2005 IST Group.

All rights reserved

Seismic Isolation Project for Mitchell Hall

Supervised by: Prof. Dr. Oral Bykztrk Graduate Students: Leonardo Duenas John Kelly Tai Chieh Wu

May 2001

PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
PART 1
INTRODUCTION, INVESTIGATION, REHABILITATION OPTIONS

PART 2
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING FIXED BASE STRUCTURE

PART 3
DESIGN OF BASE ISOLATION

PART 4
ANALYSIS OF ISOLATED STRUCTURE COMPARISON (PART 2)

PART 5
REALISATION CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE AND COST ESTIMATION
2005 IST Group

MISSION STATEMENT
To repair and retrofit Mitchell Hall for seismic upgrade.

It is required that it remain SERVICEABLE - 100 year period of return and INTACT 475 period of return. Superstructure restored aesthetically and functionally.
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Elevation of Mitchell Hall

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TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN

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BUILDING DESCRIPTION

30 x 15 m footprint
Exterior walls : 0.6 m thick un-reinforced concrete Columns : Concrete encased I-Sections Floor Slabs : Structural slabs resting on mild steel beams
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INVESTIGATION
Visual Inspection
Initial assessment of internal and external members/surfaces

Non-Destructive Testing
Detection of faults not visible to the naked eye Voids, Discontinuities Measure of material properties Extent of internal crack propagation

Historical Research and Analysis

Supported by Photographic records

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CAUSES OF DETERIORATION

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PREVIOUS SEISMIC ACTIVITY

Magnitude 7.4 on the Richter Scale, near Izmit, at 15.9 km depth, August 1999 Multiple shocks; 125 200 km surface rupture, up to 4.9m right lateral offset, up to 2m vertical offset Tectonic subsidence or landsliding liquefaction and settlement) Urban earthquake - fault displacements beneath buildings and bridges
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(in

addition

to

NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT

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STRUCTURAL DAMAGE

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REHABILITATION OPTIONS

Structural Stiffening vs. Base Isolation

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STRUCTURAL STIFFENING

Cement Injections Use of Composite Materials to improve existing infrastructure e.g. Composite wrapping/confinement of columns

Conduit tying (Building Confinement) Installation of Shear Walls Post Tensioning of external walls Gunite / Shotcrete Diagonal Bracing Systems

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CONCRETE REPAIR METHODS

Grout Injections in a structural floor slab.

Wrapping of concrete column with composite material

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CONCRETE REPAIR METHODS

Use of Shear Walls to resist induced seismic loading

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STRUCTURAL STIFFENING
Induced Moments Internal Outriggers =>Stiffening System Post-Tensioning

3 ft thick masonry wall (unreinforced)

Ground-Anchors

Building Section
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STRUCTURAL STIFFENING
Advantages
-Most economic and widely used method in Europe. -Involves repair of existing infrastructure. e.g. Composite wrapping of columns Shotcrete walls

Disadvantages
-Involves major intrusion upon existing infrastructure. -May not be a sufficient solution in itself. -Restricted building access during construction. -Irreversible.
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BASE ISOLATION

Concept - Isolate the superstructure from the foundation. Two ways to approach - Install rubber bearings or friction sliding system
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BASE ISOLATION

f

A Elastic strategy
y

A y u

A* Base Isolation
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Plastic strategy

BASE ISOLATION
Advantages
- Isolates Building from ground motion.
=> Minimal repair of superstructure

- Building can remain serviceable throughout construction. - Does not involve major intrusion upon existing superstructure.

Disadvantages
- Costly. Is challenging to implement in an efficient manner. - Costly to connect utilities to building (flexible connections). - Must allow for building displacements.
2005 IST Group

PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
PART 1
INTRODUCTION, INVESTIGATION, REHABILITATION OPTIONS

PART 2
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING FIXED BASE STRUCTURE

PART 3
DESIGN OF BASE ISOLATION

PART 4
ANALYSIS OF ISOLATED STRUCTURE COMPARISON (PART 2)

PART 5
REALISATION CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE AND COST ESTIMATION
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FUNDAMENTAL PERIOD
Ta = C t * hn
Ct = hn = Coefficient of structural system Height [m]

3/4

Ct =

0.018

Weak seismic resistance System

hn =

15

Height From the bottom of top floor

Ta = 0.1372

s
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BASE SHEAR FORCE

Z * I *C Vs = *W Rw
Z= I= S= C= I= Z= Seismic Zone Factor Importance coefficient 1.2 2.75 1 0.4 Special ocupation Seismic zone factor

C
S= W=

1 . 25 * S T 2 /3

Site coefficient Seismic dead load

Medium-dense to dense soil

Rw = M=

4 1,800,000 kg

Shear walls masonry Seismic load

Vs =

4,950

kN

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WIND LOAD
F = Ce * Cq * qs * I w * Ae
F= Cq = Ce = Wind Force [kN] Pressure Coefficient Coefficient of exposure qs = Iw = Ae = Dynamic wind pressure Importance factor Effective area

qs =

0.786

kN/m2

10 - 20 m 130 kph

Height range Wind Velocity Length Height

Ae =

450

m2

30 m 15 m

Cq =

1.2

Prismatic structure H <= 2b

Ce = Iw =

1.73 1

Exposure D Special occupancy structures

F=

734

kN
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FLOOR DISTRIBUTION
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NODE DEFINITION
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3D - MODEL

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FIXED CONDITION

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Station
ARELK (ARC) AMBARLI (ATS) BOTA (BOT) EKMECE (CNA) HAVA ALANI (DHM) YAPI KRED (YKP) YARIMCA (YPT) FATH (FAT) HEYBELADA (HAS) BURSA (BUR)

Peak Ground Acceleration Max-Horizontal Max-Vertical

211.365 mg 252.564 mg 98.877 mg 177.307 mg 90.210 mg 41.07 mg 322.205 mg 189.392 mg 110.230 mg 100.891 mg 83.252 mg 80.078 mg 23.560 mg 57.678 mg 55.115 mg 27.100 mg 241.089 mg 131.714 mg 143.494 mg 48.218 mg
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[North - South] Yarimca Sacaled Record

300

200

100

0 -20 0 -100 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

mg

-200

-300

-400

-500

Seconds
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FFT N-S
22000 20000 18000

Amplitude [ H(w) ]

16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Frequency [Hz]

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[Vertical] Yarimca Sacaled Record

400

300

200

100

mg

0 -20 -100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

-200

-300

-400

Seconds
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FFT UP
16000 14000 12000

Amplitude [ H(w) ]

10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Frequency [Hz]

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Max Displacement: 0.60 m

Max Displacement: 0.43 m

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SPECTRAL ACCELERATION [N-S]

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Stresses in Z direction - Compression

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Stresses in X direction - Compression

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Shear Stresses in Y-Z direction

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END ZONE

END ZONE
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Maximum Displacement: 0.084 m

COMPRESSIONAL FORCES
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PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
PART 1
INTRODUCTION, INVESTIGATION, REHABILITATION OPTIONS

PART 2
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING FIXED BASE STRUCTURE

PART 3
DESIGN OF BASE ISOLATION

PART 4
ANALYSIS OF ISOLATED STRUCTURE COMPARISON (PART 2)

PART 5
REALISATION CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE AND COST ESTIMATION
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FIXED BASE vs. ISOLATED

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CONCEPT OF BASE ISOLATION

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BASE ISOLATION

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THEORY OF BASE ISOLATION SYSTEM

Base Isolation system can be modified as a 2-DOF system
M Us+Ub+Ug

Ks, Cs Mb Ub+Ug Kb, Cb Ug

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THEORY OF BASE ISOLATION SYSTEM (Cont.)

Governing Equation:
m u s + c u s + kus = m(u g + ub )
Us Us

..

..

..

1.000

1.000

First Mode

Second Mode
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RUBBER BEARINGS

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FRICTION PENDULUM SYSTEM

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PRELIMINARY DESIGN PROCEDURE

DEFINE GUIDELINES SELECT OPTIMAL ISOLATORS

OBTAIN PROPERTIES

COMPUTE EFFECTIVE STIFFNESS & BASE SHEAR

BACK CALCULATE AND CHECK RESULT

ESTIMATE DESIGN PARAMETERS

SET UP TARGET BUILDING PERIOD AND BUILDING DISPLACEMENT

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PRELIMINARY DESIGN
References:
Uniform Building Code (UBC), 1997 Edition. Design of Seismic Isolated Structures, J. M. Kelly, 1999.

Two Approach to Seismic Hazard:

Design Basis Earthquake (DBE) Maximum Capable Earthquake (MCE)

Isolation Design Data:

Building Weight : 1,800,000 (Kg) = 4,000 (Kips) Estimate All Dynamic Parameters

2005 IST Group

PRELIMINARY DESIGN Procedure

DEFINE GUIDELINES SELECT OPTIMAL ISOLATORS

OBTAIN PROPERTIES

COMPUTE EFFECTIVE STIFFNESS & BASE SHEAR

BACK CALCULATE AND CHECK RESULT

ESTIMATE DESIGN PARAMETERS

SET UP TARGET BUILDING PERIOD AND BUILDING DISPLACEMENT

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DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRA

1.2 Fixed-Based Period 1

Spectral Accerlation (g)

0.8

0.6 Ca/T 0.4 Design Period 0.2

0 0 To 0.5 Ts 1 1.5 2 2.5 Period (sec) 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

Target Building Period : TD = 2.5 (s) TM = 3.0 (s)

2005 IST Group

PRELIMINARY DESIGN PROCEDURE

DEFINE GUIDELINES SELECT OPTIMAL ISOLATORS

OBTAIN PROPERTIES

COMPUTE EFFECTIVE STIFFNESS & BASE SHEAR

BACK CALCULATE AND CHECK RESULT

ESTIMATE DESIGN PARAMETERS

SET UP TARGET BUILDING PERIOD AND BUILDING DISPLACEMENT

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DESIGN DATA
Effective Stiffness & Base Shear
Keff = 70 kips/in (12,000 kN/m) Base Shear Below Interface = 940 kips (4200 kN) Above Isolation Interface = 470 kips (2100 kN)

Loading Condition:
80% of the weight Taken by the external wall 20% of the weight Taken by the internal columns

Design Parameters:
Max. Displacement 18 in. (46 cm) Effective Stiffness average 3 kips/in (500 kN/m) per isolator
2005 IST Group

PRELIMINARY DESIGN PROCEDURE

DEFINE GUIDELINES SELECT OPTIMAL ISOLATORS

OBTAIN PROPERTIES

COMPUTE EFFECTIVE STIFFNESS & BASE SHEAR

BACK CALCULATE AND CHECK RESULT

ESTIMATE DESIGN PARAMETERS

SET UP TARGET BUILDING PERIOD AND BUILDING DISPLACEMENT

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CENTER ZONE

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DETAIL OF ISOLATORS
Information Resources : DIS Incorporated Description Select same size of Isolators
Diameter : 29.5 (in) Height : 18 (in)
Isolator Properties Displacement (in) Effective Stiffness (kips/in) Energy Dissipation per Cycle (kips-in) Damping Ratio Load Capacity (kips) Numbers C29.5-18-L0-S 20 2.2 0 0.02 230 16 C29.5-18-L1-S 20 3.5 1520 0.23 223 8
2005 IST Group

PRELIMINARY DESIGN PROCEDURE

DEFINE GUIDELINES SELECT OPTIMAL ISOLATORS

OBTAIN PROPERTIES

COMPUTE EFFECTIVE STIFFNESS & BASE SHEAR

BACK CALCULATE AND CHECK RESULT

ESTIMATE DESIGN PARAMETERS

SET UP TARGET BUILDING PERIOD AND BUILDING DISPLACEMENT

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ISOLATORS LOCATION

Natural Rubber Bearing

Lead-Plug Rubber Bearing

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ISOLATOR HYSTERESIS LOOP

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PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
PART 1
INTRODUCTION, INVESTIGATION, REHABILITATION OPTIONS

PART 2
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING FIXED BASE STRUCTURE

PART 3
DESIGN OF BASE ISOLATION

PART 4
ANALYSIS OF ISOLATED STRUCTURE COMPARISON (PART 2)

PART 5
REALISATION CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE AND COST ESTIMATION
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FIXED BASE VS. ISOLATED

Fixed Base

Isolated
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3D ISOLATED MODEL
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3D ISOLATED MODEL

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Stresses in Z direction Compression FIXED

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Stresses in Z direction Compression ISOLATED

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Shear Stresses in Y-Z direction FIXED

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Shear Stresses in Y-Z direction ISOLATED

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FIXED MODEL

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ISOLATED MODEL
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PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
PART 1
INTRODUCTION, INVESTIGATION, REHABILITATION OPTIONS

PART 2
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING FIXED BASE STRUCTURE

PART 3
DESIGN OF BASE ISOLATION

PART 4
ANALYSIS OF ISOLATED STRUCTURE COMPARISON (PART 2)

PART 5
REALISATION CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE AND COST ESTIMATION
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CONSTRUCTION

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A Base Isolated Structure

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INITIAL STATE

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BASEMENT EXCAVATION
Dig out basement Insert retaining walls
Prevents excessive

bearing

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MOAT EXCAVATION
Insert Lateral Supports Place Ring Beams
Lateral constraint Longitudinal Constraint Provide for connection

detailing
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PROVISION OF RIGID LAYER

A rigid layer is required directly above and below the soft (isolation) layer. Insert hydraulic jacks

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PUNCH ISOLATOR CAVITIES

Load up hydraulic jacks Lock caps Punch holes

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INSTALL ISOLATORS
Teams
Demolition Steel Welding Jacking Craning Grouting Concrete

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SITE LOGISTICS
4.5 ft

C rane

S ection from W est side to enable access

Isolator u nit

R ails
50 ft

57 ft

C ut C olum ns

D esired Location

100 ft

105 ft
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INSTALLATION TEAMS
TEAM
Demolition:

TASK
Concrete cutting, and chipping from columns to expose steel (2 days) Welding/bolting of collars and corbels to columns /walls to facilitate jacking, and setting up of temporary bracing system (1 3 days) Operation of jacks and maintaining correct pressure distribution over building (1/2 day) Lower isolators into building and manipulate into place (1 3 days) Connect the isolators to the building as specified by manufacturers (1 2) Finish on cut outs and columns, ensure good connection and stability against future cracking. (1 2 days)
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Steel:

Jacking: Craning: Grouting:

Concrete:

FLAT JACKING THE ISOLATORS

Standard jacks Oil transfusion jacks

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IMAGES OF INSTALLED ISOLATORS

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UTILITIES

Sewer Connection

Gasline
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CONNECTION DETAILING

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RETROFITTING STAIRS

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COST DISTRIBUTION

Isolators

10% 14%

Excavation
20%

Dem olition

Instalation
10% 10% 36%

Structural im provem ent

Sundries

$1,269,050
(New Structure US$4,000,000)

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Low Cost Strategies

Columns Matrix of Rubber bearings Connecting beams

Walls

Longitudinal rubber bearings in matrix configuration

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Low Cost Strategies

Dispersed phase (Reinforcement) Interphase

Continuous phase (Matrix)

Composite plates

Reinforcing scheme

Multidirectional continuous fiber composite

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Low Cost Strategies

Internal space is never restricted at any floor

Columns placed in the same external or internal wall-axes

Columns in charge of single floors.

Set of independent isolators

Load distribution to independent sets of isolators 2005 IST Group Local Fabrication

BASE ISOLATION (Ball System)

mg

2r

N
Spherical groove

Rigid ball mg

N 2005 IST Group

BASE ISOLATION

Universal Linear Slider High Damping Rubber Synthetic Rubber Bearings

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Comparison between NRB, HSR and ULS

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Cost Trend for New Construction

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http://web.mit.edu/~jpkelly/www /index.htm

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