Physics Language of Nature 1

Electro statics

(Charges)

Electrostatics is the branch of physics which deals with study of charges at rest.

More precisely we can say that Electrostatics deals with 1. Forces 2. Fields 3. Potentials of static charges. Static electricity is the electricity which is produced due to charges at rest.

This type of electricity is experienced by us in every part of our lives 1. Thunderbolts are due to static electricity 2. In winter we feel electric shocks when we touch door knobs, this is due to static electricity.
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Physics Language of Nature 2

Origin of static electricity concept: Idea of static electricity is dated early back to Greeks. His name is Thales of Miletus. What he done is, He rubbed Amber (a type of tree sap) with silk cloth or wool, then Amber start attracting light materials.
Thales of miletus Amber

Anders L. Damgaard www.amber-inclusions.dk

Not only Amber, they are many set of materials which start attracting, when rubbed with each other.

After careful observations through many years, they found two kinds of charges observed on materials, when they are rubbed with each other.

The two types of charges are 1. Positive charge 2. Negative charge

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Physics Language of Nature 3

For example: When glass rod is rubbed with silk cloth, some electrons from glass rod will be transferred to silk cloth. Glass rod which looses electrons is said to acquire positive charge. While the silk cloth which gain electrons is said to acquire Negative charge.

How Charges produced on bodies: Atom as a whole is neutral. It consists of equal amount of positive and negative charges. When energy is given to atoms in the form of rubbing, this energy is utilized to break the bonds of electrons with nucleus and attached to rubbing body. This creates imbalance of charges on bodies. One body gains more electrons, one body possess deficient of electrons. This process is called charging of body.

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Physics Language of Nature 4

Positive charge

Negative charge

Methods for producing charges on the bodies:

They are mainly three types of methods for charging a body 1. By rubbing 2. By conduction 3. By induction

Rubbing process : A material is rubbed with a suitable another material; some charges are transferred from one body to another body.

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Physics Language of Nature

Bodies which looses charges are said to acquire positive charge. While the bodies which gain charges are said to acquire negative charge. Mass of bodies changes during rubbing process, because charge possesses mass.

By conduction: During conduction process a charged body is put in contact with another body, charge transfer occurs from one body to another body and they both acquire same sign of charge. Hence charge is distributed during conduction process.

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Physics Language of Nature

By induction: During Induction process, a charged body is put near an uncharged body, in an uncharged body charge redistribution takes place inside the body That is opposite charges come near and like charges move farther away in uncharged body. When it is earthed, like charges due to repulsion will go to earth, but opposite charges held together due to attraction. When charged body is removed, it is left with single unbalanced charge and the body is said to be charged. Note: All these process should be done on insulating stand

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Physics Language of Nature 7

During induction process, bodies will not touch each other.

Note: Word Positive charge and Negative charge is coined by a great physicist Benjamin Franklin.

Properties of charges: 1. Charge is quantized. 2. Charge is additive. 3. Like charges repel and unlike charges attract each other. 4. Charge is conserved.

Charge is quantized: Bodies cannot transfer charge continuously. Charges can be transferred from one part of body to another part of a body by means of an integral multiple of elementary charge (electron). Elementary charge of electron = 1.6 x 10^-19 coulombs. This property is called quantization of charge.
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Physics Language of Nature

Mathematically it is written as q =ne Where q = total charge e = electron charge where n = 1, 2, 3n.

Charge is additive: Charge is a scalar quantity. it can be added algebraically . If like charges are there they can be added. If unlike charges are there they can be subtracted.

Charge is conserved: Charges can neither be created nor be destroyed. The total charge of the system remains constant.

For example in pair annihilation process, one electron and one positron annihilate together releasing two photons. Here no new charge is created.

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Physics Language of Nature

Similarly like charges repel with each other, while unlike charges attract with each other.

Coulombs law:
It is a great powerful mathematical tool which can be used to calculate force between charges.

Torsion balance

This law is proposed by Charles Augustin de Coulumb by using his Torsion balance.

He only invented this torsion balance to measure force of attraction or repulsion between charges.

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Physics Language of Nature

According to Coulombs law The force of attraction or repulsion between two charges is directly proportional to product of charges and inversely proportional to square of the distance between them

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F = K (q1 q2)/r2.
Where K is a proportionality constant and is given by 1/40 Where 0 is permittivity of free space and is given by 8.85 x 10-12 c2N-1m-2. Where 1/40 = 9 x 109 N1m2 c-2

Coulombs law 1. Can be applied only to static charges. 2. Coulombs force between two charges is independent of third charge. Coulomb 3. Coulombs force is a vector. 4. For like charges Coulomb force is repulsive and for unlike charges Coulomb force is attractive. Coulumbs law is also called inverse square law and was essential to the development of theory of electromagnetism.

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Physics Language of Nature

Coulombs force between two charges is maximum when they are separated in vacuum. If any medium is placed , coulombs force decreases. K = /0 Where K is called dielectric constant.

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Note : when charges are in motion , it possess magnetic component and you cannot use coulombs law for motion charges.

Principle of superposition of charges: According to this principle If they are multiple charges present, the net force on the charge is sum of forces due to individual charges in absence of others.

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Physics Language of Nature

So coulombs law and principle of superposition of charges is used to calculate force between two and multiple charges.

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learn Science for the development of better society not for Marks. Science is not a subject it is a responsibility of knowledge which our ancestors have given to us. So respect Science and learn Science for benefit of society.

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Physics Language of Nature 13

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