & uni6ue identifier allocated to a UE !ithin a Trac"ing &rea (T& 'o %%C conte;ts stored in e'ode*s Connection state (%%CFCO''ECTE. The UE has an E$UT%&'$%%C connection# The UE has a conte;t in E$UT%&'# The E$UT%&' "no!s the cell !hich the UE belongs to# The net!or" can transmit and receive data toBfrom the UEs# 'et!or" controlled mobilit( (handover # 'eighbor cell measurements#
50

Chapter 4 Core LTE Technologies

The 8.C8B%LCB+&C features of the %%CFCO''ECTE. The UE can transmit and receive data toBfrom the net!or"s# The UE intercepts controlled signaling channels related to the shared data channels to vie! that !hether the UE is allocated an( data on the shared data channel# The UE also reports channel 6ualit( information and feeds bac" information to e'ode*# The .%> c(cle can be conformed according to the UE mobilit( level to save UE po!er and enhance resource efficienc(# This function is controlled b( e'ode*#

6.' 1 % %tate and t=e -elations=ip !it= t=e --C state

The '&/ state model can be described b( the t!o$dimensional state model of the E8/ +obilit( +anagement state (E++ and the E8/ Connection +anagement state# E++ state: E++$.E%E=</TE%E. state E++$%E=</TE%E. state EC+ state: EC+$<.LE state EC+$CO''ECTE. state 'ote: The E++ state and the EC+ state are mutuall( independent# The relationship bet!een the '&/ state and the %%C state is as follo!s: E++$.E%E=</TE%E. state E EC+$<.LE state %%CF<.LE state +obilit( feature: 8L+' selection UE location: Un"no!n to the net!or"#
51

LTEF5..Fe'*FEF)0 LTE Overvie!

E++$%E=</TE%E. state E EC+$<.LE state %%CF<.LE state +obilit( feature: Cell selection UE location: Pno!n to the net!or" at T& level#

E++$%E=</TE%E. state E EC+$CO''ECTE. state E %* Established %%CFCO''ECTE. state +obilit( feature: @andover UE location: Pno!n to the net!or" at cell level#

6.( --C +rocedure

%%C procedure includes the /(stem <nformation, Connection Control, mobilit( procedure, measurements, and direct transfer#

6.(.1 %4stem :n2ormation

/(stem information includes the +aster <nformation *loc" (+<* and a series of /(stem <nformation *loc"s (/<*s # +aster <nformation *loc": defines the most important ph(sical information of the cells and is used to receive a further s(stem information# /(stem <nformation *loc" T(pe ): assesses the related information of !hether the UE is allo!ed to access to a cell and defines the dispatch of other s(stem information bloc"s# /(stem <nformation *loc" T(pe ,: includes common and shared channel information# /(stem <nformation *loc" T(pe 1: includes cell reselection informationM mainl( related to the service cells# /(stem <nformation *loc" T(pe 2: includes cell reselection related service fre6uenc( points and intra$fre6uenc( neighboring cell information#

52

Chapter 4 Core LTE Technologies

/(stem <nformation *loc" T(pe 3: includes cell reselection related other E$UT%& fre6uenc( points and inter$fre6uenc( neighboring cell information#

/(stem <nformation *loc" T(pe :: includes cell reselection related UT%& fre6uenc( points and UT%& neighboring cell information#

/(stem <nformation *loc" T(pe 4: includes cell reselection related =E%&' fre6uenc( points information#

/(stem <nformation *loc" T(pe 7: includes cell reselection related C.+&,000 fre6uenc( points and C.+&,000 neighboring cell information#

/(stem <nformation *loc" T(pe 9: includes home e'ode* identifiers (@'*<. # /(stem <nformation *loc" T(pe )0: includes ET-/ primar( notification# /(stem <nformation *loc" T(pe )): includes ET-/ secondar( notification# The +<* maps to the *CC@ and *C@# The /< maps to the *CC@ and .L$/C@, and is identifies through the /(stem <nformation %'T< (/<$%'T< # The +<* uses a fi;ed dispatch c(cle of 20 ms# The /(stem <nformation *loc" T(pe ) uses a fi;ed dispatch c(cle of 70 ms# The other /< dispatch c(cle is not fi;ed and indicated b( the /(stem <nformation *loc" T(pe )#

6.(.2 Connection Control

%%C connection control includes: 8aging %%C connection establishment <nitial securit( activation %%C connection reconfiguration Counter chec" %%C connection re$establishment

53

LTEF5..Fe'*FEF)0 LTE Overvie!

%%C connection release %adio resource configuration /%* additionB modification .%* release /%* additionB modification +&C main reconfiguration /emi$persistent scheduling reconfiguration 8h(sical channel reconfiguration

%adio lin" failure related actions

54

7 Core LTE Tec=nologies

7.1 "uple; Mode

<n addition to 5.. and T.. duple; modes, the LTE s(stem is e;pected to further support the half$duple; 5..#

7.2 Multi$access Mode

O5.+& is emplo(ed as the multiple;ing scheme in the LTE do!nlin" s(stems#

5igure 4#,$11 +ultiple;ing scheme in LTE do!nlin" s(stems

.5T$/$O5.+ (also called /C$5.+& is emplo(ed as the multiple;ing scheme in the LTE uplin" s(stems#

55

5igure 4#,$12 +ultiple;ing scheme in LTE uplin" s(stems

7.' Multi$antenna Tec=nologies

.o!nlin" multi$antenna transmission: +ulti$antenna transmission supports t!o or four antennas# The ma;imum number of code !ords is , and irrelevant of the number of antennas, but there is a fi;ed mapping relationship bet!een core !ords and la(ers# 5igure 13 sho!s the general relationship among code !ords, la(ers, and antenna ports#

5igure 4#1$13 8h(sical channel processing

+ulti$antenna technologies include the /.+ and transmit diversit(# The /.+ supports /U$+<+O and +U$+<+O# -hen a +<+O channel is solel( assigned to a single UE, this is called /U$+<+O# -hen +<+O data streams are spatiall( assigned to different UEs, this is called +U$+<+O# Uplin" multi$antenna transmission: The baseline antenna configuration for uplin" +<+O is either /<+O )>, antenna configuration or +U$+<+O# To allo! for +U$+<+O reception at the 'ode *, allocation of the same time and fre6uenc( resource to several UEs, each of !hich transmitting on a single antenna, is supported# Closed loop t(pe adaptive antenna selection transmit diversit( shall be supported for 5.. (optional in UE #

7.( Link daptation

.o!nlin" adaptation:
56

Chapter 4 Core LTE Technologies

%efer to the adaptive modulation and coding (&+C that is applied !ith three modulation schemes (A8/P, ):A&+, and :2A&+ and variable code rates# Uplin" adaptation: <nclude three lin" adaptation techni6ues: ) adaptive transmit band!idth, , transmit po!er control, and 1 adaptive modulation and channel code rate#

7.5 8 -A and -A
E$UT%&' provides &%A and @&%A functionalities#

7.5.1 8 -A
The @&%A !ithin the +&C subla(er has the follo!ing characteristics: '$process /top$&nd$-ait @&%A is used# The @&%A transmits and retransmits T*s#

<n the do!nlin": &s(nchronous adaptive @&%A 8U/C@ or 8UCC@ used for &CPB'&CP/ for .L (re$ transmissions 8.CC@ used to signal the @&%A process number and if re$transmission or transmission &daptive re$transmissions scheduled through 8.CC@

<n the uplin": /(nchronous @&%A +a;imum number of re$transmissions configured per UE (instead of per radio bearer 8@<C@ used to transmit &CPB'&CPs for non$adaptive UL (re$ transmissions

57

LTEF5..Fe'*FEF)0 LTE Overvie!

@&%A operation in uplin" is governed b( the follo!ing principles: %egardless of the content of the @&%A feedbac" (&CP or '&CP , !hen a 8.CC@ for the UE is correctl( received, the UE follo!s !hat the 8.CC@ as"s the UE to do i#e# perform a transmission or a retransmission (referred to as adaptive retransmission # -hen no 8.CC@ addressed to the C$%'T< of the UE is detected, the @&%A feedbac" dictates ho! the UE performs retransmissions# '&CP: The UE performs a non$adaptive retransmission# &CP: The UE does not perform an( UL (re transmission and "eeps the data in the @&%A buffer#

+easurement gaps are of a higher priorit( than @&%A retransmissions: -henever an @$&%A retransmission collides !ith a measurement gap, the @$ &%A retransmission does not ta"e place#

7.5.2 -A
The &%A !ithin the %LC subla(er has the follo!ing characteristics: The &%A retransmits %LC /.Us or %LC 8.Us (segments # &%A retransmissions are based on either %LC status reports or @&%AB&%A interactions# The %LC must poll %LC status reports# /tatus reports can be triggered b( upper la(ers#

7.5.' 8 -A0 -A :nteractions

<f the @&%A transmitter detects a failed deliver( of a T* U for e;ample, ma;imum retransmission limit is reached U the relevant transmitting &%A entities are notified and potential retransmissions and re$segmentation can be initiated#

58

ppendi;
&bbreviation 1=88 *8/P C&8E> .5T .%> E$+*+/ e'ode* E1= E8C E$UT%& @C% @e'* <&/& <55T LC% L.8C LTE +<+O ++E O5.+ O8E> 8&8% A&+ Ao/ A8/P %%C /&E /C$5.+& /.+ /$=TT<

bbreviations
5ull 'ame 1rd =eneration 8artnership 8roject *inar( 8hase /hift Pe(ing Capital E;penditure .iscrete 5ourier Transform .iscontinuous %eception Evolved +ultimedia *roadcast and +ulticast /ervice Evolution 'ode * evolved 1= Evolved 8ac"et Core Evolved Universal Terrestrial %adio &ccess @igh Chip %ate @ome e'ode* <nter &ccess /(stem &nchor <nverse .iscrete 5ourier transform Lo! Chip %ate lo!$densit( parit($chec" Long Term Evolution +ultiple <nput +ultiple Output +obile +anagement Entit( Orthogonal 5re6uenc( .ivision +ultiple; Operating E;penditure 8ea" to &verage 8o!er %atio AU&.%&TU%E &+8L<TU.E +O.UL&T<O' Aualit( of /ervice AU&.%&TU%E 8@&/E /@<5T PEL<'= %adio %esource Control /(stem &rchitecture Evolution /ingle Carrier G 5re6uenc( .ivision +ultiple &ccess /patial .ivision +ultiple /erving =ate!a( Transmission Time <nterval

59

ppendi; B -e2erences
/' ) , 1 2 3 : 4 7 9 )0 )) ), )1 )2 'ame ,3#9), 5easibilit( stud( for evolved Universal Terrestrial %adio &ccess (UT%& and Universal Terrestrial %adio &ccess 'et!or" (UT%&' ,3#9)1 %e6uirements for Evolved UT%& (E$UT%& and Evolved UT%&' (E$UT%&' 1:#100 Evolved Universal Terrestrial %adio &ccess (E$UT%& and Evolved Universal Terrestrial %adio &ccess 'et!or" (E$UT%&' , Overall description ,3#7)2 8h(sical la(er aspects for evolved Universal Terrestrial %adio &ccess (UT%& 1:#,)) 8h(sical Channels and +odulation 1:#,), +ultiple;ing and channel coding 1:#,)1 8h(sical la(er procedures 1:#,)2 8h(sical la(er G +easurements 1:#10, /ervices provided b( the ph(sical la(er 1:#11) %adio %esource Control (%%C 1:#)02 *ase /tation (*/ radio transmission and reception 1:#1,) +edium &ccess Control (+&C protocol specification ,1#20) =eneral 8ac"et %adio /ervice (=8%/ enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial %adio &ccess 'et!or" (E$UT%&' access ,1#,01 8olic( and charging control architecture

61